303:
20:
194:
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1896:
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142:
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322:
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pigeons threw the message-carrying pigeon either up or down, depending on the type of aircraft, to keep the pigeon out of the propeller and away from airflow toward the aircraft wings and struts. Eleven of the thrown pigeons went missing in action, but the remaining 219 messages were delivered successfully.
287:
to precise targets. The ideas were not taken up by the committee, and in 1948 the UK military stated that pigeons were of no further use. During the war, messenger pigeons could draw a special allowance of corn and seed, but as soon as the war ended this had been cancelled and anyone keeping pigeons
408:
In 2010, Indian police expressed suspicion that a recently captured pigeon from
Pakistan might have been carrying a message from Pakistan. In 2015, a pigeon from Pakistan was logged into Indian records as a "suspected spy". In May 2020, another suspected Pakistani spy pigeon was captured by Indian
208:
aviators maintained 12 pigeon stations in France, with a total inventory of 1,508 pigeons when the war ended. Pigeons were carried in airplanes to rapidly return messages to these stations, and 829 birds flew in 10,995 wartime aircraft patrols. Airmen of the 230 patrols with messages entrusted to
77:
A carrier pigeon's job was dangerous. Nearby, enemy soldiers often tried to shoot down pigeons, knowing that released birds were carrying important messages. Some of these pigeons became quite famous amongst the infantrymen for whom they worked. One pigeon, named “Spike”, flew 52 missions without
282:
Pigeon
Section during World War II and for a while thereafter. A Pigeon Policy Committee made decisions about the uses of pigeons in military contexts. The head of the section, Lea Rayner, reported in 1945 that pigeons could be trained to deliver small explosives or
302:
351:
133:. More than one million different messages traveled this way during the four-month siege. They were then discovered to be very useful, and carrier pigeons were well considered in military theory leading up to World War I.
69:
During World War I and World War II, carrier pigeons were used to transport messages back to their home coop behind the lines. When they landed, wires in the coop would sound a bell or buzzer and a soldier of the
567:
On May 10, 2021, Doctors Carla Dove and Robert
Fleischer took samples of the preserved body of Cher Ami and sent them for DNA analysis. On June 30, 2021, results confirmed that Cher Ami was a cock (male).
375:
960:
74:
would know a message had arrived. The soldier would go to the coop, remove the message from the canister, and send it to its destination by telegraph, field phone, or personal messenger.
94:
Before the advent of radio, carrier pigeons were frequently used on the battlefield as a means for a mobile force to communicate with a stationary headquarters. In the sixth century BC,
117:, besieged Parisians used carrier pigeons to transmit messages outside the city; in response, the besieging Prussian Army employed hawks to hunt the pigeons. The French military used
339:
685:
644:
178:. On his final mission in October 1918, he delivered a message despite having been shot through the breast or wing. The crucial message, found in the capsule hanging from a
383:
358:
235:
was undergoing conversion. As long as the pigeons were released a few at a time for exercise, they returned to the ship; but when the whole flock was released while
30:
have long played an important role in war. Due to their homing ability, speed, and altitude, they were often used as military messengers. Carrier pigeons of the
1113:
2440:
2435:
2425:
1012:
251:
During World War II, the United
Kingdom used about 250,000 homing pigeons for many purposes, including communicating with those behind enemy lines such as
321:
2445:
2138:
845:
1393:
1812:
292:
was still concerned about the use of pigeons by enemy forces. Until 1950, they arranged for 100 birds to be maintained by a civilian
2073:
776:
409:
security forces in Jammu and
Kashmir. After finding nothing suspicious, India authorities released the pigeon back into Pakistan.
