2074:, but Wei retaliated by conspiring with Empress Jia to depose them, claiming to her that the two were planning to overthrow her. Soon, Empress Jia produced an edict from the emperor calling for the removal of Liang and Wei Guan. However, Wei was unsatisfied with the content of the original edict, as he was not included among the princes who had to raise their troops. Without the empress's knowledge, Wei forged an edict which made him Commander over all military forces and granted himself full control over the operation. On 26 July 291, he sent his subordinates and soldiers to arrest Liang and Wei Guan in
3219:
2256:
2677:). Yong recalled Zhang Fang to deal with Liu Chen, who had defeated a subordinate army on his way to Chang'an. On his way back, Zhang Fang seized over 10,000 slave women in Luoyang and cut them into mince meat to feed to his men. Liu Chen defeated Yong in succession, and 5,000 of his soldiers were able to break into Chang'an. However, he was slow to capitalize on his success, and the soldiers in Chang'an were eventually killed while Zhang Fang arrived just in time to defeat and capture him.
1834:
3308:. The imperial army was annihilated, and the bodies of officials and soldiers were piled atop one another in a mound as not a single one had been able to escape. With the destruction of the main Jin force in the north, Han forces descended upon the poorly-defended and famine-stricken Luoyang, sacking the city and capturing Emperor Huai on 13 July 311. Gou Xi was also defeated and captured by Shi Le at
2377:). However, one night, a disturbance occurred in Sun Fu's camp, causing him to flee back to Luoyang and claim that Zhang Hong was defeated. Lun recalled a segment of his army to defend Luoyang, but when news of Zhang Hong's recent victories reached him, he sent them out again to attack Sima Ying. However, by this time Jiong had reversed his early defeats and repelled Zhang Hong back to his camp.
2467:, was concerned about the various princes' military power, believing that they would one day use it against Jiong just as they did with his predecessors. In a letter to Jiong, Wang Bao urged him to send the princes back to their respective fiefs and to divide control over the state between him and Sima Ying. Jiong was initially convinced, but when the Prince of Changsha,
3285:'s favored courtiers. Then, he dismissed the palace guards, who had participated in many previous coups, and replaced them with soldiers from his own fief. Around this time, Luoyang was hit by a deadly famine and attacked twice by Han. Believing that Luoyang was too exposed, Yue marched out with the 40,000-strong imperial army to camp at Xiang county (項縣; in present-day
2959:
Xianrong as empress, he claimed that she had ordered the officials in
Luoyang to attack Zhang Fang and return the emperor to the old capital. They were initially willing to participate, but after learning that the edict was fabricated, they had Chang killed. Soon, the people of Jicheng killed Huangfu Zhong before surrendering, and Yang Xianrong was deposed again.
2460:, Prince of Donghai, was appointed to direct the Central Secretariat. Throughout his regency, Jiong alienated many of his ministers due to his arrogant and extravagant personality. He rarely visited the emperor and attended court meetings, and despite multiple attempts to get him to change his ways, he was reluctant to follow through his supporters' advices.
2358:, Sima Yong initially dispatched troops to support Lun but later sided with the coalition after learning that they were larger in size. Due to their strategic bases and command over vast armies, Jiong, Ying and Yong were collectively referred to as the "Three Princes" (三王) in records. Another notable participant of the coalition was the Duke of Xinye,
2247:
empress had Yu assassinated. Lun then produced an edict allegedly from
Emperor Hui calling for her removal. On 7 May 300, he arrested Empress Jia and put her under house arrest, and later forced her to commit suicide by drinking gold powered wine. He also executed many of her partisans, including Jia Mi, Zhang Hua and Pei Wei.
2136:. From now on, the government system was such that first all matters are reported to the empress, then all important or minor decisions are made by the empress's appointees, and then they are given to her to accept or reject the decisions, and she issued decrees in the name of the emperor. Despite the efforts of ministers like
2279:. Lun and Sun Xiu plotted to take the throne by following the precedent of the Jin dynasty's foundation. They awarded their family members and allies with high-ranking positions and noble titles, while also posthumously honoring Sima Yu and recruiting famed individuals into their administration to win the people's support.
2830:(rulers of Xiongnu) throughout Xiongnu history and therefore changed their family name to Liu, the same name as the Han imperial clan. Appealing to the Southern Xiongnu, who numbered less than 20,000, Liu Yuan convinced them to join him and reclaim the legacy of their forebears. Soon his forces swelled to over 50,000.
2814:, a sinicized Xiongnu noble who he accepted an offer from to rally the Xiongnu people of Bing province to resist Wang Jun's forces. However, after allowing him to return to Bing, Liu Yuan took the opportunity to name himself "King of Han" and made a bid for the imperial throne as a legitimate successor to the
3300:, who also had a falling out with the prince, but their plans were eventually discovered. Yue wanted to attack Gou Xi, but was so overwhelmed by stress that he grew ill and soon died on 23 April 311. The imperial army, now at 100,000-strong, were unsure on how to proceed. They hastily chose Yue's minister,
3335:
in southern China. Within four years of his victory in the War of the Eight
Princes, Sima Yue had been hounded to death by an assortment of rebellions and court politics. Five years after his death, both the capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang had been lost and most of northern China fell under the rule
3098:
Following Liu Qiao's defeat, Yong was desperate settle for peace with Yue, but Zhang Fang advised him to keep fighting. In response, Yong had Zhang Fang executed and sent his head to Yue as part of a peace offer. Yue ignored it and used the head to convince Yong's other generals to surrender. He then
3044:
In
Luoyang, another rebellion broke out which saw Yang Xianrong restored as empress, but it was quickly defeated and she was deposed once more. Seeing that she was being used as a political asset against him, Yong forged an edict from the emperor ordering the Eastern Court to execute her. However, he
2866:
Ying's party managed to reach
Luoyang, but with very little troops, Zhang Fang was able to dominate him and take possession of Emperor Hui. For a brief period, Zhang Fang was in charge of state affairs. He remained with the in Luoyang for a few more months, but his soldiers were becoming restless and
2838:
back to
Luoyang, but on the morning of their departure, the troops deserted. As there were no horses and porters, Ying and Emperor Hui had to flee on calf-drawn carts. Wang Jun's forces entered Ye and sacked the city. His Xianbei troops partook in mass pillaging and abducted many women from the city.
