8915:
1239:
59:
292:
8295:
457:
Due to effects of dominant languages in
Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Shina like other languages of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words. It has close relationship with other Indo-Aryan languages,
6870:
Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group, spoken in the
Karakorams and the western Himalayas: Gilgit, Hunza, the Astor Valley, the Tangir-Darel valleys, Chilas and Indus Kohistan, as well as in the upper Neelam Valley and Dras. Outliers of Shina are found in Ladakh (Brokskat), Chitral
453:
Until recently, there was no writing system for the language. A number of schemes have been proposed, and there is no single writing system used by speakers of Shina language. Shina is mostly a spoken language and not a written language. Most Shina speakers do not write their language.
1614:
Below alphabet has been standardized, documented, and popularized thanks to efforts of literaturists such as
Professor Muhammad Amin Ziya, Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel, and Razwal Kohistani, and it has been developed for all Shina language dialects, including Gilgit dialect and
1579:
Shina is one of the few Dardic languages with a written tradition. However, it was an unwritten language until a few decades ago. Only in the late 2010s has Shina orthography been standardized and primers as well as dictionaries endorsed by the territorial government of
1587:
Since the first attempts at accurately representing Shina's phonology in the 1960s there have been several proposed orthographies for the different varieties of the language, with debates centering on how to write several retroflex sound not present in
1706:). In Shina, tone variation only occur when there is a long vowel. There are conventions unique to Shina to show the three tones. In Shina conventions, specific diacritics are shown in conjunction with the letters
1677:", which all sound like in Shina. Some documents preserve the original spelling, despite the letters being homophones and not having any independent sound of their own, similar to orthographic conventions of
5033:
can either represent consonant () or vowels (/). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter
4707:
can either represent consonant () or vowel (). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter
1671:(U+08FF) to indicate short vowels. However, these variations are no longer an issue. Another issue is that of how to write loanwords that use letters not found in Shina language, for example letters "
7429:. University publication / Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. V. I. Subramoniam, Nunnagoppula Sivarama Murty (eds.). Trivandrum: Dept. of Linguistics, University of Kerala.
7320:
7218:
Ziya, Muhammad Amin, Prof. (2010, October). Gilti Shina Urdu
Dictionary / ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت. Publisher: Zia Publications, Gilgit. ضیاء پبلیکبشنز، گلیٗتISBN 978-969-942-00-8
1696:
Shina vowels are distinguished by length, by whether or not they're nasalized, and by tone. Nasalization is represented like other Perso-Arabic alphabets in
Pakistan, with
5959:. Although diacritics can and are occasionally dropped in writing. Short vowels , , and are solely written with diacritics. Short vowels and are written with letters
8283:
7142:, p. 823. "Of the languages discussed here, Shina (Pakistan) and Khowar have developed a written tradition and a significant body of written material exists."
7425:
Rajapurohit, B. B. (1975). "The problems involved in the preparation of language teaching material in a spoken language with special reference to Shina".
1685:. Whereas other documents prefer to rewrite all loanwords in a single Shina letter, and thus simplify the writing, similar to orthographic conventions of
7523:
Buddruss, Georg (1983). "Neue
Schriftsprachen im Norden Pakistans. Einige Beobachtungen". In Assmann, Aleida; Assmann, Jan; Hardmeier, Christof (eds.).
7235:
Razwal
Kohistani. (Latest Edition: 2020)(First published: 1996) Kohistani Shina Primer, ݜݨیاٗ کستِین٘و قاعده. Publisher: Indus Kohistan Publications.
8326:
7128:
The Shina dialects of India have retained both initial and final OIA consonant clusters. The Shina dialects of
Pakistan have lost this distinction.
5065:
to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel. When representing a vowel at the end of a word, it can only be . For vowel , the letter
7652:
7569:. Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan. Vol. 2. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University.
6999:
M. Oranskij, “Indo-Iranica IV. Tadjik (Régional) Buruǰ ‘Bouleau,’” in Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile
Benveniste, Paris, 1975, pp. 435–40.
6710:
We saw a completely constructed house. We saw the house burnt down. The house appears burnt by someone. The house could not collapse completely.
1566:
1299:
Shina words are often distinguished by three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones. Here is an example that shows the three tones:
1629:
of Shina. Furthermore, variations and personal preferences can be observed across Shina documents. For example, it is common to see someone use
10792:
8951:
8276:
7260:
8235:
7236:
5976:(U+08FF) is used on top of these letters to indicate a short vowel. Long vowels are written with a combination of diacritics and letters
5038:
will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter
4712:
will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter
637:
All vowels except /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found. /æ/ is heard from loanwords.
8261:
7487:
4502:
7578:. Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i- Azam University.
7343:
Samoon, M. (2016). Shina
Language Proverbs (Urdu: شینا محاورے اور مثالیں)(Shina: شْنْا مَحاوَرآے گےٚ مِثالےٚ). Rabita Publications.
539:
The following is a description of the phonology of the Drasi, Sheena variety spoken in India and the Kohistani variety in Pakistan.
10797:
10782:
5928:
There are five vowels in Shina language. Each of the five vowels in Shina have a short version and a long version. Shina is also a
10787:
8437:
8404:
8269:
10777:
2479:
1391:
7552:
7532:
7504:
7415:
7385:
7106:
6894:
6863:
6691:اَساٰ ایࣿک سَنِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. اَساٰ دَہِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. گوٰݜ جیٰجِہ دَہِیٰلوࣿ لیٰل بِیٰنوࣿ. گوٰݜ وَزِیٗ نَہ دِتوباٰلو.
6884:
3419:
Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use
3200:
Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use
2526:
Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use
8300:
7645:
6853:
4686:
4257:
1559:
391:
314:
7458:
7219:
8944:
7344:
7545:
Shina-Texte aus Gilgit (Nord-Pakistan): Sprichwörter und Materialien zum Volksglauben, gesammelt von Mohammad Amin Zia
10477:
7114:
6951:
6910:
6797:
6767:
1286:
7444:
1268:
7699:
3336:
2364:
7559:
Contains a Shina grammar, German-Shina and Shina-German dictionaries, and over 700 Shina proverbs and short texts.
6855:
Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology
6156:
Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone
5118:
5004:
3957:
1777:
1260:
304:
9350:
8040:
7638:
6702:
Asáa ek saníilo góoṣ pašées. Asáa dahíilo góoṣ pašées. Góoṣ jéeji dahíilo léel bíino. Góoṣ wazií na ditobáalo.
1552:
1513:
1264:
10129:
9167:
8937:
3402:
3114:
3106:
2509:
2298:
1859:
1644:
5955:
All five vowels have a defined way of presentation in Shina orthographic conventions, including letters and
10100:
9920:
9766:
9086:
8225:
4678:
3489:
3270:
2430:
2222:
7259:
Pamir Times (September 5, 2008), "Shina language gets a major boost with Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel's efforts"
6499:
6157:
5949:
5937:
5933:
4604:
4530:
1161:
1152:
1132:
1127:
1103:
1100:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1014:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
964:
940:
933:
913:
908:
903:
883:
878:
873:
850:
843:
838:
833:
817:
810:
805:
800:
784:
777:
772:
767:
753:
748:
741:
736:
731:
10663:
10631:
10487:
8430:
6683:
5012:
4789:
2596:
2156:
1600:
379:
116:
8291:
7261:
https://pamirtimes.net/2008/09/05/shina-language-gets-a-major-boost-with-shakeel-ahmad-shakeels-efforts/
10197:
8491:
8480:
7625:
7620:
5126:
4996:
3183:
2024:
7237:
https://archive.org/details/complete-shina-kohistani-qaida-by-razwal-kohistani_202009/page/n1/mode/1up
10772:
10636:
10337:
10311:
9750:
9634:
8565:
8175:
8057:
6498:
Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long falling tone (
6326:
5941:
5888:
5813:
5730:
5647:
5572:
5497:
5422:
5347:
5272:
5197:
5124:
5116:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4893:
4787:
4684:
4676:
4453:
4387:
4321:
4255:
4189:
4123:
4047:
4039:
3963:
3955:
3879:
3871:
3791:
3717:
3715:
3639:
3565:
3563:
3487:
3400:
3334:
3268:
3181:
3112:
3104:
3048:
3046:
2988:
2930:
2864:
2862:
2804:
2746:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2594:
2507:
2428:
2362:
2296:
2220:
2154:
2088:
2022:
1956:
1865:
1857:
1642:
8590:
8517:
10532:
9296:
8672:
8620:
8522:
8496:
6325:
Below table shows long vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word, with a long rising tone
4041:
3641:
2806:
2090:
1787:
1249:
8538:
8533:
8507:
6969:"The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina"
4125:
4049:
1958:
1535:
1253:
163:
8682:
10740:
10609:
9885:
9679:
9506:
9034:
8918:
8839:
8799:
8779:
8774:
8760:
8729:
8615:
8502:
8423:
8133:
7957:
6747:
4455:
3873:
1518:
896:
762:
694:
427:
168:
8825:
6941:
4916:
Used mid-word to indicate separation between a syllable and another that starts with a vowel.
