242:. The study found that "that news coverage conformed in some ways to the conventional wisdom: Bush administration officials were the most frequently quoted sources, the voices of anti-war groups and opposition Democrats were barely audible, and the overall thrust of coverage favored a pro-war perspective." However, the study also found that "it is too facile to conclude that anti-war positions were completely marginalized. In contrast to the common critiques of media coverage, even as elites in the United States were not publicly sparring, journalists turned to foreign officials for the anti-war perspective." The network media did commonly report "opposition from abroad—in particular, from Iraq and officials from countries such as France, who argued for a diplomatic solution to the standoff."
482:, criticised the hegemony of Western media has ruined the balance of power that is required. He also supported his argument by citing that US and UK together contribute 74% of the source of global news, whereas all of Asia contributes only 3%. He said. "If I had to summarise that in one line, it basically says that Indians are the 'least insular people, most open-minded', 'Americans are the most insular people', but they have complete dominance over the global narrative in terms of news."
302:) found that "governments put in the global spotlight for violations often adopt better protections for political rights afterward, but they rarely stop or appear to lessen acts of terror." The study also found that "In a few places, global publicity is followed by more repression in the short term, exacerbating leaders' insecurity and prompting them to use terror, especially when armed opposition groups or elections threaten their monopoly on power."
432:" perspective. This theory posits that there is an "iniquitous flow of cultural production from the First to the Third World, whereby the media of advanced capitalist economies were able to substantially influence, if not actually determine, the nature of cultural production and consumption within Third World countries," leading to cultural hegemonization in favor of individualism and consumerism.
104:. Scholar James Schwoch writes, "Western-inspired television programming and development in Cold War Germany and Europe began as not so much a case of the unfettered free flow of information from West to East, but rather as a strong counterbalance preventing, or discouraging, the Soviet-sourced first flow of the European television landscape."
85:. In 1641, newspapers were allowed to publish domestic news for the first time. Despite strict controls placed by the political elite on the print media to restrict the expansion of the press, the print industry continued to grow. By the late 18th century, over 10 million newspapers were distributed annually in Britain alone.
596:, and relations with Western nations." Tsygankov said that the editorials failed to adequately reflect "neutral and positive frames and such as those stressing the country's relative progress or objective difficulties faced in its development." By contrast, James Nixey of the Russia and Eurasia Programme at
587:
related to
Russian domestic politics from 2008 to 2014 found that the editorials took an overwhelmingly negative view of the Russian government, based on such issues as "elections, opposition and minority rights, the justice system, protection of property rights, freedom of media, development of NGOs
136:
asserts that "the notion of a free press in the
Western media in the 20 century evolved as a counterpoint to the monopolistic State-owned model of erstwhile Soviet Union with the aim of showing its superiority by accommodating diversity of voices. In terms of what it published and what it showed, the
504:
and
Chinese social media users criticized major Western media outlets that placed quotation marks around the word "terrorism" in news articles about the event. While some Chinese Internet users interpreted the quotation marks as attribution to the statements of the Chinese government, others accused
294:
found that "these two media sources cover abuses in human rights terms more frequently when they occur in countries with higher levels of state repression, economic development, population, and
Amnesty International attention. There is also some evidence that political openness, number of
146:
440:
in India, and the
Chinese authorities have all pressed for restrictions on Western media in their respective nations, viewing it as a possible threat to Asian values. Other scholars, such as Fred Fejes, Daniël Biltereyst and
1166:(eds. Tereza PavlĂÄŤková & Irena Reifová: Conference Proceedings of the 5th Central and Eastern European Communication and Media Conference: Media, Power and Empowerment, Prague, Czech Republic, April 21–28, 2012).
553:
instrument, aimed at countering
Western media outlets and promoting Russian foreign policy. In the second half of 2012, between 2.25 and 2.5 million Britons watched RT broadcasting (making it the third-most watched
778:
At the same time, then as the printing press in the physical technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was now
298:
In 2008, an empirical analysis of the effects of "naming and shaming" of governments that are said to perpetrate human rights abuses (by media outlets as well as by governments and
322:
is dominant in the broadcast media (radio and television). Historically, the United States was the only developed nation that "created a broadcasting system that was
1358:
2585:
905:
198:
2575:
1162:
Katarzyna
Konarska, "Globalisation, Local Media Markets and the Media Regulatory Systems of the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe: Main Aspects" in
384:
reported in 2014 that "the freedom to publish in the 27 countries of the
Western Europe and North America region has remained strong and widely upheld."