2638:
Ai's officials attempted to negotiate peace with Ying, seeing that the two were brothers. However, when offered to split the empire between him and Ai, he rejected it. Ai personally wrote a letter to Ying to persuade him, but Ying would only accept it if Ai executed
Huangfu Shang, which Ai refused to
2395:
As the coalition forces approached, officials and generals in the capital began to turn on Lun and Sun Xiu despite their attempts to suppress reports of their losses. The defeat at
Huangqiao left Sun Xiu's camp greatly alarmed as they struggled to devise a plan in response. On 30 May 301, the general
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his uncles, cousins, and sons. Those with large enfeoffments were entitled to an army of five thousand, those with medium enfeoffments were entitled to an army of three thousand, and those with small enfeoffments were entitled to an army of one thousand five hundred. As time passed, these princes and
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feared that Ai would not succeed in the long run. On March 17, he and a group of officials kidnapped and put Ai under house arrest. The next day, they opened the gates and surrendered to the enemy forces. However seeing how few of the opposing army remained, the capital troops regretted surrendering
2598:
After the failed assassination attempt, Yong prepared his troops for war. At the time, Sima Ying was setting out to quell Zhang Chang's rebellion, but hearing about the situation in
Luoyang and Guanzhong, he took his troops to join Yong instead, once again ignoring Lu Zhi's advice. In fall 303, Yong
2231:
as a threat to her power should he ascend the throne, since he was not her biological son. In 299, she orchestrated his arrest by convincing him while drunk to copy a text that said, amongst other things, that
Emperor Hui should abdicate in favor of him. Empress Jia then presented the copied text to
2402:
was reinstated and celebrated the occasion with a five-day non-stop drinking binge. Ying was the first to reach the capital on 1 June, followed by Yong on 7 June. Jiong was still fighting Zhang Hong's forces at Yangdi at the time, so Ying had to send his soldiers to assist him. After Zhang Hong and
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rebelled against Lun with only 700 men in Luoyang. Lun was nearly killed in the fighting, but one of his supporters pretended to defect to Yun and killed him, ending his rebellion. The rebellion provided Lun and Sun Xiu with pretext to purge their court rivals and oppositions. Meanwhile, the Prince
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to assist Sima Ying, but after learning Emperor Hui was in Ye, he ordered Zhang Fang to occupy Luoyang instead. Sima Tan was still holding the capital, although real power laid with his general, Shangguan Si (上官巳). Zhang Fang fought Shangguan Si and dealt him a great defeat, forcing them back into
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to campaign against Jiong, and they sent a proclamation to ordering Ai to attack Jiong. Believing that Ai was involved, Jiong sent troops to kill him, who fled to the imperial palace for protection. There, using both imperial guards and his own personal forces, Ai defended the palace against Jiong
2031:
with his troops. On the night of 23 April 291, Empress Jia and her allies sent out an imperial edict calling for the deposal of Yang Jun and occupied the gates leading to his residence. Yang Jun was caught by surprise and was unable to decide on his next move. Empress Dowager Yang Zhi tried to get
2634:
Ai then moved west to face Zhang Fang. The emperor's presence caused panic within Zhang Fang's army, so he was badly defeated and lost 5,000 soldiers. Zhang Fang rejected his subordinates' advice to retreat and instead secretly constructed ramparts during the night. Ai thought that Zhang Fang had
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On 2 November, Ai's forces defeated Ying's army again outside of Luoyang. The next day, Ai brought with him Emperor Hui and personally confronted Lu Ji's army at the city gates. Ai's officers had several thousand cavalry equipped with double-ended halberds charge Lu Ji's forces, heavily defeating
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commanded his own troops to help Sima Ai defend Luoyang. On 21 September 303, Ai sent 10,000 men under Huangfu Shang to oppose Zhang Fang, but he was defeated in a surprise attack. Zhang Fang momentarily broke through the city walls and carried out a mass plundering before withdrawing. Meanwhile,
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Sima Yan sought to learn from the mistakes that led to the Cao Wei's downfall. Previously, the Wei regime had discouraged their princes from holding government and military offices, instead sending them away to live in their fiefs. Thus, Sima Yi, with the backing of the powerful gentry clans, was
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to care for his ailing mother and handed over all major responsibility to Jiong. At Ye, Ying carried numerous popular policies to win over the people. He arranged for grain to be transported to the famine-stricken region of Yangdi, which had been devastated by war. He then had over 8,000 coffins
2246:
Lun had long wished to betray the empress, but Sun Xiu convinced him to wait until Yu was out of the way, arguing that because of Lun's reputed loyalty to the empress, Lun's actions would only lead to the accession of Yu, who would then exact revenge on Lun himself. With Lun's encouragement, the
2238:
was tutor to the prince at the time and had climbed his way into Empress Jia's inner circle during his time in Luoyang. He also commanded some troops in the capital as general of the Right Army and was known to be "avaricious and false" as well as "simple and stupid," heeding only the advice of
1915:
By empowering the princes, Emperor Wu intended for them to act as a safeguard for his successors against the gentry clans should they overstep their boundaries, even more so considering Sima Zhong's disability. Wu had likely hoped that his family members, by virtue of their familial ties, would
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Sima Yong held out in Chang'an until around December 306 or January 307. Around this time, Yue sought for peace by issuing an edict to appoint Yong as Minister Over the Masses. Yong believed that Yue's intentions were genuine, and so he left Chang'an for Luoyang. However, along the way, he was
2958:
was executed. Around this time, he sent his son Huangfu Chang (皇甫昌) to meet with Sima Yue and request reinforcements. Yue denied his request, as he had only just made peace with Yong, so Chang went to Luoyang with a forged edict from Yue to entice a campaign against Yong. After restoring Yang
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and going as far as to having Tan executed. Yet, Yue was also wary of the new emperor's capabilities and was likely insecure about his own position due to the various coups and civil wars that led to the downfalls of his predecessors in recent years. Yue left the capital shortly after Huai's
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to uphold the government's functionality, the imperial court under the Jia clan was beset with widespread corruption and bribery. Rumors began to spread of Empress Jia's personal debauchery and tyrannical behavior, laying the seeds of discontent that would surface by the end of the decade.
98:: rather than one continuous conflict, the War of the Eight Princes saw intervals of peace interposed with short and intense periods of internecine conflict. At no point in the whole conflict were all of the eight princes on one side of the fighting (as opposed to, for example, the
2562:, asked for permission to send his troops out, Ai rejected his request, believing that Xin was colluding with Ying, who he had good relations with, and plotting to rebel. Xin was killed in battle by the rebels, and Zhang Chang's rebellion spread throughout the southern provinces.
2388:, but Lu Zhi advised him to carry out a surprise attack during the early morning. Sun Hui and his contemporaries were complacent by their recent victory and did not prepare any defense. Ying rallied his troops and returned with a counterattack, smashing Hui's forces north of the
2754:
and marched on Ying's capital, bringing with him Emperor Hui. Along the way, Yue was errorneously informed that the soldiers in Ye had scattered, so he prepared very little defense against the enemy. Shi Chao confronted Yue on 9 September, and defeated him heavily at the
2341:
Not long after his usurpation, Sima Jiong rebelled and sent out a proclamation to campaign against Sima Lun. The most important figure to accept his call was Sima Ying. Ying was described as beautiful but dull in the mind and did not read books, but he heeded his advisor
2011:. However, Yang Jun was not well-received by his ministers due to his apparent attempts at consolidating power and refusal to take advice. He also tried to assassinate Sima Liang without success and rejected suggestions to cooperate with him. Meanwhile, the new empress,
2871:. On 14 December 304, Zhang Fang forced Emperor Hui to stay at the ramparts he built during his war with Sima Ai. With the emperor away, Zhang Fang's men looted the palaces in the capital. He also planned to burn them down as well, but was persuaded not to by Lu Zhi.
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urged her to punish Wei for killing the emperor's regents. Just one day after Liang's death, Empress Jia deployed her troops against Wei and spread doubt regarding the edict's authenticity among his soldiers. Deserted by his followers, Wei was captured and executed.
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Three days later, Zhang Fang brought Emperor Hui, Ying and the others to Chang'an. Yong welcomed the emperor and placed him under his care. On 4 February 305, Yong issued an edict deposing Ying as Crown Prince and handed the position over to the Prince of Yuzhang,
3107:
as the Xianbei soldiers sacked the city, killing around 20,000 people. On 11 June 306, Emperor Hui was sent back to Luoyang and arrived on 28 June. Yong soon returned and recaptured Chang'an, but at this point, the city was the only stronghold he had in control.
1916:
cooperate with each other to protect the interests of their dynasty. However, after Zhong took the throne and became a mere figurehead, the princes later proved themselves self-serving and willing to undermine one another for real control over the empire.
2502:, one of Jiong's advisers. Li Han fled back to Yong and conspired with him to rebel against Jiong. Yong was told to align himself with Sima Ying, offering him the role of Crown Prince due to his public support. He was also told to force Sima Ai, who was in
2734:. Sima Yong was also appointed the Grand Governor and Grand Commander. As Crown Prince, Ying was said to have become more brazen and extravagant in his actions and was inclined towards favoritism, which lost him some of the goodwill from his supporters.
3176:
was concerned that his death would encourage the people of Ye to rebel with Ying as their leader. Therefore, he forged a false edict ordering the execution of Ying and killed him during the night. Lu Zhi buried Ying and took up a staff position with
2943:, were left behind in Luoyang to run a separate court. Thus, there were two courts governing the empire, and Chang’an was referred to as the “Western Court” (西臺) while Luoyang was referred to as the “Eastern Court” (東臺). The Eastern Court reinstated
2631:
them. Many of Lu Ji's officers were killed, and the dead on his side reportedly laid in piles and clogged the river. Lu Ji managed to escape but was arrested and executed on Ying's orders. Meng Jiu (孟玖) replaced him as head of military operations.
3128:, Yue was appointed Grand Tutor and Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing. On 8 January 307, Emperor Hui died after consuming poisoned bread. It is not clear if Yue was involved in his death. Emperor Hui was succeeded by his brother,
2833:
Wang Jun and Sima Teng won a series of victory on their way to Ye. When their forces reached the outskirts of the city, the people of Ye were terrified and began fleeing. Lu Zhi urged Ying to use his remaining 15,000 armored troops to escort
2654:. He also sent Huangfu Shang out with an edict from the emperor to get the generals attacking Huangfu Zhong to disband, thus allowing him to send reinforcements to Luoyang. However, along the way, Huangfu Shang was captured and killed.
3135:
Emperor Huai was regarded as an intelligent man, and compared to Emperor Hui, he had more say and was more active in handling state affairs. Yue supported Huai being on the throne, rejecting calls to have him replaced with the child
2396:
of the Left Guard led troops into the palace and arrested Lun. Sun Xiu and many of Lun's supporters were also captured and executed. Lun spent the next few days denouncing his own conduct before he was forced to commit suicide.
