Eastern Bloc - Knowledge

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other uses by central planners were slated to meet domestic demands. Authorities created state companies to arrange travel and accommodation. In the 1970s, investments were made to attempt to attract western travelers, though momentum for this waned in the 1980s when no long-term plan arose to procure improvements in the tourist environment, such as an assurance of freedom of movement, free and efficient money exchange and the provision of higher quality products with which these tourists were familiar. However, Western tourists were generally free to move about in Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia and go where they wished. It was more difficult or even impossible to go as an individual tourist to East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. It was generally possible in all cases for relatives from the west to visit and stay with family in the Eastern Bloc countries, except for Albania. In these cases, permission had to be sought, precise times, length of stay, location and movements had to be known in advance.

8424: 3083:. While the institutional design of the communist systems were based on the rejection of rule of law, the legal infrastructure was not immune to change reflecting decaying ideology and the substitution of autonomous law. Initially, communist parties were small in all countries except Czechoslovakia, such that there existed an acute shortage of politically "trustworthy" persons for administration, police, and other professions. Thus, "politically unreliable" non-communists initially had to fill such roles. Those not obedient to communist authorities were ousted, while Moscow cadres started a large-scale party programs to train personnel who would meet political requirements. Former members of the middle-class were officially discriminated against, though the state's need for their skills and certain opportunities to re-invent themselves as good Communist citizens did allow many to nonetheless achieve success. 5131: 8136: 1317: 1331: 5262:

industrial production". The main initiator of these reforms was Premier A. Kosygin. Kosygin's reforms on agriculture gave considerable autonomy to the collective farms, giving them the right to the contents of private farming. During this period, there was the large-scale land reclamation program, the construction of irrigation channels, and other measures. In the period 1966–1970, the gross national product grew by over 35%. Industrial output increased by 48% and agriculture by 17%. In the eighth Five-Year Plan, the national income grew at an average rate of 7.8%. In the ninth Five-Year Plan (1971–1975), the national income grew at an annual rate of 5.7%. In the tenth Five-Year Plan (1976–1981), the national income grew at an annual rate of 4.3%.

1252: 2498: 4818:, for many years after World War II, even the best informed foreigners did not effectively know about the operations of the Soviet economy. Stalin had sealed off outside access to the Soviet Union since 1935 (and until his death), effectively permitting no foreign travel inside the Soviet Union such that outsiders did not know of the political processes that had taken place therein. During this period, and even for 25 years after Stalin's death, the few diplomats and foreign correspondents permitted inside the Soviet Union were usually restricted to within a few kilometres of Moscow, their phones were tapped, their residences were restricted to foreigner-only locations and they were constantly followed by Soviet authorities. 8615: 5303: 8563: 3552: 5381: 1236: 4660: 5418: 3428:, and which were now, increasingly, cut off from their traditional markets and suppliers in Western Europe. The Comecon's role became ambiguous because Stalin preferred more direct links with other party chiefs than the Comecon's indirect sophistication; it played no significant role in the 1950s in economic planning. Initially, the Comecon served as cover for the Soviet taking of materials and equipment from the rest of the Eastern Bloc, but the balance changed when the Soviets became net subsidizers of the rest of the Bloc by the 1970s via an exchange of low cost raw materials in return for shoddily manufactured finished goods. 2083: 2069: 1530: 1453: 1545: 1377: 1774: 1591: 2111: 2010: 1728: 5492: 1697: 1483: 1172: 7539: 1438: 1284: 1148: 5483: 1268: 1983: 1409: 4800: 1843: 1802: 9200: 1943: 5274:

construction of network analysers were developed by S. Gershgorin in 1927 and the concept of the electrodynamic analog computer was proposed by N. Minorsky in 1936. In the 1940s, the development of AC electronic antiaircraft directors and the first vacuum-tube integrators was begun by L. Gutenmakher. In the 1960s, important developments in modern computer equipment were the BESM-6 system built under the direction of S. A. Lebedev, the MIR series of small digital computers, and the Minsk series of digital computers developed by G.Lopato and V. Przhyalkovsky.

1648: 8945: 7058: 3364: 2428:, followed by the liquidation of state administrations and replacement by Soviet cadres. Elections for parliament and other offices were held with single candidates listed and the official results fabricated, purporting pro-Soviet candidates' approval by 92.8 percent of the voters in Estonia, 97.6 percent in Latvia, and 99.2 percent in Lithuania. The fraudulently installed "people's assemblies" immediately declared each of the three corresponding countries to be "Soviet Socialist Republics" and requested their "admission into 5446: 7043: 2289: 2651:'s social and financial power by expropriation of landed and industrial property was accorded absolute priority. These measures were publicly billed as "reforms" rather than socioeconomic transformations. Except for initially in Czechoslovakia, activities by political parties had to adhere to "Bloc politics", with parties eventually having to accept membership in an "antifascist bloc" obliging them to act only by mutual "consensus". The bloc system permitted the Soviet Union to exercise domestic control indirectly. 5294: 3087:

which the population in certain countries were kept under secret surveillance may not have been rational. Following a totalitarian initial phase, a post-totalitarian period followed the death of Stalin in which the primary method of Communist rule shifted from mass terror to selective repression, along with ideological and sociopolitical strategies of legitimation and the securing of loyalty. Juries were replaced by a tribunal of professional judges and two lay assessors that were dependable party actors.

2699: 5455: 1202: 2644:". As a young communist was told in East Germany, "it's got to look democratic, but we must have everything in our control". Stalin felt that socioeconomic transformation was indispensable to establish Soviet control, reflecting the Marxist–Leninist view that material bases, the distribution of the means of production, shaped social and political relations. The Soviet Union also co-opted the Eastern European countries into its sphere of influence by making reference to some cultural commonalities. 5372: 1815: 9242: 1299: 26445: 9228: 1871: 2244: 2188: 8625: 1217: 1424: 1684: 2681: 22: 9256: 1633: 4732: 22725: 1912: 2892:

conflict was started. Soviet cadres in communist party and state positions in the Bloc were instructed to foster intra-leadership conflict and to transmit information against each other. This accompanied a continuous stream of accusations of "nationalistic deviations", "insufficient appreciation of the USSR's role", links with Tito and "espionage for Yugoslavia". This resulted in the persecution of many major party cadres, including those in East Germany.

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market economy. The change to a multi-party democracy was approved by 85% of Poles and East Germans, 82% of Czechs, 74% of Slovaks, 72% of Hungarians, 70% of Lithuanians, 54% of Bulgarians, 51% of Ukrainians and 43% of Russians. The transition to a market economy was approved by 85% of Poles, 83% of East Germans, 76% of Czechs, 71% of Slovaks, 70% of Hungarians, 69% of Lithuanians, 55% of Bulgarians, 47% of Ukrainians, and 38% of Russians.

1829: 2202: 1714: 1516: 1468: 2230: 2097: 1670: 1620: 1347: 8221: 2949: 5344: 1965: 1884: 2257: 2216: 2024: 1857: 1393: 8163:. The invasion comported with the Brezhnev Doctrine, a policy of compelling Eastern Bloc states to subordinate national interests to those of the Bloc as a whole and the exercise of a Soviet right to intervene if an Eastern Bloc country appeared to shift towards capitalism. The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechoslovaks initially fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000. 17128: 3628:, where the population was approximately half of what it should have been compared with similar countries such as Denmark, Finland and Norway over the years 1939–1990. Poor housing was one factor leading to severely declining birth rates throughout the Eastern Bloc. However, birth rates were still higher than in Western European countries. A reliance upon abortion, in part because periodic shortages of birth control pills and 2124: 5242: 2152: 2038: 1756: 5612:

in 1950 but 14.4 in 1970. However, the system was resistant to change and did not easily adapt to new conditions. For political reasons, old factories were rarely closed, even when new technologies became available. As a result, after the 1970s, growth rates within the bloc experienced relative decline. Meanwhile, West Germany, Austria, France and other Western European nations experienced increased economic growth in the

2695:, a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate, including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe. The Soviets rejected the Plan and took a hard-line position against the United States and non-communist European nations. However, Czechoslovakia was eager to accept the US aid; the Polish government had a similar attitude, and this was of great concern to the Soviets. 1187: 2051: 1996: 1929: 1742: 1563: 26433: 9214: 8027:, Soviet tanks entered Budapest. Protester attacks at the Parliament forced the dissolution of the government. A ceasefire was arranged on 28 October, and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside. Fighting had virtually ceased between 28 October and 4 November, while many Hungarians believed that Soviet military units were indeed withdrawing from Hungary. 1898: 3448:

policy principle that continued presence in East Central Europe was a foundation of its defense against the West. Through its institutional structures, the Pact also compensated in part for the absence of Joseph Stalin's personal leadership since his death in 1953. The Pact consolidated the other Bloc members' armies in which Soviet officers and security agents served under a unified Soviet command structure.

