455:
47:
950:
established homesteads north of the Ohio River. The council (without the Six
Nations) sent a declaration to the U.S. commissioners on 13 August contesting U.S. claims to any lands above the Ohio, since they were based on treaties made with nations that did not live there, and with money which was worthless to the native tribes. The council proposed that the U.S. relocate white settlers with the money that would have been used to buy native lands and pay the
566:, a Miami military leader, who shrugged it off. Brant then sent a letter to St. Clair asking that treaty negotiations be held at a different location; St. Clair refused, and accused Brant of working for the British. Brant then declared that he would boycott negotiations with the United States, and suggested that others do the same. About 200 of the remaining moderates came to Fort Harmar in December and agreed to concessions in the 1789
833:
579:
558:, both north of the Ohio River boundary, convinced some that the United States was negotiating from a position of strength. At pre-negotiation meetings, Joseph Brant suggested a compromise to other Native American leaders: allow existing U.S. settlements north of the Ohio River, and draw a new boundary at the mouth of the
470:, where US commissioners were to meet with them. The US commission was delayed, however, and many Native American representatives left before the commission arrived. The commissioners summoned the remaining Iroquois tribes to Fort Stanwix, where the Iroquois nations relinquished their claims to the Ohio lands in the 1784
862:
The following year, determined to defeat the confederacy, St. Clair led a new expedition on the same route. At the time, the confederacy was in
Detroit considering terms of peace to present to the United States; but when it was alerted to the new campaign it readied for war. The confederacy ambushed
817:
By 1790 the
Northwestern Confederacy was broadly divided into three large divisions. The Iroquois formed a moderate camp who advocated diplomacy with the United States. The Three Fires advocated resistance, but were farther removed from the immediate threat of U.S. invasion. The Miami, Shawnee,
969:
mobilized for yet another march north. The legion was better trained and equipped than previous U.S. expeditions, and Wayne had a methodical plan to build supply forts along the way to protect his supply chain. The confederacy was divided in its response to Wayne, with some leaders recommending
405:
and redeployed those forces to the east, which removed an impediment to illegal settlement. Native
Americans had different reactions to the war, and many saw it as a "white man's war" in which they should play no role. Some, however, found an opportunity to defend their lands while the British
855:. His forces were defeated in what was, at the time, the largest Native American victory against the U.S. The victory emboldened the confederacy. Because they were both present at Kekionga when it was attacked, it was the first military operation shared by Little Turtle and Shawnee leader
949:
between the Six
Nations and Great Britain, which set the Ohio River as a boundary. Joseph Brant countered that the Six Nations had nothing to gain from this demand, and refused to concede. The U.S. commissioners argued that it would be too expensive to move white settlers who had already
610:
The composition of the confederacy changed with time and circumstances, and a number of tribes were involved. Because most nations were not centralized political units at the time, involvement in the confederacy could be decided by a village (or an individual) rather than a nation.
507:
declared that the confederacy would deal jointly with the United States, forbade individual tribes from dealing directly with the United States, and declared the Ohio River as the boundary between their lands and those of the
American settlers. Nevertheless, a group of Shawnee,
520:. This treaty sparked violence between native inhabitants and U.S. settlers. American trader David Duncan warned that the treaties had "done a Great injury to United States," and tribal leaders warned that they could no longer stop their young men from retaliating.
365:
responded by demanding money from settlers, and formed alliances with other tribes that inhabited the region to prevent subsequent territorial losses. Early formal ties leading to the formation of the
Northwestern Confederacy were made in 1774, in response to the
410:
sent warning of a “General
Confederacy of Western Tribes” planning to attack American settlers in their region. The Iroquois (who claimed the western lands) were also divided in response to the war, and extinguished their ceremonial flame of unity in 1777.
426:
chief who had fought for Great
Britain, the British "sold the Indians to Congress." Brant worked to establish a pan-Indian confederacy which could negotiate with the new United States, and delegates from 35 "nations" gathered on the upper
1009:
with the United States. Utilizing St. Clair's defeat and Fort
Recovery as a reference point, the treaty forced the northwest Native American tribes to cede southern and eastern Ohio and tracts of land around forts and settlements in
478:
refused to ratify the treaty, saying that it had no right to give the United States rights to the land, and the western nations living in the territory rejected the treaty on the same grounds. The US commissioners negotiated the
570:, which moved the border and designated U.S. sovereignty over native lands. To those who had refused to attend, however, the treaty sanctioned the U.S. appetite for native lands in the region without addressing native concerns.
