551:) is an international non-profit organization, legally established in Switzerland in 2007. ISWIM is an international network of, and for, people and organisations active in the field of weigh-in-motion. The society brings together users, researchers, and vendors of WIM systems. This includes systems installed in or under the road pavements, bridges, rail tracks and on board vehicles. ISWIM organises periodically the international conferences on WIM (ICWIM), regional seminars and workshops as part of other international conferences and exhibitions.
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233:'s Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks program. Weigh-in-motion systems can be used as part of traditional roadside inspection stations, or as part of virtual inspection stations. In most countries, WIM systems are not considered sufficiently accurate for direct enforcement of overloaded vehicles but this may change in the future.
140:, WIM systems are capable of measuring vehicles traveling at a reduced or normal traffic speed and do not require the vehicle to come to a stop. This makes the weighing process more efficient, and, in the case of commercial vehicles, allows for trucks under the weight limit to bypass static scales or inspection.
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In the early 2000s, the accuracy and reliability of WIM systems were significantly improved, and they were used more frequently for overload screening and pre-selection for road side weight enforcement controls (virtual weigh stations). The OIML R134 was published as an international standard of low
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A WIM system connected with any available communication means can be connected to a central monitoring server. Automatic data archiving software is required to retrieve the data from many remote WIM stations to be available for any further processing. A central database can be built to link many WIMs
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The earliest WIM systems, still used in a minority of installations, use an instrumented existing bridge as the weighing platform. Bending plates span a void cut into the pavement and use the flexure as the wheel passes over as a measure of weight. Load cells use strain sensors in the corner supports
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The most common bridge application of WIM is the assessment of traffic loading. The intensity of traffic on a bridge varies greatly as some roads are much busier than others. For bridges that have deteriorated, this is important as a less heavily trafficked bridge is safer and more heavily trafficked
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The majority of systems today are strip sensors - pressure sensitive materials installed in a 2 to 3 cm groove cut into the road pavement. In strip sensors, various sensing materials are used, including piezo-polymer, piezo-ceramic, capacitive and piezo-quartz. Many of these sensing systems are
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The most common road application of WIM data is probably pavement design and assessment. In the United States, a histogram of WIM data is used for this purpose. In the absence of WIM data, default histograms are available. Pavements are damaged through a mechanistic-empirical fatigue process that is
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Inductive loops define the vehicle entry and exit from the WIM station. These signals are used as triggering inputs to start and stop the measurement to initiate totaling gross vehicle weight of each vehicle. They also measure total vehicle length and help with vehicle classification. For toll gate
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WIM systems measure the dynamic axle loads of the vehicles and try to calculate the best possible estimate of the related static values. The WIM systems have to perform unattended, under harsh traffic and environmental conditions, often without any control over the way the vehicle is moving, or the
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Weigh-in-motion is a technology that can be used for various private and public purposes (i.e. applications) related to the weights and axle loads of road and rail vehicles. WIM systems are installed on the road or rail track or on a vehicle and measure, store and provide data from the traffic flow
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In the 1990s, the first WIM standard ASTM-E1318-09 was published in North
America, and the COST 323 action provided draft European specifications of WIM as well as reports on Pan-European tests of WIM system. The European research project WAVE and other initiatives delivered improved technologies
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Some airports use airplane weighing, whereby the plane taxis across the scale bed, and its weight is measured. The weight may then be used to correlate with the pilot's log entry, to ensure there is just enough fuel, with a little margin for safety. This has been used for some time to conserve jet
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The weight information consists of the gross vehicle weight and axle (group) loads combined with other parameters like: date and time, location, speed and vehicle class. For on-board WIM systems this pertains to the specific vehicle only. For in-road WIM systems this applies to the entire vehicle
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Recent years have seen the rise of several "specialty" Weigh-in-Motion systems. One popular example is the front fork garbage truck scale. In this application, a container is weighed—while it is full—as the driver lifts, and again—while it is empty—as the container is returned to the ground. The
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often measure individual wagons. It requires that the railcar are uncoupled on both ends in order to weigh. Weighing in motion at yards is therefore also referred to as "uncoupled-in-motion weighing". Systems installed at yards usually works at lower speeds and are capable of higher accuracies.