309:
2208:
2160:
183:
171:
750:
19:
2417:
1723:
1141:
417:
288:
would have to draw on their own personal rationed corn and seed to also feed the pigeons. However, the UK security service
220:
Pigeons were considered an essential element of naval aviation communication when the first United States aircraft carrier
728:
2175:
1039:
723:
626:
2155:
1735:
1730:
1447:
1414:
670:
264:
227:
was commissioned on 20 March 1922, so the ship included a pigeon house on the stern. The pigeons were trained at the
164:
1054:
600:
541:
193:
2110:
1711:
243:, the pigeons flew south and roosted in the cranes of the Norfolk shipyard. The pigeons never went to sea again.
1098:
1805:
986:
129:
images containing hundreds of messages allowed letters to be carried into Paris by pigeon from as far away as
2078:
1994:
1076:
2637:
1701:
388:
187:
83:
2652:
2342:
2170:
1761:
1756:
2611:
2201:
1336:
889:
535:
456:
327:
263:, the highest possible decoration for valor given to animals, was awarded to 32 pigeons, including the
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2501:
2132:
1917:
1798:
1380:
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153:
145:
British WWI poster regarding the killing of war pigeons being an offence under
Regulation 21A of the
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1236:
146:
486:
2104:
2048:
1963:
1706:
1556:
1409:
420:
were using homing pigeons to deliver messages to operatives outside its "so called caliphate".
2088:
1631:
1621:
228:
71:
296:
in order to prepare for any eventuality. The Swiss army disbanded its Pigeon section in 1996.
157:
2586:
2337:
2194:
2083:
1870:
1525:
1440:
1311:
961:"Suspected 'spy' pigeon from Pakistan carrying 'coded message' captured in Jammu and Kashmir"
839:
813:
66:, amongst 32 others, have been awarded to pigeons for their services in saving human lives.
2476:
1895:
1717:
1653:
1514:
1508:
1357:
1201:
1127:
345:
Left: Swiss homing pigeon service sergeant major, Women's
Military Service, uniform of 1986
784:
8:
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2043:
1779:
1503:
1306:
520:
216:
Leg canister for a war pigeon, U.S. Army Signal Corps, World War I. 1.0 x 2.9 cm, 1.7 gm
114:
102:, used carrier pigeons to communicate with various parts of his empire. In Ancient Rome,
1108:
2546:
2461:
2012:
1968:
1638:
1549:
1271:
1186:
525:
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221:
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One of their homing pigeons, a Blue Check cock named Cher Ami, was awarded the French "
161:
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1301:
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99:
59:
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2004:
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1206:
1017:
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175:
23:
Dispatching of a message by carrier pigeon within the Swiss Army during World War I
82:, lost his foot and one eye, but his message got through, saving a large group of
2616:
2566:
2531:
2521:
2322:
2017:
1989:
1840:
1821:
1663:
1611:
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510:
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312:
95:
47:
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1958:
1942:
1922:
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1387:
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1261:
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718:
530:
462:
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369:: The pigeon would be released from this carrying important messages back home.
293:
272:
240:
63:
1013:"Jordanian military official says ISIS using homing pigeons to carry messages"
2631:
2601:
2561:
2352:
2053:
2038:
1875:
1835:
1658:
1578:
1326:
1286:
152:
Homing pigeons were used extensively during World War I. In 1914, during the
122:
103:
27:
2606:
2466:
2387:
2287:
2282:
2257:
2252:
2217:
2127:
2116:
1932:
1850:
1675:
1648:
1534:
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331:
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55:
43:
39:
31:
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with Palm” for heroic service delivering 12 important messages during the
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2231:
1860:
1643:
1316:
1251:
1231:
1221:
1216:
499:
35:
686:"Carrier pigeons still serve; even in modern war they do messenger duty"
645:"Carrier pigeons still serve; Even in modern war they do messenger duty"
604:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2327:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2262:
1460:
1456:
830:
Tate, Jackson R, RADM USN (October 1978). "We Rode the
Covered Wagon".