2450:
1251:
505:
the
Western media of sympathizing with the separatists. China accused "Western commentators, with their focus on Uighur rights, of hypocrisy and
2590:
605:
326:-supported virtually from the start." The contrasting Western European model sees public media as "a representation of the national culture."
2615:
1960:
613:
449:" of media effects, overstates the influences of media on the audience's behavior and views, and romanticizes "national culture" unduly.
669:
2530:
1804:
1196:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Communication and Information Sector. 2014. p. 7.
1444:
1892:
255:
92:, the United States and Soviet Union engaged in an intense media diplomacy aimed to create international image of each other."
2470:
1392:
Andrei P. Tsygankov (2017). "The dark double: the
American media perception of Russia as a neo-Soviet autocracy, 2008–2014".
1375:
1309:
1041:
116:
403:
588:
and civil society, protection of citizens against crime and terrorism, mechanisms for the transfer of power, attitudes of
1327:
183:
and can be regarded as crisis news." The study found that "the ratio of crisis to non-crisis news" was more balanced in
1081:
Hafner-Burton, Emilie M. (October 2008). "Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem".
972:
889:
803:
2635:
936:
Rolf Annas (1997). "News flow out of Africa: are Western media striving for excellence in communication standards?".
864:
1191:"World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Regional Overview of Western Europe and North America"
2465:
1826:
419:
202:
995:
Danny Hayes & Matt Guardino (2010). "Whose Views Made the News? Media Coverage and the March to War in Iraq".
835:
197:– It has been claimed that past representations of Arabs in Western media have relied heavily on racial myths and
2565:
2500:
1545:
180:
81:
In Britain, newspapers developed during a period of political upheaval that challenged the absolute rule of the
1756:
223:
1909:
639:
299:
2520:
2505:
2400:
1060:
71:
1153:(eds. Michael P. McCauley, Deedee Halleck, B. Lee Artz & Eric E. Peterson: M.E. Sharpe, 2003), p. 141.
723:
Chadha, K.; Kavoori, A. (July 1, 2000). "Media imperialism revisited: some findings from the Asian case".
1926:
1437:
424:
In the 1970s, some scholars in communications studies, such as Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Jeremy Tunstall and
111:, Western media outlets were gradually accepted as a trustworthy and reliable source of news. In former
1797:
1520:
604:
between Russian and Western actions, and that negative coverage of Russia was understandable given its
541:
311:
119:
from East Germany perceived Western media outlets to be more reliable than East German media outlets.
2445:
2405:
1846:
334:
1095:
1009:
880:
H. J. Bretz; R. Weber; G. Gmel; B. Schmitz (1999). Rainer K. Silbereisen; Alexander von Eye (eds.).
2666:
2545:
2273:
2035:
1995:
1985:
1933:
231:
1164:
Media, Power and Empowerment: Central and Eastern European Communication and Media Conference 2012
2323:
2231:
1530:
1525:
583:
446:
150:
2495:
2485:
2074:
2005:
1990:
1471:
1430:
1090:
1004:
704:
617:
411:
393:
1250:
Arnab Goswami: Western media never questioned their narrative about Iraq's WMDs, Dec 10, 2015
314:
is largely privately owned. In other democratic nations of the Western world, particularly in
2605:
2580:
2510:
2193:
1921:
1694:
1652:
1622:
854:
820:
629:
445:, have criticized the "media imperialism" theory, arguing that it unjustifiably relies on a "
295:
battle-deaths, and civil societies affect coverage, although these effects were not robust."