20:
2928:. Seeing that many parts of the empire have been devastated by warfare and rebellion, Yong issued an edict encouraging everyone to settle for peace. In another edict, he made himself Commander of all imperial military forces.
2538:
and Ying's plans, which frustrated the two princes. Ying in particular was unhappy with his restricted control over the state as he shared power with Ai, and the relationship between the brothers deteriorated over time.
2589:
and ordering Zhong to disperse his troops, but Zhong refused. Finally, Yong secretly ordered Li Han to have Ai assassinated. Huangfu Shang discovered their plot and informed Ai, and so the prince had Li Han executed.
1828:
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and its surroundings, the scope of the war expanded with each new prince who entered the struggle. The civil wars opened the empire to rebellions, most notably by tribal subjects that had resettled into the
2035:
Soon, the soldiers advanced and set fire to the residence. Yang Jun's soldiers were routed, and he was killed while trying to escape. His families, supporters were all rounded up and executed as the
2979:
all joined him, which greatly disturbed Yong. Yue also began handing out new appointments to his allies without the emperor's consent, but when he tried to transfer the Inspector of Yu province,
2310:, had ordered him to move into the Western Palace (西宮), the residence of Emperor Hui. He then forged an edict stating the self-abdication of Emperor Hui and usurped the throne on 3 February 301.
4475:
2807:
the city. One night, Tan led his troops to attack Shangguan Si and ousted him from Luoyang. He then welcomed Zhang Fang into Luoyang, but Zhang Fang soon deposed him and Yang Xianrong.
2783:
who refused to join the coalition against Sima Lun. Ying sent a general to assassinate him, but when the plot was uncovered, Wang Jun rebelled and allied himself with the Inspector of
2070:. Despite his role in the Yang clan’s defeat, Sima Wei was notorious for his violent temperament. They attempted to strip him of his military power and send him back to his fief in
2007:
On 16 May 290, Emperor Wu died, and Sima Zhong, posthumously known as Emperor Hui of Jin, ascended the throne. Yang Jun was instated as his regent while Yang Zhi was promoted to
2295:, who played a vital part in Empress Jia's arrest, was unhappy with the positions he received under Lun's administration. Sensing his discontent, Lun had Jiong assigned away to
4297:
2585:. Yong and Li Han conspired to have him arrested, but he saw through their plans and led his troops to attack Li Han. Ai tried to defuse the situation by recalling Li Han to
2365:
Lun sent Zhang Hong (張泓) and Sun Fu (孫輔) with 24,000 men to secure the passes and 30,000 under Sun Hui (孫會) to confront Ying. Zhang Hong fought Jiong at Yangdi (陽翟, modern
3304:
as a temporary leader, and decided that they should hold the prince's funeral first at his fief. However, the funeral procession was caught by Shi Le and defeated at the
4251:
2059:. Now that he was in power, Liang asserted his authority by freely handing out new appointments and titles to around 1,081 people to garner support. At the same time,
2195:
The rebellion in Qin and Yong coincided with famines and plagues, and although it was ultimately put down in 299, it sparked an influx of refugees fleeing south to
3137:
2719:
2647:
2559:
2464:
2453:
2359:
2318:
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Emperor Wu’s reign was troubled by a succession crisis due to his heir, Sima Zhong, being developmentally disabled. Some ministers wanted Wu’s brother, the abled
2940:
3293:) to campaign against Han, despite Emperor Huai's objections. The emperor was also left behind at the capital under the watch of Yue's hand-picked confidants.
2148:
Empress Jia also carried out a series of transfers that would influence the next stage of the War of the Eight Princes. In 296, a major tribal rebellion led by
318:. It is also important to note that the fiefdom titles of the princes do not reflect their base of operation. For example, although Sima Ying was the Prince of
3173:
2971:
sent out a proclamation throughout the regions east of Luoyang calling for a campaign against Yong. He cited that Zhang Fang had forcibly moved Emperor Hui to
2657:
Ai held out in Luoyang until March 304, and by this point, Zhang Fang had given up hope of taking Luoyang and was planning to withdraw. Despite this fact, the
2570:
2495:
2441:
constructed for high-ceremony funerals of those who had fallen in battle and over 14,000 of Sima Lun's soldiers to be buried. These were all Lu Zhi's ideas.
4465:
3305:
3281:
Sima Yue returned to Luoyang in 309, during which he took measures to tighten his grip on the court. He sent 3,000 armoured soldiers to arrest and execute
2346:'s advice to rally the people to his cause. Some 200,000 troops, including the forces of the Prince of Changshan (later known as the Prince of Changsha),
2756:
1908:, so he had the strong backing of the influential Yang and Jia clans. Another factor for choosing Zhong was that Wu saw great potential in his grandson,
4078:
2403:
his peers surrendered, Jiong entered the capital with "several hundred thousand armored soldiers, before whom the capital trembled in awe" on 23 July.
2514:
within Luoyang for three days, bringing Emperor Hui along with him. On 27 January, Jiong's own officers betrayed him and he was captured and killed.
2669:
Although Ai was defeated, Yong was still threatened by Liu Chen, while Huangfu Zhong continued to resist in his city of Jicheng (冀城; in present-day
2994:
region, where Sima Ying was still regarded as a revered figure, the people were upset by Yong's decision to remove him from power. Ying's general,
2951:
2574:
2566:
2499:
1900:, to replace Zhong as the Crown Prince, but Wu was adamant in upholding the traditional succession law. Zhong was the son of Wu’s first empress,
3296:
This decision was the breaking point in their relationship, as Huai began plotting to depose Yue. He made contact with Yue's second-in-command,
3169:
attempted to flee southward but were intercepted. They then planned to join Gongshi Fan, but Sima Xiao caught and apprehended the prince in Ye.
2558:
took up arms. When the court ordered Sima Yong to campaign against Zhang Chang, he refused to move his troops. Later, when the Prince of Xinye,
2474:
Shortly after Lun's defeat in 301, the court issued an edict ordering refugees in Yi province to return north. However, many of them, including
81:
from 291 to 306 AD. The key point of contention in these conflicts was the paramountcy over the empire in light of the developmentally disabled
4333:
4244:
3354:
3349:
1888:
able to take control over the Wei government with minimal resistance. Identifying this issue, Sima Yan bolstered the power of the Sima clan by
3154:
2995:
2000:, into retirement. Yang Jun also hid the emperor's final decree appointing him and Sima Liang as co-regents while his daughter, the empress
2976:
2243:. Yu's arrest sparked outrage among many officials, and a few of them approached Lun for his military strength to overthrow Empress Jia.
2004:, issued another edict making her father the sole regent. Emperor Wu was aware of Yang Jun's manipulations, but was too ill to stop him.
2750:, restoring Yang Xianrong and Sima Tan to their positions as Shi Chao and the others fled for Ye. He amassed an army of over 100,000 at
2128:
For the next nine years, Empress Jia ruled Jin in the emperor's name while entrusting power to her closest family members, most notably
2984:
2901:
2287:
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3203:
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Zhang Fang severed the Qianjin Dam (千金堨), effectively cutting off Luoyang's water supply. In response, Ai convinced the Inspector of
4269:
3037:, received permission to go east to recruit more soldiers. However, once there, Chen Min instead rebelled and took control of the
3025:. On 20 November, Yong appointed Zhang Fang commander of 100,000 troops and sent him to assist Liu Qiao. Soon, Liu Qiao captured
1893:
dukes were given administrative powers over their lands and were granted the power to levy taxes and employ central officials.
2666:
and secretly plotted to free Ai. Fearing the consequences should Ai escape, Yue sent Ai to Zhang Fang, who put Ai to the torch.
4470:
4071:
3327:
soon after Huai's capture. However, that too fell by the end of 316, and the Sima clan eventually re-established itself as the
3060:
launched a successful counterattack on Yong and Liu Qiao's forces. Xiao's forces routed Sima Mao at Linqiu (廩丘, in present-day
1418:
2916:
respectively. Yue declined his office, but for the time being, it appeared that the two sides had reached an agreement. Since
2698:
appointed himself Prime Minister and promoted Sima Yue to President of State Secretariat. Despite his new position, Ying kept
3919:
2615:
Emperor Hui was constantly on the move and shifting his base before he defeated Ying's troops at Goushi (緱氏; in present-day
133:
78:
2321:, a relative of Empress Jia, rebelled in his province. In early 301, his rebellion was quelled after his subordinate, the
3254:
in 308. Although Yue eventually quelled their rebellions, both Shi Le and Wang Mi brought their remaining forces to join
1963:
between 305 and 307. However, unlike their Ba-Di and Xiongnu contemporaries, they were eventually suppressed in the end.