719:"He? She? Or just plain Cher Ami? Solving a century-old pigeon mystery"
546:
507:, used pigeons and sparrows to set fire to villages in the 10th century
2362:
2357:
2267:
1498:
1472:
601:"PDSA Dickin Medal: 'the animals' VC', Pigeons — Roll of Honour"
428:
In total, 32 pigeons were decorated with the Dickin Medal including:
362:
284:
126:
212:
1927:
1790:
1616:
1167:
580:
550:
featuring a fictional World War I carrier pigeon named
Speckled Jim
395:
179:
118:
79:
51:
1937:
1885:
1566:
252:
1544:
859:
Pride, A.M. VADM USN (January 1979). "Comment and
Discussion".
413:
130:
1119:
1606:
1588:
1094:
Smithsonian page on Cher Ami, a decorated World War I pigeon
107:
874:
Cleaver, Hylton (June 1951). "They've earned their corn".
702:
Cleaver, Hylton (June 1951). "They've earned their corn".
935:"Pakistanis respond after 'spy pigeon' detained in India"
289:
812:. Washington, D.C.: Chief of Naval Operations. p.
366:
1114:" UK Mulled Using Birds for Bio-War After WW2 – Files"
246:
710:
665:. Sumter, South Carolina: Levi Publishing Co, Inc.
182:of his shattered leg, saved 194 US soldiers of the
1455:
1057:. PDSA. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009
398:, commemorating pigeons that served in World War I
106:used pigeons to send messages to the territory of
890:"Auflösung des Brieftaubendienstes abgeschlossen"
2629:
416:border official said at a news conference that
201:(probably aerial reconnaissance in World War I)
42:, and 32 such pigeons were presented with the
2202:
1806:
1441:
1135:
913:"Fowl play: alleged spy pigeon held in India"
910:
987:"India returns alleged spy bird to Pakistan"
844:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
575:Further reading: McWilliams, Beverley (2023)
2216:
2209:
2195:
1813:
1799:
1448:
1434:
1142:
1128:
861:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
832:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
78:receiving a single wound. Another, named
1109:World War 2 History and the WW2 Pigeons
805:
423:
211:
192:
140:
18:
873:
748:
716:
701:
627:"Pigeon Heroes of the Great War: Spike"
2630:
1055:"PDSA Dickin Medal: 'the animals' VC'"
1044:, PDSA Dickin Medal: 'the animals' VC'
825:
823:
679:
2190:
1794:
1429:
1123:
858:
34:breed were used to carry messages in
1820:
829:
660:
2176:United States Army Veterinary Corps
2161:King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
820:
724:National Museum of American History
593:
538:: Site of a memorial to war pigeons
13:
247:World War II and later deployments
167:used 600 pigeons in France alone.
113:During the 19th-century (1870–71)
16:Homing pigeons in military service
14:
2664:
2156:1st Military Working Dog Regiment
1736:United States Army Pigeon Service
1731:Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons
1415:United States Army Pigeon Service
1087:
265:United States Army Pigeon Service
1894:
1775:
1774:
753:. World of Wings. Archived from
374:
350:
338:
320:
301:
1952:Communications and surveillance
1712:Royal Pigeon Racing Association
1149:
1047:
1033:
1005:
979:
953:
927:
904:
882:
867:
852:
799:
769:
731:from the original on 2021-07-15
403:
84:surrounded American infantrymen
742:
695:
654:
637:
619:
561:
315:holding a carrier pigeon, 1942
156:, the French army advanced 72
136:
1:
1995:Ravens of the Tower of London
1041:Flying heroes: The true story
911:Express / AFP (28 May 2010).
809:Naval Aviation in World War I
751:"Pigeons in Military History"
717:Blazich, Frank (2021-07-15).
586:
1702:American Racing Pigeon Union
1410:National Pigeon Service (UK)
806:Van Wyen, Adrian O. (1969).