226:. In its original form, the fourth power law states that the rate of pavement damage is proportional to axle weight raised to the fourth power. WIM data provides information on the numbers of axles in each significant weight category which allows these kinds of calculations to be carried out.
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commercially available and prototype WIM systems, one in
Switzerland, one in France (Continental Motorway Test) and one in Northern Sweden (Cold Environment Test). Better accuracy can be achieved with multiple-sensor WIM systems and careful compensation for the effects of temperature. The
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The accuracy of weigh-in-motion data is generally much less than for static weigh scales where the environment is better controlled. The
European COST 323 group developed an accuracy classification framework in the 1990s. They also coordinated three independently controlled road tests of
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Variety of communication methods need to be installed on the measurement system. A modem or cellular modem can be provided. In older installations or where no communication infrastructure exists, WIM systems can be self-operating while saving the data, to later physically retrieve it.
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This weight information provides the user with detailed knowledge of the loading of heavy goods vehicles. This information is better than with older technologies, so, for example, it is easier to match heavy goods vehicles and the road/rail infrastructure. (Moffatt, 2017).
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There are two main parts to the measurement system: the track-side component, which contains hardware for communication, power, computation, and data acquisition, and the rail-mounted component, which consists of sensors and cabling. Known sensor principles include:
1293:"Weigh-In-Motion System Market by Type (In-Road, Bridge Weigh, Onboard), Vehicle Speed (Low, High), Component (Hardware, Software & Services), End Use Industry (Highway Toll, Oil & Refinery, Logistics), Sensors, function and Region-Global Forecast to 2026"
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speed WIM systems for legal applications like tolling by weight and direct weight enforcement. Most recently, the NMi-WIM standard offers a basis for the introduction of high speed WIM systems for direct automatic enforcement and free flow tolling by weight.
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measure the complete weight (distribution) of the trains as they pass by at the designated line speed. Weighing in motion on the mainline is therefore also referred to as "coupled-in-motion weighing": all of the railcars are coupled. Weighing in motion at
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and/or the specific vehicle. For WIM systems certain specific conditions apply. These conditions have an impact on the quality and reliability of the data measured by the WIM system and of the durability of the sensors and WIM system itself.
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Strain transducers are used in bridge WIM systems. Strain gauges are used to measure the flexure in bending plates and the deformation in load cells. The strip sensor systems use piezo-electric materials in the groove.
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bridges should be prioritized for maintenance and repair. A great deal of research has been carried out on the subject of traffic loading on bridges, both short-span, including an allowance for dynamics, and long-span.
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may be part of the system to check the measured weight against maximum allowable weight for the vehicle and, in case of exceeded limits, inform law enforcement in order to pursue the vehicle or to directly
901:
OBrien, Eugene J.; Cantero, Daniel; Enright, Bernard; González, Arturo (December 2010). "Characteristic
Dynamic Increment for extreme traffic loading events on short and medium span highway bridges".
1005:
González, Arturo; OBrien, Eugene J.; Cantero, Daniel; Li, Yingyan; Dowling, Jason; Žnidarič, Ales (May 2010). "Critical speed for the dynamics of truck events on bridges with a smooth road surface".
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Lipari, Alessandro; Caprani, Colin C.; OBrien, Eugene J. (October 2017). "A methodology for calculating congested traffic characteristic loading on long-span bridges using site-specific data".
576:
DEVINE (1998). "Dynamic
Interaction between Vehicles and Infrastructure Experiment (DIVINE project), Final Report DSTI/DOT/RTR/IR6(98)1/FINAL: OECD Scientific Expert Group IR6".
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Richardson, Jim; Jones, Steven; Brown, Alan; O', Eugene; Brien, N.A.; Hajializadeh, Donya (2014). "On the use of bridge weigh-in-motion for overweight truck enforcement".
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Axle distances, individual axle weights, gross vehicle weight, vehicle speed, distance between vehicles, and the GPS synchronized time stamp for each vehicle measurement.