5409: 7933:, the Berlin sector border. The East German government then raised "norms" – the amount each worker was required to produce – by 10%. Already disaffected East Germans, who could see the relative economic successes of West Germany within Berlin, became enraged. Angry building workers initiated street protests, and were soon joined by others in a march to the Berlin trade union headquarters. 7875:, a prior emphasis on monolithic high-rise housing lessened somewhat in the 1970s and 1980s. In the Soviet Union, housing was perhaps the primary social problem. While Soviet housing construction rates were high, quality was poor and demolition rates were high, in part because of an inefficient building industry and lack of both quality and quantity of construction materials. 4979:, there was little existing proletariat in many eastern European countries, such that to create one, heavy industry needed to be built. Each system shared the distinctive themes of state-oriented economies, including poorly defined property rights, a lack of market clearing prices and overblown or distorted productive capacities in relation to analogous market economies. 3202: 3969: 4927:, which determined countries' investment allocations and the products that would be traded within Eastern Bloc. Although Comecon was initiated in 1949, its role became ambiguous because Stalin preferred more direct links with other party chiefs than the indirect sophistication of the council. It played no significant role in the 1950s in economic planning. 7561:

to the towns and more wartime devastation and were worsened by Stalin's pre-war refusals to invest properly in housing. Because such investment was generally not enough to sustain the existing population, apartments had to be subdivided into increasingly smaller units, resulting in several families sharing an apartment previously meant for one family.

11913:, President of the Revolutionary War Soviet: "We are surrounded by the greens (we pack it to them), we will move only about 10–20 versty and we will choke by hand the bourgeoisie, the clergy and the landowners. There will be an award of 100,000 rubles for each one hanged." He was speaking about the future actions in the countries neighboring Russia. 5184:) with a rapid collectivization through massive state farms and agricultural producers' cooperatives (APCs). Instead, collectivization proceeded more slowly and in stages from 1948 to 1960 in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, and from 1955 to 1964 in Albania. Collectivization in the Baltic republics of the 3621:, the population grew to 92.7 million in 1926. In 1939, the population increased by 17 percent to 108 million. Despite more than 20 million deaths suffered throughout World War II, Russia's population grew to 117.2 million in 1959. The Soviet census of 1989 showed Russia's population at 147 million people. 4849:, "societal organisations" such as trade unions and associations representing various social, professional and other groups, were erected with only one organisation for each category, with competition excluded. Those organisations were managed by Stalinist cadres, though during the initial period, they allowed for some diversity. 5173:, which offered good soils and a warm climate during the growing season. Rural collectivization proceeded differently in non-Soviet Eastern Bloc countries than it did in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. Because of the need to conceal the assumption of control and the realities of an initial lack of control, no Soviet 11734: 5270:

amounted to one-fourth of the total number of scientific personnel in the world. In 1980, as compared with 1940, the number of invention proposals submitted was more than 5 million. In 1980, there were 10 all-Union research institutes, 85 specialised central agencies, and 93 regional information centres.

2915:, when it appeared that Traicho Kostov, who was not a Moscow cadre, was next in line for leadership, in June 1949, Stalin ordered Kostov's arrest, followed soon thereafter by a death sentence and execution. A number of other high ranking Bulgarian officials were also jailed. Stalin and Hungarian leader 2846:(SED) was rejected in favor of the Social Democratic Party, which had gained two and a half times more votes than the SED. The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries began a massive "Berlin airlift", supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies. 15489:

In the mortality belt of the European former Soviet Union, an aggressive health policy intervention might have prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths, or at least generated a different perception of Western intentions. Instead, Western self-congratulatory triumphalism, the political priority to

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and conducted protests in support of the demands on 22 October. Protests of support swelled to 200,000 by 6 pm the following day, The demands included free secret ballot elections, independent tribunals, inquiries into Stalin and Rákosi Hungarian activities and that "the statue of Stalin, symbol

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After Stalin's death in 1953, forms of an economic "New Course" brought a revival of private house construction. Private construction peaked in 1957–1960 in many Eastern Bloc countries and then declined simultaneously along with a steep increase in state and co-operative housing. By 1960, the rate of

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The prewar norm became one Soviet family per room, with the toilets and kitchen shared. The amount of living space in urban areas fell from 5.7 square metres per person in 1926 to 4.5 square metres in 1940. In the rest of the Eastern Bloc during this time period, the average number of people per room

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During the years 1957–1965, housing policy underwent several institutional changes with industrialisation and urbanisation had not been matched by an increase in housing after World War II. Housing shortages in the Soviet Union were worse than in the rest of the Eastern Bloc due to a larger migration

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There was significant progress made in the economy in countries such as the Soviet Union. In 1980, the Soviet Union took first place in Europe and second worldwide in terms of industrial and agricultural production, respectively. In 1960, the USSR's industrial output was only 55% that of America, but

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and the German occupations in Eastern Europe, much of the region had been subjected to enormous destruction of industry, infrastructure and loss of civilian life. In Poland alone the policy of plunder and exploitation inflicted enormous material losses to Polish industry (62% of which was destroyed),

2973:, capitalist parliamentary democracy (dubbed "bourgeois democracy" in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state. The resulting states aspired to total control of a political center backed by an extensive and active repressive apparatus, and a central role of 2584:

When warned of potential domination by a Stalin dictatorship over part of Europe, Roosevelt responded with a statement summarizing his rationale for relations with Stalin: "I just have a hunch that Stalin is not that kind of a man. ... I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask

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In 2019, a Pew Research Survey on European public opinion asked citizens of Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary and the former East Germany two questions: whether they approved of the change to a multi-party democracy, and whether they approved of the change to a

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which saw Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, the Baltic States, Romania and Bulgaria admitted to the European Union. This led to significant improvements in living standards, quality of life, human health and economic performance in the post-Communist Central European states, relative to

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However, that gap does not measure the quality of design of goods or service such that the actual per capita rate may be as low as 14 to 20 per cent. Average gross monthly wages in East Germany were around 30% of those in West Germany, though after accounting for taxation the figures approached 60%.

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From the end of World War II to the mid-1970s, the economy of the Eastern Bloc steadily increased at the same rate as the economy in Western Europe, with the non-reformist Stalinist nations of the Eastern Bloc having a stronger economy than the reformist-Stalinist states. While most western European

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Cities became massive building sites, resulting in the reconstruction of some war-torn buildings but also the construction of drab, dilapidated, system-built apartment blocks. Urban living standards plummeted because resources were tied up in huge long-term building projects, while industrialization

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Because of the lack of market signals in such economies, they experienced mis-development by central planners resulting in those countries following a path of extensive (large mobilisation of inefficiently used capital, labor, energy and raw material inputs) rather than intensive (efficient resource

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policy" of physically transporting and relocating east European industrial assets to the Soviet Union. Eastern Bloc states were required to provide coal, industrial equipment, technology, rolling stock and other resources to reconstruct the Soviet Union. Between 1945 and 1953, the Soviets received a

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The worsening shortages of the 1970s and 1980s occurred during an increase in the quantity of dwelling stock relative to population from 1970 to 1986. Even for new dwellings, average dwelling size was only 61.3 square metres (660 sq ft) in the Eastern Bloc compared with 113.5 square metres

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With virtually non-existent conventional emigration, more than 75% of those emigrating from Eastern Bloc countries between 1950 and 1990 did so under bilateral agreements for "ethnic migration". About 10% were refugee migrants under the Geneva Convention of 1951. Most Soviets allowed to leave during

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With the closing of the Inner German border officially in 1952, the Berlin city sector borders remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because of their administration by all four occupying powers. Accordingly, it effectively comprised a "loophole" through which Eastern Bloc

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The control of the media was exercised directly by the communist party itself, and by state censorship, which was also controlled by the party. Media served as an important form of control over information and society. The dissemination and portrayal of knowledge were considered by authorities to be

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However, the vestiges of democratic institutions were never entirely destroyed, resulting in the façade of Western style institutions such as parliaments, which effectively just rubber-stamped decisions made by rulers, and constitutions, to which adherence by authorities was limited or non-existent.

