5567:
nominal case. Indeed, these features are no longer evident in most other modern
Central Indo-Aryan languages. Moreover, Romani shares an innovative pattern of past-tense person, which corresponds to Dardic languages, such as Kashmiri and Shina. This is believed to be further indication that proto-Romani speakers were originally situated in central regions of the subcontinent, before migrating to northwestern regions. However, there are no known historical sources regarding the development of the Romani language specifically within India.
2416:
155:
4910:
474:
10839:. As there are degrees of development, the boundary between a language and a dialect thus defined is not clear-cut, and there is a large middle ground where assignment is contestable. There is a second meaning of these terms, in which the distinction is drawn on the basis of linguistic similarity. Though seemingly a "proper" linguistics sense of the terms, it is still problematic: methods that have been proposed for quantifying difference (for example, based on
2968:. That grouping system is notable for Kogan's exclusion of Dardic from Indo-Aryan on the basis of his previous studies showing low lexical similarity to Indo-Aryan (43.5%) and negligible difference with similarity to Iranian (39.3%). He also calculated Sinhala–Dhivehi to be the most divergent Indo-Aryan branch. Nevertheless, the modern consensus of Indo-Aryan linguists tends towards the inclusion of Dardic based on morphological and grammatical features.
4677:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6870:
6863:
6835:
6828:
6793:
6744:
6695:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6457:
6443:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6394:
6380:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6338:
6317:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6254:
6233:
6226:
6191:
6177:
6163:
6149:
6128:
6114:
6100:
6065:
6037:
6002:
6898:
6891:
6877:
6856:
6849:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6751:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6709:
6702:
6688:
6681:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6471:
6464:
6436:
6408:
6401:
6373:
6345:
6331:
6310:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6247:
6240:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6184:
6170:
6156:
6142:
6121:
6107:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6030:
6023:
6016:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
2427:, where languages are often transitional towards neighboring varieties. Because of this, the division into languages vs. dialects is in many cases somewhat arbitrary. The classification of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial, with many transitional areas that are assigned to different branches depending on classification. There are concerns that a
11177:... a number of their morphophonological and lexical features betray the fact that they are not direct continuations of R̥gvedic Sanskrit, the main base of 'Classical' Sanskrit; rather they descend from dialects which, despite many similarities, were different from R̥gvedic and in some regards even more archaic.
5783:
in many positions (> ). /q x ɣ f/ are restricted to Perso-Arabic loanwords in most IA languages but they occur natively in Khowar. According to Masica (1991) some dialects of
Pashayi have a /θ/ which is unusual for IA languages. Domari which is spoken in the Middle East and had high contact with
11194:
Most Aryan languages of India and
Pakistan belong to the Indo-Aryan family, and are descended from Sanskrit through the intermediate stage of Prakrit. The Indo-Aryan languages are by far the most important numerically and the territory occupied by them extends over the whole of northern and central
5258:
While Old Indo-Aryan is the earliest stage of the Indo-Aryan branch, from which all known languages of the later stages Middle and New Indo-Aryan are derived, some documented Middle Indo-Aryan variants cannot fully be derived from the documented form of Old Indo-Aryan (on which Vedic and
Classical
5574:
The principal argument favouring a migration during or after the transition period to NIA is the loss of the old system of nominal case, coupled with its reduction to a two-way nominative-oblique case system. A secondary argument concerns the system of gender differentiation, due to the fact that
3177:
but he did not consider it to be a subfamily of Indo-Aryan. The Dardic group as a genetic grouping (rather than areal) has been scrutinised and questioned to a degree by recent scholarship: Southworth, for example, says "the viability of Dardic as a genuine subgroup of Indo-Aryan is doubtful" and
5566:
The Romani language is usually included in the
Western Indo-Aryan languages. Romani varieties, which are mainly spoken throughout Europe, are noted for their relatively conservative nature; maintaining the Middle Indo-Aryan present-tense person concord markers, alongside consonantal endings for
5570:
Research conducted by nineteenth-century scholars Pott (1845) and
Miklosich (1882–1888) demonstrated that the Romani language is most aptly designated as a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), as opposed to Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA); establishing that proto-Romani speakers could not have left India
2994:) representing an older stratum of Old Indo-Aryan that has been mixed to varying degrees with the newer stratum that is Inner Indo-Aryan. It is a contentious proposal with a long history, with varying degrees of claimed phonological and morphological evidence. Since its proposal by
5007:. If these traces are Indo-Aryan, they would be the earliest known direct evidence of Indo-Aryan, and would increase the precision in dating the split between the Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages (as the texts in which the apparent Indicisms occur can be dated with some accuracy).
3181:
The Dardic languages are thought to be transitional with
Punjabi and Pahari (e.g. Zoller describes Kashmiri as "an interlink between Dardic and West Pahāṛī"), as well as non-Indo-Aryan Nuristani; and are renowned for their relatively conservative features in the context of
5591:
in Romani. The parallels in grammatical gender evolution between Romani and other NIA languages have additionally been cited as indications that the forerunner of Romani remained on the Indian subcontinent until a later period, possibly as late as the tenth century.
5319:
is the conventional cover term for transitional dialects connecting late Middle Indo-Aryan with early Modern Indo-Aryan, spanning roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. Some of these dialects showed considerable literary production; the
2402:(60 million). A 2005 estimate placed the total number of native speakers of the Indo-Aryan languages at nearly 900 million people. Other estimates are higher suggesting a figure of 1.5 billion speakers of Indo-Aryan languages.
10834:
is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity. In one general colloquial sense, a language is a "developed" dialect: one that is standardised, has a written tradition and enjoys
5575:
Romani has only two genders (masculine and feminine). Middle Indo-Aryan languages (named MIA) generally employed three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and some modern Indo-Aryan languages retain this aspect today.
6528:
articulations corresponding to its oral stops, and among modern languages and dialects Dogri, Kacchi, Kalasha, Rudhari, Shina, Saurashtri, and Sindhi have been analysed as having this full complement of phonemic nasals
5677:, which is the same as that of Sanskrit. The "retroflex" position may involve retroflexion, or curling the tongue to make the contact with the underside of the tip, or merely retraction. The point of contact may be
5578:
It is suggested that loss of the neuter gender did not occur until the transition to NIA. During this process, most of the neuter nouns became masculine, while several became feminine. For example, the neuter
5266:" (literally 'put together, perfected, elaborated') developed as the prestige language of culture, science and religion, as well as the court, theatre, etc. Sanskrit of the later Vedic texts is comparable to
6993:
dialects, and some dialects of
Gujarati have developed implosive consonants from historical intervocalic geminates and word-initial stops. Sindhi has a full implosive series except for the dental implosive:
3679:, an itinerant community who historically migrated from India. The Western Indo-Aryan languages are thought to have diverged from their northwestern counterparts, although they have a common antecedent in
10809:
In many Indo-Aryan languages, the literary register is often more archaic and utilises a different lexicon (Sanskrit or Perso-Arabic) than spoken vernacular. One example is
Bengali's high literary form,
11142:
The Aryans spoke an Indo-European language sometimes called the Vedic language from which have descended
Sanskrit and other Indic languages ... Prakrit was a group of variants which developed alongside
5552:
by the descendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent. The language retains many features similar to Punjabi and the Western Hindi dialects, while also bearing some influence from Tajik Persian.
5442:
than purely linguistic. Today it is widely understood/spoken as a second or third language throughout South Asia and one of the most widely known languages in the world in terms of number of speakers.
7063:
Vowel typologies are varied across Indo-Aryan due to diachronic mergers and (in some cases) splits, as well as different accounts by linguists for even the widely-spoken languages. Vowel systems per
6953:). Sometimes both phenomena are analysed as a single aspiration contrast. The places and manners of articulation which allow contrastive aspiration vary by language; e.g. Sindhi permits phonemic
6134:
Hindustani, Punjabi, Dogri, Sindhi, Gujarati, Sinhala, Odia, Standard Bengali, dialects of Rajasthani (except Lamani, NW. Marwari, S. Mewari), Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Maithili, Magahi, Bhojpuri
6071:
Marathi, Konkani, certain W. Pahari dialects (Bhadrawahi, Bhalesi, Mandeali, Padari, Simla, Satlej, maybe Kulu), Kashmiri, E. and N. dialects of Bengali (parts of Dhaka, Mymensingh, Rajshahi)
5724:
where dialect mixture and others factors upset the aforementioned complementation to produce minimal environments, in some West Pahari dialects through internal developments (
5627:
of indentured labourers led to the transplanting of Indo-Aryan languages around the world, leading to locally influenced lects that diverged from the source language, such as
7034:
In Gawarbati, some Pashai dialects, partly Bashkarik and some Shina dialects have /ɬ/ from clusters of tr kr or sometimes pr; dr gr and br merged with /l/ in these languages.
5696:
Moving away from the normative system, some languages and dialects have alveolar affricates instead of palatal, though some among them retain in certain positions: before
2986:
argues for a core and periphery of Indo-Aryan languages, with Outer Indo-Aryan (generally including Eastern and Southern Indo-Aryan, and sometimes Northwestern Indo-Aryan,
5090:"one" is of particular importance because it places the superstrate in the vicinity of Indo-Aryan proper as opposed to Indo-Iranian in general or early Iranian (which has
7301:. Parentheses indicate those consonants found only in loanwords: square brackets indicate those with "very low functional load". The arrangement is roughly geographical.
5434:
of the Hindustani language. This state of affairs continued until the division of the British Indian Empire in 1947, when Hindi became the official language in India and
6572:
In languages that lack phonemic nasals at some places of articulation, they can still occur allophonically from place assimilation in a nasal + stop culture, e.g. Hindi
6957:, but the phonemic status of this sound in Hindi is uncertain, and many "Dardic" languages lack aspirated retroflex sibilants despite having unaspirated equivalents.
3169:(also Dardu or Pisaca) are a group of Indo-Aryan languages largely spoken in the northwestern extremities of the Indian subcontinent. Dardic was first formulated by
6260:
Nepali, dialects of Rajasthani (Lamani and NW. Marwari), Northern Lahnda's Kagani, Kumauni, many West Pahari dialects (not Chamba Mandeali, Jaunsari, or Sirmauri)
5615:
region, perhaps through sea-based migrations. These are of a later origin than the Rom and Dom migrations which represent a different part of Indo-Aryan as well.
12487:
15342:
4525:
and possess several characteristics that markedly distinguish them from most of their mainland Indo-Aryan counterparts. Insular Indo-Aryan languages (of
12318:
Morgenstierne, Georg. "Early Iranic Influence upon Indo-Aryan." Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271–279.
12038:
11244:
Standard Hindi first language: 260.3 million (2001), as second language: 120 million (1999). Urdu L1: 68.9 million (2001–2014), L2: 94 million (1999):
11051:
12521:
11022:
2953:
2834:
13138:
10815:
5779:, which have lost the characteristic dental/retroflex contrast, and in Chittagonian, which may lose its labial and velar articulations through
5689:
release and are traditionally included as involving a distinctive tongue position (blade in contact with hard palate). Widely transcribed as ,
2802:
2259:
15600:
2708:
2223:
12481:
17:
5342:
became very influential as the language of prestige of the Islamic courts due to adoption of the foreign language by the Mughal emperors.
14971:
5339:
5328:
1421:
2447:(from Hoernlé to Turner), and also includes subsequent classification proposals. The table lists only some modern Indo-Aryan languages.
11941:
11660:"Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia"
12239:
12326:
A comparative grammar of the modern Aryan languages of India: to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali
11641:
11531:
4999:
of the Late Bronze Age Near East), these apparently Indo-Aryan names suggest that an Indo-Aryan elite imposed itself over the
4213:, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not. It is suggested that "proto-Munda" languages may have once dominated the eastern
12514:
12437:
11896:
11865:
11834:
11574:
11333:
11170:
11135:
11067:
4694:
2230:
2202:
5472:
and as far south as central Sudan. Based on the systematicity of sound changes, linguists have concluded that the ethnonyms
5438:
became official in Pakistan. Despite the different script the fundamental grammar remains identical, the difference is more
4959:
12464:. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Foreign Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
11857:
1081:
5852:
2187:
11915:
4533:) started developing independently and diverging from the continental Indo-Aryan languages from around 5th century BCE.
13131:
12064:
12009:
5685:, and the distinctive quality may arise more from the shaping than from the position of the tongue. Palatal stops have
2252:
2209:
1140:
15593:
14664:
12412:
12384:
12366:
12348:
12340:
11803:
11603:
11492:
11222:
5248:
4971:
4955:
4797:
4716:
473:
243:
7258:
Indo-Aryan languages, others being Punjabi and a few Dardic languages. The vowels of Sylheti language listed below.
7026:: Kashmiri (natively) and some Romani dialects (from contact with Slavic languages) have contrastive palatalisation.
15711:
12507:
5844:
2216:
980:
12157:
In Sanskrit, probably /cɕ/ is a more correct representation. Sometimes, only for representation, /c/ is also used.
14964:
12534:
7298:
491:
12407:. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
5426:, with these and later Sanskrit influence leading to the emergence of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard
13537:
11541:
11214:
10843:) have not been seriously applied in practice; and any relationship established in this framework is relative.
4698:
4412:
2464:
2072:
1847:
1251:
15004:
7014:: Sinhala and Maldivian (Dhivehi) have a series of prenasalized stops covering all places except for palatal:
15716:
14316:
13354:
13124:
10882:
5835:
5741:
5259:
Sanskrit are based), but betray features that must go back to other undocumented dialects of Old Indo-Aryan.
4417:
3330:
2562:
2521:
2288:. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated east of the
2245:
1817:
1086:
1023:
824:
710:
413:
311:
12423:
12392:
4958:. Despite the great archaicity of Vedic, however, the other Indo-Aryan languages preserve a small number of
15586:
15009:
14287:
14107:
13953:
13273:
12956:
12726:
7293:
The following are consonant systems of major and representative New Indo-Aryan languages, mostly following
5861:
4561:
4148:
3990:
3984:
3288:
2602:
2551:
1505:
1008:
819:
814:
809:
704:
369:
345:
267:
12042:
10787:
10778:
10771:
10762:
10753:
10744:
10739:
10732:
10727:
10720:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10615:
10610:
10601:
10592:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10449:
10442:
10433:
10426:
10417:
10412:
10403:
10398:
10389:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10363:
10358:
10353:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10314:
10309:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10212:
10203:
10192:
10183:
10178:
10169:
10164:
10157:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
9979:
9974:
9959:
9954:
9941:
9932:
9927:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9795:
9786:
9781:
9772:
9767:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9660:
9649:
9636:
9619:
9614:
9605:
9594:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9533:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9399:
9392:
9383:
9376:
9371:
9362:
9353:
9344:
9339:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9315:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9174:
9167:
9158:
9151:
9146:
9135:
9130:
9119:
9110:
9101:
9096:
9089:
9084:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8878:
8869:
8860:
8851:
8835:
8830:
8823:
8814:
8809:
8802:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8774:
8769:
8741:
8732:
8723:
8718:
8711:
8702:
8697:
8690:
8681:
8676:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8542:
8537:
8528:
8519:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8376:
8369:
8360:
8353:
8348:
8339:
8334:
8325:
8316:
8307:
8302:
8295:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8099:
8092:
8081:
8072:
8057:
8048:
8039:
8032:
8021:
8012:
8003:
7994:
7985:
7980:
7973:
7964:
7959:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7895:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7778:
7767:
7760:
7755:
7746:
7739:
7732:
7727:
7718:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7546:
7533:
7522:
7517:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7486:
7481:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7452:
7447:
7440:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7398:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7277:
7240:
7227:
7217:
7204:
7191:
7181:
7171:
7158:
7148:
7138:
7125:
7112:
7099:
7086:
7051:
7047:
7015:
7003:
6995:
6954:
6950:
6942:
6573:
5769:
5753:
5749:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5705:
5701:
14850:
14818:
14674:
13037:
12984:
10877:
10836:
5818:
5431:
5310:
4813:
4735:
2364:
1822:
1317:
1018:
897:
883:
864:
7002:
has the dental implosive too. Other languages have less complete implosive series, e.g. Kacchi has just
14957:
14384:
12429:
11059:
7022:
5826:
5800:
5624:
4503:
3174:
2977:
1160:
1118:
718:
365:
12584:
12192:
15419:
15244:
15019:
14823:
14524:
14498:
13937:
13821:
13044:
12814:
12001:
11590:
Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (2003). "The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan".
