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on narcotics led by the United States in the early 1990s. Under pressure from the U.S. State
Department, the occupying Syrian Army plowed up the Beqaa's cannabis fields and sprayed them with poison. Prior to 1991 it was estimated that income generated from illicit crops grown in the Beqaa was around
1263:
Since the mid-1990s, the culture and production of drugs in the Beqaa valley has been in steady decline. By 2002, an estimated 2,500 hectares of cannabis were limited to the extreme north of the valley, where government presence remains minimal. Every year since 2001 the
Lebanese army plows cannabis
922:
in South
Lebanon, is famous for its old renovated souk and what is known as the castle of independence in which Lebanon's pre-independence leaders were held by French troops before being released in 1943. The southern section of the district is inhabited with Druze and Christian Lebanese, while the
926:
Due to wars and the unstable economic and political conditions
Lebanon faced in the past, with difficulties some farmers still face today, many previous inhabitants of the valley left for coastal cities in Lebanon or emigrated from the country altogether, with the majority residing in
1115:, the valley's climate is very suitable to vineyards. Abundant winter rain and much sunshine in the summer helps the grapes ripen easily. There are more than a dozen wineries in the Beqaa Valley, producing over six million bottles a year. Beqaa Valley wineries include:
411:
that blocks precipitation coming from the sea. The northern section has an average annual rainfall of 230 millimetres (9.1 in), compared to 610 millimetres (24 in) in the central valley. Nevertheless, two rivers originate in the valley: the
515:
is a small tell mound with an archaeological site in a plain at the foot of the
Lebanon Mountains 11 km (7 mi) northwest of Baalbeck, in the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon. It dates to around 5780-5710 BC and has the southernmost pottery beloning to the
1279:
promises of irrigation projects and alternative crop subsidies that never materialised, drug cultivation and production have significantly increased. They remain a fraction of the civil war era production and are limited north of the town of
1197:
Drugs have a long tradition in the Beqaa Valley, from the days of the Roman Empire to the present. Cultivators and tribal drug lords have worked with militias to build up a thriving
1264:
fields in an effort to destroy the crops before harvest. It is estimated that that action eliminates no more than 30% of overall crops. Although important during the civil war,
254:
526:
is a village at an elevation of 950 metres (3,120 ft) on a foothill of the Anti-Lebanon
Mountains in Baalbek District, Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, Lebanon, settled since the
1749:
402:
1374:
1784:
1438:
1827:
701:
From their base in the Bekaa, the
Itureans expanded their territory to include the Phoenician cities of the coast and came close to
511:, part of a valley to the east of the northern Beqaa Valley shows signs of almost continual habitation over the last 8–9000 years.
350:. Industry also flourishes in Beqaa, especially in the agricultural industry of the country. The region broadly corresponds to the
1870:
1506:
779:
1726:
1589:
1458:
1416:
1268:
cultivation has become marginal, dropping from an estimated 30 metric tonnes per year in 1983 to negligible amounts in 2004.
1034:
96:
68:
1534:
447:. The northern end of the valley, with its scarce rainfall and less fertile soils, is used primarily as grazing land by
633:, a prominent city at the time, remains a subject of scholarly debate. In the 8th and 7th century BC, Sobah, now under
690:, which prompted Alexander to conduct an expedition against them. Later on, the Itureans broke away from the weakened
1241:
115:
75:
775:
678:
771:
856:. Joub Janine is the governmental center of the region known as Western Beqaa, with municipal services like the
560:. The identity of the inhabitants is not known for certain, but the region was part of the Amorite Kingdoms of
53:
82:
389:. Beqaa Valley is 120 kilometres (75 mi) long and 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) wide on average. It has a
49:
1319:
247:
1260:
district did not exceed $ 500. The same agency estimated the figure for the rest of
Lebanon was $ 2,074.
1865:
1855:
969:
717:
687:
64:
1378:
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226:
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1860:
1569:
729:
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The region receives limited rainfall, particularly in the north, because Mount
Lebanon creates a
42:
716:
as one of the important agricultural regions in the eastern provinces, and it was known for its
1351:
1236:
for income. Syria, which controlled most of the valley, profited significantly from the trade.
