133:
36:
1004:
836:
267:. Later scholars who propose a late origin for the Biblical texts continued to equate the names but viewed the writers of the Bible as basing the Biblical name on that of the Itureans of later centuries. More recent scholars have dismissed such direct relationships between the Biblical Jetur and the Itureans: The account of the Hagrites places Jetur east of
578:(Ιτουρ-) does not produce a meaningful form and no tradition of pronouncing it as such exists. As a vowel is always preceded by a consonant in Semitic words, the initial consonant would have been one of the four guttural consonants dropped in Greek transliteration (א,ה,ח,ע). This contradicts derivations from either Jetur or
299:
in 1Ch 5:19 (if not an error) would thus be a reinterpretation by the translator of the name of this ancient tribe as referring to a contemporary people. Moreover, in
Josephus where both names are mentioned, Jetur (Ιετουρ-) is rendered differently in Greek to Iturea (Ιτουρ-). Similarly in the Vulgate
831:
the
Itureans and other populations against their will is uncertain: Strabo asserts that they simply created a confederation with such tribes based on the common bond of circumcision, which may be more plausible, though their policy appears to have been one of aggressive Judaizing.
228:, they expanded into the northern Golan and Mount Hermon, as part of the settlement shift that occurred as a result of the collapse of the Seleucid empire, though no evidence of Iturean settlement or “phase” of settlement appears in the Galilee, including Upper Galilee.
769:(טור) is used particularly for a line of mountains rather than a boundary of an encampment and the understanding of the name Itureans in Syriac is "mountain dwellers" according with the location of their settlement being the Mount Lebanon region.
426:
although denoting a different region and people centuries before. Whether the names are indeed related hinges on their original meanings. The
Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon suggests that Jetur means "enclosure" related to the personal name
1472:
Knauf, Ernst Axel. ‘The
Ituraeans: Another Bedouin State’. In Baalbek: Image and Monument 1898–1998. Edited by Hélène Sader, Thomas Scheffler and Angelika Neuwirth. Beiruter Texte und Studien 69. Beirut: Franz Steiner, pp.
1448:
663:(Ιτουρ) in Greek. Regarding this possibility, Lightfoot notes familiarly of the notion of a country crowned with plenty in Talmudic writings. However the name was first an ethnonym before becoming a toponym, and in the
925:
as a predatory people, and were appreciated by them for their great skill in archery. They played a notable role in the defense of
Jerusalem. A branch of the Itureans were allegedly conquered by the Hasmonean king
502:
remains a possibility, however no occurrence of an
Aramaic spelling of this nature in the Hebrew Bible is known even for names in the Aramaic and Arabic realms and the expected Hebrew spelling would be
1038:
466:
Hitchcock's Bible Names
Dictionary however suggests that Jetur means "order; succession; mountainous". A connection with "mountain" (more precisely "rock fortress") may refer to the Hebrew word
652:
exists nor is Iturea ever given an initial h in Latin. A further difficulty is that while the roots of these two words are known, the forms which
Lightfoot has used are conjectural.
1223:
The Land of Israel As a
Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature: Recourse to History in a Second Century B.C. Claims to the Holy Land (Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum)
986:
982:
659:(עטור) meaning "crowning" (or "decoration") Unlike his other proposals, this word is well attested and remains a plausible derivation as it would be transliterated as
1076:
511:(טור) having a basic meaning of row, line or fence (hence "order; succession"), also refers to a mountain range thus also providing a connection with "mountain".
819:'very serviceable to the Jews, for he added a country to them, and obtained a part of the nation of the Itureans for them, and bound to them by the bond of the
287:(Ιτουραιων) in 1Ch 5:19, the rendering of the name is not consistent across the Septuagint with the occurrences in Ge 25:15 and 1Ch 1:31 being transliterated
209:) were a semi-nomadic tribe who became sedentarized in the Hellenistic period. The exact origin of the Itureans is disputed. Most scholars identified them as
410:
whose name may be connected with that of the
Zabadaeans, another Nabatean tribe who together with the Itureans had been conquered by the Hasmoneans.