6626:
6617:
6608:
6599:
6590:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
5877:
5868:
5859:
5850:
5842:
5833:
5824:
5816:
5807:
5798:
4936:
4930:
4918:
4745:
4538:
4353:
4002:
3183:
1862:
1827:
1500:
804:
409:
102:
11509:
4987:
exhibit an Indo-Aryan superstrate. While what few written records left by the Mittani are either in
2431:
is insufficient for explaining the development of New Indo-Aryan, with some scholars suggesting the
14719:
13483:
13076:
12970:
12757:
12732:
11945:
11300:
5879:
5809:
5611:
represent offshoots of the Sindhic subfamily of Indo-Aryan that have established themselves in the
4914:
4645:
3943:
3519:
3437:
3272:
2501:
2122:
2012:
1832:
1363:
1195:
1146:
1042:
844:
799:
794:
714:
331:
321:
307:
127:
3002:
it has undergone numerous revisions and a great deal of debate, with the most recent iteration by
15484:
14999:
13014:
12977:
12963:
12762:
12751:
12530:
11776:
10922:
10892:
5870:
5271:
4687:
3170:
2999:
2590:
2481:
2476:
2285:
2017:
1744:
854:
849:
839:
483:
443:
355:
341:
78:
4005:, where they are often transitional with neighbouring lects. Many of these languages, including
14994:
14927:
14796:
14072:
13866:
13693:
13221:
13107:
13067:
13051:
12827:
12772:
12698:
12644:
11619:
Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret Ann (2003). "Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India".
10917:
10867:
10840:
6610:
6546:
5654:
5332:
4943:
4119:
3886:
3425:
3236:
3015:
2621:
2281:
2007:
1979:
1763:
1665:
1431:
1277:
901:
739:
631:
570:
525:
465:
457:
83:
11791:
11558:
11156:
11097:
15623:
15565:
14597:
14410:
13896:
13861:
13856:
13688:
13201:
13060:
13007:
12998:
12991:
12703:
12693:
12674:
12668:
11851:
11820:
11379:
10912:
6601:
6592:
6539:
6532:
5761:
5397:
4600:
4425:
4217:, and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east.
3963:
3953:
3882:
3878:
3829:
3793:
3484:
and neighbouring regions. Northwestern languages are ultimately thought to be descended from
3216:
2682:
2154:
1983:
891:
887:
872:
868:
11210:
Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans
11125:
15402:
15337:
15124:
14885:
14860:
14729:
14699:
14556:
14336:
14326:
14136:
13715:
13030:
13021:
12092:
11949:
11278:
10862:
6960:
In languages that have lost breathy-voice, the contrast has often been replaced with tone.
6619:
6553:
5632:
5403:
5299:
5128:) which was common in most cultures in the ancient world. The Mitanni warriors were called
5004:
4654:
4565:
4233:
4173:
is the seventh most-spoken language in the world, and has a strong literary tradition; the
4135:
3949:
3933:
2486:
2100:
2065:
1378:
1061:
1013:
950:
920:
878:
858:
722:
263:
1246:
8:
15609:
15558:
15088:
15041:
14932:
14739:
14460:
14445:
14377:
14351:
14341:
14266:
13983:
13773:
13700:
13683:
13428:
13258:
12839:
12796:
12544:
12354:
11270:
10949:
10887:
10831:
7043:
6977:
6938:
5686:
5666:
5419:
5391:
5350:
5236:
4996:
4518:
4491:
4433:
4391:
4381:
4331:
4293:
4214:
4209:. Eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of
4067:
4054:
4046:
3781:
3717:
3688:
3393:
3309:
3051:
3003:
2376:
2321:
2317:
1373:
1368:
1264:
1188:
1153:
1076:
1066:
925:
626:
621:
590:
10994:
5468:
scattered across the Middle East. The language is reported to be spoken as far north as
15473:
15450:
15440:
15175:
15061:
14744:
14657:
14622:
14394:
13912:
13650:
13340:
13268:
13263:
12742:
12220:
11971:
11638:
11404:
11229:
The modern, regional Indo-Aryan languages developed from Prakrt, an early 'unrefined' (
11110:
Various counts depend on where the line is drawn between a "dialect" and a "language".
10907:
10897:
7255:
7010:
6628:
6560:
5678:
5267:
5212:
4784:
4622:
4499:
4022:
3899:
3768:
3680:
3485:
3317:
3313:
3198:
3007:
2533:
2491:
2079:
2030:
1964:
1948:
1573:
1226:
965:
651:
556:
551:
433:
287:
277:
11111:
3667:, in addition to contiguous regions in Pakistan. Gujarati is the official language of
145:
15633:
15465:
15445:
15380:
15375:
15370:
15364:
15259:
15228:
15186:
15117:
15066:
15036:
14980:
14937:
14751:
14420:
14389:
14367:
14331:
14173:
14131:
14036:
13978:
13743:
13675:
13663:
13572:
13493:
13473:
13395:
13320:
13237:
13170:
12936:
12929:
12922:
12901:
12876:
12871:
12819:
12791:
12622:
12433:
12408:
12380:
12376:
12362:
12344:
12336:
12224:
12212:
12112:
12005:
11892:
11861:
11830:
11799:
11742:
11721:
11700:
11681:
11599:
11570:
11537:
11488:
11440:
11408:
11329:
11218:
11166:
11131:
11063:
7038:
5757:
5737:
5670:
5524:
5495:
5362:
5354:
4992:
4984:
4848:
4495:
4483:
4437:
4271:
4253:
4229:
4186:
4123:
4095:
4087:
3925:
3777:
3773:
3705:
3640:
3449:
3429:
3421:
3369:
3343:('hill') languages, are spoken throughout the Himalayan regions of the subcontinent.
3295:
3264:
3212:
3194:
3119:
3109:
3099:
2957:
2424:
2399:
2093:
2059:
2051:
1995:
1989:
1971:
1942:
1921:
1907:
1899:
1669:
1530:
1470:
1452:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1350:
1345:
1174:
1037:
686:
679:
672:
658:
644:
604:
583:
520:
512:
239:
229:
176:
14781:
14767:
5315:
4202:
2995:
2545:
15684:
15679:
15638:
15494:
15479:
15455:
15390:
15385:
15325:
15320:
15305:
15299:
15283:
15277:
15264:
15222:
15130:
15071:
15056:
14855:
14845:
14791:
14724:
14627:
14602:
14592:
14571:
14566:
14541:
14480:
14372:
14346:
14309:
14304:
14258:
14204:
14157:
14116:
14067:
14012:
13973:
13922:
13841:
13811:
13758:
13748:
13609:
13604:
13596:
13582:
13532:
13488:
13400:
13206:
13155:
12854:
12806:
12717:
12685:
12653:
12629:
12558:
12469:
The sibilants in Old Indo-Aryan: A contribution to the history of a linguistic area
12204:
11881:
Nunley, Robert E.; Roberts, Severin M.; Wubrick, George W.; Roy, Daniel L. (1999).
11671:
11394:
10857:
7251:
6990:
6986:
6982:
5765:
5745:
5717:
5662:
5658:
5512:
5439:
5423:
5407:
5374:
5370:
5346:
4988:
4862:
4660:
4650:
4613:
4596:
4592:
4577:
4569:
4545:
4487:
4468:
4460:
4448:
4441:
4340:
4323:
4279:
4275:
4247:
4222:
4170:
4115:
4091:
4050:
3906:
3855:
3840:
3753:
3709:
3697:
3672:
3644:
3624:
3615:
3601:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3555:
3501:
3489:
3465:
3441:
3373:
3284:
3228:
3160:
3089:
3079:
3069:
2987:
2965:
2528:
2516:
2511:
2496:
2471:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2353:
2337:
2087:
2037:
1854:
1660:
1548:
1488:
1465:
1408:
1403:
1340:
1327:
1322:
1312:
985:
598:
546:
538:
531:
423:
399:
379:
253:
189:
185:
168:
12267:
12208:
11208:
6569:
nasal + stop cluster ( > and > ), though there are other sources as well.
15667:
15643:
15628:
15435:
15407:
15397:
15350:
15293:
15288:
15269:
15150:
15145:
15093:
15028:
14900:
14734:
14689:
14576:
14546:
14503:
14455:
14415:
14321:
14271:
14242:
14220:
14152:
14062:
14022:
13988:
13932:
13927:
13886:
13871:
13851:
13846:
13836:
13826:
13816:
13788:
13778:
13768:
13763:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13705:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13577:
13498:
13423:
13379:
13335:
13330:
13315:
13310:
13253:
13216:
13211:
12915:
12887:
12615:
12608:
12601:
12594:
12572:
12565:
12499:
11882:
11645:
11319:
11091:
10872:
5776:
5674:
5561:
5520:
5516:
5461:
5456:
5415:
5358:
5303:
5240:
4903:
4585:
4549:
4452:
4429:
4421:
4395:
4377:
4357:
4327:
4317:
4297:
4285:
4243:
4210:
4206:
4174:
4127:
4010:
3994:
3920:
3913:
3890:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3844:
3836:
3817:
3789:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3701:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3597:
3593:
3559:
3532:
3477:
3445:
3433:
3389:
3351:
3305:
3280:
3276:
3260:
3250:
3232:
3224:
3139:
3019:
2991:
2538:
2349:
2168:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2108:
2044:
2023:
2001:
1586:
1475:
1398:
1307:
1240:
1181:
1047:
779:
764:
754:
749:
665:
637:
439:
297:
219:
199:
172:
164:
160:
73:
11090:
Munshi, S (2009). "Indo-Aryan languages". In Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.).
2964:, using techniques developed by the glottochronologist and comparative linguist
2359:
Modern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Old Indo-Aryan languages such as early
15554:
15512:
15499:
15202:
15191:
15140:
15083:
15077:
15051:
15046:
14910:
14652:
14561:
14493:
14488:
14470:
14450:
14237:
14230:
14199:
14093:
14041:
13881:
13876:
13831:
13806:
13798:
13753:
13723:
13668:
13544:
13453:
13418:
13410:
13374:
13325:
13191:
13092:
12947:
12881:
12400:
12373:
The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity
5784:
Middle Eastern languages has /q ħ ʕ ʔ/ and emphatic consonants from loanwords.
5780:
5721:
5541:
5536:
5504:
5255:, but the only evidence of it is a few proper names and specialized loanwords.
5232:
4951:
4942:
of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the
4939:
4766:
4626:
4617:
4581:
4472:
4403:
4385:
4369:
4349:
4345:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4103:
4099:
3871:
3851:
3825:
3813:
3808:
3725:
3693:
3660:
3589:
3571:
3528:
3464:
are spoken in the northwestern region of India and eastern region of Pakistan.
3413:
3385:
3380:
3355:
3268:
3220:
2743:
2372:
2360:
1913:
1780:
1655:
1213:
1167:
1135:
1071:
562:
209:
159:
Present-day geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan language groups.
12493:
11510:"Outer and Inner Indo-Aryan, and northern India as an ancient linguistic area"
11399:
11380:"Genealogical classification of New Indo-Aryan languages and lexicostatistics"
5324:
of Devasena (dated to the 930s) is now considered to be the first Hindi book.
15705:
15460:
15414:
15330:
15213:
15196:
14895:
14551:
14465:
14440:
14225:
13567:
13468:
12662:
12216:
12108:
11919:
11888:
11685:
10902:
6999:
6946:
5478:
5366:
5335:
4780:
4573:
4553:
4456:
4399:
4364:
4289:
4190:
4110:
4062:
3937:
3929:
3801:
3676:
3605:
3563:
3551:
3524:
3513:
3508:
3473:
3469:
3129:
2459:
2329:
2173:
1637:
1553:
1270:
1128:
990:
744:
389:
12068:
11761:
Paul Thieme, The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties. JAOS 80, 1960, 301–17
11676:
11659:
11257:
Bengali or Bangla-Bhasa, L1: 242.3 million (2011), L2: 19.2 million (2011),
7067::108–113) are listed below. Many languages also have phonemic nasal vowels.
2415:
960:
14890:
13658:
12419:
12393:"Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)"
11822:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
10811:
7143:
W. Pahari (Dogri, Rudhari, Mandeali, Pangwali, Khashali, Churahi), Saraiki
6565:, with the last two generally as the result of the loss of the stop from a
5775:
Further reductions in the number of stop articulations are in Assamese and
5682:
5612:
4909:
4557:
4373:
4169:, alongside other regions surrounding the northwestern Himalayan corridor.
3959:
3785:
2961:
2325:
1792:
1630:
1104:
975:
774:
769:
759:
4991:(which appears to have been the predominant language of their kingdom) or
154:
119:
15673:
15505:
13968:
13783:
13289:
13101:
12321:
10852:
7130:
Hindustani, Punjabi, Sindhi, Kacchi, Hindko, Rajasthani (most varieties)
5697:
5411:
5156:
4083:
3757:
3246:
3010:
based on robust linguistic evidence (particularly an Outer past tense in
2320:, large immigrant and expatriate Indo-Aryan–speaking communities live in
2289:
1768:
1754:
1718:
1426:
955:
15168:
14077:
14046:
14017:
13116:
11975:
11853:
Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study
11751:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
11730:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
11709:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
11449:. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
6566:
6525:
5628:
5549:
5545:
5508:
5469:
5465:
4977:
4701: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4464:
4237:
4201:, respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Magadhan
4182:
4131:
3797:
2878:
2432:
2428:
2293:
1731:
1645:
1523:
1288:
50:
15578:
11741:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
11720:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
11699:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
11658:
Ivani, Jessica K.; Paudyal, Netra; Peterson, John (1 September 2020).
11439:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
11422:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2020).
4640:
The following languages are otherwise unclassified within Indo-Aryan:
15650:
15357:
14867:
14776:
14756:
13448:
13443:
13175:
11826:
11747:
11726:
11705:
11624:
11595:
11566:
11484:
11445:
11325:
11162:
10819:
4880:
4526:
4161:
languages, are spoken throughout the eastern subcontinent, including
4079:
3664:
3409:
3405:
2920:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2305:
1934:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1675:
1543:
139:
113:
109:
14949:
11998:
Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550–1800
11321:
The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History
4676:
4265:
3476:, in addition to being the most widely-spoken language in Pakistan.
15310:
14905:
14647:
13998:
13463:
13458:
13438:
13196:
6673:
Dogri, Kacchi, Kalasha, Rudhari, Shina, Saurashtri, Sindhi, Saraiki
5709:
5500:
5287:
5263:
5191:"whose chariot is shining" (Mayrhofer I 553), Indaruda/Endaruta as
5133:
5121:
5011:
5000:
4530:
4476:
4026:
3417:
3401:
2309:
2301:
1877:
1868:
1759:
1560:
1535:
1439:
930:
506:
11773:
The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and The Indus Civilization
10830:
In the context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations
5748:
maxes out the number of stop positions at seven (barring borrowed
5223:"whose chariot is vehement" (Mayrhofer, Etym. Wb., I 686, I 736).