13698:(quoting the "Committee on the Problems of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP: 15 Years after Chernobyl Disaster", Minsk, 2001, p. 5/6 ff., and the "Chernobyl Interinform Agency, Kiev und", and "Chernobyl Committee: MailTable of official data on the reactor accident") 8914:

Poverty skyrocketed after the fall of the USSR; by the end of the 1990s, the number of people living below the international poverty line went from 3% in 1987–88 to 20%, or around 88 million people. Only 4% of the region lived on $ 4 a day or less before the USSR dissolved, but by 1994, this number

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dictated to the Daily Mirror for the Paneuropa Picnic: "Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and Deutsche Mark, and then they were persuaded to come to the West". The

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While no official spoke to them at that location, by 2:00 pm, the East German government agreed to withdraw the "norm" increases. However, the crisis had already escalated such that the demands were now political, including free elections, disbanding the army and resignation of the government.

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In a survey by the Sociological Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1986, 75% of those surveyed said that they were better off than the previous ten years. Over 95% of Soviet adults considered themselves "fairly well off". 55% of those surveyed felt that medical services improved,

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Growth rates in the Eastern Bloc were initially high in the 1950s and 1960s. During this first period, progress was rapid by European standards and per capita growth within the Eastern Bloc increased by 2.4 times the European average. Eastern Europe accounted for 12.3 percent of European production

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from outside the Eastern Bloc was neglected, while tourism from other Stalinist countries grew within the Eastern Bloc. Tourism drew investment, relying upon tourism and recreation opportunities existing before World War II. By 1945, most hotels were run-down, while many which escaped conversion to

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This emphasis on heavy industry diverted investment from the more practical production of chemicals and plastics. In addition, the plans' emphasis on quantity rather than quality made Eastern Bloc products less competitive in the world market. High costs passed through the product chain boosted the

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The rising standard of living under socialism led to a steady decrease in the workday and an increase in leisure. In 1974, the average workweek for Soviet industrial workers was 40 hours. Paid vacations in 1968 reached a minimum of 15 workdays. In the mid-1970s the number of free days per year-days

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The Soviet Union made major progress in developing the country's consumer goods sector. In 1970, the USSR produced 679 million pairs of leather footwear, compared to 534 million for the United States. Czechoslovakia, which had the world's highest per-capita production of shoes, exported a

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Stalinist regimes in the Eastern Bloc saw even marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat because of the bases underlying Stalinist power therein. The suppression of dissent and opposition was a central prerequisite for the security of Stalinist power within the Eastern Bloc,

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Parliaments were still elected, but their meetings occurred only a few days per year, only to legitimize politburo decisions, and so little attention was paid to them that some of those serving were actually dead, and officials would openly state that they would seat members who had lost elections.

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in the Eastern Bloc, subsequent development varied across countries. In satellite states, after peace treaties were initially concluded, opposition was essentially liquidated, fundamental steps towards socialism were enforced, and Kremlin leaders sought to strengthen control therein. Right from the

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The parties at Yalta further agreed that the countries of liberated Europe and former Axis satellites would be allowed to "create democratic institutions of their own choice", pursuant to "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live". The parties also agreed

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published an analysis of the former Soviet countries twenty years after the fall of the USSR. They found that "GDP fell as much as 50 percent in the 1990s in some republics... as capital flight, industrial collapse, hyperinflation and tax avoidance took their toll", but that there was a rebound in

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The employment of socialist ideology in housing policy declined in the 1980s, which accompanied a shift in authorities looking at the need of residents to an examination of potential residents' ability to pay. Yugoslavia was unique in that it continuously mixed private and state sources of housing

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In social terms, the 18 years (1964–1982) of Brezhnev's leadership saw real incomes grow more than 1.5 times. More than 1.6 billion square metres of living space were commissioned and provided to over 160 million people. At the same time, the average rent for families did not exceed 3% of the

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Once installed, the economic system was difficult to change given the importance of politically reliable management and the prestige value placed on large enterprises. Performance declined during the 1970s and 1980s due to inefficiency when industrial input costs, such as energy prices, increased.

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was the most advanced industrial nation of the Eastern Bloc. Until the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, East Germany was considered a weak state, hemorrhaging skilled labor to the West such that it was referred to as "the disappearing satellite". Only after the wall sealed in skilled labor was

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The world's first nuclear power plant was commissioned on 27 June 1954 in Obninsk. Soviet scientists made a major contribution to the development of computer technology. The first major achievements in the field were associated with the building of analog computers. In the USSR, principles for the

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In 1980, the number of scientific personnel in the USSR was 1.4 million. The number of engineers employed in the national economy was 4.7 million. Between 1960 and 1980, the number of scientific personnel increased by a factor of 4. In 1975, the number of scientific personnel in the USSR

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Major errors and waste occurred in the resource allocation and distribution systems. Because of the party-run monolithic state organs, these systems provided no effective mechanisms or incentives to control costs, profligacy, inefficiency and waste. Heavy industry was given priority because of its

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Communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc viewed marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat because of the bases underlying Communist power therein. The suppression of dissidence and opposition was considered a central prerequisite to retain power, though the enormous expense at

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into an instrument to monitor and control the internal affairs of other Eastern Bloc parties. He also briefly considered converting the Cominform into an instrument for sentencing high-ranking deviators, but dropped the idea as impractical. Instead, a move to weaken communist party leaders through

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The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein, while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue. In May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade,

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Adding to mobility constraints from the inadequate transport systems were bureaucratic mobility restrictions. While outside of Albania, domestic travel eventually became largely regulation-free, stringent controls on the issue of passports, visas and foreign currency made foreign travel difficult

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Unlike Soviet collectivization, neither massive destruction of livestock nor errors causing distorted output or distribution occurred in the other Eastern Bloc countries. More widespread use of transitional forms occurred, with differential compensation payments for peasants that contributed more

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According to the official propaganda in the Soviet Union, there was unprecedented affordability of housing, health care, and education. Apartment rent on average amounted to only 1 percent of the family budget, a figure which reached 4 percent when municipal services are factored in. Tram tickets

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Initially, Comecon served as cover for the Soviet taking of materials and equipment from the rest of the Eastern Bloc, but the balance changed when the Soviets became net subsidisers of the rest of the Bloc by the 1970s via an exchange of low cost raw materials in return for shoddily manufactured

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and those with the right class or political background. Eastern Bloc societies were dominated by the ruling communist party, dubbed "partyocracy" by Pavel Machonin. Former members of the middle-class were officially discriminated against, though the need for their skills allowed them to re-invent

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During the socialist period, Yugoslavia was marked by a system of socialist self-management, which place greater importance not he development of market-type relations in the economy than any of the other socialist countries of Europe. This strategy was a significant factor in achieving a higher

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components and organisations to assemble them on site, both of which planners assumed would employ large numbers of unskilled workers-with powerful political contacts. The lack of participation of eventual customers, the residents, constituted one factor in escalating construction costs and poor

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The fact that Poland nevertheless managed to carry out large-scale centrally planned industrialisation with no more difficulty than its collectivised Eastern Bloc neighbours further called into question the need for collectivisation in such planned economies. Only Poland's "western territories",