10410:
10223:
9709:
9674:
9669:
9501:
9014:
8844:
8794:
8652:
8485:
8470:
8128:
7748:
7733:
7661:
7481:
7319:. Islamabad: The National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
6727:
5914:
5839:
5756:
5673:
5598:
5523:
5448:
5373:
5298:
5223:
4830:
can either represent consonant () or it can demonstrate that the word ends with short vowels
4815:
4632:
4389:
4323:
2990:
2932:
2748:
415:
8714:
8346:
10698:
10673:
10542:
10512:
10369:
10149:
10139:
9949:
9528:
8960:
8874:
8869:
8560:
8475:
8210:
8170:
8052:
4191:
3881:
528:
359:
173:
8698:
7499:. Beiträge zur Kenntnis südasiatischer Sprachen und Literaturen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
8:
10745:
10552:
10273:
10258:
10190:
10164:
10154:
10079:
9796:
9586:
9513:
9496:
9241:
9071:
8885:
8316:
8123:
7977:
7882:
7446:
Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary : (Based on the dialect spoken around Dras)
5890:
5815:
5732:
5649:
5574:
5499:
5424:
5349:
5274:
5199:
4819:
3965:
2680:
982:
977:
866:
861:
726:
689:
7615:
7564:
1892:
At the beginning of a word it can either come with diacritic, or it can come in form of
10557:
10470:
10435:
10207:
9725:
9463:
9153:
9081:
9076:
8789:
7932:
7849:
6827:
6328:
5943:
5929:
1867:
1747:(U+0670) represent a rising tone and a falling tone respectively. Another diacritic, a
492:
8575:
1595:
There are two main orthographic conventions now, one in Pakistani-controlled areas of
281:
274:
10750:
10564:
10233:
10202:
10180:
10144:
9986:
9944:
9849:
9791:
9556:
9488:
9476:
9385:
9306:
9286:
9208:
9133:
9050:
8983:
8835:
8784:
8765:
8636:
8605:
8341:
8250:
8240:
8220:
8110:
8105:
7872:
7781:
7728:
7685:
7679:
7548:
7528:
7500:
7469:
7411:
7399:
7381:
7220:
https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAmeenZiaGiltiShinaUrduDictionary/page/n5/mode/1up
7110:
6947:
6890:
6859:
5956:
1523:
1093:
714:
699:
684:
668:
10594:
10580:
6985:
6968:
310:
10668:
10658:
10604:
10537:
10440:
10415:
10405:
10384:
10379:
10354:
10293:
10185:
10159:
10122:
10117:
10071:
10017:
9970:
9929:
9880:
9825:
9786:
9735:
9654:
9624:
9571:
9561:
9422:
9417:
9409:
9395:
9345:
9301:
9213:
9019:
8968:
8895:
8865:
8815:
8755:
8719:
8677:
8667:
8641:
8625:
8610:
8595:
8512:
8371:
8366:
8215:
8150:
8085:
8047:
8035:
8020:
8015:
7992:
7967:
7962:
7912:
7862:
7819:
7801:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7756:
6980:
6737:
6679:
3132:
Only used in loanwords of Persian and European origin. Can be replaced with letter
1686:
1678:
1596:
1581:
1120:
1021:
926:
795:
709:
679:
664:
In India, the dialects of the Shina language have preserved both initial and final
524:
496:
459:
443:
375:
371:
355:
183:
178:
112:
10713:
10547:
10502:
10389:
10359:
10316:
10268:
10228:
10134:
10084:
10055:
10033:
9965:
9875:
9835:
9801:
9745:
9740:
9699:
9684:
9664:
9659:
9649:
9639:
9629:
9601:
9591:
9581:
9576:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9518:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9390:
9311:
9236:
9192:
9148:
9143:
9128:
9123:
9066:
9029:
9024:
8889:
8860:
8849:
8704:
8657:
8600:
8555:
8460:
8376:
8190:
8180:
8160:
8155:
8145:
8140:
8100:
8095:
8030:
8025:
7982:
7972:
7947:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7902:
7897:
7877:
7867:
7824:
7761:
7738:
7723:
7100:
6742:
6732:
2448:
1782:
1690:
1626:
1616:
704:
520:
500:
480:
435:
423:
403:
259:
155:
20:
7525:
Schrift und Gedächtnis: Beiträge zur Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation
4066:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter
3898:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter
1902:), or it can be stand-alone and silent, succeeded by a vowel letter. Diacritics
10723:
10465:
10374:
10306:
10301:
10283:
10263:
10050:
10043:
10012:
9906:
9854:
9694:
9689:
9644:
9619:
9611:
9566:
9536:
9481:
9357:
9266:
9231:
9223:
9187:
9138:
8854:
8805:
8770:
8739:
8734:
8646:
8631:
8331:
8090:
8080:
8005:
8000:
7937:
7887:
7839:
7829:
7809:
7718:
1540:
721:
665:
224:
213:
1729:), as these letters are written down to represent long vowels. The diacritics
1716:
1324:
When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising.
1311:
When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling.
10766:
10708:
10364:
10278:
10253:
10038:
9380:
9281:
8880:
8830:
8820:
8724:
8446:
8356:
8115:
7473:
7438:. CIIL Phonetic Reader Series. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
2697:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with digraph letter
1682:
1589:
1504:
953:
828:
447:
439:
220:
120:
70:
5991:
Below table shows short vowels at the beginning, middle, and end of a word.
10703:
9471:
8662:
8075:
7710:
7403:
7395:
7380:. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 818–94.
7373:
5761:
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter
5678:
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter
4895:
4472:
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter
3793:
3433:
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter
3214:
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter
2540:
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter
2453:
In the official Shina orthography in Indian-Controlled Kashmir, the letter
1619:, which There are minor differences, such as the existence of the letter
504:
419:
363:
134:
7036:
7012:
6918:
6805:
6775:
254:
247:
9781:
9596:
9102:
8810:
8585:
8165:
7907:
7563:
Radloff, Carla F. (1992). Backstrom, Peter C.; Radloff, Carla F. (eds.).
5908:
5902:
5833:
5827:
5750:
5744:
5667:
5661:
5592:
5586:
5517:
5511:
5442:
5436:
5367:
5361:
5292:
5286:
5217:
5211:
5138:
5024:
4911:
4801:
4698:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4467:
4401:
4335:
4269:
4203:
4137:
4061:
3977:
3893:
3809:
3729:
3653:
3577:
3501:
3414:
3348:
3282:
3195:
3127:
3060:
3002:
2944:
2876:
2818:
2760:
2692:
2608:
2521:
2442:
2376:
2310:
2234:
2168:
2102:
2036:
1970:
1887:
1883:
1659:
16:
Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan and Gurez valley
7630:
6939:
9890:
9859:
9830:
8929:
8570:
8321:
7857:
7814:
1057:
488:
10680:
10589:
10569:
9261:
9256:
8988:
8687:
8580:
8465:
8381:
8351:
6871:(Palula and Sawi), Swat (Ushojo; Bashir 2003: 878) and Dir (Kalkoti).
3814:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter
3734:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter
3658:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter
3582:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter
3506:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter
2881:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter
2613:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter
2239:
Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter
1147:
267:
238:
1238:
58:
10718:
10460:
9811:
9276:
9271:
9251:
9009:
8415:
7410:. World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 803–9.
6722:
4936:
come at the end of the word representing a consonant sound or , a
484:
407:
367:
350:
322:
98:
87:
74:
7574:
Rensch, Calvin R.; Decker, Sandra J.; Hallberg, Daniel G. (1992).
7408:
The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide
10652:
10523:
9996:
9730:
9246:
8527:
7791:
7295:
527:. Their population is estimated to be around 32,200 according to
431:
318:
291:
5055:
comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound , a
4826:
always represents the consonant . In final position, The letter
4729:
comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound , a
9991:
9840:
9815:
9375:
9367:
9291:
9182:
9107:
8900:
8361:
8311:
8230:
8010:
7952:
7942:
7892:
7786:
7398:(2016). "Perso-Arabic adaptions for South Asian languages". In
7292:
Sheena language An overview of the teaching and learning system
7058:
7056:
5936:. Long vowels can either have "no tone", i.e. a long flat tone
1608:
463:
411:
399:
387:
7068:
9806:
9704:
8336:
8244:
8067:
7609:
7598:
Contains 15000 words plus material on the phonetics of Shina.
1528:
516:
383:
124:
102:
7080:
7053:
3982:
Only used in loanwords. Can be replaced with digraph letter
479:
There are an estimated 1,146,000 speakers of both Shina and
10507:
9820:
8709:
8391:
8185:
7675:
4946:
to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.
4739:
to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.