693:
which are the texts closest in time to the period in which the tetrarchy of Iturea existed that provide a Semitic form of the name, it is called
403:
745:(צ) in the Josippon indicates that the word was not understood as such by the author and indeed no grammatical form that would be vocalized as
459:
in Safaitic inscriptions would have been a different people, possibly only a small family group, while if the Itureans derived their name from
1140:
648:
provided to the initial vowel and are transliterated by "h" in Latin. However no tradition of a rough breathing in the pronunciation of
851:
435:(טירה) denoting an encampment and explicitly used for the Ishmaelite encampments. This would contradict their being a connection with
962:
713:
syllable in earlier Hebrew or Aramaic. As the latter does not produce a meaningful form it suggests that the original syllable is
679:(ע) showing that Jewish tradition, at least as preserved by the writer of the Josippon, did not view the name as being related to
355:
1705:
1671:
Seán Freyne, 'Galilean Studies: Old Issues and New Questions,' in Jürgen Zangenberg, Harold W. Attridge, Dale B. Martin, (eds.)
1433:
1406:
1204:
1100:
866:(xlix. 32) "king of the Itureans." About 23 BC, Iturea with the adjacent provinces fell into the hands of a chief named
1150:
950:
786:
1366:
1339:
1312:
1285:
1258:
1231:
1177:
119:
100:
973:, xii. 23) "king of the Itureans." After the death of Soemus (49) his kingdom was incorporated into the province of
1643:
1194:
72:
1248:
1221:
1720:
1090:
57:
1536:, Cambridge and London, 1658-1674, Chorographical Notes, Chapter 1: Of the places mentioned in Luke 3, Iturea
283:
period with their location only being referred to as Iturea in the Roman period. Although Jetur is translated
79:
1329:
945:. That Itureans dwelt in the region of Mount Lebanon is confirmed by an inscription of about the year 6 AD (
1735:
1356:
1196:
A Wandering Galilean: Essays in Honour of Seán Freyne (Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism)
636:(ת) is normally transliterated by theta (θ) in Greek, not tau (τ). Additionally, although the consonants
323:
86:
1608:
Shayne J.D. Cohen, 'Was Judaism in Antiquity a Missionary Religion,' in Cohen, ibid. pp.299-308, p.301.
132:
1595:
Shayne J.D.Cohen, 'Respect for Judaism by Gentiles According to Josephus,' in Shayne J.D. Cohen (ed.)
1398:
The Language Environment of First Century Judaea: Jerusalem Studies in the Synoptic Gospels—Volume Two
981:). After this incorporation the Itureans furnished soldiers for the Roman army; and the designations
867:
847:
1017:
937:, among them Eusebius, taking into consideration the above-cited passage of Luke, place Iturea near
1730:
1710:
68:
17:
757:(אטר) meaning "bound" or "shut up" in Hebrew ultimately sharing a common etymology with the word
1725:
1578:
1564:
Dau, Butros. "History of the Maronites: Religious, Cultural, and Political." Lebanon, 1984, p. 51
1022:
855:
406:), this name is found as a personal name, in particular that of a Nabatean prince with a brother
53:
46:
1715:
1056:
794:
612:
Lightfoot also considered derivations from proposed terms whose meanings he gives as "wealth" (
252:
188:
180:
152:
137:
1275:
1117:
803:
campaigned against Iturea, and added a great part of it to Judea, annexing the Galilee to the
765:(אטרו) based on one or the other of these roots is attested. In Aramaic however the base word
372:, suggesting that the Itureans were originally Assyrians, also implying a connection with the
1302:
1192:
1167:
383:
1684:
1089:
Meyers, Eric M.; Research, American Schools of Oriental; Press, Oxford University (1997).
597:("ten cities"). However he does not provide a grammatical form that would be vocalized as
498:(צ). If this meaning is correct, then a linguistic connection between the names Jetur and
418:, יטור) and is possibly derived from its original form. If this is the case then Biblical
8:
891:
828:
687:
271:
and describes the end of that tribe which was conquered by the Israelites in the days of
514:
A further phonetic complication exists in equating the name Iturea with either Jetur or
934:
601:
and ultimately dismisses this possibility as it involves an unattested sound change of
192:
176:
1429:
1402:
1362:
1335:
1308:
1281:
1254:
1227:
1200:
1173:
1146:
1096:
804:
778:
27:
Levantine region north of Galilee during the Late Hellenistic and early Roman periods
93:
1055:
WRIGHT, N.L. 2013: "Ituraean coinage in context." Numismatic Chronicle 173: 55-71.