3659:
are spoken in the central and western areas within India, such as
3480:
and its variants are spoken natively in the Pakistani province of
3178:"the similarities among may result from subsequent convergence".
15535:
15155:
15110:
14839:
14710:
14183:
13917:
13433:
12780:
11233:) form of Sanskrit, around the close of the first millennium A.D.
6841:
Gujarati, Hindi, Kashmiri, Marathi, Punjabi, Rajasthani (Marwari)
5604:
5600:
5291:
5283:
5252:
5220:
5168:
5035:
5031:
5027:
4980:
4899:
4819:
4261:
4042:
4030:
4018:
3761:
3745:
3668:
3397:
2368:
1927:
1891:
1884:
1682:
1302:
935:
12333:
Sociolinguistic attitudes in India: An historical reconstruction
15315:
15162:
15135:
14178:
14027:
14002:
13562:
13554:
13478:
13369:
13294:
12908:
12193:"Tonal polarity in Sylheti in the context of noun faithfulness"
5608:
5187:"whose wisdom is dear" (Mayrhofer II 189, II378), Citrarata as
5019:
4976:
Some theonyms, proper names, and other terminology of the Late
4257:
4198:
4162:
3749:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3493:
3359:
3202:
2506:
1650:
1604:
1123:
940:
11533:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
5653:
The normative system of New Indo-Aryan stops consists of five
5207:"winning the race price" (Mayrhofer II 540, 696), Šubandhu as
3671:, and is spoken by over 50 million people. In Europe, various
13993:
13891:
12894:
11423:
7030:
5309:
By medieval times, the Prakrits had diversified into various
5282:
Outside the learned sphere of Sanskrit, vernacular dialects (
5196:
5023:
5015:
4194:
4178:
4166:
4071:
4038:
4034:
3998:
3821:
3481:
3055:
2313:
2297:
1749:
1623:
1617:
1599:
970:
945:
5286:) continued to evolve. The oldest attested Prakrits are the
15489:
14694:
14007:
11964:
6757:
Sanskrit, Nepali, Kalami, Odia, Dhundhari, Pashayi, Marwari
5435:
5427:
5345:
The two largest languages that formed from Apabhraṃśa were
5295:
5244:
4844:
4075:
4014:
4006:
3059:
2423:
The Indo-Aryan family as a whole is thought to represent a
2141:
12455:
The Old-Indo-Aryan, a historical & comparative grammar
12448:
Fresh light on Indo-European classification and chronology
12139:
5120:, "red"). Their chief festival was the celebration of the
4521:, whereas Insular Indo-Aryan languages are descended from
4037:, where it also has been designated with official status.
2960:
study of the New Indo-Aryan languages based on a 100-word
14786:
11884:
The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human Geography
11850:
Kulshreshtha, Manisha; Mathur, Ramkumar (24 March 2012).
11354:
5155:
Sanskritic interpretations of Mitanni royal names render
4866:
4522:
11639:
The prehistorical spread of Austro-Asiatic in South Asia
5752:), while a reduction to the inventory involves *ts >
5038:'s horse training text includes technical terms such as
4517:
Marathi-Konkani languages are ultimately descended from
12494:
Survey of the syntax of the modern Indo-Aryan languages
12296:
12268:"Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646"
12191:
Mahanta, Shakuntala; Gope, Amalesh (1 September 2018).
11880:
7046:
has an unusual series of lateral retroflex affricates (
11843:
11127:
Rituals, Mantras, and Science: An Integral Perspective
11017:
11015:
5306:
were also part of this early Middle Indo-Aryan stage.
5179:"whose horse is dear" (Mayrhofer II 182), Priyamazda (
3044:
Percentage of Indo-Aryan speakers by native language:
12028:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton (Mouton Grammar Library).
11273:[The world's 100 largest languages in 2010].
10948:" also refers more generally to the languages of the
7196:
Halbi, Bhatri, W. Pahari (Garhwali, Chameali, Gaddi)
5768:(though there have been other sources of a secondary
5235:, that is used in the ancient preserved texts of the
5148:) "payment (for catching a fugitive)" (M. Mayrhofer,
5111:
4946:. Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be the predecessor of
4057:, it is the third most-spoken language in the world.
12284:
11657:
11421:
11342:
12457:(Vols. 1–2). Varanasi: Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan.
11468:] (in Russian). Moskva: Vostochnaya literatura.
11012:
4935:Proto-Indo-Aryan (or sometimes Proto-Indic) is the
12529:
12065:"GYPSY ii. Gypsy Dialects – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
11903:... Hindustani is the basis for both languages ...
11849:
11428:(23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
5445:
5331:in the 13th–16th centuries. Under the flourishing
2443:The following table of proposals is expanded from
12405:Historical phonology of old Indo-Aryan consonants
11618:
11318:Bryant, Edwin Francis; Patton, Laurie L. (2005).
5618:
2356:. There are over 200 known Indo-Aryan languages.
15703:
11664:Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics
6008:Gawarbati, Phalura, Shumashti, Kanyawali, Pashai
5086:, "turn", round in the horse race). The numeral
4843:early Middle Indo-Aryan: e.g. Ashokan Prakrits,
11462:Dardskie yazyki. Geneticheskaya kharakteristika
10952:, thus also including non-Indo-Aryan languages.
6932:
5414:, but this was replaced in the 19th century by
5277:
2419:Classification tree of the Indo-Aryan languages
11293:
11155:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007).
10818:(Cholito-bhasha). This distinction approaches
5693::94) claims to be a more accurate rendering.
4950:(1500–300 BCE), which is directly attested as
4041:, a standardised and Sanskritised register of
15594:
14965:
13132:
12515:
11916:"Urdu and its Contribution to Secular Values"
11130:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 3.
11093:Concise Encyclopedia of Language of the World
11049:
10940:
10938:
5150:Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen
2253:
11594:. Routledge language family series. London:
11415:
11317:
10944:In modern and colloquial context, the term "
5583:"fire" in Prakrit morphed into the feminine
4013:, have rich literary and poetic traditions.
12238:Gope, Amalesh; Mahanta, Shakuntala (2015).
12237:
12190:
12145:
11794:. In Cardona, George; Jain, Danesh (eds.).
11589:
11561:. In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (eds.).
11154:
6937:Most Indo-Aryan languages have contrastive
5329:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
5327:The next major milestone occurred with the
5231:The earliest evidence of the group is from
4965:
15601:
15587:
14972:
14958:
13139:
13125:
13106:
12522:
12508:
12359:A comparative study of Santali and Bengali
11874:
11552:
11550:
11478:
11472:
11238:
11200:
10935:
5464:is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by older
2371:). The largest such languages in terms of
2260:
2246:
2224:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
12462:Syntactic studies of Indo-Aryan languages
11740:
11719:
11698:
11675:
11612:
11438:
11398:
11192:. International Learnings Systems. 1968.
7163:W. Pahari (Jaunsari, Shoracholi, Kullui)
5251:is of similar age to the language of the
4717:Learn how and when to remove this message
3014:). Some of the theory's skeptics include
2971:
2348:, along with several million speakers of
13146:
12450:. Varanasi: Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan.
12241:An Acoustic Analysis of Sylheti Phonemes
11995:
11818:
11789:
11373:
11371:
11369:
11050:Reynolds, Mike; Verma, Mahendra (2007).
6963:
5422:. Hindustani was strongly influenced by
4908:
4740:Dates indicate only a rough time frame.
2414:
15608:
12328:. Londinii: Trübner, 1872–1879. 3 vols.
11792:"Chapter Five: Aśokan Prakrit and Pāli"
11770:
11648:". Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany.
11547:
11466:Dardic language. Genetic characteristic
10825:
7232:Marathi, Nepali, Lambadi, Sadri/Sadani
5152:, Heidelberg, 1986–2000; Vol. II:358).
14:
15704:
12418:
12390:
12302:
12290:
12266:Pandey, Anshuman (10 September 2010).
12265:
12178:
12166:
12133:
12090:
12084:
12018:
11507:
11501:
11360:
11348:
11206:
11195:India and reaches as far south as Goa.
11089:
7294:
7064:
6969:
5690:
5385:
4729:
3035:
3031:
2444:
15582:
14979:
14953:
13120:
13105:
12503:
11858:Springer Science & Business Media
11621:South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia
11459:
11377:
11366:
11123:
5595:
5406:-speaking areas, for a long time the
5215:, Mayrhofer II 209, 735), Tushratta (
2231:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2203:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
11481:Linguistic archaeology of South Asia
10989:
10987:
5571:significantly earlier than AD 1000.
4699:adding citations to reliable sources
4670:
3993:are spoken primarily in the western
3456:
27:Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages
11918:. South Asian Voice. Archived from
11819:Gombrich, Richard (14 April 2006).
11556:
11263:
10799:
7297::106–107), though here they are in
6895:
6888:
6874:
6853:
6846:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6748:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6706:
6699:
6685:
6678:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6468:
6461:
6433:
6405:
6398:
6370:
6342:
6328:
6307:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6244:
6237:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6181:
6167:
6153:
6139:
6118:
6104:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6027:
6020:
6013:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5211:"having good relatives" (a name in
4960:conservative features lost in Vedic
4947:
4924:
3474:the northern Indian state of Punjab
2188:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
24:
15564:Languages between parentheses are
12453:Misra, Satya Swarup. (1991–1993).
12361:. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co.
12312:
11764:
11425:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
10995:"Overview of Indo-Aryan languages"
6916:
6909:
6902:
6883:Nepali, Sylheti, Assamese, Bengali
6867:
6860:
6832:
6825:
6790:
6741:
6692:
6524:Sanskrit was noted as having five
6503:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6454:
6440:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6391:
6377:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6335:
6314:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6251:
6230:
6223:
6188:
6174:
6160:
6146:
6125:
6111:
6097:
6062:
6034:
5999:
5171:" (Mayrhofer II 780), Biridashva (
4898:(Late Medieval India): e.g. early
4045:, is the official language of the
2210:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
179:are outside the scope of the map.
25:
15728:
12475:
11942:"Hindi/Urdu Language Instruction"
11271:"Världens 100 största språk 2010"
11190:Chamber's Encyclopaedia, Volume 7
10984:
5945:Khowar, Shina, Bashkarik, Kalasha
5648:
5380:
5249:Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni
5226:
4972:Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni
3462:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages
3030:The below classification follows
2405:
15538:(unknown further classification)
14842:(unknown further classification)
12783:(unknown further classification)
12496:(Rajesh Bhatt), 7 February 2003.
12335:. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers.
12039:"History of the Romani language"
11479:Southworth, Franklin C. (2005).
11387:Journal of Language Relationship
10814:, as opposed to the more modern
6917:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5716:point of articulation occurs in
5482:derive from the Indo-Aryan word
5302:, respectively. Inscriptions in
5239:, the foundational canon of the
5219:, etc.) as *tṷaiašaratha, Vedic
5199:" (Mayrhofer I 134), Shativaza (
4749:(before 1500 BCE, reconstructed)
4675:
4512:
3472:and is the official language of
3324:
2217:Journal of Indo-European Studies
981:Bible translations into Armenian
472:
153:
12259:
12231:
12184:
12172:
12160:
12151:
12127:
12101:
12057:
12031:
11989:
11934:
11908:
11812:
11783:
11755:
11734:
11713:
11692:
11651:
11631:
11583:
11524:
11453:
11432:
11311:
11251:
11096:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p.
10964:
10955:
7153:W. Pahari (Shodochi, Surkhuli)
6968:Some of these are mentioned in
5446:Outside the Indian subcontinent
4861:middle Middle Indo-Aryan: e.g.
4765:early Old Indo-Aryan: includes
4686:needs additional citations for
4635:
4142:
3973:
3651:
3468:is spoken predominantly in the
492:List of Indo-European languages
15568:of the language on their left.
11215:American Philosophical Society
11182:
11148:
11117:
11104:
11083:
11043:
6945:), and some retain historical
5619:Indentured labourer migrations
5515:between a language related to
4193:are the official languages of
4025:, is the official language of
4017:, a Persianised derivative of
13:
1:
12471:. Prague: Charles University.
12446:Misra, Satya Swarup. (1980).
12209:10.1016/j.langsci.2018.06.010
11972:"Ethnologue Report for Hindi"
11056:Language in the British Isles
10977:
10961:Only some speakers have a /ɳ/
10883:Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil
10873:The family of Brahmic scripts
5643:
5014:and the Mitanni, the deities
4884:
4879:late Middle Indo-Aryan: e.g.
4870:
4852:
4834:
4824:
4801:
4788:
4770:
4756:
3337:Northern Indo-Aryan languages
3331:Northern Indo-Aryan languages
2380:
2286:Indo-European language family
1818:Proto-Indo-European mythology
1087:Paleolithic continuity theory
62:
12097:. National Publishing House.
11508:Zoller, Claus Peter (2016).
11301:"Punjabi speaking countries"
6933:Aspiration and breathy-voice
5638:
5278:Middle Indo-Aryan (Prakrits)
5132:, the term for "warrior" in
5112:
4149:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
3991:Central Indo-Aryan languages
3985:Central Indo-Aryan languages
3657:Western Indo-Aryan languages
3586:Transitional Central-Western
2438:
1506:Northern Black Polished Ware
705:Proto-Indo-European language
18:Western Indo-Aryan languages
7:
11054:. In Britain, David (ed.).
10878:Linguistic history of India
10846:
10804:
7245:Romani (European dialects)
7222:Odia, Bishnupriya Manipuri
6998:. It has been claimed that
6897:
6890:
6876:
6855:
6848:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6750:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6708:
6701:
6687:
6680:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6470:
6463:
6435:
6407:
6400:
6372:
6344:
6330:
6309:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6246:
6239:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6183:
6169:
6155:
6141:
6120:
6106:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6029:
6022:
6015:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5489:
5311:Middle Indo-Aryan languages
4736:Linguistic history of India
2410:
2365:Middle Indo-Aryan languages
2316:. Moreover, apart from the
1823:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
10:
15733:
12430:Cambridge University Press
12399:Kobayashi, Masato.; &
12091:Tiwari, Bholanath (1970).
11798:. Routledge. p. 179.
11060:Cambridge University Press
7100:/ɪiːʊuːeeːə~ɐəːooːæ~ɛaaːɔ/
7087:/iːieːeɨːɨəːəaːaɔːɔoːouːu/
6918:
6911:
6904:
6869:
6862:
6834:
6827:
6792:
6743:
6694:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6456:
6442:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6393:
6379:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6337:
6316:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6253:
6232:
6225:
6190:
6176:
6162:
6148:
6127:
6113:
6099:
6064:
6036:
6001:
5625:British East India Company
5559:
5534:
5493:
5454:
5395:
5389:
4969:
4928:
4733:
4666:
4146:
3982:
3328:
3175:Linguistic Survey of India
3158:
2998:in 1880 and refinement by
2975:
2352:primarily concentrated in
1119:Domestication of the horse
15660:
15616:
15545:
15528:
15428:
15252:
15243:
15102:
15027:
15018:
14987:
14919:
14876:
14832:
14809:
14765:
14708:
14682:
14673:
14640:
14615:
14585:
14534:
14523:
14516:
14479:
14433:
14403:
14360:
14297:
14286:
14251:
14213:
14192:
14166:
14145:
14124:
14115:
14106:
14086:
14055:
13961:
13952:
13905:
13797:
13714:
13649:
13642:
13595:
13553:
13525:
13518:
13511:
13409:
13388:
13362:
13353:
13303:
13282:
13246:
13230:
13184:
13163:
13154:
13114:
13086:
12946:
12864:
12837:
12805:
12771:
12741:
12716:
12684:
12652:
12643:
12582:
12553:
12542:
12467:Vacek, Jaroslav. (1976).