1604:
395:
7376:(2003). "Dardic". In George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.).
7145:
5096:
4966:
4877:
4759:
4655:
4498:
4425:
4359:
4293:
4227:
4161:
4095:
4011:
3927:
3843:
3763:
3687:
3611:
3535:
3459:
3372:
3306:
3240:
3161:
3084:
3026:
2968:
2910:
2842:
2784:
2726:
2642:
2566:
2400:
2334:
2268:
2192:
2126:
2060:
1994:
1928:
1829:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
321:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
10599:
7459:"The oral history of the Daṛmá lineage of Indus Kohistan"
1592:
and whether vowel length and tone should be represented.
1457:
499:. A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in
374:
spoken by an estimated 1,146,000 people living mainly in
4928:
at end of a word serves a function too. When the letter
1756:(U+08FF) is used to represent short vowels when need be.
671:, while the Shina dialects spoken in Pakistan have not.
1177:
515:
A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in
382:. A small community of Shina speakers is also found in
4810:(ھ) and they are not interchangeable. Similar to Urdu,
649:
falling: ae̯, ao̯, eə̯, ɛi̯, ɛːi̯, ue̯, ui̯, oi̯, oə̯;
7241:
7133:
6940:
Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008).
5932:. Short vowels in Shina have a short high level tone
7573:
340:
47:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7092:
1308:) has a level tone and means the imperative "Do!"
7497:A grammar of the Shina language of Indus Kohistan
7356:A grammar of the Shina language of Indus kohistan
5151:represents the vowel "ē" or the consonant "y" .
10764:
7539:A history of the development of writing in Shina
7494:
7315:Radloff, Carla F. with Shakil Ahmad Shakil.1998.
7286:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7074:
7495:Schmidt, Ruth Laila; Kohistani, Razwal (2008).
7300:
1192:Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)
7612:, contains materials in and about the language
7214:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7180:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
645:In Shina there are the following diphthongs:
491:(2018), a majority of them in the province of
466:, Sindhi, and the dialects of Western Pahari.
8945:
8431:
8277:
7646:
7265:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7160:
4822:. In initial and medial position, the letter
1603:, and the other in Indian-controlled area of
1560:
296:Distribution of Shina language in Dark Orange
7543:Degener, Almuth; Zia, Mohammad Amin (2008).
7456:
7427:Teaching of Indian languages: seminar papers
7354:Schmidt, R. L., & Kohistani, R. (2008).
7151:
6883:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007-07-26).
6672:Below is a short passage of sample phrases.
4814:(ھ) is exclusively used as a second part of
7442:
7433:
7424:
7086:
7062:
6946:. Cambridge University Press. p. 144.
6882:
6851:
5971:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5848:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5773:
5762:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5690:
5679:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5607:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5532:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5457:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5382:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5307:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5232:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5157:
5103:
5094:
5082:
5069:
5060:
5046:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4964:
4952:
4941:
4875:
4863:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4757:
4745:
4734:
4720:
4663:
4653:
4641:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4564:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4496:
4484:
4473:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4423:
4411:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4357:
4345:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4291:
4279:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4225:
4213:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4159:
4147:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4093:
4081:
4070:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4009:
3997:
3986:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3925:
3913:
3902:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3841:
3829:
3818:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3761:
3749:
3738:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3685:
3673:
3662:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3609:
3597:
3586:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3533:
3521:
3510:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3445:
3434:
3426:
3420:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3370:
3358:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3304:
3292:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3238:
3226:
3215:
3207:
3201:
3168:
3159:
3147:
3136:
3091:
3082:
3070:
3033:
3024:
3012:
2975:
2966:
2954:
2917:
2908:
2896:
2885:
2849:
2840:
2828:
2791:
2782:
2770:
2733:
2724:
2712:
2701:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2628:
2617:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2552:
2541:
2533:
2527:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2465:
2454:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2386:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2320:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2254:
2243:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2178:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2124:
2112:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2046:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1980:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1914:
1903:
1897:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1815:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1701:
1672:
1666:
1653:
1636:
1630:
1620:
1352:
1329:
1316:
1303:
1267:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1221:Degener (2008, p. 14) lists it as a phoneme
1195:
652:falling nasalized: ãi̯, ẽi̯, ũi̯, ĩũ̯, ʌĩ̯;
335:
64:
40:
34:
8952:
8938:
8438:
8424:
8284:
8270:
7653:
7639:
7542:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7157:
5147:only occurs in final position. The letter
1567:
1553:
290:
7660:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7294:/ شینا زبان نظام پڑھائی لکھائی کا جائزہ.
6984:
1287:Learn how and when to remove this message
1212:According to Rajapurohit (2012, p. 33–34)
8959:
7522:
7007:
7005:
6852:Saxena, Anju; Borin, Lars (2008-08-22).
7562:
7466:European Bulletin of Himalayan Research
7224:
1215:
315:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
10765:
7486:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
7394:
7372:
7324:
7247:
7139:
6678:Shina Arabic alphabet (orthography of
349:
86:
10793:Tonal languages in non-tonal families
8933:
8419:
8265:
7634:
7107:Central Institute of Indian Languages
7098:
7002:
6966:
8445:
7616:1992 Sociolinguistic Survey of Shina
6847:
6845:
6843:
6841:
5972:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5849:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5774:
5763:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5691:
5680:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5608:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5533:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5458:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5383:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5308:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5233:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5158:
5104:
5095:
5083:
5070:
5061:
5047:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4965:
4953:
4942:
4876:
4864:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4758:
4746:
4735:
4721:
4664:
4654:
4642:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4565:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4497:
4485:
4474:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4424:
4412:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4358:
4346:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4292:
4280:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4226:
4214:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4160:
4148:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4094:
4082:
4071:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4010:
3998:
3987:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3926:
3914:
3903:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3842:
3830:
3819:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3762:
3750:
3739:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3686:
3674:
3663:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3610:
3598:
3587:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3522:
3511:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3458:
3446:
3435:
3427:
3421:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3371:
3359:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3305:
3293:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3239:
3227:
3216:
3208:
3202:
3169:
3160:
3148:
3137:
3092:
3083:
3071:
3034:
3025:
3013:
2976:
2967:
2955:
2918:
2909:
2897:
2886:
2850:
2841:
2829:
2792:
2783:
2771:
2734:
2725:
2713:
2702:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2629:
2618:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2553:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2466:
2455:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2399:
2387:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2321:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2255:
2244:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2179:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2113:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2047:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1981:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1816:
1765:Below table shows Shina consonants.
1752:
1734:
1725:
1702:
1673:
1667:
1637:
1631:
1621:
1330:
1317:
1304:
1265:adding citations to reliable sources
1232:
336:
41:
35:
7582:
6508:Vowel at the beginning of the word
6339:Vowel at the beginning of the word
6166:Vowel at the beginning of the word
5997:Vowel at the beginning of the word
148:and Shina, Kohistani 458,000 (2018)
13:
7626:Shina Language Textbook for Class6
7621:Shina Language Textbook for Class5
7587:(in Urdu). Gilgit: Zia Publishers.
7515:
6858:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 137.
547:The Shina principal vowel sounds:
14:
10809:
7603:
7457:Schmidt, Ruth Laila (2003–2004).
6838:
370:, Shina is the major language in
10655:(unknown further classification)
8914:
8913:
8693:
8293:
7317:Folktales in the Shina of Gilgit
6572:Vowel at the middle of the word
6403:Vowel at the middle of the word
6230:Vowel at the middle of the word
6061:Vowel at the middle of the word
1237:
57:
10798:Languages written in Devanagari
10783:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
7594:Shina Lughat (Shina Dictionary)
7591:
7365:
7348:
7290:Shakeel Ahmad Shakeel. (2008).
7253:
7029:
6973:Pakistan Social Sciences Review
3994:
3910:
3826:
3746:
3670:
3594:
3518:
3442:
3355:
3144:
3067:
2825:
2625:
2549:
2462:
2175:
1760:
469:
10788:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
7296:https://z-lib.io/book/14214726
6993:
6960:
6933:
6903:
6876:
6820:
6790:
6760:
6667:
1337:
1334:) means "after having done".
474:
1:
10778:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan
6828:"Ethnologue report for Shina"
6753:
6619:Vowel at the end of the word
6450:Vowel at the end of the word
6277:Vowel at the end of the word
6108:Vowel at the end of the word
659:
640:
7547:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
7527:. W. Fink. pp. 231–44.
7075:Schmidt & Kohistani 2008
1345:
655:raising: u̯i, u̯e, a̯a, u̯u.
534:
341:
65:
48:
7:
7583:Zia, Mohammad Amin (1986).
7566:Languages of northern areas
7443:Rajapurohit, B. B. (2012).
7434:Rajapurohit, B. B. (1983).
7102:Spatial aspects of language
6986:10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79
6967:Shams, Shammim Ara (2020).
6889:. Routledge. p. 1018.