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In addition to eradicating the perceived inefficiencies associated with small-scale farming on discontiguous land holdings, collectivization also purported to achieve the political goal of removing the rural basis for resistance to Stalinist regimes. A further justification given was the need to

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units in Hungary. For 35 years, the Pact perpetuated the Stalinist concept of Soviet national security based on imperial expansion and control over satellite regimes in Eastern Europe. This Soviet formalization of their security relationships in the Eastern Bloc reflected Moscow's basic security

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The police deterred and contained opposition to party directives. The political police served as the core of the system, with their names becoming synonymous with raw power and the threat of violent retribution should an individual become active against the State. Several state police and secret

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poll showed that 72% of Hungarians, 62% of both Ukrainians and Bulgarians, 48% of both Lithuanians and Slovaks, 45% of Russians, 39% of Czechs, and 35% of Poles felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant. A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011

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had an average 20-year wait time for housing while Warsaw had between a 26- and 50-year wait time. In the Soviet Union, widespread illegal subletting occurred at exorbitant rates. Toward the end of the Eastern Bloc allegations of misallocations and illegal distribution of housing were raised in

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was caused by an irresponsible safety test on a reactor design that is normally safe, some operators lacking an even basic understanding of the reactor's processes and authoritarian Soviet bureaucracy, valuing party loyalty over competence, that kept promoting incompetent personnel and choosing

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The press in the communist period was an organ of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party. Before the late 1980s, Eastern Bloc radio and television organizations were state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local

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had eroded because of increased central planning, economic autarky, the use of coal over oil, investment concentration in a few selected technology-intensive areas and labor market regulation. As a result, a large productivity gap of nearly 50% per worker existed between East and West Germany.

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Catering to western visitors required creating an environment of an entirely different standard than that used for the domestic populace, which required concentration of travel spots including the building of relatively high-quality infrastructure in travel complexes, which could not easily be

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However, the Central European states of the former Eastern Bloc–Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia–showed healthy increases in life expectancy from the 1990s onward, compared to nearly thirty years of stagnation under Communism. Bulgaria and Romania followed this trend after the

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These are official housing figures and may be low. For example, in the Soviet Union the figure of 26,662,400 in 1986 almost certainly underestimates shortages for the reason that it does not count shortages from large Soviet rural-urban migration; another calculation estimates shortages to be

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With the change of the Soviet leadership in 1964, there were significant changes made to economic policy. The Government on 30 September 1965 issued a decree "On improving the management of industry" and the 4 October 1965 resolution "On improving and strengthening the economic incentives for

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that resulted was not responsive to consumer needs and caused a neglect in the service sector, unprecedented rapid urbanization, acute urban overcrowding, chronic shortages, and massive recruitment of women into mostly menial and/or low-paid occupations. The consequent strains resulted in the

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In addition, media in the Eastern Bloc were organs of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the government of the USSR with radio and television organisations being state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organisations, mostly by the local party. While over

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in most Eastern Bloc countries were generally far from adequate. For all countries for which data existed, 60% of dwellings had a density of greater than one person per room between 1966 and 1975. The average in western countries for which data was available approximated 0.5 persons per room.

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and regular pregnancy tests were mandated for women of child-bearing age, with severe penalties for anyone who was found to have terminated a pregnancy. Despite such restrictions, birth rates continued to lag, in part because of unskilled induced abortions. The populations of the Eastern Bloc

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tradition, a smaller selective party of between three and fourteen percent of the country's population who had accepted total obedience. Those who secured membership in this selective group received considerable rewards, such as access to special lower priced shops with a greater selection of

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Crucial departments such as those responsible for personnel, general police, secret police and youth were strictly Communist run. Moscow cadres distinguished "progressive forces" from "reactionary elements" and rendered both powerless. Such procedures were repeated until Communists had gained

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Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia while the Soviet Union peaked in 1960 and 1970. While between 1975 and 1986, the proportion of investment devoted to housing actually rose in most of the Eastern Bloc, general economic conditions resulted in total investment amounts falling or becoming stagnant.

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During the last fifteen years of this period (1960–1975), an emphasis was made for a supply side solution, which assumed that industrialised building methods and high rise housing would be cheaper and quicker than traditional brick-built, low-rise housing. Such methods required manufacturing

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promote industrial development by facilitating the state's procurement of agricultural products and transferring "surplus labor" from rural to urban areas. In short, agriculture was reorganized in order to proletarianize the peasantry and control production at prices determined by the state.

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view that material bases, the distribution of the means of production, shaped social and political relations. Moscow trained cadres were put into crucial power positions to fulfill orders regarding sociopolitical transformation. Elimination of the bourgeoisie's social and financial power by

4397:

in 1970–1980, space standards in newly built dwellings rose before the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc. Housing size varied considerably across time, especially after the oil crisis in the Eastern Bloc; for instance, 1990-era West German homes had an average floor space of 83 square metres

7609:

In most countries, completions (new dwellings constructed) rose to a high point between 1975 and 1980 and then fell as a result presumably of worsening international economic conditions. This occurred in Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania (with an earlier peak in 1960 also),

5084:

flourished throughout the Bloc because of rising unmet state consumer needs. Black and gray markets for foodstuffs, goods, and cash arose. Goods included household goods, medical supplies, clothes, furniture, cosmetics and toiletries in chronically short supply through official outlets.

4931:

finished goods. While resources such as oil, timber and uranium initially made gaining access to other Eastern Bloc economies attractive, the Soviets soon had to export Soviet raw materials to those countries to maintain cohesion therein. Following resistance to Comecon plans to extract

3563:

After the creation of the Eastern Bloc, emigration out of the newly occupied countries, except under limited circumstances, was effectively halted in the early 1950s, with the Soviet approach to controlling national movement emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. However, in

1109:

Even though Yugoslavia was a socialist country, it was not a member of the Comecon or the Warsaw Pact. Parting with the USSR in 1948, Yugoslavia did not belong to the East, but it also did not belong to the West because of its socialist system and its status as a founding member of the

17181:"Eastern Bloc" examines the specificities and differences of living in totalitarian and post totalitarian countries. The project is divided into chapters, each dedicated to one of the Eastern European countries—Slovak Republic, Poland, ex-GDR, Hungary, Czech Republic and ex-Yugoslavia. 8910:

and Mitchell A. Orenstein have referred to this as the "mortality belt of the European former Soviet Union" and assert that it could have been avoided with the implementation of "an aggressive health policy intervention" which could have "prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths."

3033:, and the like), special schools, holiday facilities, homes, high-quality domestic and/or foreign-made furniture, works of art, pensions, permission to travel abroad, and official cars with distinct license plates so that police and others could identify these members from a distance. 5208:

were more industrialized than the Soviet Union, they were in a position to furnish most of the equipment and fertilizer inputs needed to ease the transition to collectivized agriculture. Instead of liquidating large farmers or barring them from joining APCs as Stalin had done through

5216:

Collectivisation often met with strong rural resistance, including peasants frequently destroying property rather than surrendering it to the collectives. Strong peasant links with the land through private ownership were broken and many young people left for careers in industry. In

5572:. Further rural problems arose from piped water construction being given precedence over building sewerage systems, leaving many houses with only inbound piped water delivery and not enough sewage tank trucks to carry away sewage. The resulting drinking water became so polluted in 2797:

division of Europe. Thereafter, Stalin sought stronger control over other Eastern Bloc countries, abandoning the prior appearance of democratic institutions. When it appeared that, in spite of heavy pressure, non-communist parties might receive in excess of 40% of the vote in the

2632:" of Central Europe. In addition to reparations, Stalin pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation. A clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. 4986:

Factories were sometimes inefficiently located, incurring high transport costs, while poor plant-organisation sometimes resulted in production hold ups and knock-on effects in other industries dependent on monopoly suppliers of intermediates. For example, each country, including

15282:

Azarova, Aytalina; Irdam, Darja; Gugushvili, Alexi; Fazekas, Mihaly; Scheiring, Gábor; Horvat, Pia; Stefler, Denes; Kolesnikova, Irina; Popov, Vladimir; Szelenyi, Ivan; Stuckler, David; Marmot, Michael; Murphy, Michael; McKee, Martin; Bobak, Martin; King, Lawrence (1 May 2017).