443:, which recognized Native American rights to the land. The Indian Affairs Committee of Congress passed the Resolution of October 15, 1783, however, which claimed the land and called on the native nations to withdraw beyond the
439:, who advocated for a strong confederation and an end to violent raids. The council declared that no agreements with the United States could be made without the consensus of the entire confederation. Congress passed the
1018:, and to surrender ten chiefs as hostages until all American prisoners were returned. The Northwestern Confederacy ceased to function as an entity, and many of its leaders pledged peace with the United States. A
535:. The council sent a letter to the U.S. Congress which was signed by eleven native nations, who called themselves "the United Indian Nations, at their Confederate Council." The confederacy assembled again on the
874:
sent peace emissaries to the confederacy. The first emissary was Major Alexander Truman; he and his servant, William Lynch, were killed before they arrived. A similar mission in May 1792 ended when Colonel
926:. The council agreed that the Ohio River must remain the boundary of the United States, that the forts in the Ohio Country must be destroyed, and that they would meet with the United States at the lower
252:
The confederacy, which had its roots in pan-tribal movements dating to the 1740s, formed in an attempt to resist the expansion of the United States and the encroachment of American settlers into the
562:. Some at the council rejected Brant's compromise. A Wyandot delegation offered a belt of peace to the Miami delegation, who refused to accept it; a Wyandot delegate placed it on the shoulder of
378:
met with representatives from the Iroquois, Shawnee, Lenape, Wyandot, and Odawa in 1775 at Fort Pitt, urging them to remain neutral in the growing conflict with Great Britain. In response,
2357:
906:
The confederacy continued to debate whether to continue the war or sue for peace while they had the advantage, and a council of several nations met at the confluence of the
339:
against British rule. The war ended with a peace treaty in 1766, but many of the participating Ohio and Great Lakes nations would later form the Northwestern Confederacy.
382:
urged Pennsylvania and Virginia to resolve their own differences. When Guyasuta asserted that the Iroquois were "the head" of the assembled nations, however,
269:
1521:
982:, inflicting heavy casualties and disrupting the legion's supply lines; however, it also exposed lingering inter-tribal conflicts and strategic differences.
1026:, formed a decade later. According to historian William Hogeland, the Northwestern Confederacy was the "high-water mark in resistance to white expansion."
2352:
1874:"Negotiations between the Western Indian Confederacy & U.S. Commissioners on the issue of the Ohio River as the boundary of Indian lands, August 1793"
970:
that it negotiate terms of peace rather than engage in battle. The perceived cracks in the confederacy concerned the British, who sent reinforcements to
2347:
990:
531:
into Shawnee territory occurred weeks later, hardening native views of the U.S. That December, Brant returned from Europe to address a council on the
1050:
945:
At the spring 1793 council, a disagreement arose between the Shawnee and the Iroquois. The Shawnee and Delaware insisted that the U.S. recognize the
914:
in September 1792. Alexander McKee, representing British interests, arrived late in the month. For a week in October, pro-war factions (especially
802:
The confederacy was periodically supported by communities and warriors from west of the Mississippi River and south of the Ohio River, including the
2317:
523:
The Treaty of Fort Finney was rejected by a September 1786 council of 35 native nations (including British representatives) who met at a Wyandot (
1804:
The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe: With Allied Documents Relating to His Administration of the Government of Upper Canada
1465:
692:): their southern families were involved with the Confederacy, but northern and western villages were occupied at the time with a war with the
2327:
1727:
2322:
1917:
354:
for settlement by American colonists. This legitimized the Iroquois claim to the territory, and created a land rush of settlers from the
2332:
550:, directing him to make peace with the native peoples. He did not arrive until summer 1788, when he invited the nations to a council at
440:
2312:
276:. The Confederacy became fractured and agreed to peace with the United States, but the pan-tribal resistance was later rekindled by
1126:
930:
in the spring of 1793. Although the U.S. received the council's demands with indignation, Knox agreed to send treaty commissioners
483:
in January 1785, however, in which a few Native American representatives agreed to grant to the United States most of present-day
238:
993:, refused to open the fort's doors to retreating native warriors. Wayne finally arrived in Kekionga and selected the site for
218:
320:
proved to be the largest and final Anglo-French contest for control in North America, ending with a British victory. In the
2068:
386:
declared that the Lenape now lived on land given to them by the Wyandot, and that the Iroquois were not permitted there.