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and borders Syria also. The district's capital, also
Rachaiya al Wadi, not to be confused with
853:
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1799:"Villages in the Bekaa valley cling to cannabis cultivation as their only means of survival"
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Due to increasing political unrest that weakened the central Lebanese government during the
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and 2007 Opposition boycott of the government, and due to the lack of viable alternatives,
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with a population of about 12,000, is situated midway in the valley, and its population is
787:
89:
8:
669:
634:
607:
448:
355:
947:
629:. Many scholars suggest it was located in the Beqa'a valley. The precise whereabouts of
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1552:"The Beqa'a Valley During the Early Bronze Age: A GIS Approach to Settlement Patterns"
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at the southern end of the valley, has improved irrigation to farms in Beqaa Valley.
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The western and southern districts of the valley also have a mixed population of
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was a major source of income in the Beqaa valley, where most of the country's
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A Dictionary of Business and Management in the Middle East and North Africa
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highway, which bisects the valley. The majority of Zahle's residents are
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408:
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19:"Bekaa" redirects here. For the Lebanese association football club, see
1711:
Narco Terrorism: A Unified Strategy to Fight a Growing Terrorist Menace
910:. The towns are all a mix of different Lebanese religious confessions.
899:
884:
873:
557:
539:
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1765:. Central Intelligence Agency. September 28, 2022 – via CIA.gov.
1480:"Beqaa, LB Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data"
1244:, also participated in the hashish trade, making millions of dollars.
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United Press International, Feb 26 2002 'Lebanon army destroys drugs'
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minority, mainly situated further north along the border with Syria.
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The majority of the inhabitants of the northern districts of Beqaa,
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1507:"Lebanon's Neglected Agricultural Potential - a Story of Baalbek"
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1375:"Global eye – Spring 2006 – Eye on Lebanon – The Bekaa Valley"
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other northern section is mainly inhabited by Sunni Lebanese.
542:, the Beqa Valley was a highway between the regional power of
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682:, the Itureans were Arab peasants living in the hills above
451:. Farther south, more fertile soils support crops of wheat,
1253:
1202:
1103:
The Beqaa Valley is home to Lebanon's famous vineyards and
1081:
791:
705:. Their territory was eventually absorbed into the rest of
552:
361:
The Beqaa is located about 30 km (19 mi) east of
1677:
1107:. Wine making is a tradition that goes back 6000 years in
754:
is the largest city and the administrative capital of the
676:, possibly an Arabic or Aramaean people. According to the
431:
From the 1st century BC, when the region was part of the
435:, the Beqaa Valley served as a source of grain for the
860:, which is the main government building in the area,
1785:"Lebanese find troubles fertile ground for cannabis"
1232:
was produced. The war led various groups to turn to
637:, served as the residence for an Assyrian governor,
443:. Today the valley makes up 40 percent of Lebanon's
373:
to the east. It is the northern continuation of the
307:
1536:
Neolithic Village Sites in the South Beqaa, Lebanon
1052:, the largest artificial water reservoir in Lebanon
393:of wet, often snowy winters and dry, warm summers.
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1256:the annual per capita income at that time in the
712:The valley was of considerable importance to the
1837:
1752:No 567, 30 January 1998; Reinoud Leenders p.19
890:Other towns in the Western Beqaa district are
663:
790:population and is famous for its 8th-century
672:, the valley was reportedly inhabited by the
1745:
1743:
550:in the south. The Beqaa valley was known as
176:
1369:
1367:
1111:. With an average altitude of 1000 m above
985:, alleged shrine of Khawla the daughter of
606:, the Beqaa Valley came to be dominated by
1796:
825:. The Baalbek and Hermel districts have a
720:. The region also gained the attention of
644:The valley was possibly the birthplace of
1740:
1567:
424:, which flows south and then west to the
319:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1532:
1364:
1184:
946:
878:
739:
572:, a city or city-state mentioned in the
416:(Asi), which flows north into Syria and
1201:trade. The region has been compared to
617:In the 11th and 10th centuries BC, the
1838:
1704:
1549:
747:, the capital of the Beqaa Governorate
735:
146:, overlooking the central Beqaa Valley
1700:
1698:
1397:"Environmental Challenges in Lebanon"
1394:
1035:The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Bechouat
1570:"Biblical Ṣobah: a Location Attempt"
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1451:10.1093/acref/9780191843266.001.0001
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1390:
1388:
817:, with the exception of the town of
648:, who expanded his domain as far as
586:, written by two rulers of the city
479:, which are exported as part of the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
732:, linking the valley with Palmyra.
297:
177:
13:
1797:Gustafsson, Jenny (October 2013).