2509:
In January 303, Yong rebelled while Ying, despite opposition from Lu Zhi, was tempted to join him. Yong sent Li Han and
4307:
4027:
3498:
3226:
Sima Yue's victory was short lived, as he now had to deal with the various rebellions going on throughout the empire.
2822:
or early Jin times, the Southern Xiongnu nobles claimed that they had Han Dynasty ancestry through marriage alliance (
4064:
3897:
3464:
3439:
3414:
1988:, as Sima Zhong's regent. As the emperor's health declined, Yang Jun sought to monopolize his control over Zhong as
132:
era in northern China, causing centuries of warfare between the numerous short-lived dynasties in the north and the
4317:
2858:, despite his rebellion spilling over to multiple provinces, Jin forces were able defeat and capture Zhang Chang.
4415:
4410:
4287:
3360:
1920:
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and aimed to bring him back to Luoyang. His brothers and several other prominent governors such as Wang Jun and
3389:
85:. The name of the conflict is derived from the biographies of the eight princes collected in Chapter 59 of the
46:
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4430:
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as the Grand Tutor in hopes of resolving the conflict between their sides. Yong also granted Yue's brothers,
1853:
99:
38:
3045:
was opposed by Liu Tun and the others in Luoyang, and after failing to arrest Liu Tun, he changed his mind.
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been dealt with, but after realizing that the ramparts had been completed, he attacked them unsuccessfully.
4460:
4455:
4348:
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2027:
to overthrow Yang Jun. Liang was reluctant to help her, but Wei agreed and left his fief for the capital,
2015:, was unhappy with the little control she has over state affairs due to Yang Jun and the Empress Dowager.
3079:
Early in 306, the administrator, Liu Bogen (劉柏根) declared himself the Duke of Jian and briefly took over
2392:. Ying's army was the first to make a breakthrough as they crossed the Yellow River to march on Luoyang.
1931:. The princes' infighting and mismanagement of the empire left Jin vulnerable to rebellions. In 304, the
2759:. The emperor was wounded in battle and captured by Shi Chao. Yue fled to Xiapi and then to his fief in
2259:
Location of the remaining six of the Eight Princes at the time of Sima Lun's usurpation in February 301.
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3124:
was the last of the so-called Eight Princes to take control over the imperial court. After receiving
2726:. On 1 May, Ying was installed as Crown Prince and his power was described as being equal to that of
2555:
2369:) and defeated him several times before Jiong retreated and made camp at Yingyin (潁陰; in present-day
1956:
4051:
3319:
The Western Jin dynasty would survive for another five years, as an imperial restoration headed by
3080:
2925:
2643:
2314:
2196:
2157:
2039:. Yang Zhi was spared but confined inside the palace, where she remained until her death in 292.
4056:
2998:
took advantage of their resentment and rebelled. Among the people who joined him were a shepherd,
4420:
4405:
2772:
128:. At its conclusion, the war devastated the Jin heartlands in northern China, and ushered in the
144:
While many princes participated in the conflict, the eight major players in this conflict were:
4338:
3301:
3227:
3034:
3030:
2980:
2913:
2286:
In autumn 300, after Lun attempted to take his military authority away, the Prince of Huainan,
1960:
4378:
4277:
4183:
3496:
3057:
2276:
2240:
2141:
1881:
4178:
3166:
3015:
2506:, into joining so that Jiong would execute him and provide justification to overthrow him.
2433:
2343:
2200:
1128:
8:
4312:
4292:
4198:
4158:
3313:
3282:
3255:
3129:
2987:, they defected to Yong's side with Liu Qiao accusing Yue of overstepping his authority.
2811:
2542:
Ai's administration failed to deal with rebel movements in the empire. In the southwest,
2110:. However, Wei was hesitant in accepting this plan. In Empress Jia's camp, the minister,
1981:
1606:
303:
106:
in 301 also cannot be considered as wars, but rather a series of political intrigues and
4208:
4168:
3457:
The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History: Ethnic Identity and Political Culture
3320:
3125:
2835:
2699:
2658:
2611:
2425:
2399:
2384:), defeating the prince's vanguard and killing 10,000. Ying planned to retreat back to
2272:
2056:
2032:
the soldiers to turn on Empress Jia, but failed and implicated herself in the process.
2001:
1901:
1759:
1334:
299:
287:
82:
2924:, Yue sent Mo to guard the city, while Lue remained in his position as Commander over
1852:
period, effectively seized control of Wei in early 249 after instigating a successful
119:
While initial conflicts were relatively minor and confined to the imperial capital of
4188:
4023:
3915:
3893:
3460:
3435:
3410:
3385:
3243:
2917:
2776:
2381:
1977:
271:
2578:
2153:
107:
4384:
4343:
3384:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 180.
3337:
3309:
3207:
3165:. Following Yong's defeat, Yue issued an edict calling for Ying's arrest. Ying and
2421:
2303:
1948:
307:
170:
129:
3172:
Around November or December 306, Sima Xiao died of natural causes. Xiao's advisor
2471:, discovered the plan, he prompted Jiong to reject it and have Wang Bao executed.
2283:, a distant relative of Sun Xiu, was installed as the new empress of Emperor Hui.
2176:
following a heated argument he had with Jia Mi over the latter's treatment of the
3872:
The Eurasian Way of War: Military practice in seventh-century China and Byzantium
3073:
3069:
2795:
soldiers due to his alliances with the neighbouring tribes, most prominently the
2616:
2604:
2008:
1924:
202:
2090:
held significant control over the military. Immediately following the deaths of
21:
Military history of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)
4229:
3497:
Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University (December 1991).
3286:
2627:
threatened his position at Goushi, he returned to the palace a few days later.
2255:
1849:
186:
64:
3218:
4440:
4435:
4399:
4203:
3234:, who promptly surrendered the region back to Jin. Ji Sang and Shi Le sacked
2944:
2784:
2715:
2478:, refused to comply with the edict. In winter 301, the provincial inspector,
2366:
2280:
2071:
1927:"; tribal people who had been resettling into the Chinese interior since the
218:
3890:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
2306:. The following year, he claimed in a report that the spirit of his father,
4445:
4425:
3263:
3104:
2723:
2670:
2389:
2224:
2177:
1833:
4359:
4153:
3324:
3162:
3100:
3022:
2972:
2868:
2815:
2780:
2731:
2651:
2380:
Sun Hui led the main army against Ying at Huangqiao (黃橋, in present-day
2355:
2204:
2099:
2060:
2012:
1989:
1944:
1928:
1905:
311:
87:
3432:
The Sinitic Encounter in Southeast China through the First Millennium CE
1980:
developed a deadly illness and considered appointing his father-in-law,
1829:
Timeline of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and the Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)
4213:
4112:
4107:
3235:
3003:
2947:
as the empress, but the following year, she was deposed by Zhang Fang.
2921:
2855:
2803:
2796:
2711:
2600:
2547:
2510:
2498:
was afraid to accept the appointment due to enmity between himself and
2449:
2437:
2417:
2351:
2292:
2173:
2149:
2091:
2048:
1985:
1857:
1399:
894:
323:
212:
164:
2787:, Sima Teng, a brother of Sima Yue. Wang Jun's army consisted of many
4218:
4132:
4127:
3275:
3150:
3011:
2931:
Although Emperor Hui was now in Chang’an, the influential ministers,
2893:
2851:
2695:
2582:
2535:
2531:
2530:
seized control of the capital but deferred authority to his brother,
2491:
2479:
2429:
2189:
2185:
2169:
2164:. Due to his failure to quell the uprising, Lun was recalled back to
2137:
2133:
2111:
2107:
1936:
1889:
1865:
1568:
1107:
945:
875:
843:
601:
402:
265:
249:
125:
73:) was a series of coups and civil wars among kings/princes (Chinese:
3930:
The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty
3111:
4372:
4193:
4137:
4122:
4117:
4086:
3332:
3271:
3259:
3231:
3178:
3121:
3092:
3038:
2968:
2897:
2876:
2843:
2771:
With Yue defeated, Ying then planned to eliminate the Inspector of
2760:
2743:
2707:
2662:
2624:
2603:
to attack the capital. Ying also sent an army 200,000 strong under
2457:
2268:
2235:
2212:
2161:
2095:
2087:
2067:
2052:
2024:
2023:
Empress Jia enlisted the help of Sima Liang and the Prince of Chu,
1997:
1897:
1877:
1873:
1861:
1347:
1189:
1157:
926:
911:
315:
281:
239:
196:
180:
103:
95:
4163:
4102:
4038:
Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy
3267:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3186:
3158:
3095:) and became a bandit, quickly gaining followers under his wing.