12331:Madhav Deshpande (1979).
12146:Cardona & Jain (2003)
12002:John Benjamins Publishing
11790:Oberlies, Thomas (2007).
11400:10.31826/jlr-2017-143-411
7786:
7288:
7213:
7167:
7139:/iɪeæ~ɛ·aə·oʊu/
7134:
7058:
6584:
6581:
6519:
5792:
5789:
5555:
5450:
4931:Proto-Indo-Aryan language
4157:languages, also known as
3154:
3025:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2892:
2883:
2860:
2851:
2839:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2793:
2790:
2774:
2771:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2713:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2655:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2558:
2550:
1828:Historical Vedic religion
1105:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
152:
138:
126:
108:
98:
74:Linguistic classification
72:
56:
44:
39:
34:
14720:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
12488:The Indo-Aryan languages
12482:The Indo-Aryan languages
12425:The Indo-Aryan Languages
12371:Erdosy, George. (1995).
11946:University of California
11796:The Indo-Aryan Languages
11637:Peterson, John (2017). "
11592:The Indo-Aryan Languages
11563:The Indo-Aryan Languages
11460:Kogan, Anton I. (2005).
11378:Kogan, Anton I. (2016).
11158:The Indo-Aryan Languages
10928:
10832:"language" and "dialect"
7126:/iɪeɛ·aə·ɔoʊu/
7050:derived from historical
5772:), and Southern Mewari.
5756:, which has happened in
5530:
5010:In a treaty between the
4966:Mitanni-Aryan hypothesis
4915:Indo-European migrations
4185:are written in Bengali.
1833:Ancient Iranian religion
1196:Novotitarovskaya culture
1043:Indo-European migrations
68: (2018)–1.5 billion
15712:Indo-European languages
12531:Indo-European languages
11996:Zwartjes, Otto (2011).
11948:, Davis. Archived from
11777:Oxford University Press
11677:10.1515/jsall-2021-2029
10999:Encyclopædia Britannica
10923:Languages of South Asia
10893:Languages of Bangladesh
7159:/iɪeɛ·a·ɔoʊu/
7149:/iɪe·aə·ɔoʊu/
6197:Romani, Domari, Kholosi
5272:mutually unintelligible
4896:Early Modern Indo-Aryan
4280:Kurmali (Panchpargania)
3562:, Peshawari, Hazarvi),
3171:George Abraham Grierson
2956:, in 2016, conducted a
1334:Northern/Eastern Steppe
14928:Indo-Iranian languages
13108:Indo-Iranian languages
12460:Sen, Sukumar. (1995).
12391:Kausen, Ernst (2006).
11771:Parpola, Asko (2015).
11557:Ray, Tapas S. (2007).
11207:Donkin, R. A. (2003).
11124:Burde, Jayant (2004).
10918:Languages of Sri Lanka
10868:Proto-Vedic Continuity
10841:mutual intelligibility
7192:/iɪe·aə·oʊu/
7172:/ieɛ·aə·ɔou/
6985:subfamily, as well as
6949:on voiced consonants (
6323:Rajasthani's S. Mewari
5655:places of articulation
5262:From Vedic Sanskrit, "
4921:
4833:early Buddhist texts (
3488:, with influence from
3016:Suniti Kumar Chatterji
2984:Inner–Outer hypothesis
2978:Inner–Outer hypothesis
2972:Inner–Outer hypothesis
2420:
2282:Indo-Iranian languages
2280:) are a branch of the
1805:Religion and mythology
1764:Medieval Scandinavians
1055:Alternative and fringe
14598:Maharashtrian Konkani
12247:. ICPhS 2015. Glasgow
11743:"Chinali–Lahul Lohar"
11644:11 April 2018 at the
11530:Sigfried J. de Laet.
10970:Unclear status of /ɲ/
10913:Languages of Pakistan
10903:Languages of Maldives
7205:/ieæ·a·ɔou/
7113:/iːieːeæːæaːaəoːouːu/
6964:Regional developments
5398:History of Hindustani
5274:with Vedic Sanskrit.
5003:in the course of the
4944:pre-Vedic Indo-Aryans
4919:Pontic–Caspian steppe
4912:
4902:and emergence of the
4779:late Old Indo-Aryan:
4601:Maharashtrian Konkani
3958:Northwestern Romani:
2451:Indo-Aryan subgroups
2418:
2394:(about 150 million),
2155:Indo-European studies
1518:Peoples and societies
15717:Indo-Aryan languages
15559:historical languages
14886:Andaman Creole Hindi
14317:Bishnupriya Manipuri
14137:Caribbean Hindustani
13148:Indo-Aryan languages
12355:Chakrabarti, Byomkes
12081:Encyclopædia Iranica
12024:*Matras, Y. (2012).
11328:. pp. 246–247.
11279:Government of Sweden
11275:Nationalencyclopedin
11114:lists 224 languages.
11062:. pp. 293–307.
10863:Indo-Aryan migration
10826:Language and dialect
7228:/ie·aə·ou/
6925:Urdu, Romani, Domari
5740:. The addition of a
5633:Caribbean Hindustani
5503:is a nearly extinct
5300:Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
5294:canonical languages
5217:tṷišeratta, tušratta
5094:). Another text has
5005:Indo-Aryan expansion
4695:improve this article
4566:Berar-Deccan Marathi
4482:Assamese-Kamarupic:
4418:Bishnupriya Manipuri
4234:Caribbean Hindustani
4205:and ultimately from
4136:Caribbean Hindustani
4029:and also has strong
3339:, also known as the
2274:Indo-Aryan languages
1062:Anatolian hypothesis
1014:Proto-Indo-Europeans
921:Hittite inscriptions
466:Indo-European topics
15610:Nuristani languages
14933:Nuristani languages
14665:Mitanni superstrate
13274:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
12957:Proto-Indo-European
12109:"Romani (subgroup)"
12026:A grammar of Domari
11922:on 11 November 2007
11363:, pp. 446–463.
10950:Indian subcontinent
10888:Dravidian languages
10645:
10461:
10224:
10009:
9815:
9676:
9411:
9186:
8904:
8763:
8564:
8388:
8113:
7790:
7558:
7310:
7278:/ie·a·ɔu/
7241:/ie·a·ou/
6981:: Languages in the
5742:retroflex affricate
5392:Hindustani language
5386:Medieval Hindustani
5237:Indian subcontinent
5173:biridašṷa, biriiašṷ
4997:diplomatic language
4840:or 5th century BCE)
4730:Indian subcontinent
4646:Chinali–Lahul Lohar
4519:Maharashtri Prakrit
4215:Indo-Gangetic Plain
4047:Government of India
3289:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
3004:Franklin Southworth
2452:
2398:(112 million), and
2354:Southeastern Europe
2322:Northwestern Europe
2318:Indian subcontinent
1318:Multi-cordoned ware
1189:Mikhaylovka culture
1077:Indigenous Aryanism
1067:Armenian hypothesis
926:Hieroglyphic Luwian
14819:Proto-Indo-Iranian
14700:Early Ardhamagadhi
13038:Proto-Indo-Iranian
12985:Proto-Balto-Slavic
12727:Continental Celtic
11598:. pp. 46–66.
11023:"Development team"
10908:Languages of Nepal
10898:Languages of India
10643:
10459:
10222:
10007:
9813:
9674:
9409:
9184:
8902:
8761:
8562:
8386:
8111:
7788:
7556:
7308:
7254:is one of the few
7039:Lateral affricates
7011:Prenasalized stops
5596:Sindhic migrations
5511:, that arose from
5404:Central Zone Hindi
5268:Classical Sanskrit
4922:
4798:Mitanni Indo-Aryan
4785:Classical Sanskrit
4609:Insular Indo-Aryan
4155:Eastern Indo-Aryan
4055:Together with Urdu
4023:Shauraseni Prakrit
3681:Shauraseni Prakrit
3675:are spoken by the
3486:Shauraseni Prakrit
3008:Claus Peter Zoller
2450:
2421:
2384: 330 million
898:Proto-Indo-Iranian
884:Proto-Balto-Slavic
865:Proto-Italo-Celtic
66: 800 million
15699:
15698:
15693:
15692:
15576:
15575:
15524:
15523:
15239:
15238:
14981:Iranian languages
14947:
14946:
14938:Iranian languages
14805:
14804:
14725:Dramatic Prakrits
14636:
14635:
14611:
14610:
14512:
14511:
14429:
14428:
14385:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
14282:
14281:
14102:
14101:
13948:
13947:
13938:list of languages
13638:
13637:
13591:
13590:
13507:
13506:
13349:
13348:
13099:
13098:
13093:extinct languages
12712:
12711:
12639:
12638:
12484:, 25 October 2009
12439:978-0-521-29944-2
12377:Walter de Gruyter
12305:, pp. 23–27.
12197:Language Sciences
12113:SIL International
12045:on 6 October 2022
11952:on 3 January 2015
11898:978-0-13-080180-7
11867:978-1-4614-1137-6
11836:978-1-134-90352-8
11576:978-1-135-79711-9
11559:"Eleven: "Oriya""
11335:978-0-7007-1463-6
11172:978-1-135-79711-9
11137:978-81-208-2053-1
11069:978-0-521-79488-6
11052:"Indic languages"
10797:
10796:
10793:
10792:
10639:
10638:
10455:
10454:
10218:
10217:
10003:
10002:
9807:
9806:
9670:
9669:
9405:
9404:
9180:
9179:
8896:
8895:
8757:
8756:
8558:
8557:
8382:
8381:
8105:
8104:
7784:
7783:
7552:
7551:
7286:
7285:
7249:
7248:
7031:Voiceless lateral
6930:
6929:
6926:
6884:
6842:
6800:
6758:
6716:
6674:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6450:
6387:
6324:
6261:
6198:
6135:
6072:
6009:
5946:
5712:. Alveolar as an
5525:Armenian language
5496:Lomavren language
5353:; others include
5270:, but is largely
4985:Upper Mesopotamia
4863:Dramatic Prakrits
4814:Middle Indo-Aryan
4727:
4726:
4719:
4003:Central Highlands
4001:and parts of the
3926:Carpathian Romani
3457:Northwestern Zone
3148: Other (25%)
2958:lexicostatistical
2951:
2950:
2903:
2899:
2788:
2784:
2425:dialect continuum
2270:
2269:
1531:Anatolian peoples
1501:Painted Grey Ware
1389:Nordic Bronze Age
1038:Kurgan hypothesis
991:Old Irish glosses
956:Gaulish epigraphy
451:
450:
16:(Redirected from
15724:
15603:
15596:
15589:
15580:
15579:
15420:Zoroastrian Dari
15250:
15249:
15025:
15024:
14974:
14967:
14960:
14951:
14950:
14824:Proto-Indo-Aryan
14680:
14679:
14603:Canarese Konkani
14532:
14531:
14521:
14520:
14295:
14294:
14122:
14121:
14113:
14112:
13959:
13958:
13647:
13646:
13523:
13522:
13516:
13515:
13360:
13359:
13161:
13160:
13141:
13134:
13127:
13118:
13117:
13103:
13102:
13045:Proto-Indo-Aryan
12650:
12649:
12551:
12550:
12524:
12517:
12510:
12501:
12500:
12442:
12396:
12306:
12300:
12294:
12288:
12282:
12281:
12279:
12277:
12272:
12263:
12257:
12256:
12254:
12252:
12246:
12235:
12229:
12228:
12188:
12182:
12176:
12170:
12164:
12158:
12155:
12149:
12143:
12137:
12131:
12125:
12124:
12122:
12120:
12105:
12099:
12098:
12088:
12082:
12080:
12078:
12076:
12067:. Archived from
12061:
12055:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12041:. Archived from
12035:
12029:
12022:
12016:
12015:
11993:
11987:
11986:
11984:
11982:
11968:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11957:
11938:
11932:
11931:
11929:
11927:
11912:
11906:
11905:
11878:
11872:
11871:
11847:
11841:
11840:
11816:
11810:
11809:
11787:
11781:
11780:
11768:
11762:
11759:
11753:
11752:
11738:
11732:
11731:
11717:
11711:
11710:
11696:
11690:
11689:
11679:
11655:
11649:
11635:
11629:
11628:
11616:
11610:
11609:
11587:
11581:
11580:
11554:
11545:
11528:
11522:
11521:
11505:
11499:
11498:
11476:
11470:
11469:
11457:
11451:
11450:
11436:
11430:
11429:
11419:
11413:
11412:
11402:
11384:
11375:
11364:
11358:
11352:
11346:
11340:
11339:
11315:
11309:
11308:
11297:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11267:
11261:
11255:
11249:
11242:
11236:
11235:
11204:
11198:
11197:
11186:
11180:
11179:
11152:
11146:
11145:
11121:
11115:
11108:
11102:
11101:
11087:
11081:
11080:
11078:
11076:
11047:
11041:
11040:
11038:
11036:
11027:
11019:
11010:
11009:
11007:
11005:
10991:
10971:
10968:
10962:
10959:
10953:
10942:
10858:Iranic languages
10800:Sociolinguistics
10789:
10780:
10773:
10764:
10755:
10746:
10741:
10734:
10729:
10722:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10642:
10617:
10612:
10603:
10594:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10458:
10451:
10444:
10435:
10428:
10419:
10414:
10405:
10400:
10391:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10316:
10311:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10221:
10214:
10205:
10194:
10185:
10180:
10171:
10166:
10159:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10006:
9981:
9976:
9961:
9956:
9943:
9934:
9929:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9812:
9797:
9788:
9783:
9774:
9769:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9673:
9662:
9651:
9638:
9621:
9616:
9607:
9596:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9535:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9394:
9385:
9378:
9373:
9364:
9355:
9346:
9341:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9317:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9183:
9176:
9169:
9160:
9153:
9148:
9137:
9132:
9121:
9112:
9103:
9098:
9091:
9086:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9018:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8901:
8880:
8871:
8862:
8853:
8848:
8844:
8837:
8832:
8825:
8816:
8811:
8804:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8776:
8771:
8764:
8760:
8743:
8734:
8725:
8720:
8713:
8704:
8699:
8692:
8683:
8678:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8561:
8544:
8539:
8530:
8521:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8362:
8355:
8350:
8341:
8336:
8327:
8318:
8309:
8304:
8297:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8227:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8110:
8101:
8094:
8083:
8074:
8059:
8050:
8041:
8034:
8023:
8014:
8005:
7996:
7987:
7982:
7975:
7966:
7961:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7787:
7780:
7769:
7762:
7757:
7748:
7741:
7734:
7729:
7720:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7696:
7689:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7548:
7535:
7524:
7519:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7488:
7483:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7454:
7449:
7442:
7429:
7424:
7417:
7412:
7405:
7400:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7279:
7261:
7260:
7252:Sylheti language
7242:
7229:
7219:
7206:
7193:
7183:
7182:/ieɛa·ɒɔou/
7173:
7160:
7150:
7140:
7127:
7114:
7101:
7088:
7070:
7069:
7053:
7049:
7017:
7005:
6997:
6956:
6952:
6944:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6704:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6632:
6623:
6614:
6605:
6596:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6007:
6004:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5883:
5874:
5865:
5856:
5848:
5839:
5830:
5822:
5813:
5804:
5787:
5786:
5771:
5755:
5751:
5746:Dardic languages
5744:to this in some
5735:
5731:
5727:
5707:
5703:
5513:language contact
5507:, spoken by the
5408:prestige dialect
5115:
4983:civilization of
4925:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4889:
4886:
4875:
4872:
4857:
4854:
4839:
4836:
4829:
4826:
4806:
4803:
4793:
4790:
4775:
4772:
4761:
4758:
4746:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4722:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4702:
4679:
4671:
4597:Canarese Konkani
4413:Bengali–Assamese
4175:national anthems
3978:
3977:
3948:British Romani:
3673:Romani languages
3184:Proto-Indo-Aryan
3167:Dardic languages
3161:Dardic languages
3147:
3137:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3049:
2966:Sergei Starostin
2944:Dhivehi-Sinhala
2901:
2897:
2786:
2782:
2653:Grierson (1931)
2453:
2449:
2385:
2382:
2350:Romani languages
2338:Southeast Africa
2262:
2255:
2248:
2103:
2096:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
1951:
1937:
1930:
1916:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1661:Germanic peoples
1651:Hellenic peoples
1640:
1633:
1626:
1549:Mycenaean Greeks
1538:
1466:Thraco-Cimmerian
1364:Globular Amphora
1341:Abashevo culture
1280:
1273:
1243:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
986:Tocharian script
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
607:
593:
586:
579:
565:
541:
534:
515:
476:
453:
452:
431:
421:
407:
397:
387:
377:
366:Bengali-Assamese
363:
353:
339:
329:
319:
305:
295:
285:
275:
261:
251:
237:
227:
217:
207:
197:
183:
157:
148:
134:
122:
103:Proto-Indo-Aryan
67:
64:
32:
31:
21:
15732:
15731:
15727:
15726:
15725:
15723:
15722:
15721:
15702:
15701:
15700:
15695:
15694:
15689:
15656:
15612:
15607:
15577:
15572:
15571:
15541:
15520:
15424:
15235:
15098:
15014:
14983:
14978:
14948:
14943:
14942:
14915:
14878:
14872:
14828:
14811:
14801:
14761:
14704:
14690:Ashokan Prakrit
14669:
14632:
14607:
14581:
14526:
14508:
14475:
14425:
14399:
14356:
14289:
14278:
14247:
14209:
14188:
14162:
14141:
14098:
14082:
14051:
14023:Hyderabadi Urdu
13944:
13901:
13793:
13710:
13634:
13587:
13578:Pahari-Pothwari
13549:
13503:
13484:Pahari Kinnauri
13405:
13384:
13345:
13311:Indus Kohistani
13304:Hazara Division
13299:
13278:
13242:
13226:
13180:
13150:
13145:
13110:
13100:
13095:
13082:
13077:Proto-Tocharian
12971:Proto-Anatolian
12948:Proto-languages
12942:
12860:
12833:
12815:Latino-Faliscan
12801:
12767:
12737:
12708:
12680:
12635:
12578:
12538:
12528:
12478:
12440:
12315:
12313:Further reading
12310:
12309:
12301:
12297:
12289:
12285:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12264:
12260:
12250:
12248:
12244:
12236:
12232:
12189:
12185:
12177:
12173:
12165:
12161:
12156:
12152:
12144:
12140:
12132:
12128:
12118:
12116:
12107:
12106:
12102:
12089:
12085:
12074:
12072:
12071:on 2 April 2015
12063:
12062:
12058:
12048:
12046:
12037:
12036:
12032:
12023:
12019:
12012:
11994:
11990:
11980:
11978:
11970:
11969:
11965:
11955:
11953:
11940:
11939:
11935:
11925:
11923:
11914:
11913:
11909:
11899:
11879:
11875:
11868:
11848:
11844:
11837:
11817:
11813:
11806:
11788:
11784:
11769:
11765:
11760:
11756:
11739:
11735:
11718:
11714:
11697:
11693:
11656:
11652:
11646:Wayback Machine
11636:
11632:
11617:
11613:
11606:
11588:
11584:
11577:
11569:. p. 445.
