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317:) along the Maine border with the British colonies of Lower Canada (which later became Quebec) and New Brunswick. The newly agreed border divided the disputed territory between the two nations. The British were assigned the Halifax–Quebec road route, which their military desired because Lower Canada had no other connection in winter to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The treaty adjusted portions of the border to give the United States a little more land to the north. It also resolved issues that had led to the
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478:... at the Chaudiere Falls, from which the Commissioners traced the line to the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods, thence, along the said line to the said most northwestern point, being in latitude 49°23′55″ north, and in longitude 95°14′38″ west from the Observatory at Greenwich; thence, according to existing treaties, due south to its intersection with the 49th parallel of north latitude, and along that parallel to the Rocky Mountains ...
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543:
302:"—an unnamed U.S. fort in what is now part of northeastern New York—had been constructed north of the actual 45th parallel, the United States wanted to follow the old survey line, and the Webster–Ashburton treaty incorporated this change, leaving the half-finished fort on U.S. soil. Following the signing of the treaty, the U.S. resumed construction on the site. The new project replaced the aborted 1812-era construction with a massive
525:. Bahamian officials eventually emancipated all 128 slaves who chose to stay in Nassau, as Britain had abolished slavery in its colonies, effective in 1834. The U.S. initially demanded return of the slaves and then compensation. A settlement was made in 1855 as part of a much larger claims treaty of 1853, which covered claims by both nations dating back to 1814.
467:. Again, due to errors on the Mitchell Map, Treaty of Paris reads "... through the Lake of the Woods to the most northwesternmost point thereof, and from thence on a due west course to the river Mississippi ..." In fact, a course due west from the Lake of the Woods never intersects the Mississippi. The
603:
As a result of the
Webster–Ashburton Treaty, the United States ceded 5,000 square miles (13,000 km) of disputed territory along the Maine border, including the Halifax–Quebec Route, but kept 7,000 square miles (18,000 km) of the disputed wilderness. In addition, the United States received
494:
Article 10 of the
Webster–Ashburton Treaty identified seven crimes subject to extradition: "murder, or assault with intent to commit murder, or piracy, or arson, or robbery, or forgery, or the utterance of forged paper." It did not include slave revolt or mutiny. In addition, the United States did
528:
The treaty laid down minimum levels of anti-slaving naval activity off the West
African coast by the US Navy and the Royal Navy. It formalised levels of co-operation that had briefly existed in 1820 and 1821. It fell short of providing greater co-operation in suppression of the slave trade; there
620:
was mistakenly omitted from the Ojibwe treaty council. In addition, the Grand
Portage Band was misinformed on the details of the Treaty of Paris; they believed that the border passed through the center of Lake Superior to the Saint Louis River, placing both Isle Royale and their band in British
529:
was, for instance, no mutual right for the two countries to inspect vessels flying each other's flag even when the US colours were being flown fraudulently by a slaver from a third country. The treaty, therefore, had only a minimal effect in reducing the trade.
297:
The Treaty of Paris had established the 45th parallel as part of the northern boundary of modern-day New York and
Vermont. Most of that portion of the boundary had previously been surveyed in the early 1770s, but the survey line was inaccurate. Since
375:
being disputed, and previous negotiations had not resolved the question. The treaty had the border pass through Long Lake, but did not state that lake's location. However, the map showed the lake flowing into Lake
Superior near
426:
and Dog Rivers to Cold Water Lake, crossed the divide by
Prairie Portage to Height of Land Lake, then went west by way of the Savanne, Pickerel, and Maligne rivers to Lake La Croix, where it joined the present border.
713:), a Height of Land, "Lac Plat", "Lac Long" and Grand Portage are shown in relative equidistance from each other, thus alluding to Mountain Lake or Arrow Lake as "Lac Long", all long lakes on the Pigeon River route.
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1840:
1340:
Historical Sketch Roster of
Commissioned Officers and Enlisted Men Called Into Service for the Protection of the Northeastern Frontier of Maine from February to May 1839
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625:
was signed between the United States and the Grand
Portage Band in 1844 as an adhesion to the Treaty of La Pointe, with other Ojibwa tribes reaffirming the treaty.
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1870:
336:, which remain in dispute. Additionally, the signing of the treaty put an end to several building improvements planned for Upper Canadian defense forts such as
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To make the controversial treaty more popular in the United States, Webster released a map of the Maine–Canada border, which he claimed
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The
Mitchell map had shown both of those routes, and also showed the "Long Lake" route between them. Long Lake was thought to be the
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was inadequate to define the border according to the terms of that treaty. Ambiguity in the map and treaty resulted in Minnesota's
17:
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Carroll, Francis M. (March 1997). "The Passionate Canadians: The Historical Debate about the Eastern Canadian–American Boundary".