1695:
568:. To the southwest of Baalbek was
14:
1882:
1821:
1713:, Brill Nijhoff, pp. 33–34,
1705:Davids, Douglas J. (2002-01-01),
1558:
1523:
1496:
1385:
1077:at the northern end of the valley
1014:habitat for birds and butterflies
794:ruins. Further east, the town of
758:. It lies just north of the main
365:. The valley is situated between
342:) is a fertile valley in eastern
1401:Challenging Environmental Issues
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1252:$ 500 million. According to the
1240:terrorist groups, including the
1174:
679:Histories of Alexander the Great
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30:
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1778:
1769:
1755:
1707:"Narco-Terrorist Relationships"
1670:
1645:
1624:
1247:The trade collapsed during the
625:(also Sobah), mentioned in the
485:Litani hydroelectricity project
41:needs additional citations for
1871:Tourist attractions in Lebanon
1603:
1568:Abousamra, Gaby (2019-03-25),
1543:
1472:
1430:
503:
1:
1357:
1088:, a shrine dedicated to Noah.
533:
1301:Arches at the ruins of Anjar
942:
546:in the north and its vassal
7:
1576:, Brill, pp. 232–233,
1533:Copeland, Lorraine (1969).
1445:, Oxford University Press,
1395:Masri, Rania (1997-01-01),
1345:
970:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
963:The ancient Roman ruins of
664:Hellenistic and Roman times
656:, and may have crossed the
597:
471:. The valley also produces
308:
10:
1887:
1403:, Brill, pp. 73–115,
1287:
1178:
1096:
862:emergency medical services
498:
400:
396:
227:Baalbek-Hermel Governorate
18:
1750:Middle East International
1719:10.1163/9789004479555_005
1582:10.1163/9789004398535_011
1437:Neal, Mark (2019-05-23),
1409:10.1163/9789004475076_006
1193:in the Bekaa valley, 2021
780:Greek Orthodox Christians
686:who slaughtered about 30
652:and present-day southern
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16:Valley in eastern Lebanon
1550:Safadi, Crystal (2015).
1092:
821:, whose inhabitants are
730:Canalizations of Zenobia
163:16 km (9.9 mi)
155:120 km (75 mi)
1181:Drug economy in Lebanon
1075:Pyramid tower of Hermel
1017:The Roman Grotto under
621:founded the kingdom of
614:-speaking populations.
459:, and vegetables, with
403:Climate of Beqaa Valley
381:, which stretches from
377:, and thus part of the
346:and its most important
1511:welthungerhilfe.org.tr
1352:Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir
1194:
959:
887:
772:Melkite Greek Catholic
770:, the majority being
748:
635:Imperial Assyrian rule
371:Anti-Lebanon mountains
1484:weatherandclimate.com
1325:Remains of structures
1211:Upper Huallaga Valley
1188:
1179:Further information:
1154:Domaine des Tourelles
950:
882:
743:
491:and a dam located at
391:Mediterranean climate
270:34.00889°N 36.14528°E
1381:on October 11, 2006.
1222:cannabis cultivation
1055:Phoenician ruins of
883:Municipal garden of
369:to the west and the
50:improve this article
1828:Beqaa Photo Gallery
1249:worldwide crackdown
1189:Farmers harvesting
920:Rachaiya al Foukhar
736:Districts and towns
670:Alexander the Great
356:classical antiquity
266: /
1866:Tourism in Lebanon
1856:Valleys of Lebanon
1258:Baalbek and Hermel
1218:Lebanese Civil War
1195:
1024:Lebanon's tallest
972:, a collection of
960:
888:
768:Lebanese Christian
749:
696:Kingdom of Chalcis
481:illegal drug trade
375:Jordan Rift Valley
275:34.00889; 36.14528
1851:Great Rift Valley
1728:978-90-04-47955-5
1591:978-90-04-39853-5
1460:978-0-19-184326-6
1418:978-90-04-47507-6
1313:Road in the Bekaa
1148:Clos Saint Thomas
1002:Our Lady of Bekaa
953:Temple of Bacchus
788:Armenian Lebanese
776:Maronite Catholic
756:Beqaa Governorate
540:Middle Bronze IIA
483:. Since 1957 the
426:Mediterranean Sea
379:Great Rift Valley
326:also romanized as
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231:Beqaa Governorate
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61:Find sources:
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39:This article
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1846:Beqaa Valley
1808:. Retrieved
1802:
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1732:, retrieved
1710:
1687:10 September
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
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1662:10 September
1660:. Retrieved
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1635:. Retrieved
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1614:. Retrieved
1605:
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1514:. Retrieved
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1400:
1379:the original
1338:Kamid el-Loz
1270:
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1050:Lake Qaraoun
925:
916:Mount Hermon
894:, Sabghine,
889:
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800:Sunni Muslim
796:Majdal Anjar
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718:many temples
714:Roman Empire
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493:Lake Qaraoun
467:centered on
433:Roman Empire
430:
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309:Wādī l-Biqā‘
290:Beqaa Valley
289:
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131:Beqaa Valley
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1804:The Caravan
1238:Palestinian
1216:During the
850:Joub Janine
707:Roman Syria
688:Macedonians
556:during the
504:Pre-History
445:arable land
409:rain shadow
352:Coele-Syria
298:وادي البقاع
273: /
248:Coordinates
178:وادي البقاع
173:Native name
1840:Categories
1810:2019-12-30
1734:2024-06-10
1597:2024-06-10
1516:2024-07-29
1489:2024-07-29
1466:2024-07-29
1424:2024-06-10
1358:References
1209:producing
1169:Terre Joie
1119:Château Ka
885:Qabb Ilyas
874:courthouse
842:Christians
823:Christians
802:majority.