3084:
3049:
3026:
2999:
2955:
2909:
2819:
2788:
2747:
2727:
2703:
2691:
2586:
2581:, which placed him in a position to threaten Sima Yong's rear in
2527:
2503:
2468:
2448:'s lineage died, throwing the line of succession into confusion.
2445:
2370:
2347:
2330:
2307:
2296:
2228:
2208:
2181:
2165:
2075:
2028:
1993:
1940:
1909:
1845:
1841:
1551:
1374:
639:
614:
319:
255:
228:
120:
3908:
Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century
3845:
Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty, 23-220 AD
2063:
began placing her relatives and allies into positions of power.
4173:
3297:
3190:
3182:
3088:
3061:
3056:
cavalry forces from Wang Jun. With them, Xiao and his general,
3053:
3007:
2827:
2792:
2751:
2551:
2385:
2232:
Emperor Hui, who then decided to place him under house arrest.
2129:
2103:
1952:
54:
2763:, while Yue's allies retreated back to Luoyang with Sima Tan.
2098:, he was advised to utilize his military authority to execute
3290:
3181:. Gongshi Fan was also defeated and killed by Yue's general,
3065:
3021:
Liu Qiao sent his troops to block Yue from advancing west at
2991:
2847:
2823:
2799:-Xianbei. In response, Ying sent generals out to oppose him.
2674:
2620:
2550:, rebels consisting of refugees and draft evaders led by the
2543:
2475:
2374:
2326:
2322:
1932:
3827:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms
1951:
period. In the south, there were also the rebellions of the
4476:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
2494:'s chief of staff, to be colonel of the Army of Readiness.
3779:
3777:
3775:
3750:
3748:
3687:
3685:
3672:
3670:
3645:
3643:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3589:
3587:
3574:
3572:
3407:
China Between Empires: The Northern and Southern Dynasties
1876:, also known as Emperor Wu of Jin, forced the Wei emperor
16:
291–306 AD series of civil wars in the Chinese Jin dynasty
3547:
3545:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3099:
sent his generals with Wang Jun's Xianbei troops towards
2826:), where many princesses of the Han dynasty married many
2680:
3975:
Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC - AD 1840
3262:. Together, they overran most of the lands north of the
3141:
ascension, and became Prime Minister on 5 February 308.
2882:
2517:
1872:
rulers of Wei. In February 266, Sima Zhao's eldest son,
102:). The initial conflicts prior to the coalition against
3772:
3760:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3682:
3667:
3655:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3599:
3584:
3569:
3557:
3542:
3530:
3473:
3083:. He was swiftly defeated, but one of his followers,
2954:
had resisted Sima Yong from Jicheng, even well after
2406:
2250:
2078:. Both men gave no resistance and were put to death.
2042:
3892:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng,
3709:
3336:
of an assortment of short-lived states known as the
4022:, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
3697:
3518:
3087:, escaped to Mount Zhangguang (長廣山; in present-day
2118:
1844:, an official, general, and regent of the state of
3161:due to Yue's forces and decided to return towards
3072:. Then, they won a great victory over Liu Qiao at
2522:
3404:
3112:Conclusion: Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue (306–311)
2336:
2160:provinces under the watch of the Prince of Zhao,
4397:
4259:
3802:The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China
2962:
2546:rebellion raged on despite his death. Along the
2428:. Jiong had intention to share his regency with
2192:through the endorsement of the gentry families.
2081:
1919:The War of the Eight Princes coincided with the
326:throughout the war and was never near his fief.
94:The "War of the Eight Princes" is somewhat of a
3454:
3033:. Due to the early setbacks, a general of Yue,
1959:, between 303 and 304 and Han Chinese general,
364:- - - - - = The dashed line denotes an adoption
356:
348:
3434:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 39–40.
3379:
3157:rebels. However, he was unable to get through
3153:had been ordered to garrison at Ye to appease
3048:In Ji province, Sima Xiao received some elite
1966:
1837:Map showing the Eight Princes and their fiefs.
4245:
4072:
4052:Sima's family tree of the Western Jin dynasty
3816:
3429:
3068:) and forced him to flee back to his fief in
3842:
3833:
3824:
3808:
2534:. The outcome of the conflict put a halt to
2867:were suggesting him to move the emperor to
2714:. On April 304, he imprisoned the empress,
2485:
2302:After Yun's rebellion, Lun was granted the
2037:extermination of all third degree relatives
1971:
1880:to abdicate the throne and established the
4252:
4238:
4079:
4065:
3103:. Unable to stop them, Yong fled alone to
2275:, but delegated most of his power over to
2123:
116:, may be more appropriate in this regard.
3210:, who had him strangled in his carriage.
3029:from Sima Xiao, prompting him to flee to
2706:, leaving behind an army of 50,000 under
3957:Imperial Chinese Armies (1): 200BC-AD589
3851:
3799:
3783:
3766:
3754:
3739:
3727:
3691:
3676:
3661:
3649:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3593:
3578:
3563:
3551:
3536:
3484:
3459:. Oxford University Press. p. 222.
3409:. Harvard University Press. p. 63.
3217:
2650:, to defect from Yong's side and attack
2254:
2018:
1832:
4466:Rebellions in the Jin dynasty (266–420)
4020:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
3966:Imperial Chinese Armies (2): 590-1260AD
3323:(Emperor Huai's nephew) was founded in
3116:
2861:
2490:Jiong wanted to appoint Li Han, one of
2350:, were thus assembled near his base in
2313:During Lun's regency, the Inspector of
1984:, and his uncle, the Prince of Ru'nan,
69:
4398:
4035:
4008:
3999:
3230:was overthrown by the gentry clans of
2681:Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying (304–305)
2263:
1992:, first by sending away Sima Liang to
4233:
4060:
4017:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3905:
3887:
3869:
3860:
3715:
3703:
3524:
3357:- including some of the Eight Princes
3196:
3144:
2887:
2883:Prince of Hejian, Sima Yong (305–306)
2518:Prince of Changsha, Sima Ai (303–304)
2456:, as crown prince. At the same time,
2055:were installed as the new regents of
1996:and then by forcing his court rival,
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
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1796:
1794:
1792:
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1001:
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960:
958:
943:
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922:
909:
907:
892:
890:
873:
871:
858:
856:
841:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
769:
767:
765:
723:
721:
719:
705:
695:
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678:
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672:
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666:
664:
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633:
631:
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612:
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599:
529:
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525:
523:
521:
455:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
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435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
3990:
3010:. To quell his rebellion, Yong sent
2737:
139:
3881:Sourcebook of Korean Civilization 1
3878:
3490:
2983:and the Inspector of Yan province,
2593:
2218:
2168:. Later on, the Prince of Chengdu,
1947:broke away from Jin, beginning the
148:War of the Eight Princes (291–306)
112:. The literal Chinese translation,
13:
3948:Medieval Chinese Armies: 1260-1520
3939:Ancient Chinese Armies: 1500-200BC
3854:Military Culture in Imperial China
3270:, Jin forces failed to extinguish
2407:Prince of Qi, Sima Jiong (301–303)
2251:Prince of Zhao, Sima Lun (300–301)
2043:Prince of Ru'nan, Sima Liang (291)
14:
4487:
3863:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900
3382:A History of Chinese Civilization
2710:while he returned to his base in
2452:designated the Emperor's nephew,
4004:, University of California Press
3076:, causing his army to collapse.
2846:, the son of Li Te, created the
2573:at unease. Shang had a brother,
2119:Interlude: Empress Jia (291–300)
2066:Liang and Wei Guan were wary of
4308:Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions
4288:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
3793:
3361:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
3312:. This came to be known as the
3132:, later known as Emperor Huai.
2685:
2623:) on 22 October. However, when
2523:Control over the imperial court
2329:, betrayed and ousted him from
1860:. Sima Yi and two of his sons,
3448:
3423:
3398:
3373:
3350:The Eight Princes' family tree
2337:Coalition of the Three Princes
329:
298:Other people of note included
59:
50:
42:
35:Rebellion of the Eight Princes
1:
4471:Wars involving Imperial China
4367:In Search of the Supernatural
4354:Eighteen History Books of Jin
4318:Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions
4018:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009),
3366:
2963:Coalition of the eastern army
2766:
2599:sent an army of 70,000 under
2082:Prince of Chu, Sima Wei (291)
1912:, should he succeed Zhong.
1822:
100:Rebellion of the Seven States
4349:Migration of the eight clans
4298:Conquest of Cheng-Han by Jin
4128:Sima Ying, Prince of Chengdu
4040:, Cambridge University Press
4013:, Cambridge University Press
3995:, Cambridge University Press
3932:, Cambridge University Press
3817:de Crespigny, Rafe (2004b),
3246:, going as far as occupying
3213:
3202:intercepted by a general of
2482:declared war against Li Te.
