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1117:. The law aimed at disentailing the collective ownership of real estate by the Roman Catholic Church and indigenous communities. It forced 'civil or ecclesiastical institutions' to sell any land that they owned, with the tenants receiving priority and generous terms for purchasing the community-held land they cultivated. The law sought to undermine the economic power of the Church and to force create a class of yeoman farmers of indigenous community members. The law was envisioned as a way to develop Mexico's economy by increasing the number of indigenous private property owners, but in practice the land was bought up by rich speculators. Most of the lost indigenous lands community lands increased the size of large landed estates,
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1132:, declaring the Constitution of 1857 nullified, and offered supreme power to President Comonfort, who was to convoke a new constitutional convention to produce a new document more in accord with Mexican interests. In response, congress deposed President Comonfort, but Zuloaga's troops entered the capital on the 18th and dissolved congress. The following day, Comonfort accepted the Plan of Tacubaya, and released a manifesto making the case that more moderate reforms were needed under the current circumstances.
1482:, which would have granted to the United States perpetual transit and extraterritorial rights in Mexico. This treaty was denounced by conservatives and some liberals, with Juárez countering that the territorial losses to the United States had occurred under the conservatives. With the liberal victory, Juárez's government was unable to meet foreign debt obligations, some of which stemmed from the Mon-Almonte Treaty. When Juárez's government suspended payments, the pretext was used to inaugurate the
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961:. Comonfort, hoping to establish a more moderate government, found himself triggering a civil war and began to back away from Zuloaga. On 11 January 1858, Comonfort resigned and went into exile. He was constitutionally succeeded by president of the Supreme Court, Juárez. Mexican states subsequently chose to side with either the Mexico City based government of Zuloaga or that of Juárez which established itself at the strategic port of
805:
1355:
1556:
The
Emperor, however, proved to be of liberal inclinations and ended up ratifying the Reform laws. Regardless, the liberal government of Benito Juárez, still resisted and fought the French and Mexican Imperial forces with the backing of the United States, which since the end of the American Civil War
1464:
Another conservative war council agreed to surrender. The conservative government fled the city, and Miramón himself escaped to
European exile. Márquez escaped to the mountains of Michoacan. The triumphant liberals entered the city with 25,000 troops on January 1, 1861, and Juárez entered the capital
1399:
The ships were sent to New
Orleans, along with the now imprisoned General Marin, depriving the conservatives of an attack force and the substantial artillery, guns, and rations that they were carrying onboard for delivery to Miramón. Miramón's effort to besiege Veracruz was abandoned on 20 March, and
1326:
administration. Miramón unsuccessfully attempted to besiege
Veracruz in June and July. On July 12, the liberal government nationalized the property of the Catholic church, and suppressed the monasteries and convents, the sale of which provided the liberal war effort with new funds, though not as much
1498:
discussing Lerdo's attempt to negotiate a loan was captured and published by conservatives. Degollado was later to advocate mediation through the diplomatic corps in Mexico to end the conflict. Juárez flatly refused
Degollado's call to resign, since Juárez saw that as turning over Mexico's future to
1108:
Further dissension within liberal ranks led to
Alvarez's resignation and the more moderate Comonfort becoming president on December 11, who chose a new cabinet. A constituent congress began meeting on February 14, 1856, and ratified the Juárez law. In June, another major controversy emerged over the
976:
with the United States in 1859. If ratified the treaty would have given the liberal regime cash, but it would have also granted the United States perpetual military and economic rights on
Mexican territory. The treaty failed to pass in the U.S. Senate, but the U.S. Navy still helped protect Juárez's
1449:
on 9 December, in which almost all of their forces were captured. With the tide turning to liberal victories, Juárez rejected the McLane-Ocampo Treaty in
November, while the treaty had previously been rejected in the U.S. Senate May 31 and not ratified. Juárez had secured recognition from the U.S.
1135:
The Plan of
Tacubaya did not lead to a national reconciliation, and as Comonfort realized this he began to back away from Zuloaga and the conservatives. He resigned from the presidency and even began to lead skirmishes against the Zuloaga government, but after he was abandoned by most of his loyal
1552:
was also executed in 1862 by the Juarez government for attempting to help the French. Seeing the intervention as an opportunity to undo the Reform, conservative generals and statesmen who had played a role during the War of the Reform joined the French and a conservative assembly voted in 1863 to
1211:
dissuaded the hostile soldiers from shooting Juárez, an event now memorialized by a statue. As rival factions struggled to control the city, Juárez and other liberal prisoners were released on agreement after which
Guadalajara was fully captured by conservatives by the end of March. Conservatives
1489:
During the Reform War as the military stalemate continued, some liberals considered the idea of foreign intervention. The brothers Miguel Lerdo de Tejada and Sebastián were liberal politicians from Veracruz and had commercial connections with the United States. Miguel Lerdo, Juárez's Minister of
1432:
being taken prisoner, and Miramón retreated to Mexico City. In response to the disaster, Miramón resigned as president to seek a vote of confidence. The conservative junta elected him president again after a two days interregnum. By the end of August, liberals were preparing for a decisive final
1379:
Miramón was preparing another siege of Veracruz, leaving the conservative capital of Mexico City on February 8, leading his troops in person along with his war minister, hoping to rendezvous with a small naval squadron led by the Mexican General Marin who was disembarking from Havana. The United
1444:
Miramón on November 3 convoked a war council, including in it prominent citizens to meet the crisis and by November 5 it was resolved to fight until the end. The conservatives were not struggling with a shortage of funds, due to looting the british legation of $ 700,000, but with increasing
1124:
The Constitution of 1857 was promulgated on February 5, 1857, and it integrated both the Juárez and the Lerdo Laws. It was meant to take into effect on September 16. On March 17 it was decreed that all civil servants had to publicly swear and sign and oath to it. The Catholic Church decreed
1330:
Miramón met the liberal forces in November at which a truce was declared and a conference was held on the matter of the Constitution of 1857 and the possibility of a constituent congress. Negotiations broke down and hostilities resumed on the 12th after which Degollado was routed at the
1420:
as Quartermaster General Uraga split his troops and attempted to lure out Miramón to isolate him, but in late May Uraga then committed the strategic blunder of attempting to assault Guadalajara with Mirámon's troops behind him. The assault failed and Uraga was taken prisoner.