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Jacob, Bernard; O'Brien, Eugene J.; Newton, W. (2000). "Assessment of the accuracy and classification of weigh-in-motion systems. Part 2: European specification".
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driver is behaving. As a result of these specific measurement conditions, a successful implementation of a WIM system requires specific knowledge and experience.
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and new methodologies of WIM. These first tests were done with the combination of WIM systems with video as a tool to assist overloading enforcement controls.
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High impedance charge signals are amplified with MOSFET based charge amplifiers and converted to a voltage output, which is connected to analysis system.
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or low speed applications, inductive loops may be replaced by other types of vehicle sensors such as light curtains, axle sensors or piezocables.
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1614:"COST 323 : Post-proceedings of the Second European Conference on weigh-in-motion of road vehicles, Lisbon, 14th to 16th September, 1998"
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Taheri, A.; OBrien, E. J.; Collop, A. C. (August 2012). "Pavement damage model incorporating vehicle dynamics and a 3D pavement surface".
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O'Connor, Alan; O'Brien, Eugene J (February 2005). "Traffic load modelling and factors influencing the accuracy of predicted extremes".
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The measurement system should be environmentally protected, should have a wide operating temperature range and withstand condensation.
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ASTM-E1318-09 (2009). "Standard
Specification for Highway Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Systems with User Requirements and Test Methods".
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O'Connor, Tom; O'Brien, Eugene J.; Jacob, Bernard (2000). "An experimental investigation of spatial repeatability".
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Also, the main difference in these platforms, which are basically a "transmission of weight" application, there are
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Proceedings of the ICWIM7: 7 International
Conference on Weigh-in-Motion & PIARC workshop, Foz do Iguaçu, 2016
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Batenko, Anatoly, et al. "Weight-in-motion (WIM) measurements by fiber optic sensor: problems and solutions."
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Moffatt, M. (August 2017). "Vehicle mass data for pavement design and asset management. Brisbane, Australia".
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Micu, Elena
Alexandra; Obrien, Eugene John; Malekjafarian, Abdollah; Quilligan, Michael (21 December 2018).
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in the United States has published quality assurance criteria for WIM systems whose data is included in the
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Nowak A.S; Lutomirska M; Sheikh
Ibrahim F.I (2010). "The development of live load for long span bridges".
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OIML R134 (2009). "Automatic instruments for weighing road vehicles in motion and measuring axle loads".
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Trains are weighed, either on the main line or at yards. Weighing in Motion systems installed on the
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The high speed measurement system is programmed to perform calculations of the following parameters:
1372:"Giornata di controlli del sovraccarico dei mezzi pesanti con il nuovo sistema di pesatura dinamica"
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NMi (2016). "NMi WIM standard - Specifications and test procedures for Weigh-in-Motion
Systems".
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1789:"Thermal Property Analysis of Axle Load Sensors for Weighing Vehicles in Weigh-in-Motion System"
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Walker, Debra; Cebon, David (2012). Jacob, Bernard; McDonnell, Anne Marie; Cunagin, W. (eds.).
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956:"Comparison of Bridge Dynamic Amplifications due to Articulated 5-Axle Trucks and Large Cranes"
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Weigh in motion scales are often used to facilitate weight overload enforcement, such as the
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192:, gross vehicle and axle weight monitoring is useful in an array of applications including:
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OBrien, Eugene J.; Leahy, Cathal; Enright, Bernard; Caprani, Colin C. (30 September 2016).
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Weighing in motion is also a common application in rail transport. Known applications are
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More recently, weighing sensors using optical fiber grating sensors have been proposed.
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Device designed to capture and record a vehicle's axle weights and gross vehicle weights
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498:: Measuring the strain change in the load cell rather than directly on the rail itself.
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1485:"Virtual Weigh Stations and Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Technology in Maryland and New York"
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Capacitive systems measure the capacitance between two closely placed charged plates.
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difference between the full and empty weights is equal to the weight of the contents.