2432:, but through the advice of
2086:The forged edict meant that
31:Rebellion of the Eight Kings
7:
4138:Sima Yue, Prince of Donghai
4133:Sima Yong, Prince of Hejian
4113:Sima Liang, Prince of Runan
4103:Sima Ai, Prince of Changsha
4011:A History of the Vietnamese
4002:The Birth of the Vietnamese
3883:, Columbia University Press
3843:de Crespigny, Rafe (2017),
3834:de Crespigny, Rafe (2010),
3825:de Crespigny, Rafe (2007),
3809:de Crespigny, Rafe (2004),
3343:
2577:, who was the Inspector of
1967:Prelude: Yang Jun (290-291)
114:Disorder of the Eight Kings
10:
4492:
4036:Wagner, Donald B. (2008),
3986:, Pen & Sword Military
3912:Cambridge University Press
3856:, Harvard University Press
3405:Mark Edward Lewis (2011).
2810:Ying had a general named,
2411:
1826:
345:
314:, and the senior minister
18:
4326:
4303:Orchid Pavilion Gathering
4268:
4146:
4095:
4045:
3991:Shin, Michael D. (2014),
3852:di Cosmo, Nicola (2009),
3800:Barfield, Thomas (1989),
3018:with 1,000 troops to Ye.
2718:, and depose his nephew,
1679:
1677:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1449:
1447:
1366:
1364:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
997:
995:
835:
833:
831:
825:
823:
821:
815:
813:
811:
805:
803:
801:
793:
791:
773:
771:
763:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
733:
731:
729:
717:
713:
711:
703:
701:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
541:
539:
537:
519:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
4283:War of the Eight Princes
4118:Sima Lun, Prince of Zhao
4108:Sima Jiong, Prince of Qi
4089:War of the Eight Princes
3984:Battles of Ancient China
3906:Lorge, Peter A. (2011),
3870:Graff, David A. (2016),
3861:Graff, David A. (2001),
3455:Andrew Chittick (2020).
3185:, but his subordinates,
2486:Conspiracy against Jiong
2444:In mid-302, the last of
2184:. The Prince of Hejian,
1972:Ascension of Emperor Hui
322:, he mostly operated in
27:War of the Eight Princes
4169:Sima Zhong, Emperor Hui
4123:Sima Wei, Prince of Chu
4087:Notable figures of the
3977:, Osprey Publishing Ltd
3888:Liang, Jieming (2006),
3819:Generals of the South 2
3380:Jacques Gernet (1996).
2779:, a former partisan of
2569:as an advisor, putting
2424:and was made regent of
2223:Empress Jia deemed the
2207:to set up the state of
2124:Power behind the throne
1868:, came to serve as the
1856:against his co-regent,
4416:4th-century rebellions
4411:3rd-century rebellions
4339:Sima clan family trees
4159:Sima Chi, Emperor Huai
3993:Korean History in Maps
3879:Lee, Peter H. (1992),
3430:Hugh R. Clark (2015).
3355:Sima clan family trees
3223:
2730:during the end of the
2610:Uncharacteristically,
2260:
1838:
936:Posthumous recognition
885:Posthumous recognition
649:Posthumous recognition
4379:Chronicles of Huayang
4334:Emperors' family tree
4278:Conquest of Wu by Jin
4261:Jin dynasty (266–420)
4147:Other notable figures
4009:Taylor, K.W. (2013),
3982:Peers, Chris (2013),
3928:Lorge, Peter (2015),
3811:Generals of the South
3242:wreaked havoc on the
3221:
2854:in 304. South of the
2722:from the position of
2607:against the capital.
2271:assumed regency over
2258:
2172:was assigned away to
2019:Fall of the Yang clan
1836:
4451:4th century in China
4431:3rd century in China
4000:Taylor, Jay (1983),
3973:Peers, C.J. (2006),
3964:Peers, C.J. (1996),
3955:Peers, C.J. (1995),
3946:Peers, C.J. (1992),
3937:Peers, C.J. (1990),
3506:eastasianhistory.org
3499:"East Asian History"
3250:and laying siege on
3117:Death of Emperor Hui
2908:military command in
2862:Captivity in Luoyang
2842:In southwest China,
2199:. It also allowed a
2188:, was garrisoned in
2102:powerful relatives,
308:Empress Dowager Yang
4461:Rebellions in China
4456:Civil wars in China
4313:Battle of Fei River
4293:Disaster of Yongjia
4154:Empress Jia Nanfeng
3968:, Osprey Publishing
3959:, Osprey Publishing
3950:, Osprey Publishing
3941:, Osprey Publishing
3329:Eastern Jin dynasty
3314:Disaster of Yongjia
3283:Emperor Huai of Jin
2436:, Ying withdrew to
2264:Usurping the throne
1929:Eastern Han dynasty
361:– The Eight Princes
286:Prince Xiaoxian of
169:Prince Wencheng of
149:
134:Eastern Jin dynasty
79:Western Jin dynasty
47:traditional Chinese
3321:Emperor Min of Jin
3306:Battle of Ningping
3224:
3197:Death of Sima Yong
3145:Death of Sima Ying
2888:Commander-in-chief
2836:Emperor Hui of Jin
2742:On 17 August 304,
2416:On 11 August 301,
2261:
1839:
337:The Eight Princes
300:Emperor Hui of Jin
147:
83:Emperor Hui of Jin
77:王) of the Chinese
39:simplified Chinese
4393:
4392:
4227:
4226:
4096:The Eight Princes
3921:978-0-521-87881-4
3804:, Basil Blackwell
3244:North China Plain
2757:Battle of Dangyin
2738:Battle of Dangyin
2659:Minister of Works
2565:Ai also employed
2382:Wen County, Henan
1904:, and married to
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1765:
1612:
1593:
1578:
1561:
1425:
1411:
1384:
1357:
1340:
1199:
1182:
1167:
1134:
1115:
970:
955:
938:
919:
904:
887:
868:
853:
686:
651:
624:
607:
408:
372:
371:
296:
295:
140:The Eight Princes
70:pa wang chih luan
4483:
4385:Butterfly Lovers
4344:Sixteen Kingdoms
4254:
4247:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4209:Empress Yang Zhi
4081:
4074:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4041:
4032:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3987:
3978:
3969:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3902:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3839:
3836:Imperial Warlord
3830:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3787:
3781:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3597:
3591:
3582:
3576:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3471:
3470:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3377:
3338:Sixteen Kingdoms
3310:Mengcheng County
2594:Siege of Luoyang
2422:Nine Bestowments
2325:refugee leader,
2304:Nine Bestowments
2219:Coup of Sima Lun
1949:Sixteen Kingdoms
1766:
1755:
1613:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1562:
1555:
1427:
1423:
1412:
1403:
1385:
1378:
1358:
1351:
1341:
1330:
1200:
1193:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1135:
1124:
1116:
1114:Prince of Hejian
1111:
971:
964:
956:
949:
939:
930:
920:
915:
905:
901:Prince Wencheng
898:
888:
879:
869:
862:
854:
847:
687:
684:
652:
643:
625:
618:
608:
605:
409:
406:
374:
373:
360:
359:
352:
351:
343:
342:
334:
333:
217:Prince Wumin of
150:
146:
130:Sixteen Kingdoms
71:
61:
60:bā wáng zhī luàn
52:
44:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4322:
4264:
4258:
4228:
4223:
4142:
4091:
4085:
4048:
4030:
3922:
3900:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3600:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3508:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3474:
3467:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3346:
3216:
3199:
3147:
3119:
3114:
3074:Qiao Commandery
2967:In autumn 305,
2965:
2890:
2885:
2864:
2769:
2740:
2688:
2683:
2617:Yanshi District
2596:
2525:
2520:
2488:
2414:
2409:
2339:
2266:
2253:
2221:
2126:
2121:
2084:
2045:
2021:
2009:Empress Dowager
1974:
1969:
1925:Five Barbarians
1831:
1825:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1422:
1421:the Eastern Jin
1420:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1197:
1196:Prince Xiaoxian
1195:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1106:
968:
967:Prince Wenxian
966:
963:
961:
953:
951:
948:
944:
934:
932:
929:
925:
917:
914:
910:
902:
900:
897:
893:
883:
881:
878:
874:
866:
864:
861:
859:
851:
849:
846:
842:
683:
681:
647:
645:
642:
638:
622:
620:
617:
613:
604:
600:
405:
401:
357:
349:
332:
142:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:300s conflicts
4418:
4413:
4408:
4406:290s conflicts
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4033:
4029:978-0810860537
4028:
4015:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3920:
3903:
3898:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:, p. 136.