1022:
measures as early as 1833. The government closed church schools, assumed the right to make clerical appointments to the Catholic Church, and shut down monasteries. The ensuing backlash would result in Gómez Farías's government being overthrown and conservatives established a
1453:
In early December as the tide of war had clearly turned to the liberals, Juárez signed the Law for the Liberty of Religious Worship on December 4, the final step in the liberals' program to disempower the Roman Catholic Church by allowing religious tolerance in Mexico.
1490:
Finance, attempted to negotiate a loan with the United States. He was reported to despair of Mexico's situation and saw some form of protection from the United States as the way forward and the way to prevent a resurgence of Spanish colonialism. Correspondence between
1140:. The Conservative government in the capital summoned a council of representatives that elected Zuloaga as president, and the states of Mexico proclaimed their loyalties to either the conservative Zuloaga or liberal Juárez governments. The Reform War had now begun.
956:
on December 17, 1857. The constitution was nullified, President Comonfort was initially signed onto the plan and was retained in the presidency and given emergency powers. Some liberal politicians were arrested, including President of the Supreme Court of Justice,
1247:
The liberals failed to take Mexico City on 14 October, but Santos Degollado captured Guadalajara on 27 October, after a thirty days siege that left a third of the city in ruins. This victory caused consternation at the conservative capital, but Guadalajara was
965:. Initial choices for one side or the other often shifted over time. The first year of the war was marked by repeated conservative victories, but the liberals remained entrenched in the nation's coastal regions, including their capital at the port of
1450:
government with the opening of negotiations with the United States, rejected outright sale of Mexican territory to the United States, and received aid from the U.S. Navy, in the end securing benefits to Mexico without actually concluding the treaty.
1548:, who had played such a key role in the outbreak of the Reform War, was killed in action that year, having returned to the country to fight the French, and having been given a military command. Former conservative president during the Reform War
1473:
After Zuloaga's coup, the conservative government was recognized swiftly by Spain and France. Neither conservatives nor liberals ever had official foreign troops as part of their respective armed forces. The conservative government signed the
1521:
A French invasion and the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire followed almost immediately after the end of the Reform War, and key figures of the Reform War would continue to play roles during the rise and fall of the Empire.
1351:. The treaty caused consternation among the conservatives and some liberals, the European press, and even members of Juarez's cabinet. The issue was rendered moot when the U.S. Senate failed to approve the treaty.
1294:
President Miramón's most important military priority was now the capture of Veracruz, the liberals' stronghold. He left the capital on February 16, leading the troops in person along with his minister of war.
1628:
1433:
battle. The Mexico City was cut off from the rest of the country. Guadalajara was surrounded by 17,000 liberal troops while the conservatives in the city only had 7000. The conservative commander
925:
The constitution had been promulgated on 5 February 1857 was to come into force on 16 September 1857. Predictably there was fierce opposition from Conservatives and the Catholic Church over its
3316:
1207:
Juárez was in Jalisco's capital Guadalajara at this time, when on 13-15 March part of the army there mutinied and imprisoned him, threatening his life. Liberal minister and fellow prisoner
1128:
Controversy over the constitution continued to rage, and Comonfort himself was rumored to be conspiring to form a new government. On December 17, 1857, General Félix Zuloaga proclaimed the
1525:
While the main fighting in the Reform War was over by the end of 1860, guerilla conflict continued to be waged in the countryside. After the fall of the conservative government, General
945:
to civil servants who took a government mandated oath upholding the new constitution, which left Catholic civil servants with the choice of losing their jobs or being excommunicated.
1014:
established the federalist system championed by the liberals, with Mexican states holding sovereign power and the central government being weak. The brief liberal administration of
1540:
Having been influenced by Mexican monarchist exiles, and using Juarez's suspension of foreign debts as a pretext, and with the American Civil War preventing the enforcement of the
906:. These laws were incorporated into the new constitution. It aimed to limit the political power of the executive branch, as well as the political, economic, and cultural power of
1311:, endemic in the Gulf Coast, and abandoned the siege of Veracruz by March 29. Liberal General Degollado made another attempt on Mexico City in early April and was routed in the
972:
Both governments attained international recognition, the Liberals by the United States and the Conservatives by France, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Liberals negotiated the
494:
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with Spain that promised to pay the Spanish government indemnities in exchange for aid. The liberals also sought foreign support from the United States. Mexico signed the
459:
1101:
Clashes in the cabinet led to the resignation of the radical Ocampo, but the administration was still determined to pass significant reforms. On November 23, 1855, the
1569:, once Juarez's commander in the north during the Reform War had actually joined the imperialists, but he was captured and executed for his betrayal on July 8, 1867.