227:
1341:
531:
about "the Western media" and denounced critical news coverage. In 2005, Russia established
2600:
2355:
2268:
2246:
2169:
2165:
2094:
2010:
1955:
1950:
1773:
1617:
1506:
1190:
649:
100:
were established by the U.S. as counterpoints to the Communist-dominated news media in the
43:
230:
has been acute. One study examined every evening television news story related to Iraq on
8:
2661:
2625:
2490:
2360:
2150:
2079:
1836:
1809:
1792:
1780:
1602:
1558:
577:
528:
497:
415:
337:
319:
279:
2345:
2261:
2251:
2084:
2047:
1977:
1916:
1899:
1853:
1763:
1677:
1491:
1409:
1233:
1116:
1022:
740:
689:
679:
664:
609:
571:
550:
524:
523:
Russian media and government often claims that Western media is biased against Russia.
2475:
2377:
2365:
2350:
2330:
2241:
2188:
2160:
2142:
1945:
1821:
1814:
1627:
1575:
1553:
1481:
1413:
1293:
1237:
1213:
1120:
1108:
968:
885:
860:
799:
744:
634:
437:
429:
407:
399:
259:
97:
2620:
1026:
758:
Weber, Johannes (2006), "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe",
2236:
2226:
2052:
2000:
1904:
1768:
1657:
1607:
1585:
1580:
1511:
1401:
1225:
1100:
1014:
945:
818:
Bosah Ebo, "Media Diplomacy and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Framework" in
767:
732:
699:
684:
654:
506:
93:
82:
1359:
Inside Russia Today: counterweight to the mainstream media, or Putin's mouthpiece?
949:
2610:
2550:
2435:
2283:
2278:
2256:
2176:
2130:
1887:
1841:
1739:
1716:
1699:
1672:
1457:
1252:"Arnab Goswami: Western media never questioned their narrative about Iraq's WMDs"
674:
532:
518:
250:
155:
128:
58:
The roots of the Western media can be traced back to the late 15th century, when
2640:
2560:
2515:
2455:
2420:
2212:
2125:
2030:
1938:
1729:
1563:
1486:
1229:
736:
589:
315:
63:
59:
1104:
1018:
771:
2655:
2595:
2480:
2395:
2340:
2200:
2120:
2015:
1858:
1751:
1704:
1597:
1453:
1405:
1342:
What Is Russia Today?: The Kremlin's propaganda outlet has an identity crisis
1112:
601:
597:
475:
323:
284:
31:
1422:
2630:
2430:
2335:
2181:
2155:
2064:
1746:
1734:
1682:
1642:
1637:
1501:
1496:
1263:
Youtube: Hegemony of Western media has to end, Dec 10, 2015 , Dec 10, 2015.
644:
555:
442:
433:
275:
271:
210:
179:
regularly reported on Africa issues, but that "most of the news comes from
112:
101:
39:
478:, the former editor-in-chief of India's most popular English news channel
318:, print media outlets such as newspapers are usually privately owned, but
2570:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2290:
2115:
2020:
1831:
1667:
1632:
1612:
1592:
1570:
1535:
536:
501:
369:
357:
349:
262:
and fails to take into account extremist elements within the opposition.
245:
194:
175:
2101:
2089:
2059:
2025:
1965:
1647:
1211:
659:
546:
469:
425:
377:
75:
67:
27:
1058:
2535:
2372:
2107:
2069:
1662:
1476:
1277:"Chinese are angry at western media's portrayal of the Kunming attack
910:
906:"Without free flow of information, there can be no serious democracy"
694:
479:
133:
879:
145:
2525:
2221:
2042:
1870:
1785:
1724:
1687:
1276:
593:
563:
559:
458:
290:
239:
235:
169:
108:
89:
35:
2440:
2295:
2207:
373:
365:
361:
353:
1286:
1214:"Media imperialism revisited: Some findings from the Asian case"
70:
in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the
2460:
1061:"Shaping the Northern Media's Human Rights Coverage, 1986–2000"
994:
381:
345:
341:
206:
164:
2425:
2415:
2410:
1882:
1877:
1310:
Is Western media coverage of the Ukraine crisis anti-Russian?
1176:
527:
wrote in 2018 that the Russian Foreign Ministry has promoted
47:
821:
News Media and Foreign Relations: A Multifaceted Perspective
2555:
836:"Cold War propaganda: the truth belonged to no one country"
491:
1059:
Howard Ramos; James Ron; Oskar N. T. Thoms (July 2007).
137:
Western media gained its peak during the Cold War era."