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To inform weight overload enforcement policies and to directly facilitate enforcement
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weights and gross vehicle weights as vehicles drive over a measurement site. Unlike
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2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation
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1087:"Estimation of Extreme Load Effects on Long-Span Bridges Using Traffic Image Data"
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WAVE (2002). "Weigh-in-Motion of Axles and Vehicles for Europe, General report".
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604:"Accuracy Assessment of Weigh-in-Motion Systems for Vehicle's Direct Enforcement"
1915:"Study of Vehicle Weight-in-Motion System Based on Fiber-Optic Microbend Sensor"
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sensors: measuring a change of light intensity caused by the bending of the rail
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1471:"Abu Dhabi can now weigh in heavy trucks while on the move to keep roads safe"
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van Saan, H., van Loo, H. (2002). "Weigh-in-Motion projects in Netherlands".
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1386:"Road Bureau - MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism"
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Nowak, Andrzej S. (December 1993). "Live load model for highway bridges".
651:"Weigh-in-motion for Direct Enforcement of Overloaded Commercial Vehicles"
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1856:"Design of a Capacitive Flexible Weighing Sensor for Vehicle WIM System"
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Cantero, Daniel; González, Arturo; OBrien, Eugene J. (16 March 2011).
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temperature-dependent and algorithms are used to correct for this.
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to a server for a variety of monitoring and enforcement purposes.
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WIM systems can employ various types of sensors for measurement.
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One Year 'WIM Direct Enforcement' Experiences in Czech Republic
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International Organization for Legal Metrology, Paris, France
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Orlando, Florida, USA, 3rd Int. Conference on Weigh-in-Motion
1317:"Bell tolls for expressway toll booths on provincial borders"
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Gajda, Janusz; Burnos, Piotr; Sroka, Ryszard (January 2018).
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1991:"British systems catch overloaded trucks. See how they work"
1974:, 王强, "一种基于光纤光栅高速动态的汽车动态称重方法", issued 2014-08-20
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1697:. Dallas, Texas: International Society for Weigh-in-Motion.
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2034:"ARGOS® – a high accurate wayside train monitoring system"
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1411:"Weigh-in-Motion systems for direct enforcement in Poland"
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Union, Publications Office of the European (1999-06-18).
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Dutch Metrology Organisation, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
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1267:Ředitelství silnic a dálnic s. p. pro Středočeský kraj
1263:"Na dálnici D4 byly instalovány vysokorychlostní váhy"
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Cornu, D.; Stamberg, R.; Kriz, I.; Doupal, E. (2012).
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The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion (ISWIM,
1420:. International Society for Weigh-In-Motion: 302–311.
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Gajda, Janusz; Burnos, Piotr; Sroka, Ryszard (2016).
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860:"Validation of scenario modelling for bridge loading"
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based systems: measuring the displacement of the rail
486:: measuring the strain usually in the hub of the rail
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Countries using Weigh in motion on highways include:
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Hang, Wen; Xie, Yuanchang; He, Jie (November 2013).
539:, also known as dynamic scales or in-motion scales.
2068:"In Motion Aircraft Weighing Equipment - Runweight"
1854:Cheng, Lu; Zhang, Hongjian; Li, Qing (2007-08-17).
1710:"Weigh-in-Motion System Using Instrumented Bridges"
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1091:The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering
960:The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering
864:The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering
132:) devices are designed to capture and record the
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608:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine
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330:United States (Usage varies from state to state)
649:Jacob, Bernard; Cottineau, Louis-Marie (2016).
2093:West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International
1741:International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems
1639:International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems
1537:International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems
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684:International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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217:Data to facilitate legislation and regulation
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1787:Burnos, Piotr; Gajda, Janusz (2016-12-15).
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231:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
1714:Transportation Engineering Journal of ASCE
1589:"EUROPEAN CO-OPERATION EUCO-COST/323/6/97"
457:Asset protection (imbalances, overloading)
365:of a large platform embedded in the road.
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2015:"A vital instrument in asset management"
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728:"Expanded CVISN capabilities"
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469:Administration and planning
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222:commonly simplified as the
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2049:Gotcha Monitoring Systems
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1921:. IEEE. pp. 458–461.