469:
883:
980:
Liberals accumulated victories on the battlefield until Conservative forces surrendered on 22 December 1860. Juárez returned to Mexico City on 11 January 1861 and
1416:
before the end of April. Degollado was sent into the interior to lead the liberal campaign since their enemies had now exhausted their resources. He appointed
1347:, which granted the United States perpetual rights to transport goods and troops across three key trade routes in Mexico and granted Americans an element of
1105:, named after the Minister of Justice, substantially reduced the jurisdiction of military and ecclesiastical courts which existed for soldiers and clergy.
464:
2518:
1632:
1557:
could now once again enforce the Monroe Doctrine. The French eventually withdrew in 1866, which led the monarchy to collapse in 1867. Former President
484:
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troops, Comonfort left the capital on January 11, 1858, with the constitutional presidency having passed to the President of the Supreme Court,
1125:
excommunication for anyone that took the oath, and subsequently many Catholics in the Mexican government lost their jobs for refusing the oath.
1319:. Márquez captured a large amount of war materiel and gained infamy for including medics among those executed in the aftermath of the battle.
3321:
2682:
1212:
took the silver mining center of Zacatecas on 12 April. Juárez reconstituted his regime in Veracruz, embarking from the west coast port of
937:
forced the sale of most of the Church's rural properties. The measure was not exclusively aimed at the Catholic Church, but also Mexico's
2940:
941:, which were forced to sell sizeable portions of their communal lands. Controversy was further inflamed when the Catholic Church decreed
833:
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1010:
After achieving independence in 1821, Mexico was alternatively governed by both liberal and conservative coalitions. The original
3346:
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1544:, Napoleon III invaded Mexico in 1862, and sought local help in setting up a monarchical client state. Former liberal president
757:
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in March. Although Conservative forces lost the war, guerrillas remained active in the countryside and would join the upcoming
3083:
1870:
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1631:[Juarez is aided by U.S. troops in the War of Reform] (in Spanish). Mexico: El Dictamen. 2012-10-08. Archived from
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1172:. General Zuloaga, knowing the strategic importance of the Gulf Coast state of Veracruz, tried to win over its governor,
2814:
2723:
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The failure of Zuloaga's government to produce a constitution actually led to a conservative revolt against him led by
1457:
General González Ortega approached Mexico City with reinforcements. The decisive battle took place on December 22, at
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would once again escape, this time to Cuba, and live until 1913 and publishing a defense of his role in the empire.
3221:
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1461:. The conservatives had 8,000 troops and the liberals 16,000. Miramon lost and retreated back towards the capital.
772:
3336:
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3138:
2733:
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1332:
826:
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On March 6, Marin's squadron arrived in Veracruz, and was captured by U.S. Navy Captain Joseph R. Jarvis in the
1256:
434:
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2610:
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organized Liberal forces in the north and led a liberal coalition in the interior headquartered in the town of
911:
1039:
899:
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in Mexico fought between Mexican liberals and conservatives with regional variations over the promulgation of
3341:
2945:
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1024:
981:
922:; strengthening the secular state through public education; and measures to develop the nation economically.
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3153:
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was routed on 10 November, attempting to reinforce General Castillo without being aware of his surrender.
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193:
129:
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3261:
3163:
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1516:
1201:
915:
819:
665:
516:
384:
238:
1396:
1362:
449:
3068:
2787:
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1819:
1312:
907:
730:
424:
35:
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2590:
2468:
1417:
1344:
1028:
973:
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had fallen to the liberals. Liberal troops in the West were led by Degollado and headquartered in
409:
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3011:
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defections. Nonetheless, Miramon gained a victory when he attacked the liberal headquarters of
1434:
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the head of the Liberal armies, who went on to defeat upon defeat. Miramón defeated him in the
1114:
1087:
1011:
1001:
588:
536:
165:
1438:
1327:
as had been hoped for since speculators were waiting for more stable times to make purchases.
3178:
3031:
3021:
2897:
2845:
2775:
2728:
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2488:
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surrendered without firing a shot and was allowed to leave the city with his troops. General
1372:
1260:
1082:
assumed power in November, 1855. His cabinet was radical and included the prominent liberals
989:
660:
489:
140:
1381:
474:
3190:
3026:
3001:
2996:
2887:
2792:
2426:
2411:
1479:
1229:
1216:, crossing Panama, and arriving in Veracruz on May 4, 1858, making it the liberal capital.
1189:
895:
575:
545:
399:
389:
2548:
2346:
Powell, T.G. "Priests and Peasants in Central Mexico: Social Conflict during La Reforma".
751:
8:
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1241:
767:
454:
404:
2341:
Reforma Mexico and the United States: A Search for Alternatives to Annexation, 1854-1861
1389:
1316:
1050:
of Michoacán overthrew Santa Anna, and the presidency passed on to the liberal caudillo
255:
3173:
3148:
2711:
2697:
2513:
2313:
La Guerra de Tres Años, 1857-1861: El conflicto del que nació el Estado laico mexicano.
