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is possible to ``purify'' such a thermal density matrix as a pure state of a doubled system -- two copies of the original system. The pure state of a doubled system that describes thermal equilibrium of the original system is nowadays usually called the thermofield double state. (Israel's terminology was slightly different.) In view of
Stephen Hawking's fundamental discovery of quantum radiation from black holes, a black hole at the quantum level is an example of a thermal system and one can ask how to describe a black hole in thermal equilibrium with radiation. Israel showed that the thermal equilibrium state of a spherically symmetric (Schwarzschild) black hole has a natural geometric interpretation in terms of the maximal analytic extension of the Schwarzschild solution. This extension is “two-sided'' -- it describes a pair of asymptotically flat universes, each containing a black hole, with the two black holes being connected by a ``wormhole.'' Israel interpreted the two sides of the wormhole as the two copies in the thermofield double state. This was in parallel with well known work by Hartle and Hawking and the state of a black hole in equilibrium with radiation is sometimes called the Hartle-Hawking-Israel state.
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in an orphanage. Israel received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the
University of Cape Town, and his Ph.D. from Trinity College, Dublin, under the direction of John Synge. In 1958, Israel accepted a faculty position at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, where he remained as professor until his retirement in 1996. Following his retirement, Israel was Adjunct Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Victoria in Victoria, British Columbia. He remained active in research for another two decades. During the Dublin years, Werner Israel met and married Inge Margulies. They had a son Mark and a daughter Pia.
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Einstein-Maxwell theory, showing that in that case, the unique static black hole solution is the
Reissner-Nordstrom solution. It was soon shown by Carter that similar statements hold for black hole solutions that are stationary (not necessarily static). These results have been summarized by the expression ``a black hole has no hair.'' The hypothesis that gravitational collapse in the real world always leads to a Kerr-Newman black hole (which requires an assumption about cosmic censorship in addition to the theorems of Israel and Carter about stationary solutions) is sometimes called the Carter-Israel conjecture.
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In 1989, together with Eric
Poisson, Israel pioneered the study of black hole interiors and, following up a suggestion of Roger Penrose, discovered the phenomenon of “mass inflation'' which can occur near the inner (or Cauchy) horizon of a black hole. This work has a bearing on the question of
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Standard formulations of dissipative thermodynamics are inconsistent with relativity theory as they predict instantaneous propagation of thermal and viscous effects. In the 1970's, Israel reformulated dissipative thermodynamics to be consistent with relativity. As in the case of Israel's
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What was perhaps Israel's deepest work, published in 1976, concerned a black hole in equilibrium with the
Hawking radiation that it emits. A quantum system in thermal equilibrium at a nonzero temperature is most directly described by a mixed state -- a thermal density matrix. However, it
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In 1972, Israel and G. A. Wilson discovered a new class of stationary solutions of
Einstein-Maxwell theory, also discovered by Perjés. It was later found that, in a large class of supergravity theories, all supersymmetric black hole solutions are of the Israel-Wilson-Perjés form, generalized to
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In 1966, relatively early in his career, Israel analyzed the dynamics of thin shells of matter in general relativity, providing a geometrical description in terms of the second fundamental form of the hypersurface on which the matter is supported. Partly because many interesting examples can be
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constructed using such thin shells, this has become Israel's most cited paper (thousands of citations). Interest in this paper has increased over time; it has been cited most heavily since the year 2000. Israel returned to the topic of thin shells in general relativity many years later.
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Israel's first important contribution to black hole theory came in 1967 when he showed that the
Schwarzschild solution, which describes a spherically symmetric black hole, is the unique static black hole solution of Einstein's equations (without matter fields). Israel extended this result to
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Israel was born in Berlin, Germany in 1931. His family fled Nazi
Germany in 1936 and settled in Cape Town, South Africa, where he was raised. He was interested in astronomy and cosmology from a young age. For four years, when his parents were seriously ill, Israel and his brother lived
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Lowering the Flag: Dr. Werner Israel. “The
University of Alberta banner is flying at half-mast from August 31 to September 2, 2022 in remembrance of Dr. Werner Israel”. August 30, 2022. The Quad, University of Alberta.
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In
Memoriam: Werner Israel (1931-2022). “Revered as Canada’s foremost gravitational physicist, Israel was a key figure in the founding years of CIFAR”. Liz Do, June 1, 2022, CIFAR.