782:
248:
1624:
1169:
The Myth of a Gentile Galilee (Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series)
308:
for Iturea) showing that writers of antiquity did not view the names as the same.
1555:
Negev, Avraham. "Personal Names in the Nabatean Realm." Qedem 32 (1991): III-228.
1423:
1396:
914:
887:
645:
1534:'John Lightfoot, 'A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Hebraica
1484:
Les Ituréens et la présence arabe au Liban du IIe siècle a.C. au IVe siècle p.C.
1048:
Said, Salah, "Two New Greek Inscriptions with the name ϒTWR from Umm al-Jimāl,"
1660:
1583:
1013:
583:
486:(יטור) would thus be the result of an Aramaic spelling convention in which the
361:
164:
930:(r. 104 to 103 BC) and, according to Josephus, forcibly converted to Judaism.
455:. Thus if the Itureans derived their name from Jetur, the people known as the
398:(יטור) in Nabatean Aramaic. Before being established as the name of a people (
1699:
1673:
Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in Ancient Galilee: A Region in Transition,
1636:
1008:
927:
902:
840:
800:
184:
725:
in the Josippon and suggests that the original Semitic form of the name was
414:
in Safaitic inscriptions is seemingly a cognate of the Biblical name Jetur (
922:
820:
256:
225:
1142:
Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs
224:
in the 2nd century BC. Then, from their base around Mount Lebanon and the
1193:
Zuleika Rodgers; Margaret Daly-Denton; Anne Fitzpatrick-McKinley (2009).
938:
863:
790:
589:
Lightfoot considered a possible derivation from the root for "ten" (I.e.
550:((Ιεττουρ)) for Jetur in the Septuagint, the iota represents an original
280:
1007: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
439:
as in Arabic which like Safaitic preserves the distinction between the
377:
317:
313:
244:
312:
used the term Itureans to refer to people from the Biblical region of
954:
846:
The Iturean kingdom appears to have had its centre in the kingdom of
808:
594:
309:
221:
214:
1525:, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 34 (2004): 313–318
733:(איט׳ור or אט׳ור). The latter would share a common root with Hebrew
35:
1573:
958:
918:
883:
859:
690:
664:
1486:, Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph 56, 1999-2003, p. 161-290.
354:(τ) and the mainstream view is that Jedur is instead the Biblical
966:
942:
369:
276:
264:
260:
172:
1597:
The Significance of Yavneh and Other Essays in Jewish Hellenism,
1277:
The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology
761:(טירה) used for an encampment. A Nabatean personal name written
582:
and is the basis of several alternative etymologies proposed by
220:
They first rose to power in the aftermath of the decline of the
1617:
910:
906:
858:(?) and who reigned 85-40 BC. Ptolemy was succeeded by his son
812:
376:
living in the region in his time. (The name "Druze" is however
268:
168:
1172:(Hardcover ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
1253:(Paperback ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. p. 54.
974:
566:
vowel in the original Semitic name rather than the consonant
373:
210:
204:
1449:
Chapter 4 – Who Were the Galileans? - University of Pretoria
644:(ח) are dropped in Greek transliteration, they survive as a
1079:, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 5 vols. Bd.2. 1979, p.1492.
882:
i. 20, § 4). Three years later, at the death of Zenodorus,
624:
noting the descriptions of the landscape. Derivations from
272:
1425:
Jesus, a Jewish Galilean: A New Reading of the Jesus Story
1327:
941:. According to Josephus, the Iturean kingdom lay north of
136:
Map of Roman Palestine in the first century; according to
1301:
Collins, John Joseph; Sterling, Gregory E. (2001-01-01).
901:
The area and the Itureans are mentioned only once in the
835:
909:, but are frequently described by pagan writers such as
1092:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
247:
translation of 1Ch 5:19 several commentators including
562:
the iota is a vowel suggesting that it represents an
330:(جدور) with both Jetur and Iturea however the Arabic
1523:
Three short Nabataean inscriptions from Umm al-Jimāl
721:(א) in the original. This accords with the usage of
609:(ט). Decapolis is also a distinct region to Iturea.