1475:
1358:
1213:
919:
891:
675:
429:
1903:
The Wages of Conquest: The Mexican Aristocracy in the Context of Western Aristocracies
933:, who considered the constitution too radical and likely to trigger a civil war. The
50:
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on 2 March, and awaited Marin's attack in order to begin the siege. The U.S. steamer
1177:
930:
740:
687:
525:
263:
234:
1368:
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on 29 September. By October the conservatives were at the height of their strength.
251:
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2458:
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1534:
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on 23 December. On 30 December a conservative junta in Mexico City elected General
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This article is about the 19th-century war in Mexico. For early modern Wars of the
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would die alongside the Emperor and be executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867.
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1083:
1043:
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247:
222:
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México durante la Guerra de Reforma, tomo I: Iglesia, religión y leyes de reforma
1541:
1425:
1322:
On April 6, the Juárez government was recognized by the United States during the
1237:
942:
735:
681:
479:
242:
1240:
was captured by the conservatives on 12 September. Vidaurri was defeated at the
1079:
969:, which gave them access to vital customs revenue that could fund their forces.
315:
107 American combatants and 82 American civilians killed by the Mexican liberals
2855:
2677:
1558:
1530:
1491:
1409:
1323:
1296:
1181:
1091:
1047:
1035:
692:
374:
1840:
3250:
3235:
3088:
2782:
1533:. President Juarez sent the former head of his troops during the Reform War,
1162:
1019:
809:
181:
132:
is signed by the United Kingdom, Spain, and France to guarantee debt payments
1153:
1102:
3126:
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1603:
1598:
1051:
702:
1286:
1169:
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after Marquez, only for Marquez to succeed in killing Degollado as well.
1307:, which now served as a liberal arsenal. The conservatives fell ill with
1275:
31:
2508:
2503:
2478:
2463:
1300:
1233:
1063:
929:
provisions, but there were also moderate liberals, including President
903:
670:
631:
605:
2416:
1110:
934:
879:
565:
1529:
remained at large, and in June, 1861, he succeeded in assassinating
1204:, which opened up the interior of the country to the conservatives.
886:. It has been called the "worst civil war to hit Mexico between the
3046:
2528:
1380:
States Navy however had orders to intercept it. Miramón arrived at
1118:
966:
962:
720:
2360:
952:
led army troops to the capital and closed congress and issued the
2355:
The Mexican Reform, 1855-1876: A Study in Liberal Nation Building
1553:
invite Habsburg Archduke Maximilian to become Emperor of Mexico.
1308:
1304:
1193:
1176:, who however affirmed his support for the government of Juárez.
1408:
The conservatives also suffered defeats in the interior, losing
1375:, the last battle of the war ending with the liberals prevailing
135:
Conservatives collaborate with the French during the subsequent
2391:
1446:
1185:
910:. Specific measures were the expropriation of Church property;
320:
290:
188:
160:
1354:
330:
3317:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America
1361:
Saratoga which helped defeat a conservative squadron at the
1168:
President Juárez and his ministers fled from Mexico City to
2320:
The Grammar of Civil War: A Mexican Case Study, 1857-1861
1865:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
1629:"Juárez es apoyado por tropas de EU en Guerra de Reforma"
128:
Nation's infrastructure and finances are left in ruins,
1825:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 101.
1647:
The Grammar of Civil War: A Mexican Case Study, 1857-61
1580:
2357:. Austin: Institute of Latin American Studies 1979.
1148:
1818:
1034:In 1854 there was a liberal revolt, known as the
3248:
1343:On December 14, 1859, Melchor Ocampo signed the
1098:, but also the more moderate Ignacio Comonfort.
2343:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1981.
2322:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2022.
1027:in 1835 that lasted until the outbreak of the
2376:
1113:, named after the secretary of the treasury,
827:
346:
1649:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2022
1338:
99:(3 years, 3 weeks and 4 days)
2913:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
1810:
1400:he arrived back in Mexico City on April 7.
1270:
2383:
2369:
1930:
1885:
1854:
1801:
1621:
1188:. On March 10, 1858, liberal forces under
834:
820:
353:
339:
2148:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 780–781.
2133:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 778–779.
2088:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 774–775.
2058:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 768–769.
2043:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 757–759.
2028:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 750–753.
2013:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 748–749.
1998:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 747–748.
1965:. The Bancroft Company. pp. 729–730.
27:Civil war within Mexico from 1858 to 1861
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2128:
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2083:
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2008:
1993:
1960:
1945:
1915:
1816:
1786:
1771:
1756:
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1353:
1285:
1274:
1232:on 2 July. On 24 July, Miramón captured
1219:
1152:
1067:
2308:. Xalapa: Universidad Veracruzana 2011.
1860:
1746:. Oxford University Press. p. 327.
1388:had been anchored near the fortress of
200:
14:
3249:
1905:. University of Michigan. p. 294.
1900:
1290:Constitutional President Benito Juárez
2364:
1741:
1042:. A coalition of liberals, including
894:of 1910-20." Following the liberals'
334:
3322:Second French intervention in Mexico
2251:. The Bancroft Company. p. 795.
2236:. The Bancroft Company. p. 793.
2208:. The Bancroft Company. p. 792.