4389:(1,222 sq ft) in ten western countries for which comparable data was available. Space standards varied considerably, with the average new dwelling in the Soviet Union in 1986 being only 68% the size of its equivalent in Hungary. Apart from exceptional cases, such as 5153:

regimes in the Eastern Bloc and elsewhere attempted to establish an ordered socialist system in rural agriculture. It required the forced consolidation of small-scale peasant farms and larger holdings belonging to the landed classes for the purpose of creating larger modern

4833:

system. This system was largely imposed on other Eastern Bloc countries after World War II. While propaganda of proletarian improvements accompanied systemic changes, terror and intimidation of the consequent ruthless Stalinism obfuscated feelings of any purported benefits.

6387:

also calculates growth rates, using a different methodology, but only reports the figures starting in 1971 (for Slovakia and the constituent republics of the USSR data availability begins later). Thus, according to the United Nations growth rates in Europe were as follows:

5225:, fierce resistance from peasants, many of whom had resisted the Axis, led to the abandonment of wholesale rural collectivisation in the early 1950s. In part because of the problems created by collectivisation, agriculture was largely de-collectivised in Poland in 1957. 4754:

was the unique symbiosis of the state with society and the economy, resulting in politics and economics losing their distinctive features as autonomous and distinguishable spheres. Initially, Stalin directed systems that rejected Western institutional characteristics of

8905:

An estimated seven million premature deaths took place in the former USSR after it collapsed, with around four million in Russia alone. Russia experienced the largest drop in life expectancy during peacetime in recorded history after the fall of the USSR. The scholars

7597:

housebuilding per head had picked up in all countries in the Eastern Bloc. Between 1950 and 1975, worsening shortages were generally caused by a fall in the proportion of all investment made housing. However, during that period the total number of dwellings increased.

5088:

Many farmers concealed actual output from purchasing agencies to sell it illicitly to urban consumers. Hard foreign currencies were highly sought after, while highly valued Western items functioned as a medium of exchange or bribery in Stalinist countries, such as in

11757: 10726: 7893:

suffered from fast urbanisation, uncoordinated development and poor organisation resulting from a lack of hierarchical structure and clear accountability, low building productivity, the monopoly position of building enterprises and irrational credit policies.

7606:

quality work. This led to higher demolition rates and higher costs to repair poorly constructed dwellings. In addition, because of poor quality work, a black market arose for building services and materials that could not be procured from state monopolies.

2597:, Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of political influence in Central Europe. Stalin eventually was convinced by Churchill and Roosevelt not to dismember Germany. Stalin stated that the Soviet Union would keep the territory of eastern Poland they had already 4690:(private banks) and most of them by the early 1980s were forced to notify the creditors of their insolvency. This information was however kept secret from the citizens and propaganda promoted the view that the countries were on the best way to socialism. 8941:

the 2000s, and by 2010 "some economies were five times as big as they were in 1991." Life expectancy has grown since 1991 in some of the countries, but fallen in others; likewise, some held free and fair elections, while others remained authoritarian.

8966:

the late Communist and early post-Communist periods. Certain former Eastern Bloc countries have even become wealthier than certain Western European ones in the decades since 1989. In 2006, the Czech Republic was reported to have become wealthier than

9017:

assert that "subsequent polls and qualitative research across Russia and eastern Europe confirm the persistence of these sentiments as popular discontent with the failed promises of free-market prosperity has grown, especially among older people".

5265:

The Soviet Union made noteworthy scientific and technological progress. Unlike countries with more market-oriented economies, scientific and technological potential in the USSR was used in accordance with a plan on the scale of society as a whole.

4935:'s mineral resources and heavily utilise its agricultural production, Romania began to take a more independent stance in 1964. While it did not repudiate Comecon, it took no significant role in its operation, especially after the rise to power of 3632:

made these systems unreliable, also depressed the birth rate and forced a shift to pro-natalist policies by the late 1960s, including severe checks on abortion and propagandist exhortations like the 'heroine mother' distinction bestowed on those

10013:, p. 897: "In the Eastern Bloc, only Yugoslavia, alongside efforts to eradicate or at least degrade previously existing nationalisms, made the gallant attempt to both foster a new nationalism and a new identify, that of being a Yugoslav." 7504:

Moreover, the purchasing power of wages differed greatly, with only about half of East German households owning either a car or a color television set as late as 1990, both of which had been standard possessions in West German households. The

3307:

served as the central agency for collection and distribution of internal and international news for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. It was frequently infiltrated by Soviet intelligence and security agencies, such as the

3535:

issued general rules for travel that foreclosed virtually all departures, making legal emigration impossible. Border controls thereafter strengthened such that, by 1928, even illegal departure was effectively impossible. This later included

8030: 4786:

15 million Eastern Bloc residents migrated westward from 1945 to 1949, emigration was effectively halted in the early 1950s, with the Soviet approach to controlling national movement emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc.

8593:, distributed thousands of brochures inviting them to a picnic near the border at Sopron. It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. After the picnic, which was based on an idea by 7965:

members, were employed. Bloodshed could not be entirely avoided, with the official death toll standing at 21, while the actual casualty toll may have been much higher. Thereafter, 20,000 arrests took place along with 40 executions.

5003:'value' of production on which wage increases were based, but made exports less competitive. Planners rarely closed old factories even when new capacities opened elsewhere. For example, the Polish steel industry retained a plant in 10528: 8930:

Crime, alcohol use, drug use and suicides all skyrocketed after the fall of the Eastern Bloc. The GDP fell as much as 50% in some republics during the 1990s. By 2000, Russia's GDP was between 30 and 50% of its pre-collapse output.

8062:

and Miklós Gimes, after secret trials in June 1958. Their bodies were placed in unmarked graves in the Municipal Cemetery outside Budapest. By January 1957, the new Soviet-installed government had suppressed all public opposition.

4650:

Poor housing was one of the four major factors (others being poor living conditions, increased female employment and abortion as an encouraged means of birth control) which led to declining birth rates throughout the Eastern Bloc.

2432:'s Soviet Union". This formally resulted in the Soviet Union's annexation of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in August 1940. The international community condemned this annexation of the three Baltic countries and deemed it illegal. 4911:

The trading pattern of the Eastern Bloc countries was severely modified. Before World War II, no greater than 1%–2% of those countries' trade was with the Soviet Union. By 1953, the share of such trade had jumped to 37%. In 1947,

3572:

between occupied zones, hundreds of thousands fled to West Germany, with figures totaling 197,000 in 1950, 165,000 in 1951, 182,000 in 1952 and 331,000 in 1953. One reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further

2923:, who was thereafter executed. The preservation of the Soviet bloc relied on maintaining a sense of ideological unity that would entrench Moscow's influence in Eastern Europe as well as the power of the local Communist elites. 8605:

to an opening of the border, tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans set off for Hungary. Hungary was then no longer prepared to keep its borders completely closed or to commit its border troops to use force of arms.

7956:

stormed some important buildings. Within hours, Soviet tanks arrived, but they did not immediately fire upon all workers. Rather, a gradual pressure was applied. Approximately 16 Soviet divisions with 20,000 soldiers from the

7493:

East Germany able to ascend to the top economic spot in the Eastern Bloc. Thereafter, its citizens enjoyed a higher quality of life and fewer shortages in the supply of goods than those in the Soviet Union, Poland or Romania.