6716:
5923:
5042:needs to be preceded by an
4716:needs to be preceded by an
1908:can be omitted in writing.
510:
251: – Standard Shina
10:
10814:
5948:, or a long falling tone (
1743:
1654:
1353:
404:Outliers of Shina language
360:Indo-Aryan language family
18:
10732:
10689:
10645:
10622:
10578:
10521:
10495:
10486:
10453:
10428:
10398:
10347:
10336:
10329:
10292:
10246:
10216:
10173:
10110:
10099:
10064:
10026:
10005:
9979:
9958:
9937:
9928:
9919:
9899:
9868:
9774:
9765:
9718:
9610:
9527:
9462:
9455:
9408:
9366:
9338:
9331:
9324:
9222:
9201:
9175:
9166:
9116:
9095:
9059:
9043:
8997:
8976:
8967:
8909:
8748:
8548:
8453:
8400:
8307:
8203:
8066:
7991:
7848:
7800:
7747:
7709:
7694:
7668:
6690:
6657:
6649:
6641:
6633:
6625:
6618:
6610:
6602:
6594:
6586:
6578:
6571:
6563:
6555:
6547:
6539:
6531:
6507:
6488:
6480:
6472:
6464:
6456:
6449:
6441:
6433:
6425:
6417:
6409:
6402:
6394:
6386:
6378:
6370:
6362:
6338:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6260:
6252:
6244:
6236:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6189:
6165:
6146:
6138:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6091:
6083:
6075:
6067:
6060:
6052:
6044:
6036:
6028:
6020:
5996:
4806:This letter differs from
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1146:
1119:
1092:
1056:
976:
860:
720:
676:
560:
557:
554:
552:
542:
301:
289:
265:
236:
231:
210:
152:
146:720,200 Shina (2018)
140:
130:
108:
94:
82:
56:
33:
28:
10533:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
7378:The Indo-Aryan languages
6886:The Indo-Aryan Languages
5967:. A unique diacritic, a
19:Not to be confused with
8226:Pakistani Sign Language
6688:
6622:
6575:
6528:
6453:
6406:
6359:
6280:
6233:
6186:
6111:
6064:
6017:
5917:, counted as a letter.
5842:, counted as a letter.
5601:, counted as a letter.
5526:, counted as a letter.
5451:, counted as a letter.
5376:, counted as a letter.
5301:, counted as a letter.
5226:, counted as a letter.
4635:, counted as a letter.
1321:) means "Will you do?"
1228:
10741:Indo-Iranian languages
7585:Ṣinā qāida aur grāimar
6943:Language in South Asia
6699:Latin Transliteration
5759:, counted as a letter.
5676:, counted as a letter.
505:Azad Jammu and Kashmir
303:This article contains
285: Kohistani Shina
10411:Maharashtrian Konkani
7662:Languages of Pakistan
7576:Languages of Kohistan
7436:Shina phonetic reader
7099:Itagi, N. H. (1994).
6728:Kundal Shahi language
5940:, a long rising tone
2447:Letter borrowed from
1584:have been published.
10699:Andaman Creole Hindi
10130:Bishnupriya Manipuri
9950:Caribbean Hindustani
8961:Indo-Aryan languages
8626:Marwari (Rajasthani)
8211:Indo-Aryan languages
7592:Zia, Mohammad Amin.
4820:aspirated consonants
1261:improve this section
519:in the far north of
10746:Nuristani languages
10478:Mitanni superstrate
9087:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
7700:administrative unit
4540:For middle of word:
1505:Perso-Arabic script
10632:Proto-Indo-Iranian
10513:Early Ardhamagadhi
7850:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
7669:Official languages
7400:Hock, Hans Henrich
7037:"Shina, Kohistani"
6979:(III): 1092–1106.
6798:"Shina, Kohistani"
5969:small sideway noon
5051:. When the letter
4920:on top of letters
4725:. When the letter
1749:small sideway noon
1664:small sideway noon
669:consonant clusters
10760:
10759:
10751:Iranian languages
10618:
10617:
10538:Dramatic Prakrits
10449:
10448:
10424:
10423:
10325:
10324:
10242:
10241:
10198:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
10095:
10094:
9915:
9914:
9761:
9760:
9751:list of languages
9451:
9450:
9404:
9403:
9320:
9319:
9162:
9161:
8927:
8926:
8413:
8412:
8301:Jammu and Kashmir
8259:
8258:
8199:
8198:
7554:978-3-447-05648-9
7534:978-3-7705-2132-6
7506:978-3-447-05676-2
7417:978-3-11-042715-8
7387:978-0-7007-1130-7
7152:Schmidt 2003–2004
6896:978-1-135-79710-2
6865:978-3-11-019778-5
6723:Brokskat language
6714:
6713:
6665:
6664:
6496:
6495:
6323:
6322:
6154:
6153:
5921:
5920:
4818:for representing
4486:نُوں / نُون گُنَہ
1627:Kohistani dialect
1617:Kohistani dialect
1577:
1576:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1173:
1172:
635:
634:
493:Khyber-Pakhtunkwa
392:Jammu and Kashmir
329:
328:
311:rendering support
307:phonetic symbols.
42:ݜݨیاٗ گلیتوࣿ زبان
10805:
10773:Dardic languages
10637:Proto-Indo-Aryan
10493:
10492:
10416:Canarese Konkani
10345:
10344:
10334:
10333:
10108:
10107:
9935:
9934:
9926:
9925:
9772:
9771:
9460:
9459:
9336:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9173:
9172:
8974:
8973:
8954:
8947:
8940:
8931:
8930:
8917:
8916:
8447:Arabic alphabets
8440:
8433:
8426:
8417:
8416:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8286:
8279:
8272:
8263:
8262:
8221:Iranic languages
8216:Dardic languages
8031:Pothwari Punjabi
7802:Gilgit-Baltistan
7707:
7706:
7703:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7632:
7631:
7597:
7588:
7579:
7570:
7558:
7538:
7510:
7491:
7485:
7477:
7468:(25/26): 61–79.
7463:
7453:
7451:
7439:
7430:
7421:
7396:Bashir, Elena L.
7391:
7374:Bashir, Elena L.
7359:
7352:
7346:
7341:
7322:
7313:
7298:
7288:
7263:
7257:
7251:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7222:
7216:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7123:
7096:
7090:
7089:, p. 32–33.
7087:Rajapurohit 2012
7084:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7065:, p. 28–31.
7063:Rajapurohit 2012
7060:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7009:
7000:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6917:. Archived from
6907:
6901:
6900:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6849:
6836:
6835:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6804:. Archived from
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6774:. Archived from
6764:
6738:Kalkoti language
6694:
6692:
6680:Gilgit-Baltistan
6675:
6674:
6661:
6659:
6653:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6629:
6627:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6582:
6580:
6567:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6533:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6482:
6476:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6445:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6398:
6396:
6390:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6366:
6364:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6319:
6317:
6311:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6272:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6248:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6193:
6191:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6150:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6134:
6132:
6126:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6103:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6079:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6056:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6024:
6022:
5994:
5993:
5975:
5974:
5951:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5819:
5810:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5766:
5765:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5683:
5682:
5653:
5644:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5578:
5569:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5428:
5419:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5278:
5269:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5130:
5122:
5107:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5073:
5072:
5064:
5063:
5050:
5049:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4991:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4945:
4944:
4899:
4881:
4880:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4855:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4724:
4723:
4690:
4682:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4552:For end of word:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4476:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4073:
4053:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3989:
3969:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3885:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3797:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3187:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3139:
3118:
3110:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3052:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2994:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2936:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2868:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2810:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2752:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2684:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1871:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1768:
1767:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1740:superscript alef
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1705:
1704:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1597:Gilgit-Baltistan
1582:Gilgit-Baltistan
1569:
1562:
1555:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1306:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1241:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1193:
1190:
1163:
1154:
1134:
1129:
1105:
1102:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1016:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
966:
942:
935:
915:
910:
905:
885:
880:
875:
852:
845:
840:
835:
819:
812:
807:
802:
786:
779:
774:
769:
755:
750:
743:
738:
733:
674:
673:
550:
549:
525:Gilgit-Baltistan
497:Gilgit-Baltistan
460:Standard Punjabi
376:Gilgit-Baltistan
372:Gilgit-Baltistan
353:
348:
344:
339:
338:
294:
284:
277:
257:
250:
241:
216:
158:
113:Gilgit-Baltistan
90:
68:
61:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
26:
25:
10813:
10812:
10808:
10807:
10806:
10804:
10803:
10802:
10763:
10762:
10761:
10756:
10755:
10728:
10691:
10685:
10641:
10624:
10614:
10574:
10517:
10503:Ashokan Prakrit
10482:
10445:
10420:
10394:
10339:
10321:
10288:
10238:
10212:
10169:
10102:
10091:
10060:
10022:
10001:
9975:
9954:
9911:
9895:
9864:
9836:Hyderabadi Urdu
9757:
9714:
9606:
9523:
9447:
9400:
9391:Pahari-Pothwari
9362:
9316:
9297:Pahari Kinnauri
9218:
9197:
9158:
9124:Indus Kohistani
9117:Hazara Division
9112:
9091:
9055:
9039:
8993:
8963:
8958:
8928:
8923:
8905:
8850:Koyraboro Senni
8744:
8621:Ottoman Turkish
8544:
8523:Ottoman Turkish
8449:
8444:
8414:
8409:
8396:
8303:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8260:
8255:
8241:Pakistani Hindi
8195:
8062:
7987:
7928:Kohistani Shina
7898:Indus Kohistani
7844:
7796:
7743:
7739:Pahari-Pothwari
7697:
7696:
7695:Other languages
7690:
7664:
7659:
7606:
7601:
7555:
7535:
7518:
7516:Further reading
7513:
7507:
7479:
7478:
7461:
7449:
7418:
7388:
7368:
7363:
7362:
7358:. Harrassowitz.