2193:. The Bancroft Company. p. 790.
2178:. The Bancroft Company. p. 785.
2163:. The Bancroft Company. p. 782.
2118:. The Bancroft Company. p. 777.
2103:. The Bancroft Company. p. 776.
2086:History of Mexico Volume V 1824-1861
2073:. The Bancroft Company. p. 771.
2071:History of Mexico Volume V 1824-1861
2056:History of Mexico Volume V 1824-1861
2041:History of Mexico Volume V 1824-1861
2026:History of Mexico Volume V 1824-1861
2011:History of Mexico Volume V 1824-1861
1996:History of Mexico Volume V 1824-1861
1950:. The Bancroft Company. p. 725.
1920:. The Bancroft Company. p. 696.
1791:. The Bancroft Company. p. 669.
1776:. The Bancroft Company. p. 669.
1761:. The Bancroft Company. p. 668.
1692:. The Bancroft Company. p. 710.
1683:
1681:
1609:Second French Intervention in Mexico
1509:Second French intervention in Mexico
1484:Second French Intervention in Mexico
1424:Miramón was routed on August 10, in
1250:taken back by Márquez on 14 December
1072:Allegory of the Constitution of 1857
898:of the dictatorship of conservative
137:second French intervention in Mexico
2390:
2348:Hispanic American Historical Review
1933:Fire and Blood: A History of Mexico
1888:Fire and Blood: A History of Mexico
1804:Fire and Blood: A History of Mexico
902:, liberals passed a series of laws
24:
2298:
1428:, which resulted in his commander
1403:
1392:, to defend Veracruz from attack.
97:17 December 1857 – 11 January 1861
25:
3358:
2534:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1678:
1468:
904:codifying their political program
1583:
1149:Flight of the Liberal Government
914:; reduction of the power of the
803:
535:
319:
307:
289:
277:
202:
187:
174:
159:
49:
2281:
2268:
2255:
2240:
2225:
2212:
2197:
2182:
2167:
2152:
2137:
2122:
2107:
2092:
2077:
2062:
2047:
2032:
2017:
2002:
1987:
1984:Hamnett, "Wars of Reform", 1602
1978:
1975:Hamnett, "Wars of Reform", 1601
1969:
1954:
1939:
1924:
1909:
1894:
1879:
1795:
1780:
1765:
1750:
1046:, then governor of Oaxaca, and
3347:Civil wars of the 19th century
2247:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2232:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2204:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2189:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2174:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2159:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2144:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2129:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2114:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2099:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2084:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1885).
2069:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1885).
2054:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1885).
2039:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1885).
2024:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1885).
2009:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1885).
1994:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1885).
1961:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1946:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1916:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1787:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1772:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1757:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1735:
1722:
1709:
1696:
1688:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
1665:
1652:
1639:
912:separation of church and state
360:
13:
1:
2454:Centralist Republic of Mexico
1935:. Da Capo Press. p. 416.
1890:. Da Capo Press. p. 414.
1806:. Da Capo Press. p. 413.
1744:The Course of Mexican History
1719:. New York: Longman 1994, 255
1614:
1561:and the conservative general
1057:
995:
2883:Institutional stock exchange
2519:Second American intervention
1502:
1038:against the dictatorship of
7:
3084:Water supply and sanitation
2449:Spanish reconquest attempts
2304:Connaughton, Brian, coord.
1863:A Concise History of Mexico
1576:
1006:Conservative Party (Mexico)
982:held presidential elections
900:Antonio López de Santa Anna
10:
3363:
2484:Second French intervention
2432:Control of Central America
2315:Mexico City: Crítica 2020.
2249:History of Mexico Volume V
2234:History of Mexico Volume V
2206:History of Mexico Volume V
2191:History of Mexico Volume V
2176:History of Mexico Volume V
2161:History of Mexico Volume V
2146:History of Mexico Volume V
2131:History of Mexico Volume V
2116:History of Mexico Volume V
2101:History of Mexico Volume V
1963:History of Mexico Volume V
1948:History of Mexico Volume V
1918:History of Mexico Volume V
1789:History of Mexico Volume V
1774:History of Mexico Volume V
1759:History of Mexico Volume V
1690:History of Mexico Volume V
1517:Restored Republic (Mexico)
1506:
1259:. He resigned in favor of
1143:
1061:
999:
29:
3208:
3097:
2992:
2983:
2841:
2832:
2719:
2710:
2683:Tropical cyclone rainfall
2581:
2572:
2402:
1931:Fehrenbach, T.R. (1995).
1886:Fehrenbach, T.R. (1995).
1817:Kirkwood, Burton (2000).
1802:Fehrenbach, T.R. (1995).
1339:Second Veracruz Offensive
1074:, Petronilo Monroy, 1869.
731:Petroleum nationalization
370:
299:
269:
216:
152:
89:
48:
43:
36:European wars of religion
2724:Administrative divisions
1861:Hamnett, Brian (2006) .
1704:The Grammar of Civil War
1660:The Grammar of Civil War
1271:First Veracruz Offensive
977:government in Veracruz.
920:their special privileges
746:Mexican Movement of 1968
566:Viceroyalty of New Spain
3139:Handcrafts and folk art
2908:National stock exchange
2646:Protected natural areas
2474:Second Mexican Republic
2439:Supreme Executive Power
2336:. London: Longman 1994.