570:. An initial iota may also be used for the syllable
236:
Several etymologies have been proposed for the name
1088:
753:(איטור or אטור) is the noun form of the known word
275:, whereas Iturea has been confirmed to be north of
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
326:attempted to equate the modern Arabic region name
259:equated the Itureans with Jetur one of the former
1463:, 4 volumes, Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1861
1145:(Hardcover ed.). Dumbarton Oaks. p. 5.
1128:(1). Topoi. Orient-Occident. Supplément: 319–340.
1697:
965:, who is called by Dio Cassius (lix. 12) and by
1395:Buth, Randall; Notley, R. Steven (2014-03-06).
1361:(Hardcover ed.). I. B. Tauris. p. 7.
1358:Caesarea Philippi: Banias, The Lost City of Pan
1300:
1226:(Hardcover ed.). J.C.B. Mohr. p. 66.
1165:
749:is known for this root. The former possibility
368:a name for the region of Nineveh, a variant of
300:the two localities have different Latin names (
1334:(Paperback ed.). Continuum. p. 249.
1034:(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010).
593:, עשר) based on identification of Iturea with
1512:(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010)
1219:
1115:
957:against the Itureans in Mount Lebanon. In 38
620:, i.e. חתורי) He favored the derivation from
1331:Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land
1138:
921:also described them. They were known to the
705:(ܐܝ). This may arise from either an initial
522:as a personal name is consistently found as
1354:
1246:
1012:
422:would indirectly be the origin of the name
1394:
1199:(Hardcover ed.). Brill. p. 207.
1118:"Arabs in Syria: Demography and Epigraphy"
655:Lightfoot also proposed a derivation from
534:) is consonantal representing the initial
463:there would be no connection with Jetur.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
834:
295:(Ιεττουρ) respectively. The translation
131:
890:, who in turn bequeathed it to his son
671:(איטוריאוס) in Hebrew rendered with an
494:(ט) rather than its true Hebrew reflex
470:(צור), a root which survives in Arabic
14:
1698:
1421:
1273:
316:not Jetur when describing the wars of
1510:The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East
1328:Avraham Negev; Shimon Gibson (2005).
1032:The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East
815:which recounts that Aristobulus was:
667:the Iturean nation is referred to as
632:are problematic however. The Semitic
542:. Similarly, in the transliterations
279:and the Itureans first appear in the
213:, while some believed that they were
1077:Der Kleine Pauly: Lexicon der Antike
526:(Ιατουρ-) in Greek inscriptions. In
447:(ط) sounds, this root is found with
240:and much uncertainty still remains.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
839:Ruins of an Iturean village in the
697:(ܐܝܛܘܪܝܐ) rendered with an initial
187:across the plain of Marsyas to the
24:
1675:Mohr Siebeck, 2007 pp.13-32, p.25.
1250:Flavius Josephus: Life of Josephus
989:are met with in the inscriptions (
949:1881, pp. 537–542), in which
854:(Mennæus), whose residence was at
787:Iturea and Trachonitis (tetrarchy)
346:(د) does not correspond to Hebrew
263:encampments, named after a son of
25:
1747:
1016:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1026:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1002:
917:, and Cicero. The Jewish writer
807:. Josephus cites a passage from
474:(ظر) meaning "flint", the sound
394:(יט׳ור, يظور) which is rendered
34:
1678:
1665:
1649:
1630:
1611:
1602:
1589:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1476:
1466:
1453:
1442:
1415:
1388:
1375:
1348:
1321:
1304:Hellenism in the Land of Israel
1294:
1050:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
45:needs additional citations for
1521:Salah Said & M. Al-Hamad,
1499:, T. C. Newby, 1860, p. 16-17.
1280:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1267:
1240:
1213:
1186:
1159:
1132:
1109:
1082:
1075:Berndt Schaller, 'Ituraea' in
1069:
1039:Catalogue of the Iturean coins
616:, i.e. היתור) and "diggings" (
13:
1:
1706:Historical geography of Syria
996:
191:in Syria, with its centre in
1689:, ed. Lagarde, pp. 268, 298.
1307:. University of Notre Dame.
953:relates that he was sent by
574:, however such a reading of
482:(צ) in Hebrew. The spelling
231:
7:
1546:Strong's Hebrew Lexicon, 33
1422:Freyne, Sean (2004-12-10).