7353:
7349:
7342:
7325:
7314:
7301:
7289:
7266:
7258:
7254:
7246:
7242:
7234:
7225:
7217:
7158:
7150:
7146:
7138:
7134:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7097:
7093:
7085:
7081:
7073:
7069:
7061:
7054:
7045:
7043:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7021:
7019:
7011:
7010:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6965:
6961:
6954:
6938:
6934:
6924:
6922:
6909:
6908:
6904:
6897:
6881:
6877:
6866:
6850:
6839:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6756:
6743:Palula language
6733:Ushoji language
6719:
6689:
6670:
6656:
6648:
6640:
6632:
6624:
6609:
6601:
6593:
6585:
6577:
6562:
6554:
6546:
6538:
6530:
6487:
6479:
6471:
6463:
6455:
6440:
6432:
6424:
6416:
6408:
6393:
6385:
6377:
6369:
6361:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6290:
6282:
6267:
6259:
6251:
6243:
6235:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6145:
6137:
6129:
6121:
6113:
6098:
6090:
6082:
6074:
6066:
6051:
6043:
6035:
6027:
6019:
5926:
5907:
5905:
5854:
5847:
5832:
5830:
5779:
5772:
5760:
5749:
5747:
5696:
5689:
5677:
5666:
5664:
5613:
5606:
5591:
5589:
5538:
5531:
5516:
5514:
5463:
5456:
5441:
5439:
5388:
5381:
5366:
5364:
5313:
5306:
5291:
5289:
5238:
5231:
5216:
5214:
5163:
5156:
5088:
5081:
4960:ye / leekhii ye
4958:
4954:یےࣿ / لیکھی یےࣿ
4951:
4869:
4862:
4808:do-ac̣hi'ii hay
4751:
4744:
4647:
4640:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4570:
4563:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4492:nū̃ / nūn gunna
4490:
4483:
4417:
4410:
4351:
4344:
4285:
4278:
4219:
4212:
4153:
4146:
4087:
4080:
4003:
3996:
3919:
3912:
3835:
3828:
3755:
3748:
3679:
3672:
3603:
3596:
3527:
3520:
3451:
3444:
3432:
3364:
3357:
3298:
3291:
3232:
3225:
3213:
3153:
3146:
3076:
3069:
3018:
3011:
2960:
2953:
2902:
2895:
2834:
2827:
2776:
2769:
2718:
2711:
2634:
2627:
2558:
2551:
2539:
2471:
2464:
2452:
2449:Pashto alphabet
2392:
2385:
2326:
2319:
2260:
2253:
2184:
2177:
2118:
2111:
2052:
2045:
1986:
1979:
1920:
1913:
1886:
1821:
1814:
1783:Transliteration
1763:
1573:
1519:Transliteration
1502:
1354:
1340:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1258:
1242:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1196:
1191:
1178:
698:
662:
643:
545:
537:
521:Kargil district
513:
481:Kohistani Shina
477:
472:
464:Western Punjabi
356:Dardic language
351:[ʂiɳjá]
346:
309:Without proper
297:
280:
279:
273:
260:Kohistani Shina
253:
252:
246:
245:
237:
217:
212:
206:
159:
156:Language family
154:
147:
143:
142:Native speakers
88:[ʂiɳjá]
78:
69:written in the
45:
24:
21:Kohistani Shina
17:
12:
11:
5:
10811:
10801:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10758:
10757:
10754:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10734:
10733:
10730:
10729:
10727:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10695:
10693:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10683:
10678:
10677:
10676:
10671:
10661:
10656:
10649:
10647:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10639:
10634:
10628:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10616:
10615:
10613:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10586:
10584:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10561:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10535:
10529:
10527:
10519:
10518:
10516:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10499:
10497:
10490:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10480:
10475:
10474:
10473:
10468:
10457:
10455:
10451:
10450:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10438:
10432:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10402:
10400:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10351:
10349:
10342:
10331:
10327:
10326:
10323:
10322:
10320:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10298:
10296:
10290:
10289:
10287:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10250:
10248:
10244:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10237:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10220:
10218:
10214:
10213:
10211:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10194:
10193:
10188:
10177:
10175:
10171:
10170:
10168:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10126:
10125:
10114:
10112:
10105:
10097:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10088:
10087:
10082:
10074:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10047:
10046:
10041:
10030:
10028:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10020:
10015:
10009:
10007:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9983:
9981:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9973:
9968:
9962:
9960:
9956:
9955:
9953:
9952:
9947:
9941:
9939:
9932:
9923:
9917:
9916:
9913:
9912:
9910:
9909:
9903:
9901:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9872:
9870:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9844:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9818:
9809:
9804:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9778:
9776:
9769:
9763:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9753:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9722:
9720:
9716:
9715:
9713:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9616:
9614:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9533:
9531:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9510:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9491:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9482:Lisan ud-Dawat
9474:
9468:
9466:
9457:
9453:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9414:
9412:
9406:
9405:
9402:
9401:
9399:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9372:
9370:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9355:
9354:
9353:
9342:
9340:
9333:
9326:
9322:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9315:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9228:
9226:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9211:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9179:
9177:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9160:
9159:
9157:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9120:
9118:
9114:
9113:
9111:
9110:
9105:
9099:
9097:
9093:
9092:
9090:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9047:
9045:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8991:
8986:
8980:
8978:
8971:
8965:
8964:
8957:
8956:
8949:
8942:
8934:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8910:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8883:
8878:
8872:
8863:
8858:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8752:
8750:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8696:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8552:
8550:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8536:
8530:
8528:Serbo-Croatian
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8508:Dobrujan Tatar
8505:
8500:
8494:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8457:
8455:
8451:
8450:
8443:
8442:
8435:
8428:
8420:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8289:
8288:
8281:
8274:
8266:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8248:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8207:
8205:
8204:Related topics
8201:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8118:
8113:
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8098:
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8088:
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8045:
8044:
8043:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
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7997:
7995:
7989:
7988:
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7965:
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7925:
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7885:
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7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7854:
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7672:
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7658:
7657:
7650:
7643:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7605:
7604:External links
7602:
7600:
7599:
7589:
7580:
7571:
7560:
7553:
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7514:
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7392:
7386:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7347:
7323:
7299:
7264:
7252:
7250:, p. 806.
7240:
7223:
7156:
7144:
7132:
7115:
7109:. p. 73.