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territory. The Treaty of Paris specifically notes Isle Royale as in the territories of the United States. Consequently, the
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328:. The Indian Stream area was assigned to the United States. The Webster–Ashburton Treaty failed to clarify ownership of
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This 1842 treaty reaffirmed the border and further defined it by modifying the border definition to instead read as:
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in 1688, and the later a well-used fur traders' route after 1802. This way headed north from the lake at the site of
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966:
Jones, Howard (March 1975). "The Peculiar Institution and National Honor: The Case of the Creole Slave Revolt".
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Settlement in the East. The disputed areas are shown in red and the boundary established by the treaty in green.
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The treaty clarified the channel that the border would follow between Lake Huron and Lake Superior, awarding
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1177:
Jones, Wilbur Devereux (February 1956). "The Influence of Slavery on the Webster–Ashburton Negotiations".
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not press for the return or extradition of an estimated 12,000 fugitive slaves who had reached Canada.
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To counter this western route, the U.S. advocated for an eastern route, used by early French explorer
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The British, however, had previously taken the position that the border should leave Lake Superior at
263:, but the border is in some places nearly a half mile north of the parallel. The treaty was signed by
1208:"Choosing Peace and Order: National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland, 1837–42"
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The border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods needed clarification because the faulty
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6,500 square miles (17,000 km) of land along the Minnesota–Canada border, which included the
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1281:
Merk, Frederick (December 1956). "The Oregon Question in the Webster–Ashburton Negotiations".
344:, which the British government later abandoned, as they no longer served a defensive purpose.
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1251:
LeDuc, Thomas (December 1964). "The Webster–Ashburton Treaty and the Minnesota Iron Ranges".
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The treaty also retroactively confirmed the southern boundary of Quebec that land surveyors
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had marked with stone monuments in 1771–1773. The treaty intended that the border be at
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nations about the south shore of Lake Superior ceded land to the United States in the
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This treaty marked the end of local confrontations between lumberjacks (known as the
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had drawn. It showed contested areas largely resolved in favor of the United States.
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Another clarification made in this treaty resulted in clarifying the anomaly of the
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A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian–American Boundary, 1783–1842
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A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian–American Boundary, 1783–1842
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Opposing the Slavers. The Royal Navy's Campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade
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To the Webster–Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783–1843
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of 1841 in the Caribbean, which was then in contention. In November 1841, a
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and went overland to the Pigeon, up that river and a tributary across the
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Kennedy, David M.; Bailey, Thomas Andrew & Cohen, Lizabeth (2006).
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567: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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defined the boundary about Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains.
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Jones, Howard (December 1975). "Anglophobia and the Aroostook War".
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Maine boundary dispute that led to the 1842 Webster–Ashburton Treaty
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Ten months of negotiations for the treaty were held largely at the
608:. Shortly after ratification of the Webster–Ashburton treaty, the
453:. This is finally the route the treaty designated as the border.
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Charles M. Wiltse, "Daniel Webster and the British Experience."
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on the high seas, Webster and Ashburton agreed to pass over the
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An arbitration of various border issues in the East before King
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662:
History of Canada–United States border agreements through 1908
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709:, series of lakes are shown, of which "Lac de Sesakinaga" (
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in Washington, D.C. The house has been designated a U.S.
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border, which was the primary cause of the Aroostook War.
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Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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1129:
The Crisis of 1830–1842 in Canadian–American Relations
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240:
Agreement that the two parties would share use of the
1841:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
951:(Kindle ed.). London: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd.
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The Webster–Ashburton Treaty failed to deal with the
486:, although the issue was discussed in negotiations.
445:, and thence down tributaries of the Rainy River to
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Reaffirmation of the location of the border (at the
27:
1842 border treaty between British Canada and the US
735:
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
380:, which is consistent with the Pigeon River route.
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247:Agreement that there should be a final end to the
1537:William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign
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1033:Vogel, Robert C. & Stanley, David G. (1992).
1807:
1343:. Augusta, ME: Kennebec Journal Print. pp.
437:The traditional traders' route left the Lake at
294:in 1831 had failed to yield a binding decision.
1512:Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830
1614:List of federal judges appointed by John Tyler
1562:Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
1018:. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society.
498:While agreeing to call for a final end to the
434:(despite the absence of a lake at its mouth).
180:(the region that became Canada). Signed under
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1032:
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667:Timeline of United States diplomatic history
991:(13th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1871:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
1410:
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1035:"Portage Trails in Minnesota, 1630s–1870s"
912:
910:
188:. The provisions of the treaty included:
583:Learn how and when to remove this message
184:'s presidency, it resolved the so-called
1527:1840 United States presidential election
1522:1836 United States presidential election
1453:President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate
1040:(Multiple Property Documentation Form).