623:Aram-Zobah
608:Phoenician
558:Bronze Age
534:Bronze Age
513:Ard Tlaili
420:, and the
261:36°08′43″E
258:34°00′32″N
76:newspapers
1831:Ya Libnan
1763:"Lebanon"
1113:sea level
1086:Karak Nuh
1069:Qab Elias
1041:nymphaeum
995:ruins of
943:Landmarks
937:Australia
900:Qab Elias
892:Machghara
866:Red Cross
827:Christian
722:Palmyrene
658:Euphrates
650:Palestine
639:Bel-liqbi
619:Aramaeans
592:Abdi-Riša
528:Neolithic
461:vineyards
303:romanized
208:Geography
144:Kasarnaba
1346:See also
1199:cannabis
1191:cannabis
1105:wineries
1080:Tomb of
872:, and a
764:Damascus
703:Damascus
674:Itureans
604:Iron Age
598:Iron Age
465:orchards
241:Baalbeck
106:May 2024
21:Bekaa SC
1787:Reuters
1682:Massaya
1340:village
1288:Gallery
1282:Baalbek
1226:hashish
1207:cocaine
1164:Massaya
1109:Lebanon
1063:Libbaya
1026:minaret
993:Umayyad
974:shrines
965:Baalbek
957:Baalbek
929:America
838:Muslims
807:Baalbek
726:Zenobia
612:Aramaic
578:1335 BC
570:Enišasi
538:In the
509:Baalbek
499:History
473:hashish
439:of the
414:Orontes
397:Climate
387:Red Sea
385:to the
344:Lebanon
305::
282:
217:Lebanon
213:Country
193:Geology
90:scholar
1725:
1588:
1457:
1415:
1039:Roman
1021:winery
908:Yohmor
904:Sohmor
858:serail
844:, and
813:, are
811:Hermel
798:has a
778:, and
760:Beirut
724:Queen
654:Turkey
646:Hazael
588:Šatiya
562:Amurru
524:Labweh
489:canals
457:cotton
441:Levant
422:Litani
418:Turkey
363:Beirut
294:Arabic
202:Valley
185:Arabic
181:
168:Naming
152:Length
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1266:opium
1230:opium
1093:Wines
1028:, in
997:Anjar
868:), a
854:Sunni
846:Druze
831:Sunni
784:Anjar
752:Zahle
745:Zahlé
631:Zobah
627:Bible
610:-and
566:Qatna
548:Hazor
544:Qatna
469:Zahlé
453:maize
383:Syria
340:Becaa
329:Bekaa
160:Width
97:JSTOR
83:books
1723:ISBN
1689:2013
1664:2013
1639:2013
1618:2013
1586:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1254:UNDP
1228:and
1203:Peru
1082:Noah
1073:The
1010:The
1004:, a
991:The
976:and
951:The
829:and
809:and
792:Arab
684:Tyre
590:and
574:1350
564:and
553:Amqu
463:and
333:Biqâ
288:The
198:Type
69:news
1715:doi
1578:doi
1447:doi
1405:doi
1242:PLO
1205:'s
1084:in
1043:of
955:in
935:or
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354:of
337:and
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