330:that served in the military
7:
2171:Royal Army Veterinary Corps
493:
308:A member of the crew of an
10:
2669:
1180:recipients of World War II
631:pigeonsofwar.wordpress.com
536:Beach House Park, Worthing
357:War pigeon carrier at the
89:
2454:
2416:
2240:
2224:
2148:
2133:National War Dog Cemetery
2097:
2066:
2026:
2003:
1982:
1951:
1933:Blue Peacock nuclear mine
1910:
1903:
1892:
1828:
1770:
1749:
1694:
1599:
1524:
1491:
1468:
1402:
1381:The Pigeon That Took Rome
1372:
1350:
1176:
1161:recipients of World War I
1157:
1075:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1021:. Foxnews.com. 6 May 2016
692:. 12 April 1936. p. SM26.
651:. 12 April 1936. p. SM26.
384:Monument au Pigeon-Soldat
154:First Battle of the Marne
2218:Dickin Medal recipients
1600:Relationship with humans
777:"Cher Ami (Dear Friend)"
554:
359:History on Wheels Museum
184:77th Infantry Division's
147:Defence of the Realm Act
2111:Animals in War Memorial
2105:Animals in War Memorial
1964:Mail delivery by animal
1707:National Pigeon Service
892:. Admin.ch. 2 July 1996
418:Islamic State militants
58:awarded to the pigeons
1622:IP over Avian Carriers
661:Levi, Wendell (1977).
603:. PDSA. Archived from
278:The UK maintained the
229:Norfolk Naval Shipyard
217:
202:
199:unmanned camera pigeon
149:
24:
2067:By battle, war or era
1116:Reuters (21 May 2004)
542:"Corporal Punishment”
424:Decorated war pigeons
271:and the Irish pigeon
215:
196:
160:with the troops. The
144:
46:. Medals such as the
22:
2098:Memorials and awards
1718:British Homing World
1515:Sarcocystis calchasi
1509:Olfactory navigation
1394:Yankee Doodle Pigeon
607:on 22 September 2008
2638:Animal intelligence
2149:Personnel and units
2044:Damnatio ad bestias
1762:Wild pigeon species
1632:Bird fancier's lung
1099:History of the 77th
787:on November 5, 2002
521:Pigeon intelligence
328:"William of Orange"
310:RAF Coastal Command
115:Franco-Prussian War
2653:Combat occupations
1969:Pigeon photography
1918:Animal-borne bombs
1757:Wild pigeon genera
690:The New York Times
649:The New York Times
643:name="nytimes">
633:. 26 October 2022.
526:Pigeon photography
218:
206:United States Navy
203:
150:
125:past enemy lines.
25:
2625:
2624:
2612:William of Orange
2368:Salty and Roselle
2184:
2183:
2062:
2061:
2005:Military funerals
1855:Ballista elephant
1788:
1787:
1492:Life and behavior
1457:Pigeons and doves
1423:
1422:
1337:William of Orange
757:on 25 August 2007
457:William of Orange
239:was anchored off
2660:
2648:Military animals
2643:Domestic pigeons
2502:Duke of Normandy
2211:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2139:War Dog Memorial
2074:Mongol expansion
2049:Exploding animal
2034:Animals in space
1908:
1907:
1898:
1822:Military animals
1815:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1741:Up North Combine
1724:Show of the Year
1450:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1227:Duke of Normandy
1144:
1137:
1130:
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1080:
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1028:
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1018:Fox News Channel
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915:. Tribune.com.pk
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783:. Archived from
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623:
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577:Spies in the Sky
568:
565:
544:, an episode of
516:Military animals
392:
378:
354:
342:
324:
305:
176:Battle of Verdun
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:
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2657:
2628:
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2621:
2567:NURP.43.CC.1418
2512:Flying Dutchman
2450:
2412:
2236:
2220:
2215:
2185:
2180:
2144:
2093:
2079:Napoleonic Wars
2058:
2022:
2018:Riderless horse
1999:
1990:Military mascot
1978:
1947:
1899:
1890:
1824:
1819:
1789:
1784:
1766:
1745:
1690:
1595:
1557:Flying/Sporting
1520:
1487:
1464:
1454:
1424:
1419:
1398:
1368:
1346:
1292:NURP.43.CC.1418
1237:Flying Dutchman
1172:
1159:Croix de Guerre
1153:
1148:
1104:Pigeons and WWI
1090:
1085:
1084:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1011:
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994:
985:
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970:
968:
965:Hindustan Times
959:
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511:Jean Desbouvrie
496:
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355:
346:
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316:
313:Lockheed Hudson
306:
249:
172:Croix de Guerre
139:
92:
48:Croix de Guerre
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2559:
2557:NPS.42.NS.7524
2554:
2552:NPS.42.NS.2780
2549:
2544:
2539:
2537:Mary of Exeter
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2524:
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2514:
2509:
2504:
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2355:
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2345:
2340:
2338:Punch and Judy
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Crumstone Irma
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2255:
2250:
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2206:
2199:
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2182:
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2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2141:(Pennsylvania)
2136:
2130:
2125:
2124:(South Africa)
2122:Horse Memorial
2119:
2114:
2108:
2101:
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2015:
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2000:
1998:
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1979:
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1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Acoustic Kitty
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1943:Project Pigeon
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:Anti-tank dogs
1920:
1914:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
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50:, awarded to
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2607:White Vision
2587:Ruhr Express
2467:Beach Comber
2263:Bing (Brian)
2128:Purple poppy
2117:Dickin Medal
2089:World War II
1973:
1880:
1716:
1685:
1676:Release dove
1513:
1504:Intelligence
1403:Institutions
1386:
1379:
1363:Leaping Lena
1332:White Vision
1312:Ruhr Express
1192:Beach Comber
1178:Dickin Medal
1150:
1059:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1016:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
990:
981:
969:. Retrieved
964:
955:
943:. Retrieved
938:
929:
917:. Retrieved
906:
894:. Retrieved
884:
875:
869:
860:
854:
840:cite journal
831:
808:
801:
791:December 28,
789:. Retrieved
785:the original
780:
771:
761:13 September
759:. Retrieved
755:the original
744:
733:. Retrieved
722:
712:
703:
697:
689:
681:
662:
656:
648:
639:
630:
621:
609:. Retrieved
605:the original
595:
563:
545:
505:Olga of Kiev
481:Beach Comber
427:
411:
407:
404:21st Century
382:
332:World War II
280:Air Ministry
277:
261:Dickin Medal
257:Jozef Raskin
250:
236:
232:
223:
219:
204:
169:
165:Signal Corps
158:pigeon lofts
151:
112:
93:
76:
72:Signal Corps
68:
56:Dickin Medal