17:
2160:
1752:
Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April 1775, to December, 1783
554:
to negotiate terms by which the United States could purchase lands and avoid war. The sight of Fort Harmar and nearby
2288:
2224:
2201:
2183:
2133:
2114:
2087:
2049:
1959:
1873:
1686:
1404:
818:
and Kickapoo were immediately threatened by U.S. settlements, and pushed for a hard line against U.S. encroachments.
662:, the confederacy's honorary sponsors, hosted the first gathering of native nations at their villages on the upper
503:
Brant toured Canada, London, and Paris in 1785 to obtain British and French support. A council held that year at
316:
competed with local tribes for control of the region and the lucrative fur trade, as did the European powers. The
1828:
2342:
237:, at their Confederate Council. It was known infrequently as the Miami Confederacy since many contemporaneous
2337:
707:, and others) allied with the Northwestern Confederacy, until it signed a 1792 treaty with the United States.
471:
432:
268:(1785–1795), in which the Confederacy won significant victories over the United States, but concluded with a
1427:
2307:
951:
1212:
1880:
1035:
415:
230:
888:
2272:
1019:
454:
289:
195:
31:
1560:
986:
407:
273:
257:
1756:
918:, the Shawnee, and the Miami) debated moderate factions—particularly the Iroquois, represented by
892:
760:
488:
480:
979:
946:
848:
685:
599:
516:
agreed to allow U.S. settlement on a tract of land north of the Ohio River in the January 1786
504:
343:
321:
261:
1913:
539:
in the fall of 1787 to consider a reply from the U.S., but adjourned after not receiving one.
1467:
Between Two Fires: The Origins of Settler Colonialism in the United States and French Algeria
1045:
864:
650:. Joseph Brant signed the letter as an individual. Due to their residence in (or near) the
567:
517:
371:
367:
317:
1040:
1006:
827:
807:
418:, Great Britain made no mention of their allies in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. According to
375:
325:
265:
172:
2234:
Tanner, Helen Hornbeck (Winter 1978). "The Glaize in 1792: A Composite Indian Community".
1297:
8:
2002:
1015:
711:
The Northwestern Confederacy also received support from more-distant nations, including:
547:
467:
394:
253:
1750:
2279:
The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815
2277:
2251:
2213:
896:
767:
647:
222:
155:
1111:. File Unit: Letters from Major General Henry Knox, Secretary at War, 4/1785 - 7/1788.
2284:
2220:
2197:
2179:
2172:
2156:
2139:
2129:
2110:
2093:
2083:
2064:
2045:
1955:
1682:
1400:
994:
971:
939:
935:
871:
444:
402:
390:
355:
2243:
1011:
965:
After the failed peace negotiations, the Legion of the United States under General
955:
931:
879:
and his servant, Freeman, were mistaken for spies and killed on the site of modern
753:
745:
543:
448:
336:
305:
185:
1803:
1802:
John Graves Simcoe, Ernest Alexander Cruikshank, and Ontario Historical Society.
1394:
989:
and destroyed several Indian villages. The commander of nearby Fort Miami, Major
844:
796:
733:
559:
528:
436:
2265:
Ark of Empire: The American Frontier: 1784-1803 (The Frontier People of America)
2194:
President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790-1795
2061:
The Victory with No Name: the Native American Defeat of the First American Army
927:
907:
775:
663:
659:
623:
591:
555:
513:
459:
428:
160:
2107:
A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815
2301:
1072:
966:
836:
803:
779:
741:
737:
729:
725:
587:
583:
563:
532:
492:
423:
226:
214:
86:
2042:
His Majesty's Indian Allies: British Indian Policy in the Defense of Canada
1522:"A Confederation of Native peoples seek peace with the United States, 1786"
975:
911:
884:
880:
651:
643:
536:
419:
398:
301:
242:
130:
68:
1106:
308:
had been contested for over a century, beginning with the Franco-Iroquois
919:
915:
876:
856:
811:
715:
595:
551:
309:
277:
81:
46:
1080:
959:
923:
900:
704:
639:
603:
383:
351:
329:
145:
2255:
1952:
Bayonets in the Wilderness. Anthony Waynes Legion in the Old Northwest
985:
On 20 August 1794, the legion defeated a combined native force at the
942:
to the 1793 council and suspend offensive operations until that time.