11555:
11548:
11529:
11525:
11514:Acta Orientalia
11506:
11502:
11495:
11477:
11473:
11458:
11454:
11437:
11433:
11420:
11416:
11382:
11376:
11367:
11359:
11355:
11347:
11343:
11336:
11316:
11312:
11299:
11298:
11294:
11284:
11282:
11269:
11268:
11264:
11256:
11252:
11243:
11239:
11225:
11205:
11201:
11188:
11187:
11183:
11173:
11165:. p. 163.
11153:
11149:
11138:
11122:
11118:
11109:
11105:
11088:
11084:
11074:
11072:
11070:
11048:
11044:
11034:
11032:
11030:inflibnet.ac.in
11025:
11021:
11020:
11013:
11003:
11001:
10993:
10992:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10974:
10969:
10965:
10960:
10956:
10943:
10936:
10931:
10849:
10837:social prestige
10828:
10807:
10802:
8846:
8842:
7291:
7061:
6966:
6935:
6522:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5623:The use by the
5621:
5598:
5564:
5562:Romani language
5558:
5539:
5533:
5498:
5492:
5459:
5457:Domari language
5453:
5448:
5440:sociolinguistic
5400:
5394:
5388:
5383:
5304:Ashokan Prakrit
5280:
5241:Hindu synthesis
5229:
5167:"who thinks of
5110:, "grey"), and
5034:) are invoked.
4974:
4968:
4933:
4927:
4904:Dehlavi dialect
4887:
4873:
4855:
4837:
4827:
4805: 1400 BCE
4804:
4791:
4773:
4759:
4738:
4732:
4723:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4692:
4680:
4669:
4638:
4539:Marathi-Konkani
4515:
4447:Bengali-Gauda:
4298:Kathariya Tharu
4276:Nagpuri (Sadri)
4211:Munda languages
4207:Magadhi Prakrit
4151:
4145:
4033:connections to
4021:descended from
3995:Gangetic plains
3987:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3944:Northern Romani
3835:Northern Bhil:
3654:
3598:Pahari-Pothwari
3459:
3438:Pahari Kinnauri
3333:
3327:
3273:Indus Kohistani
3163:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3063:
3047:
3028:
3020:Colin P. Masica
3000:George Grierson
2980:
2974:
2769:Turner (−1975)
2532:
2523:
2466:
2441:
2413:
2408:
2390:(242 million),
2383:
2278:Indic languages
2266:
2237:
2236:
2169:Marija Gimbutas
2157:
2147:
2146:
2138:Winter solstice
2128:Horse sacrifice
2099:
2092:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
1975:
1960:
1947:
1933:
1926:
1912:
1903:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1837:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1740:
1727:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1540:
1534:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1484:
1461:
1448:
1436:
1417:
1359:
1336:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1258:Northern Europe
1239:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1141:Steppe cultures
1114:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1082:Baltic homeland
1056:
1052:
1048:Eurasian nomads
1032:
1028:
1004:
996:
995:
966:Runic epigraphy
961:Latin epigraphy
916:
908:
907:
845:Proto-Anatolian
829:
784:
780:Thraco-Illyrian
765:Graeco-Phrygian
755:Graeco-Armenian
750:Graeco-Albanian
729:
707:
694:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
603:
589:
582:
575:
561:
537:
530:
511:
496:
488:
486:
447:
446:(Unclassified))
437:
429:
427:
419:
417:
410:Marathi-Konkani
405:
403:
395:
393:
385:
383:
375:
373:
361:
359:
351:
349:
337:
335:
327:
325:
317:
315:
303:
301:
293:
291:
283:
281:
273:
271:
259:
257:
249:
247:
235:
233:
225:
223:
215:
213:
205:
203:
195:
193:
181:
144:
133:59= (phylozone)
132:
118:
65:
59:
58:Native speakers
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15730:
15720:
15719:
15714:
15697:
15696:
15691:
15690:
15688:
15687:
15682:
15677:
15671:
15664:
15662:
15658:
15657:
15655:
15654:
15648:
15647:
15646:
15641:
15636:
15631:
15620:
15618:
15614:
15613:
15606:
15605:
15598:
15591:
15583:
15574:
15573:
15570:
15569:
15562:
15547:
15546:
15543:
15542:
15540:
15539:
15532:
15530:
15526:
15525:
15522:
15521:
15519:
15518:
15517:
15516:
15513:Middle Persian
15509:
15502:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15477:
15470:
15469:
15468:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15432:
15430:
15426:
15425:
15423:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15411:
15410:
15400:
15395:
15394:
15393:
15388:
15386:Semnani proper
15383:
15378:
15368:
15361:
15354:
15347:
15346:
15345:
15335:
15334:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15303:
15296:
15291:
15286:
15281:
15274:
15273:
15272:
15262:
15256:
15254:
15247:
15241:
15240:
15237:
15236:
15234:
15233:
15232:
15231:
15219:
15218:
15217:
15210:
15209:
15208:
15207:
15206:
15199:
15194:
15172:
15165:
15160:
15159:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15143:
15133:
15128:
15121:
15114:
15106:
15104:
15100:
15099:
15097:
15096:
15091:
15086:
15081:
15074:
15069:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15033:
15031:
15022:
15016:
15015:
15013:
15012:
15007:
15005:Middle Iranian
15002:
14997:
14991:
14989:
14985:
14984:
14977:
14976:
14969:
14962:
14954:
14945:
14944:
14941:
14940:
14935:
14930:
14925:
14921:
14920:
14917:
14916:
14914:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14893:
14888:
14882:
14880:
14874:
14873:
14871:
14870:
14865:
14864:
14863:
14858:
14848:
14843:
14836:
14834:
14830:
14829:
14827:
14826:
14821:
14815:
14813:
14807:
14806:
14803:
14802:
14800:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14773:
14771:
14763:
14762:
14760:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14748:
14747:
14742:
14737:
14732:
14722:
14716:
14714:
14706:
14705:
14703:
14702:
14697:
14692:
14686:
14684:
14677:
14671:
14670:
14668:
14667:
14662:
14661:
14660:
14655:
14644:
14642:
14638:
14637:
14634:
14633:
14631:
14630:
14625:
14619:
14617:
14613:
14612:
14609:
14608:
14606:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14589:
14587:
14583:
14582:
14580:
14579:
14574:
14569:
14564:
14559:
14554:
14549:
14544:
14538:
14536:
14529:
14518:
14514:
14513:
14510:
14509:
14507:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14485:
14483:
14477:
14476:
14474:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14437:
14435:
14431:
14430:
14427:
14426:
14424:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14407:
14405:
14401:
14400:
14398:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14382:
14381:
14380:
14375:
14364:
14362:
14358:
14357:
14355:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14339:
14334:
14329:
14324:
14319:
14314:
14313:
14312:
14301:
14299:
14292:
14284:
14283:
14280:
14279:
14277:
14276:
14275:
14274:
14269:
14261:
14255:
14253:
14249:
14248:
14246:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14234:
14233:
14228:
14217:
14215:
14211:
14210:
14208:
14207:
14202:
14196:
14194:
14190:
14189:
14187:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14170:
14168:
14164:
14163:
14161:
14160:
14155:
14149:
14147:
14143:
14142:
14140:
14139:
14134:
14128:
14126:
14119:
14110:
14104:
14103:
14100:
14099:
14097:
14096:
14090:
14088:
14084:
14083:
14081:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14059:
14057:
14053:
14052:
14050:
14049:
14044:
14039:
14034:
14033:
14032:
14031:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14005:
13996:
13991:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13965:
13963:
13956:
13950:
13949:
13946:
13945:
13943:
13942:
13941:
13940:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13909:
13907:
13903:
13902:
13900:
13899:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13803:
13801:
13795:
13794:
13792:
13791:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13746:
13741:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13720:
13718:
13712:
13711:
13709:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13697:
13696:
13691:
13686:
13678:
13673:
13672:
13671:
13669:Lisan ud-Dawat
13661:
13655:
13653:
13644:
13640:
13639:
13636:
13635:
13633:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13617:
13612:
13607:
13601:
13599:
13593:
13592:
13589:
13588:
13586:
13585:
13580:
13575:
13570:
13565:
13559:
13557:
13551:
13550:
13548:
13547:
13542:
13541:
13540:
13529:
13527:
13520:
13513:
13509:
13508:
13505:
13504:
13502:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13415:
13413:
13407:
13406:
13404:
13403:
13398:
13392:
13390:
13386:
13385:
13383:
13382:
13377:
13372:
13366:
13364:
13357:
13351:
13350:
13347:
13346:
13344:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13318:
13313:
13307:
13305:
13301:
13300:
13298:
13297:
13292:
13286:
13284:
13280:
13279:
13277:
13276:
13271:
13266:
13261:
13256:
13250:
13248:
13244:
13243:
13241:
13240:
13234:
13232:
13228:
13227:
13225:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13188:
13186:
13182:
13181:
13179:
13178:
13173:
13167:
13165:
13158:
13152:
13151:
13144:
13143:
13136:
13129:
13121:
13115:
13112:
13111:
13097:
13096:
13087:
13084:
13083:
13081:
13080:
13073:
13072:
13071:
13057:
13056:
13055:
13048:
13034:
13031:Proto-Hellenic
13027:
13026:
13025:
13015:Proto-Germanic
13011:
13004:
13003:
13002:
12995:
12981:
12978:Proto-Armenian
12974:
12967:
12964:Proto-Albanian
12960:
12952:
12950:
12944:
12943:
12941:
12940:
12933:
12926:
12919:
12912:
12905:
12898:
12891:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12868:
12866:
12862:
12861:
12859:
12858:
12851:
12845:
12843:
12835:
12834:
12832:
12831:
12824:
12823:
12822:
12811:
12809:
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12800:
12799:
12794:
12789:
12784:
12777:
12775:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12765:
12760:
12758:North Germanic
12755:
12747:
12745:
12739:
12738:
12736:
12735:
12733:Insular Celtic
12730:
12722:
12720:
12714:
12713:
12710:
12709:
12707:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12690:
12688:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12678:
12671:
12666:
12663:Dnieper Baltic
12658:
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12647:
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12519:
12512:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12491:
12490:Colin P.Masica
12485:
12477:
12476:External links
12474:
12473:
12472:
12465:
12458:
12451:
12444:
12438:
12416:
12401:George Cardona
12397:
12388:
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12311:
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12283:
12258:
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12171:
12159:
12150:
12148:, p. 932.
12138:
12126:
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12083:
12056:
12030:
12017:
12011:978-9027283252
12010:
11988:
11963:
11933:
11907:
11897:
11873:
11866:
11860:. p. 16.
11842:
11835:
11829:. p. 24.
11811:
11804:
11782:
11763:
11754:
11733:
11712:
11691:
11670:(2): 287–326.
11650:
11630:
11627:. p. 203.
11611:
11604:
11582:
11575:
11546:
11536:UNESCO, 1994.
11523:
11500:
11493:
11471:
11452:
11431:
11414:
11393:(4): 227–258.
11365:
11353:
11341:
11334:
11310:
11305:WorldData.info
11292:
11277:(in Swedish).
11262:
11250:
11237:
11223:
11217:. p. 60.