1742:Meyer, Michael (1979).
1397:Battle of Antón Lizardo
1363:Battle of Antón Lizardo
1279:Conservative President
1018:attempted to implement
872:Guerra de los Tres Años
624:Second Federal Republic
3337:Conservatism in Mexico
3332:19th century in Mexico
2951:States by unemployment
2941:Science and technology
2444:First Mexican Republic
1376:
1365:
1291:
1283:
1165:
1115:Miguel Lerdo de Tejada
1088:Miguel Lerdo de Tejada
1076:
1002:Liberal Party (Mexico)
988:to help establish the
871:
859:
698:Occupation of Veracruz
217:Commanders and leaders
3327:Wars involving Mexico
3179:Our Lady of Guadalupe
2673:Territorial evolution
2489:Second Mexican Empire
1901:Nutini, Hugo (1995).
1821:The History of Mexico
1550:Manuel Robles Pezuela
1513:Second Mexican Empire
1373:Battle of Calpulalpan
1371:
1357:
1289:
1278:
1261:Manuel Robles Pezuela
1220:Conservative Advances
1157:Sculpture portraying
1156:
1071:
1016:Valentín Gómez Farías
990:Second Mexican Empire
862:), also known as the
661:Second Mexican Empire
500:San Felipe del Obraje
440:Estancia de las Vacas
300:Casualties and losses
239:Jesús González Ortega
3342:Liberalism in Mexico
3196:World Heritage Sites
2611:Environmental issues
2469:Mexican–American War
2427:First Mexican Empire
1480:McLane-Ocampo Treaty
1345:McLane–Ocampo Treaty
1230:Battle of Atenquique
1109:promulgation of the
1029:Mexican–American War
1012:Constitution of 1824
974:McLane–Ocampo Treaty
884:Constitution of 1857
783:Coronavirus pandemic
758:1982 economic crisis
611:Mexican–American War
130:Convention of London
2851:Automotive industry
2739:Chamber of Deputies
2422:War of Independence
1591:Conservatism portal
1349:extraterritoriality
1333:Battle of Las Vacas
1242:Battle of Ahualulco
1202:Battle of Salamanca
1161:saving the life of
1025:Centralist Republic
986:French intervention
908:the Catholic Church
890:of 1810-21 and the
888:War of Independence
768:Mexican peso crisis
643:French intervention
596:Centralist Republic
571:War of Independence
65: Conservatives
3052:Indigenous peoples
2956:Telecommunications
2815:State legislatures
2756:Federal government
2636:Metropolitan areas
2514:Mexican Revolution
2350:57(1997): 296-313.
2339:Olliff, Donathan.
2263:The Mexican Reform
1730:The Mexican Reform
1673:The Mexican Reform
1476:Mon-Almonte Treaty
1377:
1366:
1313:Battle of Tacubaya
1292:
1284:
1166:
1077:
939:indigenous peoples
918:by elimination of
435:Loma de las Ánimas
3282:Conflicts in 1861
3277:Conflicts in 1860
3272:Conflicts in 1859
3267:Conflicts in 1858
3262:Conflicts in 1857
3244:
3243:
3204:
3203:
2979:
2978:
2828:
2827:
2798:Political parties
2761:Foreign relations
2706:
2705:
2494:Restored Republic
2412:Pre-Columbian era
2353:Sinkin, Richard.
1872:978-0-521-85284-5
1567:Santiago Vidaurri
1546:Ignacio Comonfort
1499:European powers.
1257:General Echegaray
1190:Anastasio Parrodi
1178:Santiago Vidaurri
931:Ignacio Comonfort
876:Mexican Civil War
860:Guerra de Reforma
844:
843:
810:Mexico portal
752:La Década Perdida
741:Mexican Dirty War
725:(1928–1934)
688:Plan of Guadalupe
682:La decena trágica
666:Restored Republic
561:Spanish-Aztec War
508:
507:
329:
328:
235:Santiago Vidaurri
148:
147:
81: Independent
18:War of the Reform
16:(Redirected from
3354:
3224:
3217:
3164:National symbols
2990:
2989:
2931:
2876:Renewable energy
2866:Economic history
2839:
2838:
2717:
2716:
2579:
2578:
2559:Chiapas conflict
2459:Texas Revolution
2385:
2378:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2332:Hamnett, Brian.
2292:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1715:Hamnett, Brian.
1713:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1571:Leonardo Marquez
1535:Santos Degollado
1527:Leonardo Marquez
1496:Santos Degollado
1439:Leonardo Márquez
1418:José López Uraga
1390:San Juan de Ulúa
1317:Leonardo Márquez
1226:Santos Degollado
1209:Guillermo Prieto
1174:Gutierrez Zamora
1163:President Juarez
1159:Guillermo Prieto
1130:Plan of Tacubaya
1096:Guillermo Prieto
954:Plan of Tacubaya
878:, was a complex
864:Three Years' War
836:
829:
822:
808:
807:
806:
778:Mexican drug war
763:Chiapas conflict
726:
601:Texas Revolution
539:
529:
511:
510:
365:
355:
348:
341:
332:
331:
324:
323:
312:
311:
294:
293:
282:
281:
256:Leonardo Márquez
231:Ignacio Zaragoza
227:Santos Degollado
212:
208:
206:
205:
192:
191:
180:
178:
177:
164:
163:
91:
90:
80:
72:
64:
53:
41:
40:
21:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3200:
3093:
3069:Public holidays
3042:Nationality law
3037:Life expectancy
2975:
2929:
2824:
2788:Law enforcement
2702:
2693:Water resources
2568:
2544:Mexican miracle
2398:
2389:
2301:
2299:Further reading
2296:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2245:
2241:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2202:
2198:
2187:
2183:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2153:
2142:
2138:
2127:
2123:
2112:
2108:
2097:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2037:
2033:
2022:
2018:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1944:
1940:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1910:
1899:
1895:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1833:
1815:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1785:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1755:
1751:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1542:Monroe Doctrine
1519:
1507:Main articles:
1505:
1471:
1465:on January 11.