5118:, purges, and intimidation. By 1960, massive urbanisation occurred in Poland (48% urban) and Bulgaria (38%), which increased employment for peasants, but also caused illiteracy to skyrocket when children left school for work. 1083:'s defiance of complete Soviet control was noteworthy enough that Cuba was sometimes excluded as a satellite state altogether, as it sometimes intervened in other Third World countries even when the Soviet Union opposed this. 8454:

in 1985 signaled the trend towards greater liberalization. Gorbachev rejected the Brezhnev Doctrine, which held that Moscow would intervene if socialism were threatened in any state. He announced what was jokingly called the

10958: 8053:

Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union, many without evidence. Approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary, some 26,000 Hungarians were put on trial by the new Soviet-installed

5021:

By the mid-1970s, budget deficits rose considerably and domestic prices widely diverged from the world prices, while production prices averaged 2% higher than consumer prices. Many premium goods could be bought either in a

21388: 24617: 15582:"If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $ 4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute. 9966:

The Eastern bloc was composed of socialist states, who were members of the Warsaw Pact and The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), led by the USSR. ... In works examining the Western bloc countries'

8636:

and the relaxing of border restrictions in Czechoslovakia, tens of thousands of Eastern Berliners flooded checkpoints along the Berlin Wall and crossed into West Berlin. Parts of the wall was torn down, leading to the

2589:

in 1943, Churchill stated that Britain was vitally interested in restoring Poland as a politically independent country. Britain did not press the matter for fear that it would become a source of inter-allied friction.

8000:, with a mandate to negotiate trade concessions and troop reductions with the Soviet government. After a few tense days of negotiations, on 19 October, the Soviets finally gave in to Gomułka's reformist requests. 3389:

of many Eastern Bloc nations, religion was actively suppressed. Since some of these states tied their ethnic heritage to their national churches, both the peoples and their churches were targeted by the Soviets.

4012:

programme, which consisted of the demolition and reconstruction of existing hamlets, villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, in order to make place to standardised apartment blocks across the country

10033:

The other Eastern bloc states – except Romania's fellow mavericks Albania and Yugoslavia – reacted to the breakthrough between Bonn and Bucharest by coordinating their own stances towards the Federal Republic.

12725: 5635:(GDP) levels of the United States during the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Eastern Bloc countries did not, with per capita GDPs trailing significantly behind their comparable western European counterparts. 12785: 12755: 3938:

Eastern Bloc societies operated under anti-meritocratic principles with strong egalitarian elements. For example, Czechoslovakia favoured less qualified individuals, as well as providing privileges for the

10180:

The processes of change in the Eastern Bloc affected Yugoslavia as well, although this country, having been outside the bloc since 1948, had evolved specific political, economic and federal systems of its

8043: 2576:

preferred a Central European Danube Confederation to counter these countries against Germany and Russia. Churchill's Soviet policy regarding Central Europe differed vastly from that of American President

17743: 10741: 4877:

in which the Soviets possessed the controlling interest. Using that control vehicle, several enterprises were required to sell products at below world prices to the Soviets, such as uranium mines in

3079:

In addition to emigration restrictions, civil society, defined as a domain of political action outside the party's state control, was not allowed to firmly take root, with the possible exception of

25971: 5281:

maintenance. The road network suffered from inadequate load capacity, poor surfacing and deficient roadside servicing. While roads were resurfaced, few new roads were built and there were very few

4862:

net transfer of resources from the rest of the Eastern Bloc under this policy of roughly $ 14 billion, an amount comparable to the net transfer from the United States to western Europe in the

2568:

occurred that, in part, addressed the potential Soviet annexation and control of countries in Central Europe. There were various Allied plans for state order in Central Europe for post-war. While

22803: 7889:) were spartan, with six-story walk-ups being the most frequent design. Housing was allocated by workplace trade unions and built by voluntary labor organised into brigades within the workplace. 4728:(the leading people). The Soviets promoted the reverence of Russian actions and characteristics, and the construction of Soviet structural hierarchies in the other countries of the Eastern Bloc. 583: 8089:

took place in 1968. The event was spurred by several events, including economic reforms that addressed an early 1960s economic downturn. The event began on 5 January 1968, when reformist Slovak

3617:

Eastern Bloc countries such as the Soviet Union had high rates of population growth. In 1917, the population of Russia in its present borders was 91 million. Despite the destruction in the

25966: 17118: 7522:

Before the Eastern Bloc's dissolution, some major sectors of industry were operating at such a loss that they exported products to the West at prices below the real value of the raw materials.

3597:

this time period were ethnic Jews permitted to emigrate to Israel after a series of embarrassing defections in 1970 caused the Soviets to open very limited ethnic emigrations. The fall of the

2930:

was a particular focus after the Second World War. Until the break between Tito and Stalin, the Western powers and the Eastern bloc faced each other uncompromisingly. The neutral buffer state

2370:

that contained a secret protocol that divided Romania, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Finland into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and

8611:

leadership of the GDR in East Berlin did not dare to completely block the borders of their own country and the USSR did not respond at all. Thus the bracket of the Eastern Bloc was broken.

24420: 9170: 5062:

in Romania. Much of what was produced for the local population never reached its intended user, while many perishable products became unfit for consumption before reaching their consumers.

3589:, totaled approximately 20% of the entire East German population. In August 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the 1360: 281: 11601:

Karlo Ruzicic-Kessler "Togliatti, Tito and the Shadow of Moscow 1944/45-1948: Post-War Territorial Disputes and the Communist World", In: Journal of European Integration History, (2/2014).

4866:. "Reparations" included the dismantling of railways in Poland and Romanian reparations to the Soviets between 1944 and 1948 valued at $ 1.8 billion concurrent with the domination of 2838:

In the former German capital Berlin, surrounded by Soviet-occupied Germany, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade on 24 June 1948, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in

2805:

In that same month, annihilation of the opposition in Bulgaria began on the basis of continuing instructions by Soviet cadres. At a late September 1947 meeting of all communist parties in

4682:

Technological backwardness resulted in dependency on imports from Western countries and this, in turn, in demand for Western currency. Eastern Bloc countries were heavily borrowing from

22180: 2621:

to help those countries form interim governments "pledged to the earliest possible establishment through free elections" and "facilitate where necessary the holding of such elections".

1094:(1924–1991), which are no longer communist states. Sometimes they are more generally referred to as "the countries of Eastern Europe under communism", excluding Mongolia, but including 19844: 8585:

and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. The Austrian branch of the

4975:

Since that model involved the prodigal exploitation of natural and other resources, it has been described as a kind of "slash and burn" modality. While the Soviet system strove for a

15930: 8420:

During the mid-to-late 1980s, the weakened Soviet Union gradually stopped interfering in the internal affairs of Eastern Bloc nations and numerous independence movements took place.

2585:

for nothing from him in return, noblesse oblige, he won't try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace". While meeting with Stalin and Roosevelt in

7488:

estimates of GDP used for 1990 figures underestimate Eastern Bloc GDP because of undervalued local currencies, per capita incomes were undoubtedly lower than in their counterparts.

17116: 14803: 10842:

Furthermore, the Latvian results are known to be fabrications, having been accidentally released to the press in London and published a day ahead of schedule. Visvaldis, Mangulis,

2790:

was rewarded for the Polish rejection of the Plan with a huge 5-year trade agreement, including $ 450 million in credit, 200,000 tons of grain, heavy machinery and factories.

21667: 2793:

In July 1947, Stalin ordered these countries to pull out of the Paris Conference on the European Recovery Programme, which has been described as "the moment of truth" in the post-

2605:, and wanted a pro-Soviet Polish government in power in what would remain of Poland. After resistance by Churchill and Roosevelt, Stalin promised a re-organization of the current 2393:, the Soviets liquidated the Polish state, and a German-Soviet meeting addressed the future structure of the "Polish region". Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of 25777: 25644: 17736: 17227:, RAD Background Report/29: (Hungary) 20 October 1981, A CHRONOLOGY OF THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION, 23–4 October November 1956, compiled by RAD/Hungarian Section-Published accounts 8174:" began. Husák reversed Dubček's reforms, purged the party of liberal members, dismissed opponents from public office, reinstated the power of the police authorities, sought to 2324:, who viewed the Soviet Union as a "socialist island", stated that the Soviet Union must see that "the present capitalist encirclement is replaced by a socialist encirclement". 3455:'s assumption of leadership one year later pushed Romania even further in the direction of separateness. Albania, which had become increasingly isolated under Stalinist leader 3080: 8478:(economic restructuring). The Soviet Union was struggling economically after the long war in Afghanistan and did not have the resources to control Central and Eastern Europe. 5233:

that were annexed from Germany, were substantially collectivised, largely in order to settle large numbers of Poles on good farmland which had been taken from German farmers.