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Werner Israel. Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Science. "Physicist and cosmologist: Wrote the first logically precise theory for the simplicity of black holes (1967)”, science.ca.
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263:(October 4, 1931 – May 18, 2022) was a theoretical physicist known for his contributions to gravitational theory, and especially to the understanding of black holes.
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work on the thin shells, interest in this work has increased over time and Israel's papers in this area have been very heavily cited since the year 2000.
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include scalar fields. This has been important in subsequent work on the counting of black hole states in supersymmetric theories.
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Perjés, Zoltán (1971-12-13). "Solutions of the Coupled Einstein-Maxwell Equations Representing the Fields of Spinning Sources".
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Barrabès, C.; Israel, W. (1991-02-15). "Thin shells in general relativity and cosmology: The lightlike limit".
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Israel, Werner; Wilson, Gordon A. (1972-06-01). "A Class of Stationary Electromagnetic Vacuum Fields".
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Werner Israel is primarily known for his work on general relativity, especially on black hole theory.
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Poisson, E.; Israel, W. (1989-10-16). "Inner-horizon instability and mass inflation in black holes".
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Israel, Werner (1976). "Nonstationary irreversible thermodynamics: A causal relativistic theory".
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Hartle, J. B.; Hawking, S. W. (1976-04-15). "Path-integral derivation of black-hole radiance".
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Israel, W.; Stewart, J.M. (1979). "Transient relativistic thermodynamics and kinetic theory".
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Together with Stephen Hawking, Werner Israel co-edited two volumes on gravitational physics.
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Carter, B. (1971-02-08). "Axisymmetric Black Hole Has Only Two Degrees of Freedom".
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Israel, W. (1966). "Singular hypersurfaces and thin shells in general relativity".
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Poisson, Eric; Israel, Werner (1990-03-15). "Internal structure of black holes".
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1986-91: Senior Research Fellow at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
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Tod, K.P. (1983). "All metrics admitting super-covariantly constant spinors".
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https://www.ualberta.ca/the-quad/2022/08/lowering-the-flag-werner-israel.html
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Israel, Werner (1967-12-25). "Event Horizons in Static Vacuum Space-Times".
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https://cifar.ca/cifarnews/2022/06/01/in-memoriam-werner-israel-1931-2022/
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Israel, Werner (1968). "Event horizons in static electrovac space-times".
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https://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=9
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Israel, W. (1976). "Thermo-field dynamics of black holes".
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Basic topics of the relativistic theory of shock waves
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Academics of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
338:Research Prize in Natural Sciences and Engineering
322:1974-75: Sherman-Fairchild Distinguished Scholar,
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49:Please help
33:
1386:2022 deaths
1381:1931 births
1275:Jean Thomas
1176:Adrian Gill
1151:John Dowell
1114:Alec Broers
386:(1): 1–14.
155:Nationality
117:Brandenburg
67:August 2024
1375:Categories
1352:Statute 12
1313:Piet Borst
1201:Allen Kerr
1109:Ian Axford
632:1808/17536
365:References
105:1931-10-04
51:improve it
41:verifiable
961:0556-2821
910:0031-9007
797:0556-2821
684:0031-9007
641:0022-2488
588:0031-9007
545:0010-3616
502:0031-899X
451:0556-2821
408:0369-3554
267:Biography
55:citations
1083:elected
969:10012548
918:10040638
459:10013483
351:, London
149:, Canada
143:Victoria
1306:Foreign
1092:Fellows
1085:in 1986
1079:of the
1077:Fellows
941:Bibcode
890:Bibcode
855:Bibcode
820:Bibcode
777:Bibcode
742:Bibcode
707:Bibcode
664:Bibcode
611:Bibcode
568:Bibcode
525:Bibcode
482:Bibcode
431:Bibcode
388:Bibcode
324:CALTECH
125:Germany
121:Prussia
45:neutral
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334:1983:
311:Honors
223:(1959)
221:
214:Thesis
189:Fields
113:Berlin
258:
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965:PMID
957:ISSN
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680:ISSN
637:ISSN
584:ISSN
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498:ISSN
455:PMID
447:ISSN
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256:FRSC
132:Died
99:Born
43:and
949:doi
898:doi
863:doi
851:118
828:doi
816:100
785:doi
750:doi
715:doi
703:121
672:doi
627:hdl
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