3771:
3769:, p. 135.
3759:
3757:, p. 134.
3744:
3742:, p. 132.
3732:
3730:, p. 131.
3720:
3718:, p. xci.
3708:
3696:
3694:, p. 130.
3681:
3679:, p. 129.
3666:
3664:, p. 128.
3654:
3652:, p. 127.
3639:
3637:, p. 126.
3627:
3625:, p. 125.
3615:
3613:, p. 124.
3598:
3596:, p. 122.
3583:
3581:, p. 121.
3568:
3566:, p. 118.
3556:
3554:, p. 117.
3541:
3539:, p. 116.
3529:
3527:, p. 414.
3517:
3489:
3487:, p. 115.
3472:
3465:
3447:
3440:
3422:
3415:
3397:
3390:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3287:Shenqiu County
3238:in 307, while
3215:
3212:
3198:
3195:
3146:
3143:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
2964:
2961:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2863:
2860:
2768:
2765:
2739:
2736:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2595:
2592:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2487:
2484:
2463:The minister,
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2338:
2335:
2265:
2262:
2252:
2249:
2220:
2217:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2083:
2080:
2047:On 4 May 291,
2044:
2041:
2020:
2017:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1850:Three Kingdoms
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1563:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1415:
1413:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1344:
1342:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1184:
1171:
1169:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1119:
1117:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
959:
957:
942:
940:
923:
921:
918:Prince of Zhao
908:
906:
891:
889:
872:
870:
857:
855:
839:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
785:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
699:
697:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
611:
609:
597:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
531:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
377:
370:
369:
367:
366:
365:
362:
354:
339:
338:
331:
328:
294:
293:
290:
284:
278:
277:
274:
268:
262:
261:
258:
252:
246:
245:
242:
236:
225:
224:
221:
215:
209:
208:
205:
199:
193:
192:
189:
185:Prince Yin of
183:
177:
176:
173:
167:
161:
160:
157:
154:
141:
138:
136:in the south.
126:Central Plains
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4488:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:Yang Xianrong
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3910:, Cambridge:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3899:981-05-5380-3
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3785:
3784:di Cosmo 2009
3780:
3778:
3776:
3768:
3767:di Cosmo 2009
3763:
3756:
3755:di Cosmo 2009
3751:
3749:
3741:
3740:di Cosmo 2009
3736:
3729:
3728:di Cosmo 2009
3724:
3717:
3712:
3706:, p. 48.
3705:
3700:
3693:
3692:di Cosmo 2009
3688:
3686:
3678:
3677:di Cosmo 2009
3673:
3671:
3663:
3662:di Cosmo 2009
3658:
3651:
3650:di Cosmo 2009
3646:
3644:
3636:
3635:di Cosmo 2009
3631:
3624:
3623:di Cosmo 2009
3619:
3612:
3611:di Cosmo 2009
3607:
3605:
3603:
3595:
3594:di Cosmo 2009
3590:
3588:
3580:
3579:di Cosmo 2009
3575:
3573:
3565:
3564:di Cosmo 2009
3560:
3553:
3552:di Cosmo 2009
3548:
3546:
3538:
3537:di Cosmo 2009
3533:
3526:
3521:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3485:di Cosmo 2009
3481:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3466:9780190937546
3462:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3441:9780824857189
3437:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3416:9780674060357
3412:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:Gongshi Fan's
3152:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:Qing province
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:and a former
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:Huangfu Zhong
2948:
2946:
2945:Yang Xianrong
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2926:Qing province
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:Bing province
2782:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:Yang Xianrong
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:Yong province
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:Huangfu Zhong
2572:
2568:
2567:Huangfu Shang
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:Huangfu Shang
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:received the
2419:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:Yuzhou, Henan
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2281:Yang Xianrong
2278:
2274:
2270:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:broke out in
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:Empress Jia's
2097:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:Jing province
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:In late 289,
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1762:
1761:
1734:
1732:
1658:
1656:
1609:
1608:
1570:
1558:Crown Prince
1553:
1548:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1457:
1444:
1442:
1426:
1408:Prince Wumin
1401:
1376:
1349:
1337:
1336:
1325:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1191:
1159:
1131:
1130:
1109:
1096:
1093:
1069:
1068:
1031:
1007:
984:
982:
947:
937:
928:
913:
896:
886:
877:
850:Prince Cheng
845:
840:
837:
829:
827:
819:
817:
809:
807:
799:
797:
795:
789:
787:
786:
761:
737:
735:
727:
725:
715:
709:
707:
700:
698:
650:
641:
616:
603:
598:
595:
563:
561:
545:
543:
535:
533:
532:
517:
485:
483:
459:
457:
454:
452:
404:
375:
368:
363:
355:
347:
346:
344:
341:
340:
336:
335:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
291:
289:
285:
283:
280:
279:
275:
273:
269:
267:
264:
263:
259:
257:
253:
251:
248:
247:
243:
241:
238:Prince Li of
237:
234:
230:
227:
226:
222:
220:
216:
214:
211:
210:
206:
204:
200:
198:
195:
194:
190:
188:
184:
182:
179:
178:
174:
172:
168:
166:
163:
162:
158:
155:
152:
151:
145:
137:
135:
131:
127:
122:
117:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
66:
62:
56:
48:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
4377:
4365:
4358:
4282:
4088:
4037:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3992:
3983:
3974:
3965:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3929:
3907:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3801:
3794:Bibliography
3762:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3657:
3630:
3618:
3559:
3532:
3520:
3509:. Retrieved
3505:
3492:
3456:
3450:
3431:
3425:
3406:
3400:
3381:
3375:
3318:
3295:
3280:
3264:Yellow River
3225:
3200:
3171:
3149:Previously,
3148:
3134:
3120:
3105:Mount Taibai
3097:
3078:
3047:
3043:
3020:
2989:
2966:
2949:
2930:
2891:
2873:
2865:
2841:
2832:
2809:
2801:
2773:You province
2770:
2746:rebelled in
2741:
2724:Crown Prince
2689:
2686:Crown Prince
2671:Gangu County
2668:
2656:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2609:
2597:
2579:Qin province
2564:
2541:
2526:
2508:
2489:
2473:
2462:
2443:
2415:
2398:
2394:
2390:Yellow River
2379:
2364:
2340:
2312:
2301:
2285:
2267:
2245:
2234:
2225:Crown Prince
2222:
2194:
2178:Crown Prince
2147:
2127:
2085:
2065:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2006:
1975:
1918:
1914:
1895:
1886:
1869:
1840:
1758:
1607:Emperor Huai
1605:
1590:Prince Xiao
1419:Emperors of
1333:
1331:司馬衷 259–307
1179:Prince Gong
1164:Prince Xian
1127:
935:
933:Emperor Jing
884:
648:
646:Emperor Xuan
621:Prince Xian
407:司馬防 149–219
302:, co-regent
297:
232:
143:
118:
113:
109:coups d'état
108:
93:
86:
74:
68:
58:
34:
30:
26:
24:
4360:Book of Jin
3874:, Routledge
3865:, Routledge
3193:, escaped.