7091:
7079:
7067:
7052:
7028:
7001:
6992:
6959:
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6895:
6875:
6864:
6837:
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6789:
6758:
6757:
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6751:
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6666:
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6041:
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6016:
6015:
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6009:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5930:tonal language
5925:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5900:
5895:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
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1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1910:
1909:
1890:
1881:
1876:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1762:
1759:
1731:inverted damma
1726:ا، و، یـ، ی، ے
1703:ن٘ـ / ـن٘ـ / ں
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1349:
1348:
1346:Shina alphabet
1339:
1336:
1295:
1294:
1277:September 2015
1245:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1194:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
967:
962:
960:
958:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
916:
911:
906:
901:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
886:
881:
876:
871:
869:
864:
858:
857:
855:
853:
848:
846:
841:
836:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
815:
813:
808:
803:
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
770:
765:
759:
758:
756:
751:
746:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
692:
687:
682:
677:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
650:
642:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
625:
622:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
595:
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:
580:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
544:
541:
536:
533:
512:
509:
476:
473:
471:
468:
362:spoken by the
337:ݜݨیاٗ,شِْنْیٛا
327:
326:
313:, you may see
299:
298:
295:
287:
286:
271:
263:
262:
242:
234:
233:
232:Language codes
229:
228:
218:
214:Writing system
211:
208:
207:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
184:Eastern Dardic
162:
160:
153:
150:
149:
144:
141:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
110:
106:
105:
96:
95:Native to
92:
91:
84:
80:
79:
62:
54:
53:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10810:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10770:
10768:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10736:
10735:
10731:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10709:Haflong Hindi
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10696:
10694:
10688:
10682:
10679:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10666:
10665:
10664:Chinali–Lahul
10662:
10660:
10657:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10644:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10621:
10611:
10610:Khasa Prakrit
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10577:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10520:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10485:
10479:
10476:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10462:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10452:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10433:
10431:
10427:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10397:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10335:
10332:
10328:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10295:
10291:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10251:
10249:
10245:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10215:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10179:
10178:
10176:
10172:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10124:
10121:
10120:
10119:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10098:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10063:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10025:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10010:
10008:
10004:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9982:
9978:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9963:
9961:
9957:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9918:
9908:
9905:
9904:
9902:
9898:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9886:Chhattisgarhi
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9867:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9779:
9777:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9764:
9752:
9749:
9748:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9717:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9680:Rathwi Bareli
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9609:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9534:
9532:
9530:
9526:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9483:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9461:
9458:
9454:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9407:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9369:
9365:
9359:
9356:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9323:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9282:Mahasu Pahari
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9200:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9178:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9165:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9115:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9094:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9058:
9052:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8996:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8955:
8950:
8948:
8943:
8941:
8936:
8935:
8932:
8920:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8891:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8881:Swahili Ajami
8879:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8747:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8503:Crimean Tatar
8501:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8441:
8436:
8434:
8429:
8427:
8422:
8421:
8418:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8302:
8299:Languages of
8287:
8282:
8280:
8275:
8273:
8268:
8267:
8264:
8252:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8073:
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8069:
8065:
8059:
8056:
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8051:
8049:
8046:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7990:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7746:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7693:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7651:
7649:
7644:
7642:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7595:
7590:
7586:
7581:
7577:
7572:
7568:
7567:
7561:
7556:
7550:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7530:
7526:
7521:
7520:
7508:
7502:
7498:
7493:
7489:
7483:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7460:
7455:
7448:
7447:
7441:
7437:
7432:
7428:
7423:
7419:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7404:Bashir, Elena
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7321:
7318:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7297:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7262:
7256:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7221:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7154:, p. 61.
7153:
7148:
7141:
7136:
7129:
7118:
7116:9788173420092
7112:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7095:
7088:
7083:
7077:, p. 16.
7076:
7071:
7064:
7059:
7057:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7006:
6996:
6987:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6955:
6953:9781139465502
6949:
6945:
6944:
6936:
6921:on 2019-06-06
6920:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6898:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6879:
6872:
6867:
6861:
6857:
6856:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6808:on 2019-06-05
6807:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6778:on 2019-06-06
6777:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6759:
6749:
6748:Savi language
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6655:
6647:
6639:
6631:
6623:
6617:
6608:
6600:
6595:◌ِیٰـ / ـِیٰـ
6592:
6584:
6576:
6570:
6561:
6553:
6545:
6537:
6529:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6503:
6486:
6478:
6470:
6462:
6454:
6448:
6439:
6431:
6426:◌ِیٗـ / ـِیٗـ
6423:
6415:
6407:
6401:
6392:
6384:
6376:
6368:
6360:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6289:
6281:
6275:
6266:
6258:
6250:
6242:
6234:
6228:
6219:
6211:
6203:
6195:
6187:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6161:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6106:
6097:
6089:
6081:
6073:
6065:
6059:
6050:
6042:
6034:
6026:
6018:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5945:
5931:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5857:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5782:
5771:
5770:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5699:
5688:
5687:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5616:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5541:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5466:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5391:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5316:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5241:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5166:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5068:
5058:
5054:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4950:
4949:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4861:
4860:
4851:
4842:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:do-chashmi hē
4809:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4754:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4728:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4482:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4090:
4079:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4006:
3995:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3911:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3827:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3747:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3671:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3595:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3519:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3443:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3224:
3223:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3145:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2894:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2710:
2709:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2626:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2550:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2463:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1738:(U+0657) and
1730:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1665:
1662:) instead of
1661:
1652:
1646:
1628:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1280:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1246:This section
1244:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
984:
981:
979:
975:
972:
970:
968:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
946:
944:
939:
937:
932:
930:
928:
925:
924:
921:
919:
917:
912:
907:
902:
900:
898:
895:
894:
891:
889:
887:
882:
877:
872:
870:
868:
865:
863:
859:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
837:
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:
821:
816:
814:
809:
804:
799:
797:
794:
793:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
771:
766:
764:
761:
760:
757:
752:
747:
745:
740:
735:
730:
728:
725:
723:
719:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
675:
672:
670:
667:
654:
651:
648:
647:
646:
638:
631:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
594:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
579:
576:
573:
572:
568:
565:
564:
551:
548:
540:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
508:
506:
502:
501:Neelam valley
498:
494:
490:
487:according to
486:
482:
467:
465:
461:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:are found in
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
343:
333:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
306:
300:
293:
288:
283:
276:
272:
270:
269:
264:
261:
258: –
256:
249:
243:
240:
235:
230:
226:
222:
221:Arabic script
219:
215:
209:
193:
190:
189:
187:
186:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
166:
165:
164:Indo-European
161:
157:
151:
145:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
83:Pronunciation
81:
76:
72:
71:Arabic script
67:
60:
55:
52:
50:
32:
27:
22:
10704:Bombay Hindi
10646:Unclassified
10543:Ardhamagadhi
10370:Berar Deccan
10224:Chittagonian
10217:Chittagonian
9710:Vaagri Booli
9675:Pauri Bareli
9670:Palya Bareli
9635:Dhodia–Kukna
9325:Northwestern
9015:Kundal Shahi
9004:
8845:Koyra Chiini
8490:Circassian (
8386:
7834:
7734:Kundal Shahi
7711:Azad Kashmir
7610:Sasken Shina
7593:
7584:
7575:
7565:
7544:
7524:
7496:
7482:cite journal
7465:
7445:
7435:
7426:
7407:
7377:
7366:Bibliography
7355:
7350:
7316:
7291:
7255:
7243:
7147:
7135:
7127:
7120:. Retrieved
7101:
7094:
7082:
7070:
7044:. Retrieved
7040:
7031:
7020:. Retrieved
7016:
6995:
6976:
6972:
6962:
6942:
6935:
6923:. Retrieved
6919:the original
6914:
6905:
6885:
6878:
6869:
6854:
6831:
6822:
6810:. Retrieved
6806:the original
6801:
6792:
6780:. Retrieved
6776:the original
6771:
6762:
6707:Translation
6671:
6548:اِیٰـ / اِیٰ
6497:
6379:اِیٗـ / اِیٗ
6324:
6155:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5927:
5897:
5855:
5822:
5780:
5739:
5697:
5656:
5614:
5581:
5539:
5506:
5464:
5431:
5389:
5356:
5314:
5281:
5239:
5206:
5164:
5148:
5144:
5133:
5089:
5075:
5066:
5056:
5052:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5019:
4959:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4906:
4901:
4870:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4811:
4807:
4796:
4752:
4730:
4726:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4693:
4648:
4609:
4571:
4535:
4491:
4462:
4418:
4396:
4352:
4330:
4286:
4264:
4220:
4198:
4154:
4132:
4088:
4067:
4056:
4004:
3983:
3972:
3920:
3899:
3888:
3836:
3815:
3804:
3799:
3756:
3735:
3724:
3680:
3659:
3648:
3604:
3583:
3572:
3528:
3507:
3496:
3452:
3409:
3365:
3343:
3299:
3277:
3233:
3190:
3154:
3133:
3122:
3077:
3055:
3019:
2997:
2961:
2939:
2903:
2882:
2871:
2835:
2813:
2777:
2755:
2719:
2698:
2687:
2635:
2614:
2603:
2559:
2516:
2472:
2437:
2393:
2371:
2327:
2305:
2261:
2240:
2229:
2185:
2163:
2119:
2097:
2053:
2031:
1987:
1965:
1921:
1893:
1878:
1873:
1822:
1764:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1663:
1650:
1613:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1325:
1323:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1298:
1283:
1274:
1259:Please help
1247:
1217:
663:
644:
636:
546:
538:
514:
478:
470:Distribution
456:
452:
420:Azad Kashmir
416:Kundal Shahi
364:Shina people
331:
330:
302:
278: Shina
266:
191:
169:Indo-Iranian
46:
10692:and creoles
10674:Lahul Lohar
10553:Maharashtri
10150:Mal Paharia
10140:Kharia Thar
9782:Braj Bhasha
8875:Tawellemmet
8870:Air Tamajeq
8826:Serer Ajami
8811:Hausa Ajami
8795:Fuuta Tooro
8790:Fuuta Jalon
8740:Xiao'erjing
8561:Azerbaijani
8476:Azerbaijani
7908:Kalasha-mun
7749:Balochistan
7248:Bashir 2016
7140:Bashir 2003
6668:Text sample
6658:◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ
6642:◌ِیٰ / ـِیٰ
6611:◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ
6587:یٰـ / ـیٰـ
6489:◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ
6442:◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ
6418:یٗـ / ـیٗـ
6253:◌ِیـ / ـِیـ
6076:یࣿـ / ـیࣿـ
5143:The letter
5029:The letter
4703:The letter
4005:qaaf / kaaf
3425:instead of
3206:instead of
2532:instead of
1635:instead of
1338:Orthography
529:2011 census
475:In Pakistan
458:especially
440:Swat Valley
317:instead of
10767:Categories
10595:Apabhraṃśa
10581:Apabhraṃśa
10558:Shauraseni
10274:Bodo Parja
10259:Sambalpuri
10191:Goalpariya
10165:Tanchangya
10155:Noakhailla
10080:Bote-Darai
9891:Fiji Hindi
9860:Sadhukkadi
9831:Judeo-Urdu
9797:Hindustani
9587:Shekhawati
9529:Rajasthani
9514:Saurashtra
9242:Bhadarwahi
9072:Gawar-Bati
8771:Fula Ajami
8576:Burushaski
8571:Buri Wolio
8481:Belarusian
8322:Burushaski
8317:Bhadarwahi
8171:Rajasthani
8053:Rajasthani
7883:Gawar-Bati
7858:Burushaski
7815:Burushaski
7046:2022-05-22
7041:Ethnologue
7022:2022-05-22
7017:Ethnologue
6915:Ethnologue
6832:Ethnologue
6802:Ethnologue
6772:Ethnologue
6754:References
6540:ایٰـ / اےٰ
6473:◌ِیٗ / ـِی
6371:ایٗـ / اےٗ
6206:اِیـ / اِی
6029:ایࣿـ / اےࣿ
5957:diacritics
4943:ؤ / ئ / ـئ
1894:alif-madda
1761:Consonants
1698:Nun Ghunna
1541:Numeration
1524:Diacritics
660:Consonants
641:Diphthongs
523:bordering
489:Ethnologue
398:valley of
390:valley of
174:Indo-Aryan
36:ݜݨیاٗ زبان
10681:Sheikhgal
10625:languages
10590:Abahattha
10570:Paishachi
10471:Classical
10436:Maldivian
10208:Surjapuri
10174:Kamarupic
10076:Kuswaric
9938:Bhojpuric
9726:Khandeshi
9262:Chambeali
9257:Bilaspuri
9154:Mankiyali
9082:Shumashti
9077:Nangalami
8989:Kishtwari
8756:Afrikaans
8705:Sulat Sug
8699:Kohistani
8688:Shahmukhi
8616:Malayalam
8581:Cham Jawi
8539:Yaña imlâ
8534:İske imlâ
8497:Kabardian
8466:Aljamiado
8382:Sheikhgal
8352:Kishtwari
7933:Mankiyali
7474:0943-8254
7122:14 August
6316:◌ُو / ـُو
6300:◌ِی / ـِی
6269:◌ُو / ـُو
6245:یـ / ـیـ
6147:◌ُہ / ـُہ
6131:◌ِہ / ـِہ
6123:ےࣿ / ـےࣿ
6115:◌َہ / ـَہ
5767:is used.
5684:is used.
5084:بُڑیࣿ یےࣿ
5074:is used.
5020:y / e / i
4854:◌ُہ / ـُہ
4845:◌ِہ / ـِہ
4836:◌َہ / ـَہ
4478:is used.
3439:is used.