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864:. Yale Law School. 1842. Archived from
776:"Decision of the Arbiter, January 1831"
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14:
1808:
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1048:from the original on November 19, 2018
782:from the original on December 21, 2016
682:United Kingdom–United States relations
233:Definition of seven crimes subject to
192:The settlement of the location of the
1821:United Kingdom–United States treaties
1557:Virginia Secession Convention of 1861
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272:Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton
222:) in the westward frontier up to the
109:Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton
44:Webster–Ashburton Treaty ratification
1371:Text of the Webster–Ashburton Treaty
1283:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
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565:adding citations to reliable sources
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203:Establishment of the border between
1445:Vice President of the United States
387:(the "head of the lake") in modern
24:
1238:from the original on July 26, 2022
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917:Kennedy, Bailey & Cohen (2006)
862:"Webster–Ashburton Treaty, Art. 2"
632:, home of the British legation on
25:
1892:
1364:
469:Anglo-American Convention of 1818
367:used in the negotiations for the
257:John Collins and Thomas Valentine
1789:
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1113:——— (2003). "Drawing the Line".
1109:(the standard scholarly history)
1016:Minnesota's Boundary with Canada
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265:United States Secretary of State
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125:
102:
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38:
1649:List of memorials to John Tyler
552:needs additional citations for
489:
306:masonry fortification known as
178:British North American colonies
1434:President of the United States
1417:
1355:– via Internet Archive.
1107:. University of Toronto Press.
942:. University of Toronto Press.
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1816:Canada–United States treaties
1532:1839 Whig National Convention
1224:10.1080/07075332.2015.1070892
720:
1383:Franklin Map Possibly Forged
1212:International History Review
934:Carroll, Francis M. (2001).
449:, Rainy Lake and River, and
292:William I of the Netherlands
211:, originally defined in the
7:
1836:Canada–United States border
1253:Journal of American History
1179:Journal of Southern History
650:
10:
1897:
1594:Inauguration of John Tyler
1547:Sherwood Forest Plantation
1461:U.S. Senator from Virginia
1379:(U.S. Department of State)
1337:The Maine Council (1904).
825:Vogel & Stanley (1992)
737:Vol. 85. (1973) pp 58–77.
638:National Historic Landmark
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403:, and down Pike River and
1866:1842 in the United States
1755:
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1206:Lacroix, Patrick (2016).
1126:Corey, Albert B. (1941).
1014:Lass, William E. (1980).
521:, had forced the ship to
261:45 degrees north latitude
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83:
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49:
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1776:← Richard Mentor Johnson
1761:← William Henry Harrison
1599:Webster–Ashburton Treaty
1552:Peace Conference of 1861
1542:Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
1377:Webster–Ashburton Treaty
692:
170:Webster–Ashburton Treaty
33:Webster–Ashburton Treaty
18:Webster-Ashburton Treaty
1846:Legal history of Canada
1677:Letitia Christian Tyler
1310:Remini, Robert (1997).
947:Grindal, Peter (2016).
744:August 2, 2020, at the
672:Estcourt Station, Maine
61:9 August 1842
1742:John Tyler and slavery
1624:Priscilla Cooper Tyler
827:, pp. E-12, E-13.
600:
480:
443:Height of Land Portage
360:
287:
1719:Harrison Ruffin Tyler
1139:New England Quarterly
1072:New England Quarterly
1042:National Park Service
980:10.1353/cwh.1975.0036
839:, pp. 37–39, 44.
815:, pp. 37–39, 49.
803:, pp. 1, 11, 37.
623:Isle Royale Agreement
598:
519:coastwise slave trade
513:on the American brig
476:
355:
319:Indian Stream dispute
285:
270:and British diplomat
1707:John Alexander Tyler
1701:David Gardiner Tyler
1683:Julia Gardiner Tyler
1472:Governor of Virginia
989:The American Pageant
919:, pp. 374, 375.
561:improve this article
1747:The General (horse)
1713:Lyon Gardiner Tyler
1626:(acting first lady)
1502:Greenway Plantation
1480:U.S. Representative
614:Treaty of La Pointe
399:rivers, across the
330:Machias Seal Island
34:
1881:Eponymous treaties
1781:George M. Dallas →
1660:Recarving Rushmore
1567:Hollywood Cemetery
868:on August 25, 2006
618:Grand Portage Band
601:
361:
288:
32:
1856:North Maine Woods
1831:Boundary treaties
1803:
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1609:Treaty of Wanghia
968:Civil War History
958:978-0-85773-938-4
892:, pp. 28–50.
645:Benjamin Franklin
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451:Lake of the Woods
391:, proceed up the
389:Duluth, Minnesota
251:on the high seas.