791:
771:
347:
1615:
903:, the treaty weakened the Northwestern Confederacy by 800 warriors.
335:
That same year, a loose confederation of Native Americans united in
241:
officials overestimated the influence and numerical strength of the
2247:
1023:
852:
719:
619:
615:
475:
379:
313:
285:
246:
119:
114:
2143:
2097:
1728:"This is the biggest victory Natives scored against the colonials"
867:
remains one of the worst defeats in the history of the U.S. Army.
627:
362:
150:
27:
Confederation of Native American tribes in the Great Lakes region
2267:(Kindle ed.). New York: Morrow – via Endeavour Media.
1108:
Speech of the United Indian Nations at their Confederate Council
1005:
The following year, the Northwestern Confederacy negotiated the
839:, a Miami war chief who opposed concessions to the United States
832:
614:
The signatories of the 1786 Detroit letter to Congress were the
346:
with its Iroquois allies. In the treaty, the Iroquois gave the
2153:
Master of Empire. Great Lakes Indians and the Making of America
1648:
1646:
1302:
749:
689:
673:
631:
509:
342:
Shortly after Pontiac's War, Great Britain negotiated the 1768
140:
124:
1991:. Allen County, Fort Wayne Historical Society. pp. 27–28.
1127:"A Choice Body of Men: The Continental Army on the Upper Ohio"
1104:
785:
693:
635:
406:
colonies warred with one another. In 1776, commissioners at
135:
1931:
1643:
1230:
1014:; to recognize the United States as the ruling power in the
2358:
Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America
1755:. Rare book shop publishing Company, Incorporated. p.
1695:
1603:
1579:
1445:
1266:
1254:
1242:
484:
414:
Although many native peoples fought for the British in the
1954:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 293–294.
1497:
1485:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1323:
1321:
1180:
1658:
1374:
1278:
1071:
700:
654:, the confederacy mainly comprised the following tribes:
578:
1914:"To John Adams from Benjamin Lincoln, 11 September 1793"
1854:
1781:
1631:
2017:
1968:
1591:
1540:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1318:
1156:
962:
that they had failed to secure peace in the northwest.
431:
in September 1783. The conference was also attended by
233:. Formally, the confederacy referred to itself as the
2210:
1806:. Vol. 2. Toronto: Published by the Society, 19231931.
1192:
1168:
847:
to subdue the native confederacy, marching north from
1473:(Thesis). Michigan State University. pp. 218–219
1144:
870:
After this decisive military victory, U.S. president
788:(trans-Appalachian Cayuga and Seneca splinter groups)
1894:
1842:
1809:
1769:
1707:
2196:. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press.
1561:"To George Washington from Henry Knox, 23 May 1789"
954:. It ended with discord among the confederacy, and
389:By 1775, Great Britain was engaged in war with the
2276:
2212:
2171:
1681:. Paducah: Turner Publishing Company. p. 76.
891:, with assistance from Little Turtle's son-in-law
1051:Western theater of the American Revolutionary War
2299:
1989:Outpost in the Wilderness: Fort Wayne, 1706–1828
978:. A large, combined confederacy force attacked
1676:
997:, a new U.S. stronghold, on 17 September 1794.
863:and quickly overwhelmed St. Clair in camp, and
401:abandoned control over several forts along the
2271:
2109:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1748:
895:, negotiated a treaty with the tribes of the
821:
1918:National Archives and Records Administration
1105:Congress of the Confederation (1786-12-18).
2353:1795 disestablishments in the United States
1120:
1118:
763:(Algonquin, Nipissing, Abenaki, and Wendat)
245:based on the size of their principal city,
1213:"Early Conflicts in the Ohio River Valley"
495:arrived in the territory later that year.