1095:. Oxford University Press.
987:Cohors I Augusta Ituraeorum
737:(צור) however the use of a
683:(עטור) meaning "crowning".
198:
10:
1752:
1497:The Lebanon (Mount Souria)
776:
772:
334:(ج) corresponds to Hebrew
205:
156:
1599:Mohr Siebeck, 2012 p.200.
961:gave Iturea to a certain
951:Quintus Aemilius Secundus
364:linked the Itureans with
1385:Brill, 2007 p.54, n.306.
1166:Mark A. Chancey (2002).
1062:
1052:, 138,2 (2006), 125-132.
1043:Israel Numismatic Review
983:Ala I Augusta Ituraeorum
530:the initial Greek iota (
324:Smith's Bible Dictionary
1657:Antiquities of the Jews
1579:Antiquities of the Jews
1057:(available online here)
1023:The Jewish Encyclopedia
827:Whether the Hasmoneans
1220:Doron Mendels (1987).
1122:Topoi. Orient-Occident
1116:David F. Graf (2003).
991:Ephemeris Epigraphica,
947:Ephemeris Epigraphica,
843:
825:
795:1st century in Lebanon
717:indicating an initial
189:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
141:
1721:New Testament regions
1139:Irfan Shahîd (1984).
935:Christian theologians
838:
817:
777:Further information:
390:to the Safaitic name
203:The Itureans (Greek:
135:
1459:William Muir, Esq.,
1355:John Wilson (2004).
1247:Steve Mason (2003).
993:1884, p. 194).
709:syllable or initial
554:- the Hebrew letter
54:improve this article
1736:Philip the Tetrarch
1461:The Life of Mohamet
729:(איטור or אטור) or
431:(טור) and the word
183:. It extended from
181:early Roman periods
1655:Flavius Josephus,
844:
823:of their genitals.
490:is represented by
478:(ظ) having become
193:Chalcis ad Libanum
142:
1641:Bellum Africanum,
1435:978-0-567-08467-5
1428:. A&C Black.
1408:978-90-04-26441-0
1383:Life of Josephus,
1206:978-90-04-17355-2
1102:978-0-19-511216-0
805:Hasmonean kingdom
779:Hasmonean Kingdom
558:(י). However, in
507:(יצור). The root
384:Ernest Axel Knauf
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1743:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1634:
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1615:
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1547:
1544:
1538:
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1526:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1482:Julien Aliquot,
1480:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1392:
1386:
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1373:
1372:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1325:
1319:
1318:
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1271:
1265:
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1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1027:
1006:
1005:
783:Herodian Kingdom
380:to "Iturean".)
342:(י), and Arabic
208:
207:
177:Late Hellenistic
169:Levantine region
158:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1731:Herod the Great
1711:Ancient Lebanon
1696:
1695:
1694:
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1683:
1679:
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1631:
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1516:
1507:
1503:
1495:David Urquart,
1494:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1420:
1416:
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1376:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1274:Finney (2017).
1272:
1268:
1261:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1137:
1133:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1014:Singer, Isidore
1003:
999:
915:Pliny the Elder
888:Herod the Great
886:gave Iturea to
797:
775:
646:rough breathing
234:
201:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Gospel of Luke
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1692:
1691:
1677:
1664:
1648:
1629:
1610:
1601:
1588:
1584:Book 13,318-19
1566:
1557:
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1539:
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1514:
1501:
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1475:
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1313:
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1158:
1152:978-0884021155
1151:
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1101:
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898:xv. 10, § 3).
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362:David Urquhart
304:for Jetur and
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1716:Ancient Syria
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1009:public domain
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903:New Testament
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874:xv. 10, § 1;
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841:Golan Heights
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243:Based on the
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
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978:
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862:, called by
845:
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821:circumcision
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338:(ג) and not
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257:William Muir
242:
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226:Beqaa Valley
219:
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144:
143:
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107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1686:Onomasticon
1622:Philippics,
1037:D. Herman,
939:Trachonitis
894:(Josephus,
870:(Josephus,
864:Dio Cassius
829:circumcised
799:In 105 BC,
791:Roman Syria
741:(ט) not an
675:(א) not an
281:Hellenistic
175:during the
1700:Categories
997:References
977:(Tacitus,
318:King David
314:Aram-Zobah
245:Septuagint
167:name of a
80:newspapers
1401:. BRILL.