209:Lake of the Woods
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1357:aroostook war.
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1329:978-0393045529
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1314:Daniel Webster
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401:height of land
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1078:(1): 83–101.
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711:Saganaga Lake
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550:This section
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439:Grand Portage
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424:Kaministiquia
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315:Aroostook War
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220:49th parallel
217:
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205:Lake Superior
202:
199:
198:New Brunswick
195:
191:
190:
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187:
186:Aroostook War
183:
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174:United States
171:
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157:United States
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132:United States
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60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
1787:
1766:
1759:
1689:Robert Tyler
1679:(first wife)
1658:
1642:Public image
1631:
1598:
1356:
1349:. Retrieved
1339:
1313:
1286:
1282:
1256:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1215:
1211:
1185:(1): 48–58.
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:——— (1977).
1142:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1114:
1102:
1099:——— (2001).
1075:
1071:
1050:. Retrieved
1015:
988:
974:(1): 28–50.
971:
967:
948:
937:
902:Grindal 2016
897:
890:Jones (1975)
870:. Retrieved
866:the original
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
784:. Retrieved
770:
734:
729:
701:
642:
627:
606:Mesabi Range
602:
579:
570:
559:Please help
554:verification
551:
527:
517:part of the
514:
511:slave revolt
504:
497:
493:
490:Other issues
481:
477:
473:
462:
460:to the U.S.
458:Sugar Island
455:
447:Lac La Croix
436:
432:Pigeon River
429:
420:Fort William
413:
384:
382:
365:Mitchell Map
362:
323:
312:
304:third-system
300:Fort Blunder
296:
289:
254:
169:
167:
29:
1486:(1816–1821)
1474:(1825–1827)
1463:(1827–1836)
1436:(1841–1845)
1351:October 15,
1318:. pp.
1121:(4): 19–25.
927:Works cited
849:Lass (1980)
837:Lass (1980)
813:Lass (1980)
801:Lass (1980)
573:August 2016
500:slave trade
409:Rainy River
393:Saint Louis
385:Fond du Lac
378:Isle Royale
348:In the West
342:Amherstburg
338:Fort Malden
332:and nearby
278:In the East
249:slave trade
242:Great Lakes
235:extradition
119:signatories
84:Negotiators
1810:Categories
1721:(grandson)
1697:(daughter)
1586:Presidency
1517:Whig Party
1419:John Tyler
998:0618479279
721:References
356:Plaque in
334:North Rock
182:John Tyler
65:1842-08-09
1632:Princeton
1232:155365033
1007:846067545
397:Embarrass
152:Ratifiers
1794:Category
1727:(father)
1507:Woodburn
1242:July 26,
1236:Archived
1046:Archived
786:June 26,
780:Archived
742:Archived
651:See also
324:Caroline
215:in 1783;
207:and the
176:and the
117:Original
73:Location
1735:Related
1303:1893529
1273:1894897
1199:2955259
1052:May 13,
705:On the
533:Results
515:Creole,
422:up the
407:to the
63: (
1670:Family
1455:(1836)
1447:(1841)
1326:
1320:535–64
1301:
1271:
1230:
1197:
1159:364636
1157:
1115:Beaver
1092:366528
1090:
1022:
1005:
995:
955:
739:online
610:Ojibwa
523:Nassau
505:Creole
326:Affair
58:Signed
1715:(son)
1709:(son)
1703:(son)
1691:(son)
1484:VA–23
1299:JSTOR
1269:JSTOR
1228:S2CID
1195:JSTOR
1155:JSTOR
1088:JSTOR
1038:(PDF)
693:Notes
194:Maine
1630:USS
1495:Life
1482:for
1469:23rd
1442:10th
1431:10th
1353:2007
1324:ISBN
1244:2022
1054:2008
1020:ISBN
1003:OCLC
993:ISBN
953:ISBN
874:2008
788:2017
507:case
395:and
168:The
50:Type
1291:doi
1261:doi
1220:doi
1187:doi
1147:doi
1080:doi
976:doi
563:by
340:in
1812::
1347:–5
1322:.
1297:.
1287:43
1285:.
1267:.
1257:51
1255:.
1234:.
1226:.
1216:38
1214:.
1210:.
1193:.
1183:22
1181:.
1153:.
1143:48
1141:.
1119:83
1117:.
1086:.
1076:70
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1044:.
1001:.
972:21
970:.
909:^
882:^
778:.
753:^
640:.
411:.
310:.
274:.
1411:e
1404:t
1397:v
1345:4
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1189::
1172:.
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1082::
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1028:.
1009:.
982:.
978::
961:.
876:.
790:.
765:.
748:.
586:)
580:(
575:)
571:(
557:.
298:"
244:;
237:;
230:;
196:–
67:)
20:)
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