2348:1780s establishments in the United States
2262:
2178:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
2150:
1986:
1637:
1546:
1503:
1491:
1380:
1368:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1210:
1162:
1000:
466:The council reconvened in August 1784 at
260:ceded the region to the U.S. in the 1783
51:Native nations of the Northwest Territory
30:For the confederacy led by Tecumseh, see
2219:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
2123:
2077:
2058:
2023:
1974:
1937:
1725:
1701:
1664:
1652:
1625:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1451:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1150:
1115:
831:
577:
498:
453:
2318:History of the Midwestern United States
2155:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2128:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1516:
1514:
1512:
1463:
527:) village on the upper Sandusky River.
14:
2300:
2233:
2169:
1742:
1679:The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians
1392:
458:Joseph Brant sat for this portrait by
264:. American expansion resulted in the
2191:
2082:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2080:The Indian World of George Washington
2039:
1900:
1860:
1848:
1815:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1775:
1713:
1124:
582:The Glaize in 1792, showing towns of
2328:Native American history of Wisconsin
2211:Tanner, Helen Hornbeck, ed. (1987).
2174:Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees
2104:
1949:
1509:
350:control over the lands south of the
2323:Native American history of Michigan
2215:Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History
2063:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1211:Schuhmann, William (19 June 2018).
748:, and smaller groups including the
24:
2333:Native American history of Indiana
1793:
1131:Journal of the American Revolution
25:
2369:
2313:First Nations history in Ontario
1829:"Major General Benjamin Lincoln"
1558:
462:during his 1786 visit to London.
288:, resulting in the formation of
45:
2078:Calloway, Colin Gordon (2018).
2059:Calloway, Colin Gordon (2015).
1995:
1980:
1943:
1906:
1866:
1821:
1726:Stilwell, Blake (17 May 2019).
1719:
1670:
1552:
1457:
1420:
1386:
1290:
1074:Report on Indian Affairs (1783)
1063:
899:later that year. According to
843:In 1790, General Harmar led an
666:after the 1783 Treaty of Paris.
211:Northwestern Indian Confederacy
2283:. Cambridge University Press.
1393:Keiper, Karl A. (2010). "12".
1204:
1098:
573:
13:
1:
2151:McDonnell, Michael A (2015).
1396:Land of the Indians – Indiana
1217:The Filson Historical Society
1091:
586:, Big Cat (home of war chief
2105:Dowd, Gregory Evans (1992).
883:. A U.S. delegation led by
295:
7:
1987:Poinsatte, Charles (1976).
1528:. Stanford University Press
1432:Whitewater River Foundation
1298:"Betrayal and Compensation"
1029:
952:Legion of the United States
10:
2374:
2124:Hogeland, William (2017).
2033:
1881:National Humanities Center
825:
822:War with the United States
416:American Revolutionary War
374:. Commissioners from the
231:American Revolutionary War
29:
2263:Van Every, Dale (2008) .
2126:Autumn of the Black Snake
324:which ended the war, the
178:
168:
108:
98:
74:
64:
56:
44:
39:
2040:Allen, Robert S (1992).
2003:"Treaty of Greene Ville"
1677:Allison, Harold (1986).
1526:The American YAWP Reader
1464:Sanders, Ashley (2015).
1125:Ervin, David P. (2021).
1056:
987:Battle of Fallen Timbers
947:1768 Fort Stanwix treaty
699:The Wabash Confederacy (
688:(Potawatomi, Odawa, and
274:Battle of Fallen Timbers
207:Northwestern Confederacy
40:Northwestern Confederacy
1020:new pan-Indian movement
761:Seven Nations of Canada
546:as governor of the new
481:Treaty of Fort McIntosh
300:The area making up the
1950:Gaff, Alan D. (2004).
1749:Heitman, F.B. (1914).
1036:Cherokee–American wars
1001:End of the confederacy
840:
686:Council of Three Fires
607:
472:Treaty of Fort Stanwix
463:
344:Treaty of Fort Stanwix
290:Tecumseh's confederacy
196:Tecumseh's confederacy
32:Tecumseh's confederacy
2343:Former confederations
2192:Sword, Wiley (1985).
2170:Sugden, John (2000),
1046:Indian Reserve (1763)
835:
618:(the "Six Nations"),
581:
568:Treaty of Fort Harmar
518:Treaty of Fort Finney
499:Councils and treaties
457:
368:Yellow Creek massacre
318:French and Indian War
235:United Indian Nations
60:United Indian Nations
2338:Northwest Indian War
2044:. Toronto: Dundurn.