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7709:
7704:
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7690:
7685:
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7602:
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7467:
7462:
7457:
7455:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7438:
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7425:
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7413:
7408:
7406:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7247:
7246:
7243:
7238:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7218:/iea·ɔou/
7215:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7202:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7141:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7110:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7084:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7035:
7027:
7023:Palatalization
7019:
7007:
6965:
6962:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6634:
6633:
6624:
6615:
6606:
6597:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5885:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5857:
5840:
5831:
5814:
5805:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5781:spirantisation
5650:
5649:Stop positions
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5620:
5617:
5597:
5594:
5587:in Hindi, and
5560:Main article:
5557:
5554:
5537:Parya language
5535:Main article:
5532:
5529:
5505:mixed language
5494:Main article:
5491:
5488:
5455:Main article:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5390:Main article:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5381:New Indo-Aryan
5379:
5279:
5276:
5233:Vedic Sanskrit
5228:
5227:Old Indo-Aryan
5225:
5136:as well; note
5042:(cf. Sanskrit
4970:Main article:
4967:
4964:
4948:Old Indo-Aryan
4940:proto-language
4929:Main article:
4926:
4923:
4907:
4906:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4877:
4874: 200 BCE
4859:
4856: 300 BCE
4841:
4828: 300 BCE
4810:
4809:
4808:
4795:
4777:
4767:Vedic Sanskrit
4753:Old Indo-Aryan
4750:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4683:
4681:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4589:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4480:
4473:Dhakaiya Kutti
4463:, Sundarbani,
4409:
4408:
4407:
4361:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4321:
4306:Dangaura Tharu
4283:
4269:
4251:
4241:
4147:Main article:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4107:
4072:Standard Hindi
3989:Within India,
3983:Main article:
3980:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3875:
3850:Central Bhil:
3848:
3805:
3765:
3661:Madhya Pradesh
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3583:
3535:
3516:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3381:Western Pahari
3377:
3366:Central Pahari
3363:
3348:Eastern Pahari
3329:Main article:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3299:
3292:
3254:
3240:
3206:
3159:Main article:
3156:
3153:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3027:
3024:
2996:Rudolf Hoernlé
2976:Main article:
2973:
2970:
2954:Anton I. Kogan
2949:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2440:
2437:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Classification
2404:
2373:first-speakers
2361:Vedic Sanskrit
2276:(or sometimes
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Fire sacrifice
2119:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:Zoroastrianism
1896:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1784:
1783:
1781:Medieval India
1772:
1771:
1766:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1663:
1658:
1656:Italic peoples
1653:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1432:Gandhara grave
1429:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:Middle Dnieper
1274:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1233:Eastern Europe
1230:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1161:Dnieper–Donets
1157:
1150:
1138:
1136:Kurgan culture
1133:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:Beech argument
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
895:
881:
876:
862:
855:Proto-Germanic
852:
850:Proto-Armenian
847:
842:
840:Proto-Albanian
836:
835:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
790:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
735:
728:
727:
726:
725:
701:
700:
693:
692:
691:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
629:
624:
618:
617:
611:
610:
609:
608:
596:
595:
594:
587:
580:
568:
567:
566:
554:
549:
544:
543:
542:
535:
523:
518:
517:
516:
503:
502:
495:
494:
487:
482:
481:
478:
477:
469:
468:
462:
461:
449:
448:
444:Chinali-Lahuli
428:
418:
404:
394:
384:
374:
360:
350:
336:
332:Eastern Pahari
326:
322:Central Pahari
316:
308:Western Pahari
302:
292:
282:
272:
258:
256:(Northwestern)
248:
234:
224:
214:
204:
194:
180:
158:
150:
149:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
116:
106:
105:
100:
99:Proto-language
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
76:
70:
69:
60:
57:
54:
53:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15729:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15709:
15707:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:(Kalasha-ala)
15675:
15672:
15669:
15666:
15665:
15663:
15659:
15652:
15649:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15627:
15626:
15625:
15622:
15621:
15619:
15615:
15611:
15604:
15599:
15597:
15592:
15590:
15585:
15584:
15581:
15567:
15563:
15560:
15556:
15552:
15549:
15548:
15544:
15537:
15534:
15533:
15531:
15527:
15515:
15514:
15510:
15508:
15507:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15485:Caucasian Tat
15483:
15482:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15475:
15471:
15467:
15464:
15463:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15433:
15431:
15427:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15409:
15406:
15405:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15396:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15374:
15373:
15372:
15369:
15367:
15366:
15362:
15360:
15359:
15355:
15353:
15352:
15348:
15344:
15341:
15340:
15339:
15336:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15308:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15301:
15297:
15295:
15292:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15280:
15279:
15275:
15271:
15268:
15267:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15257:
15255:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15242:
15230:
15227:
15226:
15225:
15224:
15220:
15216:
15215:
15211:
15205:
15204:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15189:
15188:
15185:
15184:
15183:
15180:
15179:
15178:
15177:
15173:
15171:
15170:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15138:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15126:
15122:
15120:
15119:
15115:
15113:
15112:
15108:
15107:
15105:
15101:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15079:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15034:
15032:
15030:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15017:
15011:
15008:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14996:
14995:Proto-Iranian
14993:
14992:
14990:
14986:
14982:
14975:
14970:
14968:
14963:
14961:
14956:
14955:
14952:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14923:
14922:
14918:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14896:Haflong Hindi
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14883:
14881:
14875:
14869:
14866:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14853:
14852:
14851:Chinali–Lahul
14849:
14847:
14844:
14841:
14838:
14837:
14835:
14831:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14816:
14814:
14808:
14798:
14797:Khasa Prakrit
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14764:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14727:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14718:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14707:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14687:
14685:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14672:
14666:
14663:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14650:
14649:
14646:
14645:
14643:
14639:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14620:
14618:
14614:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14590:
14588:
14584:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14539:
14537:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14522:
14519:
14515:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14486:
14484:
14482:
14478:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14438:
14436:
14432:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14408:
14406:
14402:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14370:
14369:
14366:
14365:
14363:
14359:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14311:
14308:
14307:
14306:
14303:
14302:
14300:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14285:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14264:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14256:
14254:
14250:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14223:
14222:
14219:
14218:
14216:
14212:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14197:
14195:
14191:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14171:
14169:
14165:
14159:
14156:
14154:
14151:
14150:
14148:
14144:
14138:
14135:
14133:
14130:
14129:
14127:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14105:
14095:
14092:
14091:
14089:
14085:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14073:Chhattisgarhi
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14060:
14058:
14054:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14010:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13986:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13966:
13964:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13951:
13939:
13936:
13935:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13910:
13908:
13904:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13867:Rathwi Bareli
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13804:
13802:
13800:
13796:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13721:
13719:
13717:
13713:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13681:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13670:
13667:
13666:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13656:
13654:
13652:
13648:
13645:
13641:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13602:
13600:
13598:
13594:
13584:
13581:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13560:
13558:
13556:
13552:
13546:
13543:
13539:
13536:
13535:
13534:
13531:
13530:
13528:
13524:
13521:
13517:
13514:
13510:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13469:Mahasu Pahari
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13416:
13414:
13412:
13408:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13387:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13367:
13365:
13361:
13358:
13356:
13352:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13308:
13306:
13302:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13287:
13285:
13281:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13251:
13249:
13245:
13239:
13236:
13235:
13233:
13229:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13189:
13187:
13183:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13168:
13166:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13153:
13149:
13142:
13137:
13135:
13130:
13128:
13123:
13122:
13119:
13113:
13109:
13104:
13094:
13090:
13085:
13079:
13078:
13074:
13070:
13069:
13068:Proto-Romance
13065:
13064:
13063:
13062:
13058:
13054:
13053:
13052:Proto-Iranian
13049:
13047:
13046:
13042:
13041:
13040:
13039:
13035:
13033:
13032:
13028:
13024:
13023:
13019:
13018:
13017:
13016:
13012:
13010:
13009:
13005:
13001:
13000:
12996:
12994:
12993:
12989:
12988:
12987:
12986:
12982:
12980:
12979:
12975:
12973:
12972:
12968:
12966:
12965:
12961:
12959:
12958:
12954:
12953:
12951:
12949:
12945:
12939:
12938:
12934:
12932:
12931:
12927:
12925:
12924:
12920:
12918:
12917:
12913:
12911:
12910:
12906:
12904:
12903:
12899:
12897:
12896:
12892:
12890:
12889:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12869:
12867:
12863:
12857:
12856:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12846:
12844:
12842:
12841:
12836:
12830:
12829:
12825:
12821:
12818:
12817:
12816:
12813:
12812:
12810:
12808:
12804:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12782:
12779:
12778:
12776:
12774:
12770:
12764:
12763:West Germanic
12761:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12753:
12752:East Germanic
12749:
12748:
12746:
12744:
12740:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12728:
12724:
12723:
12721:
12719:
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12610:
12606:
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12513:
12511:
12506:
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12480:
12479:
12470:
12466:
12463:
12459:
12456:
12452:
12449:
12445:
12441:
12435:
12431:
12428:, Cambridge:
12427:
12426:
12421:
12420:Masica, Colin
12417:
12414:
12413:4-87297-894-3
12410:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12389:
12386:
12385:3-11-014447-6
12382:
12378:
12374:
12370:
12368:
12367:81-7074-128-9
12364:
12360:
12356:
12353:
12350:
12349:0-89720-008-X
12346:
12342:
12341:0-89720-007-1
12338:
12334:
12330:
12327:
12323:
12320:
12317:
12316:
12304:
12299:
12293:, p. 57.
12292:
12287:
12269:
12262:
12243:
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12234:
12226:
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12218:
12214:
12210:
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11999:
11992:
11977:
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11951:
11947:
11943:
11937:
11921:
11917:
11911:
11904:
11900:
11894:
11890:
11889:Prentice Hall
11886:
11885:
11877:
11869:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11854:
11846:
11838:
11832:
11828:
11824:
11823:
11815:
11807:
11805:9781135797119
11801:
11797:
11793:
11786:
11778:
11774:
11767:
11758:
11750:
11749:
11748:Glottolog 3.0
11744:
11737:
11729:
11728:
11727:Glottolog 3.0
11723:
11716:
11708:
11707:
11706:Glottolog 3.0
11702:
11695:
11687:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11669:
11665:
11661:
11654:
11647:
11643:
11640:
11634:
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11615:
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11605:0-7007-1130-9
11601:
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11586:
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11568:
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11543:
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11494:0-415-33323-7
11490:
11486:
11482:
11475:
11467:
11463:
11456:
11448:
11447:
11446:Glottolog 3.0
11442:
11435:
11427:
11426:
11418:
11410:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11381:
11374:
11372:
11370:
11362:
11361:Masica (1991)
11357:
11351:, p. 25.
11350:
11349:Masica (1991)
11345:
11337:
11331:
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11314:
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11220:
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11164:
11160:
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11120:
11113:
11112:Glottolog 4.1
11107:
11099:
11095:
11094:
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11071:
11065:
11061:
11058:. Cambridge:
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8609:
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7507:
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7414:
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7407:
7402:
7397:
7396:
7390:
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7365:
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7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7281:
7276:
7273:
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7268:
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7236:
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7231:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7190:
7189:
7185:
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7175:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7103:
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7068:
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7045:
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7040:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7001:
7000:Wadiyari Koli
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6961:
6958:
6948:
6947:breathy voice
6940:
6923:
6887:
6881:
6845:
6839:
6803:
6797:
6761:
6755:
6719:
6713:
6677:
6671:
6635:
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6625:
6621:
6616:
6612:
6607:
6603:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6580:
6577:
6570:
6568:
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6548:
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6534:
6527:
6510:
6453:
6447:
6390:
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6264:
6258:
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6195:
6138:
6132:
6075:
6069:
6012:
6006:
5949:
5943:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5858:
5854:
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5811:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5699:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5544:is spoken in
5543:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5336:Mughal Empire
5334:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5243:known as the
5242:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5144:, ≈ Sanskrit
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:Mitanni-Aryan
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:reconstructed
4932:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4888: 700 CE
4882:
4878:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4799:
4796:
4792: 200 CE
4786:
4782:
4781:Epic Sanskrit
4778:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4721:
4718:
4710:
4707:February 2017
4700:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4684:This section
4682:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4560:, Zadi Boli,
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:Southern Zone
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4290:Kochila Tharu
4287:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4120:Chhattisgarhi
4117:
4113:
4112:
4111:Eastern Hindi
4108:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4076:Standard Urdu
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4063:Western Hindi
4060:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:Baltic Romani
3935:
3931:
3930:Balkan Romani
3927:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3887:Rathwi Bareli
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3802:Wadiyara Koli
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:Romani people
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3470:Punjab region
3467:
3463:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3426:Mahasu Pahari
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3325:Northern Zone
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3071:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3036:Kausen (2006)
3033:
3032:Masica (1991)
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2780:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2445:Masica (1991)
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:North America
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:J. P. Mallory
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:Reconstructed
1809:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1638:Insular Celts
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:Indo-Iranians
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:Pontic Steppe
1290:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:Kurgan stelae
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:Pontic Steppe
1106:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
912:
911:
903:
902:Proto-Iranian
899:
896:
893:
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
874:
870:
866:
863:
860:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:Daco-Thracian
743:
741:
738:
737:
734:
731:
730:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
708:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:Reconstructed
696:
695:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660:
656:
653:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
634:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
616:
613:
612:
606:
602:
601:
600:
597:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
574:
573:
572:
569:
564:
560:
559:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
540:
536:
533:
529:
528:
527:
524:
522:
519:
514:
510:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
498:
497:
493:
490:
489:
485:
480:
479:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
463:
459:
455:
454:
445:
441:
435:
425:
415:
411:
401:
391:
381:
371:
367:
357:
356:Eastern Hindi
347:
343:
342:Western Hindi
333:
323:
313:
309:
299:
289:
279:
269:
265:
255:
245:
241:
231:
221:
211:
201:
191:
187:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
156:
151:
147:
143:
141:
137:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:Indo-European
77:
75:
71:
61:
55:
52:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
15624:Kamkata-vari
15550:
15511:
15504:
15472:
15363:
15356:
15349:
15298:
15276:
15221:
15212:
15201:
15181:
15174:
15167:
15123:
15116:
15109:
15076:
14891:Bombay Hindi
14833:Unclassified
14730:Ardhamagadhi
14557:Berar Deccan
14411:Chittagonian
14404:Chittagonian
13897:Vaagri Booli
13862:Pauri Bareli
13857:Palya Bareli
13822:Dhodia–Kukna
13512:Northwestern
13202:Kundal Shahi
13147:
13088:
13075:
13066:
13061:Proto-Italic
13059:
13050:
13043:
13036:
13029:
13020:
13013:
13008:Proto-Celtic
13006:
12999:Proto-Slavic
12997:
12992:Proto-Baltic
12990:
12983:
12976:
12969:
12962:
12955:
12935:
12928:
12921:
12914:
12907:
12900:
12893:
12886:
12853:
12848:
12838:
12828:Osco-Umbrian
12826:
12786:
12773:Indo-Iranian
12750:
12725:
12699:South Slavic
12673:
12661:
12645:Balto-Slavic
12628:
12621:
12614:
12607:
12600:
12593:
12583:
12571:
12564:
12557:
12543:
12468:
12461:
12454:
12447:
12424:
12404:
12372:
12358:
12332:
12325:
12298:
12286:
12274:. Retrieved
12261:
12249:. Retrieved
12240:
12233:
12200:
12196:
12186:
12179:Masica (1991
12174:
12167:Masica (1991
12162:
12153:
12141:
12134:Masica (1991
12129:
12119:15 September
12117:. Retrieved
12103:
12093:
12086:
12073:. Retrieved
12069:the original
12059:
12047:. Retrieved
12043:the original
12033:
12025:
12020:
11997:
11991:
11979:. Retrieved
11966:
11954:. Retrieved
11950:the original
11936:
11924:. Retrieved
11920:the original
11910:
11902:
11883:
11876:
11852:
11845:
11821:
11814:
11795:
11785:
11772:
11766:
11757:
11746:
11736:
11725:
11715:
11704:
11694:
11667:
11663:
11653:
11633:
11620:
11614:
11591:
11585:
11562:
11532:
11526:
11517:
11513:
11503:
11480:
11474:
11465:
11461:
11455:
11444:
11441:"Indo-Aryan"
11434:
11424:
11417:
11390:
11386:
11356:
11344:
11320:
11313:
11304:
11295:
11283:. Retrieved
11274:
11265:
11258:
11253:
11245:
11240:
11230:
11228:
11209:
11202:
11193:
11189:
11184:
11176:
11157:
11150:
11141:
11126:
11119:
11106:
11092:
11085:
11073:. Retrieved
11055:
11045:
11033:. Retrieved
11029:
11002:. Retrieved
10998:
10966:
10957:
10945:
10829:
10816:Calita bhāṣā
10808:
9652:
7295:Masica (1991
7292:
7250:
7065:Masica (1991
7062:
7048:/ʈ͡ꞎɖ͡ɭɖ͡ɭʱ/
7037:
7029:
7021:
7009:
6976:
6970:Masica (1991
6967:
6959:
6936:
6571:
6523:
6449:Chittagonian
5774:
5762:Chittagonian
5713:
5698:front vowels
5695:
5691:Masica (1991
5683:postalveolar
5652:
5622:
5613:Persian Gulf
5599:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5540:
5499:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5460:
5401:
5344:
5333:Turco-Mongol
5326:
5321:
5314:
5308:
5281:
5261:
5257:
5230:
5216:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5117:
5107:
5103:
5102:, "brown"),
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5054:, "three"),
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5009:
4975:
4934:
4895:
4830:to 1500 CE)
4818:
4812:
4752:
4744:
4739:
4713:
4704:
4693:Please help
4688:verification
4685:
4644:
4639:
4636:Unclassified
4608:
4537:
4516:
4426:Chittagonian
4411:
4363:
4339:
4326:, Kuswaric:
4308:, Chitwania
4221:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4143:Eastern Zone
4109:
4061:
4049:(along with
3997:, including
3988:
3964:Finnish Kalo
3960:Sinte Romani
3954:Welsh Romani
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3883:Pauri Bareli
3879:Palya Bareli
3852:Bhili proper
3830:Vaagri Booli
3807:
3794:Parkari Koli
3767:
3687:
3656:
3655:
3652:Western Zone
3614:
3585:
3537:
3518:
3507:
3500:
3461:
3460:
3379:
3365:
3347:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3301:
3294:
3256:
3242:
3217:Kundal Shahi
3208:
3190:
3180:
3166:
3164:
3043:
3029:
3011:
2983:
2981:
2962:Swadesh list
2952:
2442:
2422:
2358:
2326:Western Asia
2277:
2273:
2271:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2195:Publications
2194:
2180:
2161:
2115:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:Paleo-Balkan
1970:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1898:
1897:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1810:
1793:Greater Iran
1786:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1723:
1666:Paleo-Balkan
1631:Celtiberians
1610:
1609:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1494:
1493:
1481:
1480:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1414:
1413:
1356:
1355:
1333:
1332:
1295:
1294:
1257:
1256:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1147:Bug–Dniester
1111:
1110:
976:Gothic Bible
892:Proto-Baltic
888:Proto-Slavic
873:Proto-Italic
869:Proto-Celtic
832:
787:
775:Italo-Celtic
770:Indo-Hittite
760:Graeco-Aryan
733:Hypothetical
732:
697:
632:Paleo-Balkan
614:
576:
571:Indo-Iranian
526:Balto-Slavic
499:
438:(not shown:
244:Northwestern
128:Linguasphere
88:
84:Indo-Iranian
47:distribution
29:
15506:Old Persian
15338:Mazanderani
15125:Khwarezmian
15010:New Iranian
15000:Old Iranian
14879:and creoles
14861:Lahul Lohar
14740:Maharashtri
14337:Mal Paharia
14327:Kharia Thar
13969:Braj Bhasha
13022:Proto-Norse
12849:Tocharian A
12704:West Slavic
12694:East Slavic
12675:West Baltic
12669:East Baltic
12322:John Beames
12303:Masica 1991
12291:Masica 1991
12276:11 November
12251:11 November
11981:26 February
11926:26 February
11281:publication
10853:Indo-Aryans
10812:Sādhū bhāṣā
9410:Hindustani
6972::104–105).