5638:

The following table displays a set of estimated growth rates of GDP from 1951 onward, for the countries of the Eastern Bloc as well as those of Western Europe as reported by

21179: 13812: 3238: 25772: 25767: 25762: 24027: 21351: 4717:

agriculture, infrastructure and cultural landmarks, the cost of which has been estimated as approximately €525 billion or $ 640 billion in 2004 exchange values.

2602: 15900: 14836:

Ello (ed.), Paul (April 1968). Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, "Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Prague, April 1968)" in

10554:

Sowietyzacja oswiaty w Malopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecka okupacja 1939–1941 (Sovietization of Education in Eastern Lesser Poland During the Soviet Occupation 1939–1941)

24454: 24002: 21519: 21484: 21480: 18210: 14855: 10760: 4825:

lines. Before World War II, the Soviet Union used draconian procedures to ensure compliance with directives to invest all assets in state planned manners, including the

3451:

Beginning in 1964, Romania took a more independent course. While it did not repudiate either Comecon or the Warsaw Pact, it ceased to play a significant role in either.

2809:, Eastern Bloc communist parties were blamed for permitting even minor influence by non-communists in their respective countries during the run up to the Marshall Plan. 17729: 8981:

stated that the analyses done of post-communist countries in the 1990s were "premature" and "that early and rapid reformers by far outperformed gradual reformers" on

22693: 22040: 15865: 15157:

Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.

12717: 10962: 3424:

in accordance with Stalin's desire to enforce Soviet domination of the lesser states of Central Europe and to mollify some states that had expressed interest in the

346: 12777: 12747: 8423: 8012:

of Stalinist tyranny and political oppression, be removed as quickly as possible." By 9:30 pm the statue was toppled and jubilant crowds celebrated by placing

5599:

replicated elsewhere. Because of a desire to preserve ideological discipline and the fear of the presence of wealthier foreigners engaging in differing lifestyles,

3988:

apartment blocks such that the building of such architecture on the edge of large cities continued until the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc. Buildings such as the

22281: 22239: 21682: 21418: 21357: 17117: 5534:

cars. Soviet-built aircraft exhibited deficient technology, with high fuel consumption and heavy maintenance demands. Telecommunications networks were overloaded.

573: 8993:, and developed better institutions. The institute also stated that the process of privatization in Russia was "deeply flawed" due to Russia's reforms being "far 5553:

and other items became notorious polluters, while some hydro-electric systems performed inefficiently because of dry seasons and silt accumulation in reservoirs.

25159: 23966: 17213: 14601:, producer: CBS (1956) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40 5549:

problems arose through urban traffic congestion, which was aggravated by pollution generated by poorly maintained vehicles. Large thermal power stations burning

4033:

Problems were aggravated by poor quality finishes on new dwellings often causing occupants to undergo a certain amount of finishing work and additional repairs.

23982: 22420: 10711: 578: 397: 15606: 10738: 9945:

Eastern Bloc. The name applied to the former communist states of eastern Europe, including Yugoslavia and Albania, as well as the countries of the Warsaw Pact

24850: 22683: 20030: 17570: 17351: 8953:

introduction of more serious economic reforms in the late 1990s. By the turn of the century, most of their economies had strong growth rates, boosted by the

7526:

steel costs doubled those of western Europe. In 1985, a quarter of Hungary's state budget was spent on supporting inefficient enterprises. Tight planning in

2464: 2349: 653: 15703: 10629: 8704: 25039: 21867: 19461: 15847: 7867:, housing problems were caused by slow rates of construction, poor home quality (which was even more pronounced in villages) and a large black market. In 26409: 16605: 3380: 2309: 451: 382: 22893: 14889: 25196: 24152: 23471: 22698: 22678: 22152: 19509: 15970: 14758: 8178:

the economy and re-instated the disallowance of political commentary in mainstream media and by persons not considered to have "full political trust".

5584:

cheapness over safety. The consequent release of fallout resulted in the evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people leaving a massive desolate

3960:

Housing construction policy suffered from considerable organisational problems. Moreover, completed houses possessed noticeably poor quality finishes.

2691:

In June 1947, after the Soviets had refused to negotiate a potential lightening of restrictions on German development, the United States announced the

22688: 21772: 15807: 15490:

irreversibly destroy the communist system, and the desire to integrate East European economies into the capitalist world at any cost took precedence.

8211: 2398: 2390: 2341: 1535: 25164: 8097:" of liberalizations, which included increasing freedom of the press, freedom of speech and freedom of movement, along with an economic emphasis on 7515:

which sold premium goods. In 1989, 11% of the East German labor force remained in agriculture, 47% was in the secondary sector and 42% in services.

5542:, with each country effectively restricting bureaucrats to viewing issues from a domestic perspective shaped by that country's specific propaganda. 4991:, built steel mills regardless of whether they lacked the requisite resource of energy and mineral ores. A massive metallurgical plant was built in 24313: 23903: 21164: 20691: 19441: 17224: 15992: 12289:"Г.А.Зюганов. Система вымирания. Лидер КПРФ анализирует безрадостные итоги правления Путина. Демографическая проблема отражает все недуги общества" 9769: 9500: 3188: 2557:

in 1944, followed by a Soviet annexation of roughly the same eastern Finnish territories as those of the prior interim peace treaty as part of the

15749: 8773:

than the more traditionalist Cuba and Laos. The exception is North Korea, where all references to Marxism–Leninism in its nationalist ideology of

8664:, the authorities, which had allowed travel to the West, abolished provisions guaranteeing the ruling Communist Party its leading role. President 7988:

replacing Hungarian Stalinist dictator Mátyás Rákosi. Responding to popular demand, in October 1956, the Polish government appointed the recently

3956:. Construction efforts suffered after a severe cutback in state resources available for housing starting in 1975. Cities became filled with large 3224:

vital to communism's survival by stifling alternative concepts and critiques. Several state Communist Party newspapers were published, including:

2880:

in June 1948 and a brief failed Soviet putsch in Belgrade. The split created two separate communist forces in Europe. A vehement campaign against

26339: 22703: 22260: 19008: 18203: 9009:

showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a market economy. Writing in 2018, the scholars

8277: 8207: 8004: 3518: 1041: 637: 10113:

Tito played his cards right and – unlike other Eastern Bloc countries – Yugoslavia enjoyed a fairly open relationship with the rest of the world

25987: 24822: 24433: 24053: 21250: 18759: 18568: 13465:

Aleksandr Andreevich Guber. USSR: Intensified Economy and Progress in Science and Technology. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1985. p.14

5603:

segregated travelers. Because of the worry of the subversive effect of the tourist industry, travel was restricted to 6,000 visitors per year.

5130: 2934:, founded in 1947 with the United Nations, was split up and dissolved in 1954 and 1975, also because of the détente between the West and Tito. 1520: 985: 797: 14580: 14223:(Paper presented on 4 October 1997 at the workshop "European Archival Evidence. Stalin and the Cold War in Europe", Budapest, 1956 Institute). 8927:

policies resulted in unemployment rising to double digits and half the Russian population falling into destitution by the early to mid 1990s.

5576:

that over 700 villages had to be supplied by tanks, bottles and plastic bags. Nuclear power projects were prone to long commissioning delays.

2911:, who had previously made pro-Yugoslav statements, was deposed as party secretary-general in early September 1948 and subsequently jailed. In 26256: 22673: 21737: 21598: 12434:

Tchouikina, Sofia (2009). "Collective Memory and Reconversion of Elite: Former Nobles in Soviet Society after 1917". In Packard, Noel (ed.).

11317: 7557:

46% believed public transportation had improved and 48% said that the standard of services provided public service establishments had risen.