1940:, pp. 337, 369.
1655:, pp. 256, 262.
1239:, p. 207-8;210.
1041:Indian barrier state
1007:Treaty of Greenville
828:Northwest Indian War
808:Chickamauga Cherokee
476:Iroquois Confederacy
441:Proclamation of 1783
376:Continental Congress
266:Northwest Indian War
173:Northwest Indian War
1730:. We Are The Mighty
1704:, pp. 113–115.
1612:, pp. 112–113.
1588:, pp. 108–110.
1567:. National Archives
1454:, pp. 101–102.
548:Northwest Territory
542:Congress appointed
468:Niagara-on-the-Lake
395:American Revolution
312:in the 1600s. The
284:) and his brother,
254:Northwest Territory
18:Western Confederacy
2308:Great Lakes tribes
1863:, p. 240-245.
1790:, p. 226-227.
1275:, p. 203,207.
1263:, p. 262-263.
1251:, p. 261-262.
1189:, p. 191,193.
897:Wabash Confederacy
865:St. Clair's defeat
841:
768:Illini Confederacy
724:The Iroquois (the
660:Wyandot (or Huron)
648:Wabash Confederacy
608:
464:
391:American colonists
372:Lord Dunmore's War
332:to Great Britain.
229:created after the
223:Great Lakes region
156:Wabash Confederacy
100:Dates of operation
1667:, pp. 95–98.
1506:, pp. 58–59.
1494:, pp. 46–47.
940:Beverley Randolph
936:Timothy Pickering
872:George Washington
403:American frontier
356:Thirteen Colonies
326:French government
203:
202:
192:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
2365:
2294:
2282:
2268:
2259:
2230:
2218:
2207:
2188:
2177:
2166:
2147:
2120:
2101:
2074:
2070:978-01993-8799-1
2055:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1910:
1904:
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1791:
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1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1390:
1384:
1383:, pp. 55–6.
1378:
1372:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1294:
1288:
1287:, p. 242-3.
1282:
1276:
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1264:
1258:
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1240:
1234:
1228:
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1225:
1223:
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1184:
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1141:
1139:
1137:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1067:
1012:Illinois Country
991:William Campbell
956:Benjamin Lincoln
932:Benjamin Lincoln
544:Arthur St. Clair
489:US Army regiment
433:Sir John Johnson
306:Illinois Country
219:Native Americans
182:Preceded by
169:Battles and wars
101:
49:
37:
36:
21:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2227:
2204:
2186:
2163:
2136:
2117:
2090:
2071:
2052:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1872:
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1608:
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1596:
1592:
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1565:Founders Online
1557:
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1520:
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1502:
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1123:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1032:
1003:
849:Fort Washington
830:
824:
759:Members of the
576:
560:Muskingum River
501:
437:Alexander McKee
322:Treaty of Paris
298:
262:Treaty of Paris
199:
198:
194:
189:
184:
99:
94:
65:Founding leader
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2273:White, Richard
2269:
2260:
2248:10.2307/481163
2231:
2225:
2208:
2202:
2189:
2184:
2167:
2162:978-0374714185
2161:
2148:
2134:
2121:
2115:
2102:
2088:
2075:
2069:
2056:
2050:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:, p. 374.
2016:
2005:. Touring Ohio
1994:
1979:
1977:, p. 323.
1967:
1960:
1942:
1930:
1905:
1903:, p. 246.
1893:
1865:
1853:
1851:, p. 228.
1841:
1820:
1818:, p. 227.
1808:
1792:
1780:
1778:, p. 223.
1768:
1741:
1718:
1716:, p. 159.
1706:
1694:
1687:
1669:
1657:
1642:
1640:, p. 313.
1638:McDonnell 2015
1630:
1628:, p. 328.
1614:
1602:
1600:, p. 112.
1590:
1578:
1551:
1547:Van Every 2008
1539:
1508:
1504:Van Every 2008
1496:
1492:Van Every 2008
1484:
1456:
1444:
1419:
1405:
1399:. p. 53.
1385:
1381:Van Every 2008
1373:
1369:Van Every 2008
1356:
1352:Van Every 2008
1344:
1340:Van Every 2008
1332:
1328:Van Every 2008
1317:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1203:
1201:, p. 198.