5412:Braj Bhasha
5322:Śravakacāra
5195:"helped by
5161:artaššumara
5157:Artashumara
5078:, "nine"),
5062:, "five"),
4890:to 1500 CE)
4858:to 200 BCE)
4794:to 1300 CE)
4776:to 500 BCE)
4774: 1500
4760: 1500
4655:Lahul Lohar
4523:Elu Prakrit
4302:Sonha Tharu
4070:(including
3950:Angloromani
3934:Vlax Romani
3054:(including
2290:Indus river
2073:Continental
2066:Anglo-Saxon
1769:Middle Ages
1719:Middle Ages
1574:Indo-Aryans
1567:Indo-Aryans
1374:Bell Beaker
1369:Corded ware
1265:Corded ware
1154:Sredny Stog
1099:Archaeology
879:Proto-Greek
859:Proto-Norse
15706:Categories
15169:Sarghulami
15089:Yazghulami
15042:Ishkashimi
14782:Apabhraṃśa
14768:Apabhraṃśa
14745:Shauraseni
14461:Bodo Parja
14446:Sambalpuri
14378:Goalpariya
14352:Tanchangya
14342:Noakhailla
14267:Bote-Darai
14078:Fiji Hindi
14047:Sadhukkadi
14018:Judeo-Urdu
13984:Hindustani
13774:Shekhawati
13716:Rajasthani
13701:Saurashtra
13429:Bhadarwahi
13259:Gawar-Bati
12787:Indo-Aryan
12375:. Berlin:
11976:Ethnologue
11722:"Kuswaric"
11542:9231028138
11259:Ethnologue
11246:Ethnologue
10978:References
7269:Languages
7078:Languages
7044:Bhadarwahi
7016:/ᵐbⁿdᶯɖᵑɡ/
6989:, western
6978:Implosives
6939:aspiration
6585:Languages
6567:homorganic
6526:nasal-stop
5793:Languages
5736:), and in
5714:additional
5708:, or when
5704:), before
5687:affricated
5644:Consonants
5629:Fiji Hindi
5550:Uzbekistan
5546:Tajikistan
5509:Lom people
5470:Azerbaijan
5466:Dom people
5420:Hindustani
5396:See also:
5351:Hindustani
5316:Apabhraṃśa
5189:Citraratha
5185:Priyamedha
5181:priiamazda
5070:, seven),
5046:, "one"),
5026:, and the
4995:(the main
4978:Bronze Age
4876:to 700 CE)
4838: 6th
4762:–300 BCE)
4734:See also:
4591:Konkanic:
4544:Marathic:
4492:Goalpariya
4465:Noakhailla
4434:Tanchangya
4392:Bodo Parja
4382:Sambalpuri
4378:Sundargadi
4372:, Kataki,
4332:Bote-Darai
4294:Rana Tharu
4238:Fiji Hindi
4203:Apabhraṃśa
4183:Bangladesh
4132:Fiji Hindi
4068:Hindustani
4031:historical
3798:Kachi Koli
3782:Saurashtra
3718:Shekhawati
3689:Rajasthani
3394:Bhadarwahi
3310:Gawar-Bati
3052:Hindustani
2879:Ethnologue
2507:W. Punjabi
2502:E. Punjabi
2487:Rajasthani
2433:wave model
2429:tree model
2377:Hindi–Urdu
2363:, through
2294:Bangladesh
2181:Institutes
2101:Lithuanian
1855:Indo-Aryan
1841:Historical
1775:Indo-Aryan
1732:Tocharians
1646:Cimmerians
1524:Bronze Age
1415:South Asia
1289:Bronze Age
1227:Afanasievo
1031:Mainstream
795:Vocabulary
715:Sound laws
577:Indo-Aryan
442:(Dardic),
436:(Southern)
426:(Southern)
334:(Northern)
324:(Northern)
264:Rajasthani
89:Indo-Aryan
51:South Asia
45:Geographic
35:Indo-Aryan
15651:Wasi-wari
15634:Kata-vari
15566:varieties
15553:indicate
15474:Pahlavani
15466:Bakhtiari
15451:Kuhmareyi
15441:Bashkardi
15358:Old Azeri
15062:Sanglechi
14868:Sheikhgal
14812:languages
14777:Abahattha
14757:Paishachi
14658:Classical
14623:Maldivian
14395:Surjapuri
14361:Kamarupic
14263:Kuswaric
14125:Bhojpuric
13913:Khandeshi
13449:Chambeali
13444:Bilaspuri
13341:Mankiyali
13269:Shumashti
13264:Nangalami
13176:Kishtwari
13091:indicate
12840:Tocharian
12797:Nuristani
12545:Anatolian
12225:149759441
12217:0388-0001
12181::101–102)
12094:Tajuzbeki
11956:3 January
11827:Routledge
11701:"Tharuic"
11686:2196-078X
11625:Routledge
11596:Routledge
11567:Routledge
11520:: 71–132.
11485:Routledge
11409:212688418
11326:Routledge
11285:30 August
11163:Routledge
11143:Sanskrit.
11075:4 October
10820:diglossia
10008:Gujarati
9675:Assamese
7789:Kashmiri
7186:Assamese
7176:Gujarati
7104:Maithili
7091:Kashmiri
7054:clusters.
5710:geminated
5667:retroflex
5639:Phonology
5432:registers
5213:Palestine
5201:šattiṷaza
5138:mišta-nnu
4917:from the
4881:Abahattha
4623:Maldivian
4562:Thanjavur
4527:Sri Lanka
4504:Rajbanshi
4500:Surjapuri
4370:Baleswari
4268:, Dehati;
4080:Khariboli
3900:Khandeshi
3665:Rajasthan
3410:Chambeali
3406:Bilaspuri
3318:Shumashti
3314:Nangalami
3257:Kohistani
3199:Kishtwari
3062:) (25.4%)
2921:Glottolog
2622:Chatterji
2439:Subgroups
2346:Australia
2342:Polynesia
2334:Caribbean
2306:Sri Lanka
2116:Practices
1935:Yarsanism
1745:Albanians
1725:East Asia
1712:Scythians
1704:Phrygians
1697:Paeonians
1690:Illyrians
1676:Thracians
1593:East Asia
1544:Armenians
1471:Hallstatt
1453:Chernoles
1394:Terramare
1384:Trzciniec
1351:Sintashta
1346:Andronovo
1247:Cernavodă
1220:East Asia
1175:Khvalynsk
915:Philology
825:Particles
711:Phonology
652:Liburnian
627:Tocharian
622:Anatolian
591:Nuristani
484:Languages
402:(Eastern)
392:(Eastern)
382:(Eastern)
358:(Central)
300:(Western)
290:(Western)
288:Khandeshi
280:(Western)
220:Kohistani
140:Glottolog
110:ISO 639-2
15670:(Ashkun)
15661:Southern
15653:(Prasun)
15639:Shekhani
15617:Northern
15495:Hazaragi
15446:Garmsiri
15381:Sangsari
15376:Lasgerdi
15365:Parthian
15343:Tabaroid
15311:Kurmanji
15260:Ashtiani
15229:Yaghnobi
15187:Ossetian
15176:Scythian
15151:Southern
15146:Northern
15118:Bactrian
15067:Sarikoli
15037:Bartangi
14924:See also
14906:Nefamese
14901:Nagamese
14792:Kamarupi
14752:Gāndhārī
14709:Middle (
14648:Sanskrit
14586:Konkanic
14535:Marathic
14525:Marathi–
14517:Southern
14421:Rohingya
14390:Rangpuri
14368:Assamese
14332:Kurmukar
14310:dialects
14290:Kamarupa
14174:Maithili
14167:Maithili
14132:Bhojpuri
14037:Kannauji
13999:Hinglish
13979:Haryanvi
13744:Dhundari
13694:Wadiyara
13676:Jandavra
13664:Gujarati
13651:Gujarati
13573:Khetrani
13538:dialects
13494:Sirmauri
13474:Jaunsari
13464:Mandeali
13459:Pangwali
13439:Bhateali
13396:Garhwali
13355:Northern
13321:Chilisso
13197:Brokskat
13171:Kashmiri
13164:Kashmiri
12937:Thracian
12930:Phrygian
12923:Paeonian
12902:Illyrian
12877:Armenian
12872:Albanian
12743:Germanic
12623:Pisidian
12422:(1991),
12403:(2004).
12357:(1994).
12075:25 March
11642:Archived
10847:See also
10805:Register
10644:Sinhala
10223:Marathi
9814:Bengali
9185:Marwari
8762:Sylheti
8387:Punjabi
8112:Saraiki
7282:Sylheti
7209:Bengali
7117:Sinhala
6951:/ɖ/~/ɖʱ/
6943:/ʈ/~/ʈʰ/
6386:Assamese
5758:Assamese
5738:Kashmiri
5679:alveolar
5523:and the
5501:Lomavren
5490:Lomavren
5363:Gujarati
5355:Assamese
5288:Buddhist
5284:Prakrits
5264:Sanskrit
5209:Subandhu
5205:Sātivāja
5177:Prītāśva
5165:Ṛtasmara
5134:Sanskrit
5122:solstice
5012:Hittites
5001:Hurrians
4993:Akkadian
4849:Gandhari
4820:Prakrits
4531:Maldives
4496:Rangpuri
4484:Assamese
4477:Dobhashi
4469:Manbhumi
4461:Varendri
4438:Rohingya
4254:Maithili
4230:Bhojpuri
4187:Assamese
4159:Magadhan
4124:Surgujia
4096:Kannauji
4088:Haryanvi
4027:Pakistan
3877:Bareli:
3778:Jandavra
3774:Gujarati
3769:Gujarati
3706:Dhundari
3641:Khetrani
3602:Shahpuri
3576:Derawali
3556:Awankari
3450:Sirmauri
3430:Jaunsari
3422:Mandeali
3418:Pangwali
3402:Bhateali
3370:Garhwali
3265:Chilisso
3243:Chitrali
3213:Brokskad
3195:Kashmiri
3191:Kashmiri
3120:Maithili
3110:Bhojpuri
3100:Gujarati
2947:Midland
2929:Midland
2902:(C., W.)