2540:
1212:
Kalyani Chadha & Anandam P. Kavoori (July 2000).
1328:"Rising Hostility to Media Threatens Real Democracy"
340:
scored the following countries the highest in 2018:
167:– A 1997 study found that the American newsmagazine
1391:
962:
569:An article by Andrei P. Tsygankov on editorials in
1304:
1302:
1136:Kenneth Janda, Jeffrey Berry & Jerry Goldman,
1271:
1269:
1138:The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America
722:
217:
2653:
1207:
1205:
1203:
990:
988:
986:
984:
833:
1299:
282:of human rights reporting by the newsmagazines
1292:BBC News, Kunming, John Sudworth, Mar 3, 2014
1266:
856:Global TV: New Media and the Cold War, 1946-69
1452:
1438:
1200:
1080:
981:
258:, arguing that it is overly favorable to the
859:. University of Illinois Press. p. 41.
600:argued that fair reporting does not require
42:. Western media has gradually expanded into
1151:Public Broadcasting and the Public Interest
824:(ed. Abbas Malek: Greenwood, 1997), pp. 48.
265:
1445:
1431:
935:
670:Media cross-ownership in the United States
46:(often, non-Western countries) around the
1325:
1294:"Shock and anger after Kunming brutality"
1094:
1008:
967:. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.
884:. Berlin : de Gruyter. pp. 2015–06.
873:
1368:
1351:
1132:
1130:
789:
787:
144:
1149:Michael P. McCauley, "Introduction" in
1039:
938:Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies
931:
929:
852:
205:is perceived to be sympathetic towards
2654:
1376:RT Russian news channel goes HD on Sky
834:Melissa Feinberg (December 11, 2017).
545:, writes that RT was established as a
1426:
1140:(Centgage: 9th ed. 2008), pp. 167-68.
1127:
898:
798:. London: Routledge. pp. 27–28.
793:
784:
757:
305:
926:
882:Growing up in times of social change
404:CBS News controversies and criticism
149:In 2011, "The Protester" was named "
965:Cultural diversity and the US media
13:
140:
122:
115:, surveys showed that over 91% of
88:Bosah Ebo writes that "during the
14:
2678:
2636:Western European and Others Group
1040:Abrahms, Max (October 30, 2017).
963:Yahya R. Kamalipour, ed. (1998).
254:, has criticized Western media's
1177:"2018 World Press Freedom Index"
420:The New York Times controversies
329:
256:coverage of the Syrian Civil War
38:, Western media contrasted with
1385:
1374:Laughlin, Andrew, Jan 14, 2013
1334:
1319:
1308:New East network expert panel,
1257:
1244:
1183:
1169:
1156:
1143:
1074:
1052:
1033:
956:
18:Mass media of the Western world
1042:"Syria's Extremist Opposition"
846:
827:
812:
751:
716:
512:
274:increased in the media of the
218:Coverage of military conflicts
1:
950:10.1080/02560054.1997.9653203
710:
640:Big Three television networks
485:
463:
300:nongovernmental organizations
1218:Media, Culture & Society
1179:. Reporters Without Borders.
725:Media, Culture & Society
618:its poor human rights record
452:
387:
224:media coverage leading up to
203:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
173:and the German newsmagazine
74:, from which the publishing
72:spread of the printing press
62:began to operate throughout
7:
623:
558:channel in Britain, behind
335:Reporters Without Borders's
10:
2683:
1346:Columbia Journalism Review
1230:10.1177/016344300022004003
1083:International Organization
737:10.1177/016344300022004003
542:Columbia Journalism Review
516:
489:
467:
456:
397:
391:
312:media in the United States
53:
2406:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
2386:
2304:
2141:
1976:
1847:Standard Average European
1715:
1544:
1464:
1348:(September/October 2010).
1326:Emma Daly (May 3, 2018).
1105:10.1017/S0020818308080247
1068:Journal of Peace Research
1019:10.1080/10584600903502615
772:10.1191/0266355406gh380oa
278:between 1985 and 2000. A
201:and that coverage of the
2546:Lancaster House Treaties
2036:Christian existentialism
1996:Ancient Roman philosophy
1986:Ancient Greek philosophy
1406:10.1177/0263395715626945
794:Hardy, Jonathan (2008).