3126:Emperor Hui
3031:Ji province
3023:Xiao County
2996:Gongshi Fan
2950:Since 303,
2914:Ji province
2816:Han dynasty
2781:Empress Jia
2732:Han dynasty
2700:Emperor Hui
2612:Emperor Hui
2556:Zhang Chang
2426:Emperor Hui
2400:Emperor Hui
2315:Yi Province
2273:Emperor Hui
2205:Yang Maosou
2197:Yi province
2061:Empress Jia
2057:Emperor Hui
2013:Jia Nanfeng
1990:consort kin
1957:Zhang Chang
1906:Jia Nanfeng
1882:Jin dynasty
1848:during the
1760:Emperor Min
1756:司馬業 300–318
1603:司馬熾 284–313
1588:司馬晏 283–311
1573:司馬穎 279–306
1556:司馬遹 278–300
1383:of Changsha
1379:司馬乂 277–304
1354:Prince Yin
1352:司馬瑋 271–291
1335:Emperor Hui
1328:Sima Zhong
1177:司馬覲 256–290
1162:司馬攸 248–283
1125:司馬炎 236–290
950:司馬伷 227–283
931:司馬師 208–255
916:司馬倫 d. 301
882:Emperor Wen
880:司馬昭 211–265
865:Prince Lie
848:司馬望 205–271
644:司馬懿 179–251
619:司馬孚 180–272
606:司馬朗 171–217
353:– Emperors;
330:Family Tree
312:Jia Nanfeng
88:Book of Jin
4400:Categories
4214:Zhang Fang
3716:Xiong 2009
3704:Graff 2001
3525:Xiong 2009
3511:2019-07-29
3391:0521497817
3367:References
3272:Li Xiong's
3256:Liu Yuan's
2896:appointed
2856:Changjiang
2818:. In late
2804:Zhang Fang
2802:Yong sent
2767:Sack of Ye
2601:Zhang Fang
2548:Changjiang
2511:Zhang Fang
2450:Sima Jiong
2418:Sima Jiong
2293:Sima Jiong
2150:Qi Wannian
2092:Sima Liang
2049:Sima Liang
1986:Sima Liang
1978:Emperor Wu
1890:enfeoffing
1858:Cao Shuang
1827:See also:
1823:Background
1764:r. 313–316
1611:r. 307–311
1577:of Chengdu
1400:Sima Jiong
1381:Prince Li
1339:r. 290–307
1198:of Donghai
1194:司馬越 d. 311
1133:r. 265–290
1129:Emperor Wu
1112:司馬顒 d. 307
965:司馬泰 d. 299
952:Prince Wu
899:司馬亮 d. 291
895:Sima Liang
867:of Taiyuan
863:司馬瓌 d. 274
310:, Empress
270:Prince of
254:Prince of
213:Sima Jiong
201:Prince of
165:Sima Liang
65:Wade–Giles
19:See also:
4219:Zhang Hua
3274:state of
3258:state of
3214:Aftermath
3151:Sima Ying
3012:Sima Ying
2977:Sima Xiao
2920:had left
2894:Sima Yong
2852:Cheng Han
2850:state of
2696:Sima Ying
2692:Sima Ai's
2583:Guanzhong
2536:Sima Yong
2532:Sima Ying
2492:Sima Yong
2480:Luo Shang
2430:Sima Ying
2211:south of
2190:Guanzhong
2186:Sima Yong
2170:Sima Ying
2138:Zhang Hua
2134:Guo Zhang
2112:Zhang Hua
2108:Guo Zhang
1937:Cheng-Han
1866:Sima Zhao
1600:Sima Chi
1585:Sima Yan
1569:Sima Ying
1181:of Langya
1122:Sima Yan
1108:Sima Yong
954:of Langya
946:Sima Zhou
876:Sima Zhao
860:Sima Gui
852:of Yiyang
844:Sima Wang
682:Sima Kui
623:of Anping
602:Sima Lang
403:Sima Fang
266:Sima Yong
250:Sima Ying
159:Lifespan
4373:Jiankang
4327:See also
4199:Yang Jun
4194:Wei Guan
4189:Wang Jun
3344:See also
3333:Jiankang
3325:Chang'an
3302:Wang Yan
3232:Jiangnan
3228:Chen Min
3179:Sima Yue
3163:Chang'an
3138:Sima Tan
3130:Sima Chi
3122:Sima Yue
3101:Chang'an
3093:Shandong
3070:Dongping
3041:region.
3039:Jiangnan
3035:Chen Min
2985:Sima Mao
2981:Liu Qiao
2973:Chang'an
2969:Sima Yue
2918:Wang Jun
2902:Sima Lue
2898:Sima Yue
2877:Sima Chi
2869:Chang'an
2844:Li Xiong
2812:Liu Yuan
2777:Wang Jun
2744:Sima Yue
2720:Sima Tan
2708:Shi Chao
2663:Sima Yue
2652:Chang'an
2648:Liu Chen
2625:Shi Chao
2560:Sima Xin
2554:leader,
2465:Wang Bao
2458:Sima Yue
2454:Sima Tan
2360:Sima Xin
2356:Chang'an
2319:Zhao Xin
2288:Sima Yun
2269:Sima Lun
2236:Sima Lun
2215:in 296.
2213:Tianshui
2203:leader,
2162:Sima Lun
2096:Wei Guan
2088:Sima Wei
2068:Sima Wei
2053:Wei Guan
2025:Sima Wei
2002:Yang Zhi
1998:Wei Guan
1982:Yang Jun
1961:Chen Min
1955:leader,
1945:Han-Zhao
1939:and the
1923:of the "
1921:upheaval
1902:Yang Yan
1898:Sima You
1878:Cao Huan
1874:Sima Yan
1870:de facto
1862:Sima Shi
1753:Sima Ye
1348:Sima Wei
1190:Sima Yue
1174:Sima Jin
1158:Sima You
969:of Gaomi
962:Sima Tai
927:Sima Shi
912:Sima Lun
903:of Runan
316:Wei Guan
304:Yang Jun
282:Sima Yue
260:279–306
244:277–304
240:Changsha
235:Sima Yi)
207:250–301
197:Sima Lun
191:271–291
181:Sima Wei
175:233–291
104:Sima Lun
96:misnomer
4270:History
4184:Sun Xiu
4164:Sima Yu
3847:, Brill
3838:, Brill
3829:, Brill
3268:Sichuan
3252:Luoyang
3248:Xuchang
3240:Wang Mi
3204:Sima Mo
3187:Ji Sang
3159:Luoyang
3085:Wang Mi
3058:Liu Kun
3050:Xianbei
3027:Xuchang
3006:slave,
3000:Ji Sang
2990:In the
2956:Sima Ai
2941:Zhou Fu
2937:Liu Tun
2933:Xun Fan
2910:Luoyang
2906:Sima Mo
2892:Later,
2828:chanyus
2820:Cao Wei
2789:Xianbei
2761:Donghai
2748:Luoyang
2728:Cao Cao
2704:Luoyang
2694:death,
2587:Luoyang
2544:Li Te's
2528:Sima Ai
2504:Luoyang
2469:Sima Ai
2446:Sima Yu
2412:Regency
2371:Xuchang
2348:Sima Ai
2331:Chengdu
2308:Sima Yi
2297:Xuchang
2291:of Qi,
2277:Sun Xiu
2241:Sun Xiu
2229:Sima Yu
2209:Chouchi
2182:Sima Yu
2166:Luoyang
2142:Pei Wei
2076:Luoyang
2029:Luoyang
1994:Xuchang
1941:Xiongnu
1910:Sima Yu
1846:Cao Wei
1842:Sima Yi
1560:Minhuai
1552:Sima Yu
1424:317–420
1375:Sima Ai
640:Sima Yi
615:Sima Fu
358:
350:
320:Chengdu
288:Donghai
256:Chengdu
229:Sima Ai
121:Luoyang
4263:topics
4179:Lu Zhi
4174:Jia Mi
4046:Figure
4026:
3918:
3896:
3463:
3438:
3413:
3388:
3298:Gou Xi
3222:317 AD
3208:Xin'an
3191:Shi Le
3183:Gou Xi
3174:Liu Yu
3167:Lu Zhi
3089:Pingdu
3062:Puyang
3054:Wuhuan
3016:Lu Zhi
3008:Shi Le
2939:, and
2793:Wuhuan
2752:Anyang
2690:After
2571:Li Han
2496:Li Han
2434:Lu Zhi
2386:Zhaoge
2344:Lu Zhi
2132:, and
2130:Jia Mi
2104:Jia Mi
1575:Prince
1406:d. 303
1356:of Chu
292:?–311
276:?–307
272:Hejian
223:?–302
153:Prince
67::
57::
55:pinyin
49::
41::
3502:(PDF)
3291:Henan
3276:Cheng
3266:. In
3066:Henan
2992:Hebei
2848:Ba-Di
2824:Heqin
2675:Gansu
2621:Henan
2605:Lu Ji
2476:Li Te
2375:Henan
2354:. In
2327:Li Te
2323:Ba-Di
1943:-led
1935:-led
1933:Ba-Di
1592:of Wu
1410:of Qi
1166:of Qi
171:Runan
156:Title
33:, or
4441:300s
4436:290s
4024:ISBN
3916:ISBN
3894:ISBN
3461:ISBN
3436:ISBN
3411:ISBN
3386:ISBN
3189:and
3052:and
3014:and
2912:and
2904:and
2797:Duan
2791:and
2639:do.
2158:Yong
2156:and
2140:and
2106:and
2094:and
2051:and
1884:.
1864:and
1854:coup
203:Zhao
75:wáng
51:八王之亂
43:八王之乱
25:The
4446:306
4426:291
3331:at
3260:Han
3206:at
3004:Jie
2702:at
2552:Man
2154:Qin
1953:Man
1404:司馬冏
685:司馬馗
187:Chu
4402::
3914:,
3774:^
3747:^
3684:^
3669:^
3642:^
3601:^
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3571:^
3544:^
3504:.
3475:^
3340:.
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324:Ye
306:,
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219:Qi
91:.
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