1191:
1179:
1177:, p. 189.
1167:
1165:, p. 274.
1163:McDonnell 2015
1155:
1143:
1114:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1002:
999:
928:Sandusky River
889:John Hamtramck
826:Main article:
823:
820:
800:
799:
794:
789:
783:
764:
757:
722:
709:
708:
697:
683:
680:
670:
667:
664:Sandusky River
592:Captain Johnny
575:
572:
500:
497:
491:under General
460:Gilbert Stuart
429:Sandusky River
393:thanks to the
297:
294:
213:, was a loose
201:
200:
190:
180:
179:
176:
175:
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41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2370:
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2321:
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2306:
2305:
2303:
2292:
2290:0-521-42460-7
2286:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
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2249:
2245:
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2237:
2232:
2228:
2226:0-8061-2056-8
2222:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2203:0-8061-1864-4
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2185:0-8032-4288-3
2181:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2135:9780374107345
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2116:0-8018-4609-9
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2089:9780190652166
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2051:1-55002-184-2
2047:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2024:Hogeland 2017
2020:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1975:Hogeland 2017
1971:
1963:
1961:0-8061-3585-9
1957:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1938:Hogeland 2017
1934:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1702:Hogeland 2017
1698:
1690:
1688:0-938021-07-9
1684:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1665:Calloway 2015
1661:
1654:
1653:Hogeland 2017
1649:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1626:Calloway 2018
1624:, p. 3;
1623:
1622:Hogeland 2017
1618:
1611:
1610:Hogeland 2017
1606:
1599:
1598:Hogeland 2017
1594:
1587:
1586:Hogeland 2017
1582:
1566:
1562:
1559:Knox, Henry.
1555:
1549:, p. 61.
1548:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1452:Hogeland 2017
1448:
1433:
1429:
1428:"Fort Finney"
1423:
1408:
1406:9780982470312
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1371:, p. 52.
1370:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1354:, p. 51.
1353:
1348:
1342:, p. 53.
1341:
1336:
1330:, p. 46.
1329:
1324:
1322:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1285:Calloway 2018
1281:
1274:
1273:Calloway 2018
1269:
1262:
1261:Calloway 2018
1257:
1250:
1249:Calloway 2018
1245:
1238:
1237:Calloway 2018
1233:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1199:Calloway 2018
1195:
1188:
1187:Calloway 2018
1183:
1176:
1175:Calloway 2018
1171:
1164:
1159:
1153:, p. 12.
1152:
1151:Calloway 2015
1147:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Old Northwest
1013:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
980:Fort Recovery
977:
973:
968:
967:Anthony Wayne
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:Maumee Rivers
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
893:William Wells
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
868:
866:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
838:
837:Little Turtle
834:
829:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
798:
795:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:
758:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
714:
713:
712:
706:
702:
698:
695:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
671:
668:
665:
661:
657:
656:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
605:
602:, as well as
601:
600:Captain Snake
597:
593:
589:
588:Buckongahelas
585:
584:Little Turtle
580:
571:
569:
565:
564:Little Turtle
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
533:Detroit River
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
506:
496:
494:
493:Josiah Harmar
490:
486:
482:
477:
473:
469:
461:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
421:
417:
412:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
359:
358:in the east.
357:
353:
349:
348:British Crown
345:
340:
338:
337:Pontiac's War
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Great Britain
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:United States
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
197:
193:
187:
186:Pontiac's War
183:
177:
174:
171:
167:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
107:
103:
97:
90:
88:
87:Little Turtle
85:
83:
80:
79:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
57:Also known as
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2278:
2264:
2242:(1): 15–39.