1432:"Meer data, minder schade"
1157:Weigh-in-Motion Technology
1130:Computers & Structures
466:Legislation and regulation
414:Registration plate reading
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1104:10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.427
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620:10.1109/MITS.2017.2776111
2020:European Railway Review
1927:10.1109/icicta.2010.631
1726:10.1061/TPEJAN.0000783
1618:publications.europa.eu
1297:www.marketresearch.com
1261:Redakce (2024-04-04).
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324:United Arab Emirates
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1072:10.3233/BRS-2010-006
527:Airport applications
463:Maintenance planning
266:adding missing items
43:improve this article
2232:Rail infrastructure
2227:Road infrastructure
2122:LCPC, Paris, France
1961:12.4 (2011): 27-33.
1872:2007Senso...7.1530C
1805:2016Senso..16.2143B
1019:2010JSV...329.2127G
915:2010EngSt..32.3827O
509:Yards and main line
1473:. 15 October 2022.
1213:"Pesage dynamique"
400:Measurement system
264:; you can help by
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1936:978-1-4244-7279-6
1814:10.3390/s16122143
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273:November 2020
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32:This article
30:
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2075:. Retrieved
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1998:. Retrieved
1994:
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1972:CN103994809A
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1509:"Action 323"
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1492:. Retrieved
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1393:. Retrieved
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732:. Retrieved
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144:Introduction
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99:January 2014
96:
86:
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72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1352:: 143–152.
1321:www.ecns.cn
1219:(in French)
427:the owner.
2221:Categories
2077:2021-10-13
2055:=EurailMag
2000:2020-11-03
1995:Trans.INFO
1762:10197/7058
1660:10197/3985
1623:2019-03-14
1598:2019-03-14
1593:wim.zag.si
1558:10197/4072
1518:2019-03-14
1494:2021-10-13
1442:2020-11-03
1438:(in Dutch)
1395:2020-11-03
1326:2020-11-03
1302:2020-11-03
1273:2024-05-02
1269:(in Czech)
1247:2024-04-29
1242:www.gov.br
1223:2024-01-19
1198:2020-11-03
1174:085588553X
1114:10344/7494
1036:10197/2138
983:10197/6217
932:10197/4045
887:10197/9252
836:10197/2334
705:10197/7059
563:References
549:www.is-wim
515:main lines
496:load cells
262:incomplete
69:newspapers
2174:cite news
2145:cite news
2101:cite news
2072:Trakblaze
1890:1424-8220
1823:1424-8220
1747:(2): 83.
1669:1744-232X
1645:(1): 64.
1567:1744-232X
1165:Austroads
755:. Wiley.
714:108816608
628:1939-1390
348:project.
288:Australia
1945:15539612
1841:27983704
1771:73594148
1677:56218933
1575:52574966
1167:. 2000.
1136:: 1–12.
1045:56078933
992:59584590
941:52250745
845:16871994
636:31144460
335:Accuracy
321:Ukraine
197:Pavement
1899:3814867
1868:Bibcode
1860:Sensors
1832:5191123
1801:Bibcode
1793:Sensors
1015:Bibcode
911:Bibcode
357:Sensors
303:Germany
291:Belgium
83:scholar
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315:Poland
300:France
294:Brazil
203:Bridge
190:trucks
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1941:S2CID
1767:S2CID
1695:(PDF)
1673:S2CID
1571:S2CID
1414:(PDF)
1161:(PDF)
1041:S2CID
988:S2CID
937:S2CID
841:S2CID
710:S2CID
632:S2CID
520:yards
502:laser
312:Japan
309:Italy
306:China
90:JSTOR
76:books
2180:link
2151:link
2107:link
1931:ISBN
1886:ISSN
1837:PMID
1819:ISSN
1665:ISSN
1563:ISSN
1513:COST
1489:FHWA
1169:ISBN
757:ISBN
736:2012
624:ISSN
425:fine
134:axle
62:news
1923:doi
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