44:Dickin Medal
40:World War II
32:Racing Homer
26:
2592:Scotch Lass
2527:Kenley Lass
2507:Dutch Coast
2497:DD.43.T.139
2492:DD.43.Q.879
2477:Broad Arrow
2298:Jet of Iada
2084:World War I
1654:Clay pigeon
1639:Photography
1358:John Silver
1317:Scotch Lass
1252:Kenley Lass
1232:Dutch Coast
1222:DD.43.T.139
1217:DD.43.Q.879
1202:Broad Arrow
1151:War pigeons
611:28 December
500:Pigeon post
412:In 2016, a
387: [
365:, Windsor,
137:World War I
36:World War I
2632:Categories
2582:Royal Blue
2054:Ship's cat
2013:Black Jack
1983:Ceremonial
1974:War pigeon
1461:Columbidae
1373:In fiction
1365:(Cold War)
1307:Royal Blue
735:2021-07-16
663:The Pigeon
587:References
547:Blackadder
487:Royal Blue
285:bioweapons
98:, king of
54:, and the
2547:Navy Blue
2462:All Alone
2166:MĂ©hariste
2107:(England)
1851:Elephants
1829:By animal
1550:Trumpeter
1528:and types
1499:Crop milk
1272:Navy Blue
1187:All Alone
433:All Alone
414:Jordanian
363:Eton Wick
222:USS
127:Microfilm
2577:Princess
2517:G.I. Joe
2487:Commando
2431:Reckless
2113:(Canada)
1928:Bat bomb
1846:Dolphins
1780:Category
1664:Shooting
1627:Fancying
1617:Dovecote
1478:Domestic
1302:Princess
1242:G.I. Joe
1212:Commando
1168:Cher Ami
1071:cite web
1061:31 March
939:BBC News
896:25 April
876:Men Only
729:Archived
704:Men Only
494:See also
469:G.I. Joe
445:Commando
396:Brussels
269:G.I. Joe
180:ligament
119:balloons
80:Cher Ami
60:G.I. Joe
52:Cher Ami
2542:Mercury
2482:Cologne
2455:Pigeons
2446:Warrior
2441:Upstart
1938:Chariot
1911:Weapons
1881:Pigeons
1871:Insects
1750:Related
1681:Symbols
1607:As food
1584:Utility
1572:Tumbler
1567:Tippler
1540:Fantail
1388:Valiant
1267:Mercury
1207:Cologne
253:Belgian
237:Langley
233:Langley
224:Langley
197:German
162:US Army
90:History
2617:Winkie
2532:Maquis
2522:Gustav
2418:Horses
2388:Sheila
2288:Gander
2283:Diesel
2273:Buster
2258:Beauty
2253:Apollo
2135:(Guam)
1904:By use
1866:Horses
1836:Camels
1659:Racing
1579:Homing
1562:Roller
1545:Pouter
1526:Breeds
1473:Common
1351:Others
1342:Winkie
1257:Maquis
1247:Gustav
997:1 June
991:DW.COM
971:1 June
945:1 June
878:: 100.
706:: 101.
669:
489:(1945)
483:(1944)
477:(1944)
475:Gustav
471:(1946)
465:(1945)
459:(1944)
453:(1944)
447:(1944)
441:(1943)
439:Winkie
435:(1943)
259:. The
231:while
131:London
100:Persia
2597:Tommy
2572:Paddy
2472:Billy
2436:Regal
2398:Thorn
2383:Sasha
2373:Sadie
2348:Ricky
2333:Peter
2323:Lucky
2318:Lucca
2293:Hertz
2248:Antis
2232:Simon
2027:Other
1876:Moose
1861:Geese
1649:Sport
1589:Squab
1535:Fancy
1483:Feral
1322:Tommy
1297:Paddy
1197:Billy
1025:6 May
919:1 May
863:: 89.
834:: 65.
555:Notes
451:Paddy
391:]
273:Paddy
96:Cyrus
64:Paddy
2602:Tyke
2426:Olga
2408:Treo
2403:Tich
2393:Theo
2328:Mali
2313:Kuno
2308:Kuga
2303:Judy
2241:Dogs
2225:Cats
1886:Pigs
1841:Dogs
1644:Post
1327:Tyke
1077:link
1063:2011
1027:2016
999:2020
973:2020
947:2020
921:2013
898:2013
846:link
793:2022
763:2007
667:ISBN
613:2008
381:The
255:spy
108:Gaul
62:and
38:and
2378:Sam
2363:Rob
2358:Rip
2343:Rex
2268:Bob
1686:War
394:in
290:MI5
267:'s
190:".
2634::
1073:}}
1069:{{
1015:.
989:.
963:.
937:.
842:}}
838:{{
822:^
814:30
779:.
727:.
721:.
688:,
647:,
629:.
579:.
389:fr
367:UK
361:,
275:.
110:.
86:.
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2203:t
2196:v
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1853:(
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1800:v
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1442:t
1435:v
1143:e
1136:t
1129:v
1079:)
1065:.
1029:.
1001:.
975:.
949:.
923:.
900:.
848:)
816:.
795:.
765:.
738:.
675:.
615:.
186:“
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