1414:San Luis Potosí
1406:
1404:Liberal Triumph
1341:
1273:
1238:San Luis Potosi
1222:
1151:
1146:
1066:
1060:
1008:
1000:Main articles:
998:
943:excommunication
840:
804:
802:
788:
787:
736:Mexican miracle
724:
716:
708:
707:
656:
648:
647:
626:
616:
615:
591:
581:
580:
556:
548:
527:
520:
509:
504:
495:2nd Guadalajara
460:Lagos de Moreno
415:1st Guadalajara
366:
361:
359:
318:
306:
288:
285:1,000 Americans
276:
262:
258:
254:
250:
243:Emilio Langberg
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
203:
201:
199:
186:
175:
173:
172:
168:
158:
139:to establish a
125:
122:Liberal victory
111:
98:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
54:
39:
34:in Europe, see
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:1861 in Mexico
3309:
3307:1860 in Mexico
3304:
3302:1859 in Mexico
3299:
3297:1858 in Mexico
3294:
3292:1857 in Mexico
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2971:Water scarcity
2968:
2966:Transportation
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2923:Pension system
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:Municipalities
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Extreme points
2613:
2608:
2603:
2600:Climate change
2593:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2318:Fowler, Will.
2316:
2311:Fowler, Will.
2309:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2254:
2239:
2224:
2211:
2196:
2181:
2166:
2151:
2136:
2121:
2106:
2091:
2076:
2061:
2046:
2031:
2016:
2001:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1953:
1938:
1923:
1908:
1893:
1878:
1871:
1853:
1831:
1809:
1794:
1779:
1764:
1749:
1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1635:on 2014-02-02.
1619:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1578:
1575:
1559:Miguel Miramon
1531:Melchor Ocampo
1504:
1501:
1492:Melchor Ocampo
1470:
1469:Foreign Powers
1467:
1410:Aguascalientes
1405:
1402:
1340:
1337:
1297:Aguascalientes
1281:Miguel Miramón
1272:
1269:
1267:as president.
1265:Miguel Miramón
1221:
1218:
1192:, governor of
1182:Manuel Doblado
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1092:Melchor Ocampo
1062:Main article:
1059:
1056:
1048:Melchor Ocampo
1036:Plan of Ayutla
997:
994:
880:civil conflict
842:
841:
839:
838:
831:
824:
816:
813:
812:
799:
798:
790:
789:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
700:
695:
693:Tampico Affair
690:
685:
678:
673:
671:The Porfiriato
668:
663:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
635:
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
592:
589:First Republic
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
544:
541:
540:
532:
531:
522:
521:
514:
506:
505:
503:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
368:
367:
358:
357:
350:
343:
335:
327:
326:
316:
302:
301:
297:
296:
286:
272:
271:
267:
266:
264:Luis G. Osollo
252:Miguel Miramón
245:
219:
218:
214:
213:
184:
155:
154:
150:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
133:
124:
123:
119:
117:
113:
112:
107:
105:
101:
100:
95:
87:
86:
84:
83:
77:
75:
73: Liberals
69:
67:
61:
58:
56:Mexico in 1858
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3359:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Modern Mexico
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:States by HDI
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:States by GDP
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Manufacturing
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2820:Supreme Court
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:9781496230461
2325:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1832:9780313303517
1828:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1645:Will Fowler,
1642:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:Leandro Valle
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1141:
1139:
1138:Benito Juárez
1133:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Benito Juárez
1081:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:Benito Juárez
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:anti-clerical
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
959:Benito Juárez
955:
951:
950:Félix Zuloaga
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:anti-clerical
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:War of Reform
849:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
817:
815:
814:
811:
801:
800:
797:
796:
792:
791:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
753:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:
712:
711:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
683:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
652:
651:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:
629:
628:
625:
620:
619:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
590:
585:
584:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
555:The New Spain