2870:Insular
2720:C (+NW)
2662:Midland
2630:Midland
2593:(−1927)
2591:Grierson
2522:Marathi–
2492:Gujarati
2482:W. Hindi
2477:E. Hindi
2467:Assamese
2465:Bengali–
2411:Theories
2400:Gujarati
2369:Prakrits
2310:Maldives
2302:Pakistan
2162:Scholars
2060:Germanic
2031:Scottish
1996:Thracian
1990:Illyrian
1984:Albanian
1972:European
1965:Armenian
1949:Ossetian
1943:Scythian
1928:Yazidism
1878:Buddhism
1869:Hinduism
1760:Norsemen
1670:Anatolia
1587:Iranians
1580:Iranians
1561:Iron Age
1536:Hittites
1489:Colchian
1482:Caucasus
1440:Iron Age
1409:Lusatian
1404:Urnfield
1328:Srubnaya
1323:Poltavka
1313:Catacomb
1252:Cucuteni
1207:Caucasus
1024:Religion
1009:Homeland
951:Behistun
931:Linear B
820:Numerals
815:Pronouns
740:Balkanic
687:Thracian
680:Phrygian
673:Paeonian
659:Messapic
645:Illyrian
557:Hellenic
552:Germanic
521:Armenian
513:Albanian
507:Albanoid
458:a series
456:Part of
414:Southern
312:Northern
278:Gujarati
232:(Dardic)
230:Kashmiri
222:(Dardic)
212:(Dardic)
202:(Dardic)
177:Lomavren
146:indo1321
15685:Zemiaki
15680:Tregami
15674:Waigali
15644:Mumviri
15629:Kamviri
15555:extinct
15551:Italics
15536:Badeshi
15480:Persian
15456:Kumzari
15398:Taleshi
15391:Sorkhei
15371:Semnani
15326:Kordali
15306:Kurdish
15300:Gorgani
15278:Daylami
15270:Makrani
15265:Balochi
15245:Western
15223:Sogdian
15182:Alanian
15156:Wanetsi
15141:Central
15131:Parachi
15111:Avestan
15072:Shughni
15057:Roshani
15020:Eastern
14988:History
14877:Pidgins
14856:Chinali
14846:Bazigar
14840:Badeshi
14735:Magadhi
14711:Prakrit
14628:Sinhala
14616:Insular
14593:Konkani
14572:Katkari
14567:Phudagi
14547:Varhadi
14542:Marathi
14527:Konkani
14499:Bhunjia
14373:Kamrupi
14347:Sylheti
14305:Bengali
14298:Bengali
14259:Kumhali
14226:Kochila
14214:Tharuic
14205:Kurmali
14193:Sadanic
14184:Bajjika
14158:Khortha
14108:Eastern
14068:Bagheli
14056:Eastern
14013:Deccani
13989:Kauravi
13974:Bundeli
13962:Western
13954:Central
13923:Dawoodi
13918:Lambadi
13842:Bhilori
13812:Bhilali
13759:Marwari
13749:Harauti
13689:Parkari
13643:Western
13610:Kholosi
13605:Jadgali
13583:Saraiki
13533:Punjabi
13526:Eastern
13519:Punjabi
13489:Hinduri
13434:Churahi
13411:Western
13401:Kumaoni
13389:Central
13363:Eastern
13290:Kalasha
13283:Chitral
13238:Pashayi
13231:Pashayi
13207:Kalkoti
13089:Italics
12909:Moesian
12895:Getaean
12855:Kuchean
12820:Romance
12792:Iranian
12781:Badeshi
12630:Sidetic
12559:Hittite
12169::95–96)
12136::94–95)
12049:16 July
11231:prakrta
11098:522–528
11035:9 March
8903:Sindhi
8563:Nepali
7309:Romani
7266:Vowels
7075:Vowels
6991:Marwari
6987:Saraiki
6983:Sindhic
6799:Dhivehi
6715:Sinhala
6582:Nasals
6576:> .
6512:Sylheti
5766:Sinhala
5722:Konkani
5718:Marathi
5671:palatal
5605:Jadgali
5601:Kholosi
5424:Persian
5418:-based
5416:Dehlavi
5402:In the
5375:Punjabi
5371:Marathi
5347:Bengali
5340:Persian
5253:Rigveda
5221:Tvastar
5193:Indrota
5126:vishuva
5118:pingala
5113:pinkara
5084:vartana
5080:vartana
5036:Kikkuli
5032:Nasatya
5028:Ashvins
4989:Hurrian
4981:Mitanni
4900:Dakhini
4667:History
4661:Badeshi
4651:Chinali
4627:Dhivehi
4614:Sinhala
4593:Konkani
4578:Katkari
4570:Phudagi
4550:Varhadi
4546:Marathi
4488:Kamrupi
4453:Bangali
4449:Bengali
4442:Sylheti
4374:Ganjami
4354:Bhunjia
4324:Kumhali
4272:Sadanic
4262:Bajjika
4248:Khortha
4171:Bengali
4116:Bagheli
4092:Bundeli
4051:English
4043:Dehlavi
4019:Dehlavi
3976:Central
3907:Domaaki
3856:Bhilali
3841:Bhilori
3762:Lambadi
3754:Kanjari
3746:Bhoyari
3710:Harauti
3698:Marwari
3669:Gujarat
3645:Kholosi
3625:Jadgali
3594:Jhangvi
3580:Multani
3568:Saraiki
3560:Chachhi
3539:Western
3520:Eastern
3509:Central
3502:Punjabi
3490:Persian
3466:Punjabi
3442:Hinduri
3398:Churahi
3374:Kumaoni
3296:Pashayi
3285:Torwali
3247:Kalasha
3229:Kalkoti
3173:in his
3090:Marathi
3080:Punjabi
3072:(20.7%)
3070:Bengali
2938:Dardic
2923:(2024)
2881:(2020)
2864:non-IA
2837:(2016)
2829:Romani
2823:Dardic
2805:(2006)
2746:(1974)
2744:Cardona
2711:(1972)
2697:Dardic
2685:(1968)
2677:non-IA
2671:non-IA
2665:Inter.
2659:Inter.
2642:non-IA
2624:(1926)
2616:non-IA
2610:non-IA
2548:(1880)
2546:Hoernlé
2534:Dhivehi
2529:Sinhala
2524:Konkani
2396:Marathi
2392:Punjabi
2388:Bengali
2284:in the
2094:Latvian
2052:Cornish
1922:Kurdish
1908:Persian
1900:Iranian
1892:Sikhism
1885:Jainism
1848:Hittite
1787:Iranian
1683:Dacians
1476:Jastorf
1399:Tumulus
1379:Únětice
1308:Yamnaya
1303:Chariot
1241:Usatovo
1182:Yamnaya
1019:Society
1003:Origins
936:Rigveda
788:Grammar
615:Extinct
605:Romance
584:Iranian
434:Dhivehi
424:Sinhala
370:Eastern
346:Central
268:Western
240:Punjabi
169:Kholosi
15668:Askunu
15529:Others
15436:Achomi
15408:Tatoid
15351:Median
15321:Xwarin
15316:Sorani
15294:Gorani
15289:Gilaki
15203:Jassic
15163:Ormuri
15136:Pashto
15103:Others
15094:Yidgha
14810:Proto-
14766:Late (
14675:Middle
14577:Kadodi
14504:Nahari
14481:Halbic
14456:Bhatri
14416:Chakma
14322:Hajong
14288:Gauda–
14272:Danwar
14252:Others
14243:Musasa
14179:Angika
14153:Magahi
14146:Magahi
14117:Bihari
14087:Others
14063:Awadhi
14028:Rekhta
14003:Urdish
13933:Romani
13928:Domari
13906:Others
13887:Vasavi
13872:Pardhi
13852:Magari
13847:Mawchi
13837:Bauria
13827:Dhanki
13817:Chodri
13789:Nimadi
13779:Dhatki
13769:Mewari
13764:Mewati
13739:Gujari
13734:Loarki
13729:Goaria
13706:Vaghri
13630:Sindhi
13625:Memoni
13620:Luwati
13615:Kutchi
13597:Sindhi
13563:Hindko
13555:Lahnda
13499:Sarazi
13479:Kullui
13424:Kangri
13380:Nepali
13370:Doteli
13336:Tirahi
13331:Kalami
13316:Bateri
13295:Khowar
13254:Dameli
13217:Palula
13212:Ushoji
13156:Dardic
12916:Mysian
12888:Dacian
12865:Others
12807:Italic
12718:Celtic
12686:Slavic
12654:Baltic
12616:Milyan
12609:Lycian
12602:Luwian
12595:Carian
12573:Palaic
12566:Lydian
12436:
12411:
12383:
12365:
12351:(pbk).
12347:
12339:
12223:
12215:
12203:: 81.
12008:
11895:
11864:
11833:
11802:
11684:
11602:
11573:
11540:
11491:
11407:
11332:
11221:
11169:
11134:
11066:
11004:8 July
8847:
8843:
7557:Shina
7289:Charts
7059:Vowels
6996:/ɠʄᶑɓ/
6520:Nasals
5790:Stops
5777:Romani
5700:(esp.
5673:, and
5663:dental
5659:labial
5609:Luwati
5607:, and
5556:Romani
5521:Domari
5517:Romani
5479:Romani
5474:Domari
5462:Domari
5451:Domari
5373:, and
5359:Sindhi
5247:. The
5175:a) as
5142:miẓḍha
5108:palita
5104:parita
5100:babhru
5020:Varuna
4913:Early
4629:, Mahl
4586:Kadodi
4430:Chakma
4422:Hajong
4396:Bhatri
4358:Nahari
4341:Halbic
4328:Danwar
4318:Musasa
4266:Thethi
4258:Angika
4244:Magahi
4223:Bihari
4199:Odisha
4163:Odisha
4128:Awadhi
4011:Awadhi
3921:Romani
3914:Domari
3891:Pardhi
3868:Dhanki
3864:Dhodia
3860:Chodri
3845:Magari
3837:Bauria
3818:Vasavi
3790:Vaghri
3750:Pawari
3742:Loarki
3738:Goaria
3734:Gujari
3730:Nimadi
3722:Dhatki
3714:Mewari
3702:Mewati
3637:Memoni
3633:Luwati
3629:Kutchi
3621:Sindhi
3616:Sindhi
3590:Dhanni
3572:Riasti
3548:Kohati
3544:Hindko
3533:Puadhi
3529:Malwai
3494:Arabic
3478:Sindhi
3446:Sarazi
3434:Kullui
3390:Kangri
3360:Doteli
3352:Nepali
3341:Pahari
3306:Dameli
3281:Tirahi
3277:Kalami
3261:Bateri
3251:Khowar
3233:Palula
3225:Ushojo
3203:Poguli
3155:Dardic
3146:
3142:(1.9%)
3140:Sindhi
3138:
3136:
3132:(2.5%)
3128:
3126:
3122:(2.6%)
3118:
3116:
3112:(3.1%)
3108:
3106:
3102:(3.8%)
3098:
3096:
3092:(5.6%)
3088:
3086:
3082:(9.4%)
3078:
3076:
3068:
3066:
3050:
3048:
3034:, and
3026:Groups
2992:Pahari
2988:Dardic
2803:Kausen
2539:Romani
2517:Dardic
2512:Sindhi
2497:Pahari
2472:Bihari
2332:, the
2109:Slavic
2088:Baltic
2038:Breton
2018:Celtic
2002:Dacian
1958:Others
1738:Europe
1611:Europe
1605:Yuezhi
1459:Europe
1446:Steppe
1357:Europe
1214:Maykop
1168:Samara
1124:Kurgan
941:Avesta
723:Ablaut
719:Accent
666:Mysian
638:Dacian
599:Italic
547:Celtic
539:Slavic
532:Baltic
500:Extant
432:
430:
422:
420:
408:
406:
400:Halbic
398:
396:
388:
386:
380:Bihari
378:
376:
364:
362:
354:
352:
340:
338:
330:
328:
320:
318:
306:
304:
296:
294:
286:
284:
276:
274:
262:
260:
254:Sindhi
252:
250:
238:
236:
228:
226:
218:
216:
208:
206:
200:Khowar
198:
196:
190:Dardic
186:Pashai
184:
182:
175:, and
173:Luwati
165:Domari
161:Romani
15500:Tajik
15429:South
15253:North
15192:Digor
15084:Wakhi
15078:Vanji
15052:Munji
15047:Khufi
15029:Pamir
14911:Vedda
14683:Early
14653:Vedic
14562:Varli
14494:Kamar
14489:Halbi
14471:Kupia
14451:Desia
14238:Majhi
14231:Buksa
14221:Tharu
14200:Sadri
14094:Parya
14042:Sansi
13994:Hindi
13892:Wagdi
13882:Kalto
13877:Gamit
13832:Dubli
13807:Bhili
13754:Malvi
13724:Bagri
13684:Kachi
13680:Koli
13545:Sansi
13454:Gaddi
13419:Dogri
13375:Jumli
13326:Gowro
13247:Kunar
13192:Shina
13185:Shina
12882:Greek
12585:Luwic
12271:(PDF)
12245:(PDF)
12221:S2CID
12115:. n.d
11544:p 734
11464:[
11405:S2CID
11383:(PDF)
11026:(PDF)
10946:Indic
10929:Notes
10460:Odia
7256:tonal
5732:>
5675:velar
5542:Parya
5531:Parya
5245:Vedas
5203:) as
5197:Indra
5183:) as
5163:) as
5146:mīḍha
5130:marya
5096:babru
5068:sapta
5064:satta
5060:panca
5056:panza
5024:Indra
5016:Mitra
4952:Vedic
4618:Vedda
4582:Varli
4574:Judeo
4457:Rarhi
4404:Kupia
4386:Desia
4350:Kamar
4346:Halbi
4314:Majhi
4310:Buksa
4286:Tharu
4195:Assam
4179:India
4167:Bihar
4104:Sansi
4100:Parya
4039:Hindi
4035:India
3999:Delhi
3872:Dubli
3826:Gamit
3822:Wagdi
3814:Kalto
3726:Malvi
3694:Bagri
3606:Thali
3552:Ghebi
3525:Doabi
3514:Majhi
3482:Sindh
3414:Gaddi
3386:Dogri
3356:Jumli
3302:Kunar
3269:Gowro
3221:Shina
3209:Shina
3056:Hindi
2855:C~NW
2849:C~NW
2835:Kogan
2761:(S)W
2755:(S)W
2709:Nigam
2683:Katre
2456:Model
2314:Nepal
2298:India
2080:Norse
2045:Welsh
2024:Irish
2013:Roman
2008:Greek
1863:Vedic
1755:Slavs
1750:Balts
1624:Gauls
1618:Celts
1600:Wusun
1495:India
1271:Baden
971:Ogham
946:Homer
833:Other
810:Nouns
805:Verbs
563:Greek
440:Kunar
298:Bhili
210:Shina
40:Indic
15490:Dari
15461:Luri
15415:Zaza
15403:Tati
15331:Laki
15284:Fars
15214:Saka
15197:Iron
14695:Pāli
14552:Andh
14466:Reli
14441:Odia
14434:Odia
14008:Urdu
13799:Bhil
13568:Inku
13222:Sawi
12535:list
12434:ISBN
12409:ISBN
12381:ISBN
12363:ISBN
12345:ISBN
12337:ISBN
12278:2022
12253:2022
12213:ISSN
12121:2013
12077:2015
12051:2016
12006:ISBN
11983:2008
11958:2015
11928:2008
11893:ISBN
11862:ISBN
11831:ISBN
11800:ISBN
11682:ISSN
11600:ISBN
11571:ISBN
11538:ISBN
11489:ISBN
11330:ISBN
11287:2013
11219:ISBN
11167:ISBN
11132:ISBN
11077:2021
11064:ISBN
11037:2024
11006:2018
10427:ɾʱlʱ
10193:ɾʱlʱ
9147:ɾʱlʱ
9120:(ɣ)ɦ
8742:ɾʱlʱ
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8326:(ɣ)ɦ
8073:ɾʲlʲ
7948:tsʲʰ
7938:t̪ʲʰ
7470:(fʲ)
7367:(dz)
7325:(ts)
7052:/Cɾ/
7004:/ᶑɓ/
6955:/mʱ/
6574:/nɡ/
5770:/ts/
5734:/tʃ/
5726:*t̪ɾ
5720:and
5631:and
5581:aggi
5548:and
5519:and
5476:and
5436:Urdu
5428:Urdu
5410:was
5367:Odia
5349:and
5298:and
5296:Pali
5292:Jain
5290:and
5092:aiva
5088:aika
5076:nava
5048:tera
5040:aika
4954:and
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4558:Agri
4554:Andh
4529:and
4400:Reli
4365:Odia
4197:and
4191:Odia
4189:and
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4165:and
4153:The
4084:Braj
4074:and
4015:Urdu
4009:and
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3979:Zone
3809:Bhil
3663:and
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3492:and
3335:The
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3060:Urdu
3058:and
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2990:and
2982:The
2898:(E.)
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2785:~NW
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2460:Odia
2375:are
2367:(or
2344:and
2312:and
2272:The
2142:Yule
2133:Sati
1422:BMAC
800:Root
390:Odia
15557:or
14787:Elu
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12205:doi
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