266:Coverage of human rights
2324:Equality before the law
1531:Romano-Germanic culture
997:Political Communication
853:Schwoch, James (2009).
584:The Wall Street Journal
447:hypodermic needle model
2486:Eastern European Group
2075:Continental philosophy
2006:Judeo-Christian ethics
1991:Hellenistic philosophy
1472:Cradle of civilization
781:
705:State controlled media
496:Following the Chinese
412:Fox News controversies
394:Anti-Western sentiment
160:
2606:Three Seas Initiative
2581:Pacific Islands Forum
2446:British–Irish Council
2194:Greek Orthodox Church
1653:Industrial Revolution
1623:Scientific Revolution
1330:. Human Rights Watch.
796:Western media systems
776:
630:Agenda-setting theory
228:2003 invasion of Iraq
148:
2601:Special Relationship
2011:Christian philosophy
1956:Western Christianity
1618:Age of Enlightenment
1492:Hellenistic Kingdoms
766:(3): 387–412 (387),
650:Freedom of the press
44:developing countries
2626:West Nordic Council
2491:Eastern Partnership
2080:Analytic philosophy
1781:Classical tradition
1603:Early modern period
1559:Classical antiquity
1554:European Bronze Age
578:The Washington Post
529:conspiracy theories
498:2014 Kunming attack
416:MSNBC controversies
338:Press Freedom Index
320:public broadcasting
280:regression analysis
270:Coverage of global
181:regions of conflict
66:. The emergence of
2085:Post-structuralism
2048:Christian humanism
1678:Universal suffrage
690:Media transparency
680:Media manipulation
665:Media conglomerate
572:The New York Times
525:Human Rights Watch
438:Hindu nationalists
306:Ownership patterns
161:
151:Person of the Year
78:derives its name.
2649:
2648:
2476:Council of Europe
2378:International law
2331:Constitutionalism
2189:Eastern Orthodoxy
1695:Post–Cold War era
1628:Age of Revolution
1482:Greco-Roman world
1316:(August 4, 2014).
635:Alternative media
606:conduct in Crimea
602:false equivalence
539:, writing in the
430:media imperialism
408:BBC controversies
400:CNN controversies
260:Syrian opposition
222:Criticism of the
98:Radio Free Europe
2674:
2521:EU Customs Union
2053:Secular humanism
2001:Christian ethics
1951:East–West Schism
1934:Physical culture
1658:Great Divergence
1608:Age of Discovery
1447:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1389:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1357:Oliver Bullough
1355:
1349:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1306:
1297:
1296:, March 3, 2014.
1290:
1284:
1283:(March 5, 2014).
1275:Dawn, Yiqin Fu,
1273:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1098:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1012:
992:
979:
978:
960:
954:
953:
933:
924:
923:
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919:
902:
896:
895:
877:
871:
870:
850:
844:
843:
831:
825:
816:
810:
809:
791:
782:
774:
755:
749:
748:
720:
700:Propaganda model
685:Media proprietor
655:Mainstream media
507:double standards
94:Voice of America
83:British monarchy
60:printing presses
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2667:Western culture
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2611:UKUSA Agreement
2551:Lublin Triangle
2436:Baltic Assembly
2388:
2382:
2300:
2137:
1972:
1842:Eurolinguistics
1711:
1700:Information age
1673:Interwar period
1540:
1460:
1451:
1421:
1390:
1386:
1373:
1369:
1365:, May 10, 2013.
1356:
1352:
1339:
1335:
1324:
1320:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:, Dec 10, 2015.
1249:
1245:
1210:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1096:10.1.1.668.3134
1079:
1075:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1046:Foreign Affairs
1038:
1034:
1010:10.1.1.178.6508
993:
982:
975:
961:
957:
934:
927:
917:
915:
914:. July 10, 2013
904:
903:
899:
892:
878:
874:
867:
851:
847:
832:
828:
817:
813:
806:
792:
785:
756:
752:
721:
717:
713:
675:Media democracy
626:
521:
519:RT (TV network)
515:
509:on terrorism."