552:
551:
547:
546:Pre-Columbian
543:
542:
538:
534:
533:
530:
524:
523:
518:
513:
512:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:Antón Lizardo
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
369:
364:
356:
351:
349:
344:
342:
337:
336:
333:
322:
317:
314:
310:
304:
303:
298:
292:
287:
284:
280:
274:
273:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Félix Zuloaga
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Benito Juárez
221:
220:
215:
211:
198:
197:Supported by:
195:
194:Conservatives
190:
185:
183:
182:United States
171:
170:Supported by:
167:
162:
157:
156:
151:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
126:
121:
120:
118:
115:
114:
110:
106:
103:
102:
96:
93:
92:
88:
76:
68:
60:
59:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3107:Architecture
3012:Demographics
2856:Central bank
2766:Human rights
2746:Constitution
2564:War on drugs
2539:World War II
2524:Cristero War
2417:Colonial era
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1862:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1820:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1689:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1633:the original
1623:
1604:Carlist Wars
1599:Cristero War
1555:
1539:
1524:
1520:
1488:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1423:
1407:
1394:
1385:
1378:
1342:
1329:
1321:
1293:
1254:
1246:
1224:Juárez made
1223:
1206:
1167:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1107:
1100:
1080:Juan Álvarez
1078:
1073:
1052:Juan Alvarez
1033:
1009:
979:
971:
947:
924:
916:Mexican Army
875:
863:
851:
847:
845:
793:
773:PRI downfall
750:
721:
703:Cristero War
680:
637:
630:
576:First Empire
445:2nd Veracruz
420:1st Veracruz
395:La Albarrada
362:
305:
275:
196:
169:
153:Belligerents
55:
3032:Immigration
2898:Land reform
2846:Agriculture
2668:Territories
2606:Earthquakes
2554:Peso crisis
2549:Lost Decade
1563:Tomas Mejia
1459:Calpulalpan
1430:Tomás Mejía
874:), and the
526:History of
490:Calpulalpan
470:Juanacatlán
410:San Joaquín
260:Tomás Mejía
32:Reformation
3257:Reform War
3251:Categories
3191:Television
3149:Literature
3027:Healthcare
3002:Censorship
2997:Corruption
2930:(currency)
2888:Irrigation
2509:Porfiriato
2504:Yaqui Wars
2479:La Reforma
2464:Pastry War
1841:1035597669
1615:References
1301:Guanajuato
1234:Guanajuato
1214:Manzanillo
1103:Juárez Law
1064:La Reforma
1058:La Reforma
1040:Santa Anna
996:Background
892:Revolution
848:Reform War
676:Revolution
638:Reform War
632:La Reforma
606:Pastry War
400:Ixtlahuaca
390:Atenquique
363:Reform War
44:Reform War
3154:Monuments
3144:Languages
3017:Education
2936:Petroleum
2893:Labor law
2861:Companies
2803:President
2751:Elections
2641:Mountains
2574:Geography
2499:Caste War
2287:Hamnett,
2274:Hamnett,
2218:Hamnett,
1503:Aftermath
1386:Indianola
1200:lost the
1170:Querétaro
1119:haciendas
1111:Lerdo law
1031:in 1846.
935:Lerdo Law
896:overthrow
655:1864–1928
455:Loma Alta
405:Ahualulco
385:Salamanca
3231:Category
3174:Religion
3134:Folklore
2793:Military
2771:Intersex
2729:Congress
2712:Politics
2698:Wildlife
2688:Volcanos
2529:Maximato
2396:articles
2278:, 121-22
2265:, 151-54
2261:Sinkin,
1728:Sinkin,
1702:Fowler,
1671:Sinkin,
1658:Fowler,
1577:See also
1435:Castillo
1382:Medellín
1324:Buchanan
967:Veracruz
963:Veracruz
948:General
795:Timeline
722:Maximato
517:a series
515:Part of
475:Peñuelas
465:Carretas
430:Tlatempa
425:Tacubaya
270:Strength
166:Liberals
141:monarchy
104:Location
3215:Outline
3122:Cuisine
3099:Culture
3089:Welfare
3079:Smoking
3064:Poverty
2985:Society
2961:Tourism
2834:Economy
2808:Cabinet
2626:Islands
2621:Forests
2596:Climate
2586:Borders
2404:History
1662:, p. 43
1309:malaria
1305:Morelia
1194:Jalisco
1144:The War
868:Spanish
856:Spanish
375:Caborca
283:78,570
3236:Portal
3186:Sports
3117:Cinema
3047:People
2871:Energy
2734:Senate
2656:States
2651:Rivers
2591:Cities
2394:
2392:Mexico
2334:Juárez
2326:
2291:, 124.
2289:Juárez
2276:Juárez
2220:Juárez
1869:
1846:4 July
1839:
1829:
1732:, 177.
1717:Juárez
1675:, 169.
1515:, and
1447:Toluca
1359:U.S.S.
1236:, and
1196:, and
1186:Celaya
1094:, and
715:Modern
528:Mexico
519:on the
485:Oaxaca
380:Celaya
325:11,355
313:8,713
295:54,889
207:
179:
116:Result
109:Mexico
79:
71:
63:
3222:Index
3169:Radio
3159:Music
3057:Women
3022:Flags
3007:Crime
2928:Peso
2631:Lakes
2222:, 255
1426:Silao
850:, or
480:Silao
210:Spain
3127:Wine
2776:LGBT
2678:Time
2324:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1848:2022
1837:OCLC
1827:ISBN
1706:p.43
1494:and
1412:and
1299:and
1180:and
1004:and
846:The
94:Date
3112:Art
2918:Oil
2783:Law
1315:by
3253::
1835:.
1680:^
1511:,
1486:.
1335:.
1252:.
1121:.
1090:,
1086:,
1054:.
992:.
870::
858::
2602:)
2598:(
2384:e
2377:t
2370:v
1875:.
1850:.
866:(
854:(
835:e
828:t
821:v
354:e
347:t
340:v
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