3220:is used.
2546:is used.
2459:is used.
1905:اَ اِ، اُ
1800:Isolated
1674:س / ث / ص
1649:, or use
1503:Extended
1248:does not
1148:Semivowel
983:Voiceless
978:Fricative
897:Aspirated
867:Voiceless
862:Affricate
763:Aspirated
727:Voiceless
695:Post-alv.
690:Retroflex
589:High-mid
535:Phonology
386:, in the
268:Glottolog
239:ISO 639-3
225:Nastaʿlīq
131:Ethnicity
63:The word
10737:See also
10719:Nefamese
10714:Nagamese
10605:Kamarupi
10565:Gāndhārī
10522:Middle (
10461:Sanskrit
10399:Konkanic
10348:Marathic
10338:Marathi–
10330:Southern
10234:Rohingya
10203:Rangpuri
10181:Assamese
10145:Kurmukar
10123:dialects
10103:Kamarupa
9987:Maithili
9980:Maithili
9945:Bhojpuri
9850:Kannauji
9812:Hinglish
9792:Haryanvi
9557:Dhundari
9507:Wadiyara
9489:Jandavra
9477:Gujarati
9464:Gujarati
9386:Khetrani
9351:dialects
9307:Sirmauri
9287:Jaunsari
9277:Mandeali
9272:Pangwali
9252:Bhateali
9209:Garhwali
9168:Northern
9134:Chilisso
9010:Brokskat
8984:Kashmiri
8977:Kashmiri
8919:Category
8886:Wadaad's
8831:Shimaore
8766:Comorain
8673:Rohingya
8637:Sarikoli
8591:Kashmiri
8461:Albanian
8405:Category
8342:Kashmiri
8251:Chagatai
8134:Wadiyara
8111:Jandavra
8106:Gujarati
8041:dialects
7963:Shekhani
7873:Chilisso
7782:Khetrani
7772:Hazaragi
7729:Kashmiri
7680:national
7406:(eds.).
6717:See also
6684:Kohistan
6650:وٰ / ـوٰ
6634:ےٰ / ـےٰ
6626:اٰ / ـاٰ
6603:وٰ / ـوٰ
6579:اٰ / ـاٰ
6481:وٗ / ـوٗ
6465:ےٗ / ـےٗ
6457:اٗ / ـاٗ
6434:وٗ / ـوٗ
6410:اٗ / ـاٗ
6198:ایـ / اے
6139:وࣿ / ـوࣿ
6092:وࣿ / ـوࣿ
5059:is used
4940:is used
4816:digraphs
4733:is used
3921:fe / phe
1809:Initial
1601:Kohistan
1536:Numerals
604:Low-mid
511:In India
485:Pakistan
408:Brokskat
406:such as
380:Kohistan
368:Pakistan
323:Help:IPA
282:kohi1248
275:shin1264
117:Kohistan
99:Pakistan
75:Nastaliq
10690:Pidgins
10669:Chinali
10659:Bazigar
10653:Badeshi
10548:Magadhi
10524:Prakrit
10441:Sinhala
10429:Insular
10406:Konkani
10385:Katkari
10380:Phudagi
10360:Varhadi
10355:Marathi
10340:Konkani
10312:Bhunjia
10186:Kamrupi
10160:Sylheti
10118:Bengali
10111:Bengali
10072:Kumhali
10039:Kochila
10027:Tharuic
10018:Kurmali
10006:Sadanic
9997:Bajjika
9971:Khortha
9921:Eastern
9881:Bagheli
9869:Eastern
9826:Deccani
9802:Kauravi
9787:Bundeli
9775:Western
9767:Central
9736:Dawoodi
9731:Lambadi
9655:Bhilori
9625:Bhilali
9572:Marwari
9562:Harauti
9502:Parkari
9456:Western
9423:Kholosi
9418:Jadgali
9396:Saraiki
9346:Punjabi
9339:Eastern
9332:Punjabi
9302:Hinduri
9247:Churahi
9224:Western
9214:Kumaoni
9202:Central
9176:Eastern
9103:Kalasha
9096:Chitral
9051:Pashayi
9044:Pashayi
9020:Kalkoti
8840:Humburi
8836:Songhay
8816:Kanembu
8806:Kibushi
8800:Maasina
8785:Nigeria
8780:Bagirmi
8775:Adamawa
8720:Turkmen
8715:Torwali
8694:Gilgiti
8692:Shina (
8678:Saraiki
8668:Persian
8653:Parkari
8642:Shughni
8632:Munjani
8630:Pamir (
8606:Kurdish
8566:Balochi
8532:Tatar (
8486:Chechen
8372:Rambani
8367:Punjabi
8327:Chenabi
8236:Persian
8151:Marwari
8129:Parkari
8086:Bengali
8048:Saraiki
8036:Punjabi
8021:Marwari
8016:Kabutra
7968:Torwali
7918:Kamviri
7913:Kalkoti
7863:Badeshi
7820:Dawoodi
7792:Wanetsi
7777:Jadgali
7767:Dehwari
7757:Balochi
7686:English
7013:"Shina"
6925:25 June
6911:"Shina"
6812:25 June
6782:25 June
6768:"Shina"
6693:
6660:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6628:
6613:
6605:
6597:
6589:
6581:
6566:
6558:
6550:
6542:
6534:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6444:
6436:
6428:
6420:
6412:
6397:
6389:
6381:
6373:
6365:
6318:
6310:
6302:
6294:
6286:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6247:
6239:
6224:
6216:
6208:
6200:
6192:
6149:
6141:
6133:
6125:
6117:
6102:
6094:
6086:
6078:
6070:
6055:
6047:
6039:
6031:
6023:
5965:buṛi ye
5915:digraph
5840:digraph
5757:digraph
5674:digraph
5599:digraph
5524:digraph
5449:digraph
5374:digraph
5299:digraph
5224:digraph
5149:buṛi ye
5145:buṛi ye
5090:buṛi ye
5067:buṛi ye
4633:digraph
3078:že / ǰe
1806:Medial
1788:Unicode
1717:buṛi ye
1687:Kurdish
1679:Persian
1599:and in
1514:History
1302:"The" (
1269:removed
1254:sources
1094:Lateral
954:Breathy
829:Breathy
715:Glottal
700:Palatal
685:Coronal
444:Kalkoti
438:in the
432:Chitral
394:and in
354:) is a
319:Unicode
244:Either:
188:Shinaic
10623:Proto-
10579:Late (
10488:Middle
10390:Kadodi
10317:Nahari
10294:Halbic
10269:Bhatri
10229:Chakma
10135:Hajong
10101:Gauda–
10085:Danwar
10065:Others
10056:Musasa
9992:Angika
9966:Magahi
9959:Magahi
9930:Bihari
9900:Others
9876:Awadhi
9841:Rekhta
9816:Urdish
9746:Romani
9741:Domari
9719:Others
9700:Vasavi
9685:Pardhi
9665:Magari
9660:Mawchi
9650:Bauria
9640:Dhanki
9630:Chodri
9602:Nimadi
9592:Dhatki
9582:Mewari
9577:Mewati
9552:Gujari
9547:Loarki
9542:Goaria
9519:Vaghri
9443:Sindhi
9438:Memoni
9433:Luwati
9428:Kutchi
9410:Sindhi
9376:Hindko
9368:Lahnda
9312:Sarazi
9292:Kullui
9237:Kangri
9193:Nepali
9183:Doteli
9149:Tirahi
9144:Kalami
9129:Bateri
9108:Khowar
9067:Dameli
9030:Palula
9025:Ushoji
8969:Dardic
8901:Yoruba
8890:Somali
8866:Tuareg
8861:Sorabe
8761:Berber
8749:Africa
8730:Uyghur
8683:Sindhi
8658:Pashto
8611:Kyrgyz
8601:Khowar
8596:Kazakh
8556:Arabic
8513:Kazakh
8492:Adyghe
8454:Europe
8377:Sarazi
8362:Pogali
8347:Khashi
8312:Bateri
8231:Arabic
8191:Vaghri
8181:Sindhi
8176:Rangri
8161:Mewari
8156:Memoni
8146:Loarki
8141:Kutchi
8101:Goaria
8096:Dhatki
8058:Rangri
8026:Mewari
8011:Hindko
7993:Punjab
7983:Yidgha
7973:Ushoji
7953:Pashto
7948:Palula
7943:Ormuri
7923:Khowar
7903:Kalami
7893:Hindko
7878:Dameli
7868:Bateri
7825:Khowar
7787:Pashto
7762:Brahui
7724:Gujari
7551:
7531:
7503:
7472:
7414:
7384:
7113:
6950:
6893:
6862:
6308:و / ـو
6292:ے / ـے
6284:ا / ـا
6261:و / ـو
6237:ا / ـا
5924:Vowels
5909:U+06BE
5903:U+06AF
5834:U+06BE
5828:U+0643
5751:U+06BE
5745:U+0687
5668:U+06BE
5662:U+0685
5593:U+06BE
5587:U+0686
5518:U+06BE
5512:U+062C
5443:U+06BE
5437:U+0679
5368:U+06BE
5362:U+062A
5293:U+06BE
5287:U+067E
5218:U+06BE
5212:U+0628
5139:U+06D2
5025:U+06CC
4912:U+0621
4902:silent
4865:ہَمزَہ
4802:U+0646
4699:U+0648
4627:U+06AF
4621:U+0658
4615:U+0646
4566:نُون٘گ
4555:U+06BA
4549:U+0658
4543:U+0646
4468:U+0768
4402:U+0646
4336:U+0645
4270:U+0644
4204:U+06AF
4138:U+0643
4062:U+0642
3978:U+0641
3973:f / ph
3894:U+0639
3810:U+0639
3800:silent
3730:U+0638
3654:U+0637
3578:U+0636
3502:U+0635
3415:U+0687
3349:U+0634
3283:U+0633
3196:U+0699
3128:U+0632
3061:U+0632
3003:U+0691
2945:U+0631
2877:U+0688
2819:U+0688
2761:U+062F
2693:U+062D
2609:U+062D
2522:U+0687
2443:U+0685
2377:U+0686
2311:U+062C
2235:U+062B
2169:U+0679
2103:U+062A
2037:U+067E
1971:U+0628
1888:U+0627
1884:U+0622
1879:– / aa
1874:silent
1803:Final
1797:Shina
1792:Notes
1774:Forms
1719:, and
1691:Uyghur
1660:U+0652
1609:Ladakh
1121:Rhotic
1022:Voiced
927:Voiced
796:Voiced
710:Uvular
680:Labial
543:Vowels
436:Ushojo
424:Palula
412:Ladakh
400:Ladakh
388:Guraiz
342:Ṣiṇyaá
179:Dardic
109:Region
77:style.
66:Ṣiṇyaá
49:Ṣiṇyaá
10724:Vedda
10496:Early
10466:Vedic
10375:Varli
10307:Kamar
10302:Halbi
10284:Kupia
10264:Desia
10051:Majhi
10044:Buksa
10034:Tharu
10013:Sadri
9907:Parya
9855:Sansi
9807:Hindi
9705:Wagdi
9695:Kalto
9690:Gamit
9645:Dubli
9620:Bhili
9567:Malvi
9537:Bagri
9497:Kachi
9493:Koli
9358:Sansi
9267:Gaddi
9232:Dogri
9188:Jumli
9139:Gowro
9060:Kunar
9005:Shina
8998:Shina
8896:Wolof
8855:Zarma
8735:Uzbek
8710:Tamil
8663:Pegon
8647:Wakhi
8387:Shina
8357:Padri
8337:Hindi
8332:Dogri
8245:Hindi
8124:Kachi
8120:Koli
8091:Bhaya
8081:Bagri
8068:Sindh
8006:Dogri
8001:Bagri
7978:Wazir
7938:Munji
7888:Gowro
7840:Wakhi
7835:Shina
7830:Purgi
7810:Balti
7719:Dogri
7462:(PDF)
7450:(PDF)
6331:]
6327:[
5946:]
5942:[
5893:]
5889:[
5818:]
5814:[
5735:]
5731:[
5652:]
5648:[
5577:]
5573:[
5502:]
5498:[
5459:جھوࣿم
5427:]
5423:[
5352:]
5348:[
5277:]
5273:[
5202:]
5198:[
5134:e / y
5129:]
5125:[
5121:]
5117:[
5057:hamza
5015:]
5011:[
5007:]
5003:[
4999:]
4995:[
4938:hamza
4918:hamza
4898:]
4894:[
4871:hamza
4792:]
4788:[
4731:hamza
4694:w / ō
4689:]
4685:[
4681:]
4677:[
4592:ـن٘گـ
4572:nuung
4458:]
4454:[
4392:]
4388:[
4326:]
4322:[
4260:]
4256:[
4194:]
4190:[
4128:]
4124:[
4057:q / k
4052:]
4048:[
4044:]
4040:[
3968:]
3964:[
3960:]
3956:[
3884:]
3880:[
3876:]
3872:[
3796:]
3792:[
3720:]
3716:[
3644:]
3640:[
3568:]
3564:[
3529:zwaad
3492:]
3488:[
3453:swaad
3405:]
3401:[
3339:]
3335:[
3273:]
3269:[
3186:]
3182:[
3123:ž / ǰ
3117:]
3113:[
3109:]
3105:[
3051:]
3047:[
2993:]
2989:[
2935:]
2931:[
2867:]
2863:[
2809:]
2805:[
2751:]
2747:[
2683:]
2679:[
2675:]
2671:[
2599:]
2595:[
2512:]
2508:[
2433:]
2429:[
2367:]
2363:[
2301:]
2297:[
2225:]
2221:[
2159:]
2155:[
2093:]
2089:[
2027:]
2023:[
1961:]
1957:[
1870:]
1866:[
1862:]
1858:[
1852:ا / آ
1771:Name
1651:sukun
1647:]
1643:[
1529:Hamza
1058:Nasal
705:Velar
574:High
569:rnd.
566:unrd.
561:Back
555:Front
517:India
384:India
366:. In
332:Shina
192:Shina
135:Shina
125:Gurez
121:Drass
103:India
29:Shina
10508:Pāli
10365:Andh
10279:Reli
10254:Odia
10247:Odia
9821:Urdu
9612:Bhil
9381:Inku
9035:Sawi
8821:Maba
8725:Urdu
8586:Jawi
8549:Asia
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