494:
488:
472:
466:
461:
455:
422:
396:
390:
332:
308:
268:
251:Foreign Affairs
220:
143:
141:Global coverage
129:New Left Review
125:
123:Characteristics
56:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2641:Westernization
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Visegrád Group
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Nordic Council
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:Bucharest Nine
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Arctic Council
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2031:Existentialism
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1564:Late antiquity
1556:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1384:
1367:
1350:
1333:
1318:
1298:
1285:
1265:
1256:
1243:
1199:
1182:
1168:
1155:
1142:
1126:
1089:(4): 689–716.
1073:
1051:
1032:
980:
974:978-0791439296
973:
955:
944:(2): 196–208.
925:
897:
891:978-3110165005
890:
872:
865:
845:
826:
811:
805:978-0203869048
804:
783:
760:German History
750:
731:(4): 415–432.
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
625:
622:
514:
511:
487:
484:
465:
462:
454:
451:
436:of Singapore,
428:, advanced a "
392:Main article:
389:
386:
331:
328:
316:Western Europe
307:
304:
267:
264:
219:
216:
215:
214:
192:
142:
139:
124:
121:
64:Western Europe
55:
52:
34:. During the
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2679:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:PROSUR/PROSUL
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Craiova Group
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:ABCANZ Armies
2394:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:Protestantism
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Sovereigntism
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:Scholasticism
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1705:War on terror
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:Modern period
1596:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:Western world
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1363:New Statesman
1360:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1340:Julia Ioffe,
1337:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:(4): 415–32.
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
989:
987:
985:
976:
970:
966:
959:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
913:
912:
907:
901:
893:
887:
883:
876:
868:
866:9780252075698
862:
858:
857:
849:
841:
837:
830:
823:
822:
815:
807:
801:
797:
790:
788:
780:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
715:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Chatham House
595:
591:
586:
585:
580:
579:
574:
573:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
548:
544:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
520:
510:
508:
503:
499:
493:
483:
481:
477:
476:Arnab Goswami
471:
460:
450:
448:
444:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
330:Press freedom
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
303:
301:
296:
293:
292:
287:
286:
285:The Economist
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
252:
248:, writing in
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
172:
171:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
152:
147:
138:
135:
131:
130:
120:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Western world
29:
25:
24:Western media
21:
16:
2631:Western Bloc
2431:AUSCANNZUKUS
2387:Contemporary
2336:Human rights
2182:Latin Church
2156:Christianity
2106:
2065:Conservatism
1910:contemporary
1865:
1747:Architecture
1683:World War II
1643:Emancipation
1638:Abolitionism
1526:Romanization
1521:Roman legacy
1502:Roman Empire
1400:(1): 19–35.
1397:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1345:
1336:
1321:
1314:The Guardian
1313:
1288:
1280:
1259:
1246:
1221:
1217:
1185:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1067:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1003:(1): 59–87.
1000:
996:
964:
958:
941:
937:
918:December 12,
916:. Retrieved
909:
900:
881:
875:
855:
848:
839:
829:
819:
814:
795:
777:
763:
759:
753:
728:
724:
718:
645:Eurocentrism
582:
576:
570:
568:
556:rolling news
540:
535:(later RT);
533:Russia Today
522:
495:
473:
443:Hamid Naficy
434:Lee Kuan Yew
423:
333:
309:
297:
289:
283:
276:Global North
272:human rights
269:
249:
244:
221:
211:Israeli Jews
188:
184:
174:
168:
154:
127:
126:
113:East Germany
106:
102:Eastern Bloc
87:
80:
57:
40:Soviet media
23:
22:
20:
15:
2571:Open Balkan
2389:integration
2319:Rule of law
2314:Natural law
2291:Agnosticism
2269:Hellenistic
2247:Anglo-Saxon
2177:Catholicism
2116:Atlanticism
2021:Rationalism
1827:Immigration
1810:Esotericism
1668:World War I
1633:Romanticism
1613:Reformation
1593:Renaissance
1571:Middle Ages
1536:Christendom
1465:Foundations
1380:Digital Spy
537:Julia Ioffe
513:From Russia
502:state media
370:New Zealand
358:Switzerland
350:Netherlands
246:Max Abrahms
199:stereotypes
195:Middle East
189:Der Spiegel
176:Der Spiegel
107:During the
2662:News media
2656:Categories
2591:Rio Treaty
2102:Relativism
2060:Liberalism
2026:Empiricism
1978:Philosophy
1966:Secularism
1917:Philosophy
1854:Literature
1648:Capitalism
711:References
660:Media bias
551:propaganda
547:soft power
517:See also:
500:, Chinese
490:See also:
486:From China
470:Godi media
468:See also:
464:From India
457:See also:
426:Elihu Katz
398:See also:
378:Costa Rica
324:advertiser
68:news media
28:mass media
2536:Five Eyes
2531:EU–UK TCA
2373:Democracy
2262:Old Norse
2151:Abrahamic
2108:Peritrope
2090:Tolerance
2070:Socialism
1900:Mythology
1888:Classical
1837:Languages
1815:Astrology
1663:Modernism
1477:Old World
1414:146971401
1238:154757214
1121:154303864
1113:1531-5088
1091:CiteSeerX
1005:CiteSeerX
911:The Hindu
745:154757214
695:Old media
480:Times Now
474:In 2015,
453:From Iran
388:Criticism
134:Tariq Ali
2596:Schengen
2526:Eurozone
2366:Property
2361:Religion
2252:Frankish
2242:Germanic
2222:Paganism
2143:Religion
2131:European
2043:Humanism
1946:Religion
1905:Painting
1871:Internet
1822:Folklore
1793:Clothing
1764:Calendar
1740:Cyrillic
1725:Alphabet
1688:Cold War
1394:Politics
1027:55531477
624:See also
594:Medvedev
564:Sky News
560:BBC News
459:Press TV
291:Newsweek
187:than in
185:Newsweek
170:Newsweek
159:magazine
117:migrants
109:Cold War
90:Cold War
36:Cold War
2441:Benelux
2346:Thought
2296:Atheism
2237:Finnish
2213:Culture
2208:Judaism
2170:Eastern
2166:Western
2161:Culture
2095:Paradox
1961:Decline
1922:Science
1798:History
1786:Studies
1769:Cuisine
1757:Periods
1717:Culture
1546:History
1512:Eastern
1507:Western
1458:culture
610:Georgia
374:Denmark
366:Belgium
362:Jamaica
354:Finland
132:editor
54:History
30:of the
26:is the
2461:CANZUK
2351:Speech
2279:Slavic
2257:Gothic
2232:Celtic
2227:Baltic
2126:Values
1927:Values
1487:Greece
1412:
1236:
1119:
1111:
1093:
1025:
1007:
971:
888:
863:
802:
743:
616:, and
612:, and
581:, and
418:, and
382:UNESCO
376:, and
348:, the
346:Sweden
342:Norway
238:, and
207:Israel
165:Africa
2616:USMCA
2471:CEFTA
2426:AUKUS
2416:ANZUS
2411:ANZUK
2356:Press
2274:Roman
1939:Sport
1883:Chant
1878:Music
1866:Media
1859:Canon
1805:Dance
1735:Latin
1730:Greek
1576:early
1410:S2CID
1234:S2CID
1194:(PDF)
1117:S2CID
1064:(PDF)
1023:S2CID
779:born.
741:S2CID
614:Syria
590:Putin
153:" by
76:press
48:world
2576:OSCE
2556:NATO
2501:EFTA
2466:CBSS
2451:BSEC
2341:Life
1893:Folk
1774:Diet
1586:late
1581:high
1497:Rome
1456:and
1281:Dawn
1109:ISSN
1070:(4).
969:ISBN
920:2013
886:ISBN
861:ISBN
840:Aeon
800:ISBN
592:and
562:and
549:and
492:CGTN
310:The
288:and
226:the
209:and
156:Time
96:and
2566:OAS
2511:ESA
2506:EPC
2496:EEA
2401:AER
2306:Law
2284:Neo
1832:Law
1752:Art
1402:doi
1226:doi
1101:doi
1015:doi
946:doi
768:doi
733:doi
566:).
240:NBC
236:CBS
232:ABC
2658::
2541:G7
2516:EU
1408:.
1398:37
1396:.
1378:,
1361:,
1344:,
1312:,
1301:^
1279:,
1268:^
1232:.
1222:22
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