955:Quirinius
868:Zenodorus
850:, son of
809:Timagenes
695:'iṭuriya'
691:Peshittas
669:'iṭuraios
605:(ש) into
595:Decapolis
538:sound of
404:Yaṭureans
378:unrelated
310:Eupolemus
297:Itouraion
285:Itouraion
253:John Gill
232:Etymology
222:Seleucids
206:Ἰτουραῖοι
171:north of
163:) is the
1574:Josephus
1045:1:51-72.
1018:"Iturea"
959:Caligula
919:Josephus
884:Augustus
860:Lysanias
852:Mennaeus
763:'i-ṭ-r-w
665:Josippon
640:(ה) and
630:chitture
622:chitture
618:chitture
451:and not
443:(ظ) and
400:Al-Yaẓur
386:related
358:(גדור).
249:Gesenius
217:people.
215:Aramaean
199:Itureans
161:Itouraía
157:Ἰτουραία
110:May 2023
69:"Iturea"
18:Itureans
1625:ii. 112
1473:269–77.
1011::
967:Tacitus
943:Galilee
856:Chalcis
848:Ptolemy
773:History
686:In the
548:Iettour
544:Ietour-
528:Iatour-
524:Iatour-
370:Assyria
306:Itureae
293:Iettour
277:Galilee
265:Ishmael
261:Hagrite
173:Galilee
149:Ituraea
94:scholar
1661:13.318
1618:Cicero
1432:
1405:
1365:
1338:
1311:
1284:
1257:
1230:
1203:
1176:
1149:
1099:
971:Annals
963:Soemus
923:Romans
911:Strabo
907:Luke 3
892:Philip
813:Strabo
793:, and
688:Syriac
661:Itour-
650:Itour-
626:hittur
614:hittur
599:Itour-
576:Itour-
560:Itour-
424:Iturea
388:Iturea
366:Aturea
302:Iathur
289:Ietour
269:Gilead
238:Iturea
145:Iturea
140:(1889)
138:Conder
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1637:Cæsar
1063:Notes
975:Syria
933:Many
905:, in
880:B. J.
759:ṭirah
755:'iṭer
751:'iṭur
747:'iẓur
731:'iẓur
727:'iṭur
723:aleph
719:aleph
681:`iṭur
673:aleph
657:`iṭur
591:`-s-r
580:Yaẓur
540:Yaẓur
520:Yaẓur
516:Yaẓur
505:Yaṣur
500:Yaẓur
484:Yeṭur
461:Yaẓur
457:Yaẓur
437:Yaẓur
433:ṭirah
420:Jetur
416:Yeṭur
412:Yaẓur
408:Zabud
396:Yaṭur
392:Yaẓur
374:Druze
356:Gedor
328:Jedur
211:Arabs
165:Greek
101:JSTOR
87:books
1430:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1097:ISBN
985:and
979:l.c.
896:Ant.
876:idem
872:l.c.
703:yodh
701:and
699:alap
677:ayin
642:chet
496:ṣadi
273:Saul
255:and
179:and
73:news
767:ṭur
735:ṣur
634:tav
628:or
556:yod
509:ṭur
492:ṭet
472:ẓar
468:ṣur
429:Ṭur
402:or
147:or
56:by
1702::
1659:,
1644:20
1639:,
1620:,
1576:,
1124:.
1120:.
1041:.
1020:.
913:,
878:,
789:,
785:,
781:,
715:'i
711:yi
707:'i
638:he
586:.
572:yi
518:.
320:.
251:,
195:.
159:,
155::
1646:.
1627:.
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1438:.
1411:.
1371:.
1344:.
1317:.
1290:.
1263:.
1236:.
1209:.
1182:.
1155:.
1126:4
1105:.
969:(
743:ṣ
739:ṭ
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603:s
568:y
564:i
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532:Ι
488:ẓ
480:ṣ
476:ẓ
453:ẓ
449:ṭ
445:ṭ
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348:ṭ
344:d
340:y
336:g
332:j
151:(
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117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
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77:·
50:.
20:)
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