2239:
2236:Ethnohistory
2235:
2214:
2193:
2173:
2152:
2125:
2106:
2079:
2060:
2041:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1982:
1970:
1951:
1945:
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1908:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1823:
1811:
1783:
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1751:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1721:
1709:
1697:
1678:
1672:
1660:
1633:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1564:
1554:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1525:
1499:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1466:
1459:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1395:
1388:
1376:
1347:
1335:
1308:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1107:
1100:
1079:– via
1073:
1065:
1004:
984:
976:Maumee River
964:
944:
905:
885:Rufus Putnam
881:Hardin, Ohio
869:
861:
842:
816:
801:
710:
676:
652:Ohio Country
613:
609:
541:
537:Maumee River
529:Logan's raid
524:
522:
505:Fort Detroit
502:
465:
420:Joseph Brant
413:
399:British Army
388:
360:
341:
334:
302:Ohio Country
299:
281:
270:U.S. victory
251:
243:Miami tribes
234:
210:
206:
204:
191:
181:
69:Joseph Brant
920:Cornplanter
916:Simon Girty
877:John Hardin
857:Blue Jacket
812:Upper Creek
782:and others)
596:Blue Jacket
574:Composition
552:Fort Harmar
487:. A small
445:Great Miami
310:Beaver Wars
282:the Prophet
278:Tenskwatawa
215:confederacy
82:Blue Jacket
2302:Categories
2144:2016052193
2098:2017028686
1901:Sword 1985
1861:Sword 1985
1849:Sword 1985
1816:Sword 1985
1788:Sword 1985
1776:Sword 1985
1762:2014-12-06
1714:Sword 1985
1222:14 October
1092:References
1081:Wikisource
995:Fort Wayne
972:Fort Miami
960:John Adams
924:Red Jacket
901:Henry Knox
845:expedition
705:Piankashaw
646:, and the
640:Potawatomi
604:Coocoochee
384:White Eyes
352:Ohio River
330:New France
280:(known as
146:Potawatomi
127:(Delaware)
2009:15 August
1571:4 October
1532:4 October
1437:3 October
1022:, led by
958:wrote to
792:Menominee
772:Kaskaskia
754:Nanticoke
746:Tuscarora
606:'s cabin.
408:Fort Pitt
296:Formation
188:coalition
104:1783–1795
2275:(1991).
1030:See also
1024:Tecumseh
908:Auglaize
853:Kekionga
797:Kickapoo
734:Onondaga
720:Meskwaki
677:Delaware
672:Lenape (
644:Twitchee
632:Delaware
620:Cherokee
616:Iroquois
556:Marietta
451:rivers.
380:Guyasuta
314:Iroquois
304:and the
286:Tecumseh
247:Kekionga
120:Iroquois
115:Cherokee
109:Group(s)
2034:Sources
1923:30 July
1886:30 July
1834:30 July
1734:26 July
1412:26 July
974:on the
776:Cahokia
669:Shawnee
628:Shawnee
514:Wyandot
474:. The
363:Shawnee
272:at the
239:federal
225:of the
221:in the
161:Wyandot
151:Shawnee
75:Leaders
2287:
2256:481163
2254:
2223:
2200:
2182:
2159:
2142:
2132:
2113:
2096:
2086:
2067:
2048:
1958:
1685:
1477:8 July
1403:
1310:13 Dec
1306:. 2001
1303:CBC.ca
1136:11 May
1076:
804:Dakota
780:Peoria
750:Tutelo
742:Mohawk
738:Oneida
730:Cayuga
726:Seneca
690:Ojibwe
674:exonym
598:, and
512:, and
510:Lenape
424:Mohawk
397:. The
328:ceded
256:after
141:Ojibwa
125:Lenape
91:others
2252:JSTOR
1877:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1057:Notes
786:Mingo
694:Sioux
682:Miami
636:Odawa
624:Huron
525:Huron
209:, or
136:Odawa
131:Miami
2285:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2140:LCCN
2130:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2094:LCCN
2084:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2011:2019
1956:ISBN
1925:2019
1888:2019
1836:2019
1736:2019
1683:ISBN
1573:2019
1534:2019
1479:2020
1439:2019
1414:2019
1401:ISBN
1312:2019
1224:2019
1138:2021
1069:See
938:and
922:and
910:and
887:and
810:and
766:The
752:and
744:and
718:and
716:Sauk
658:The
485:Ohio
447:and
435:and
422:, a
370:and
361:The
205:The
2244:doi
1757:549
851:to
701:Wea
590:),
449:Mad
217:of
2304::
2250:.
2240:25
2238:.
2138:.
2092:.
1916:.
1879:.
1795:^
1645:^
1563:.
1524:.
1511:^
1430:.
1359:^
1320:^
1300:.
1215:.
1129:.
1117:^
934:,
859:.
814:.
806:,
778:,
774:,
740:,
736:,
732:,
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