2452: 15922: 7881:

housing suffered from a lack of quality and a lack of skilled labor, with a shortage of materials, plot and permits. In staunchly Stalinist

3523:

In 1917, Russia restricted emigration by instituting passport controls and forbidding the exit of belligerent nationals. In 1922, after the

26126: 26086: 25758: 22761: 22163: 21443: 21439: 21240: 12582: 10508: 8710:

Even before the Eastern Bloc's last years, all of the countries in the Warsaw Pact did not always act as a unified bloc. For instance, the

8008: 2884:

was immediately started in the Eastern Bloc, describing agents of both the West and Tito in all places as engaging in subversive activity.

2640:

At first, the Soviets concealed their role in other Eastern Bloc politics, with the transformation appearing as a modification of Western "

2297: 1308: 119: 25932: 15795: 14272: 12143: 2647:

Moscow-trained cadres were put into crucial power positions to fulfill orders regarding sociopolitical transformation. Elimination of the

25702: 25697: 25692: 25687: 24410: 24182: 21795: 21398: 21214: 20101: 18466: 18297: 14799: 4968:

use) development to attempt to achieve quick growth. The Eastern Bloc countries were required to follow the Soviet model overemphasising

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officially regarded the country as part of the Socialist Bloc and established a close economic, military alliance with the Soviet Union.

1049: 387: 211: 17161: 10061:

Nevertheless, the Eastern Bloc countries, including Albania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia, argued that UNSCOB had been constituted illegally

7511:

was only valid for transactions inside East Germany, could not be legally exported or imported and could not be used in the East German

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nominally expanded the Eastern Bloc, but the war proved unwinnable and too costly for the Soviets, challenged in Eastern Europe by the

8240: 7890: 7827: 7586: 5222: 3602: 8715: 5213:, those farmers were utilised in the non-Soviet Eastern Bloc collectivizations, sometimes even being named farm chairman or managers. 4995:

despite the fact that its ores had to be imported from the Soviet Union and transported 320 kilometres (200 mi) from the port at

2609:

on a broader democratic basis in Poland. He stated that the new government's primary task would be to prepare elections. However, the

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organization was legalized and allowed to participate in parliamentary elections. It captured 99% of available parliamentary seats.

8046:

thereafter moved to crush the revolution. On 4 November, a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country. The

7497: 4451: 4062: 3313: 2896: 2869: 1153: 1099: 933: 164: 13612: 26122: 25059: 24730: 24227: 23951: 23700: 23646: 22450: 22107: 21747: 21413: 21245: 19278: 18453: 17442: 17346: 13077: 12639: 10723: 9284: 7871:, social engineering policy and concern about the use of agricultural land forced high densities and high-rise housing designs. In 4672: 4627: 4238: 3904: 3042: 2774: 2558: 2448: 1701: 1653: 1095: 1021: 890: 287: 15148:

Otmar Lahodynsky "Eiserner Vorhang: Picknick an der Grenze" (Iron curtain: picnic at the border – German), in Profil 13 June 2019.

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forced millions of former peasants to live in hut camps or grim apartment blocks close to massive polluting industrial complexes.

4845:

These measures were publicly billed as reforms rather than socioeconomic transformations. Throughout the Eastern Bloc, except for

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The new government that came to power during the revolution formally disbanded ÁVH, declared its intention to withdraw from the

1118:

to be a member of the Eastern Bloc. Others consider Yugoslavia not to be a member after it broke with Soviet policy in the 1948

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The only surviving communist states are China, Vietnam, Cuba, and Laos. Their state-socialist experience was more in line with

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called for ceasefire on 10 November. Over 2,500 Hungarians and 722 Soviet troops were killed and thousands more were wounded.

4923:

Soviet dominance further tied other Eastern Bloc economies to Moscow via the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) or

26343: 25718: 24932: 24699: 24478: 23956: 21169: 19104: 18791: 18769: 18244: 17919: 17625: 17512: 17081: 17047: 17037: 17010: 16988: 16968: 16948: 16930: 16912: 16862: 16842: 16824: 16805: 16785: 16767: 16749: 16727: 16709: 16691: 16673: 16655: 16637: 16595: 16577: 16559: 16541: 16523: 16505: 16487: 16469: 16451: 16433: 16415: 16393: 16375: 16353: 16331: 16313: 16291: 16273: 16255: 16237: 16215: 16195: 16173: 16129: 16111: 16092: 16072: 16054: 16032: 15575: 15285:"The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study" 15073: 14971: 13673: 13641: 13295: 13274: 12445: 12384: 11931: 11878: 10916: 10799: 10565: 10484: 10456: 10420: 10291: 10212: 10134: 10106: 10054: 9992: 9938: 9842: 9642: 9557: 9428: 9294: 7930: 4699: 3120: 3062: 2799: 20192: 14987: 9999:

Within the Eastern Bloc, Poland, Yugoslavia and Hungary tended to be reformist and deviated most from the rigid Soviet model

9878: 9458: 8522: 26261: 26076: 26041: 25713: 25664: 24652: 23992: 23896: 23616: 21509: 21504: 21448: 20011: 19936: 19596: 19196: 18420: 17484: 15260: 10719: 8982: 8703:, but mass protests against Ceaușescu proceeded. The Romanian military sided with protesters and turned on Ceaușescu. They 4720:

Throughout the Eastern Bloc, both in the USSR and the rest of the Bloc, Russia was given prominence and referred to as the

3304: 2502: 515: 332: 216: 109: 74: 4398:(890 sq ft), compared to an average dwelling size in the GDR of 67 square metres (720 sq ft) in 1967. 2389:

two weeks after the German invasion of western Poland, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland. During the

1020:(1946), as well as the Marxist–Leninist states straddling the Second and Third Worlds before the end of the Cold War: the 26509: 26319: 26270: 26246: 26221: 26101: 26081: 25079: 25019: 24994: 24685: 24498: 24473: 23931: 23816: 23636: 22215: 21959: 21877: 21742: 21561: 21209: 19616: 18749: 18048: 17915: 15653: 13689: 11577: 9139: 8836: 8120:. On 3 August, representatives from the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia met in 4605: 4216: 3876: 3537: 3510: 2301: 1336: 134: 114: 21650: 18858: 18786: 17373: 17260: 8232: 8116:

and others grew concerned about Dubček's reforms, which they feared might weaken the Eastern Bloc's position during the

617: 26514: 26211: 26201: 26056: 26051: 26036: 26007: 25907: 24815: 24736: 24537: 24176: 23946: 22362: 22035: 22000: 21942: 21298: 20651: 19746: 18724: 18609: 18563: 18558: 18504: 18292: 18101: 17605: 17361: 17061: 16151: 15482: 11223: 11090: 10173: 8482: 6384: 5071: 5023: 4763:(dubbed "bourgeois democracy" in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state. 3524: 3104: 2782:

In one of the clearest signs of Soviet control over the region up to that point, the Czechoslovakian foreign minister,

2614: 2610: 1688: 1596: 1382: 1037: 1013: 790: 535: 406: 241: 159: 89: 84: 69: 14623: 14550: 14509: 14468: 14427: 14386: 14345: 14301: 8668:

appointed the first largely non-Communist government in Czechoslovakia since 1948 and resigned in what was called the

5014:

Producer goods were favoured over consumer goods, causing consumer goods to be lacking in quantity and quality in the

3980:

The near-total emphasis on large apartment blocks was a common feature of Eastern Bloc cities in the 1970s and 1980s.

2628:

after Germany's unconditional surrender, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "

26349: 26096: 26071: 26066: 25952: 25941: 25267: 24882: 24507: 24388: 24341: 24286: 24138: 22821: 22779: 22770: 22400: 22131: 20383: 19946: 19216: 19157: 18282: 17834: 17610: 17208: 17178: 16570:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947

15254: 15069: 11902: 11471: 11360: 11121: 10867: 10851: 10698: 10679: 10607: 10541: 10380: 10231: 9907: 9872: 9753: 9726: 9705: 9684: 9663: 9484: 9452: 9412: 9397: 9382: 8954: 7958: 7937:

By 17 June, strikes were recorded in 317 locations involving approximately 400,000 workers. When strikers set ruling

3220:

communist party. Youth newspapers and magazines were owned by youth organizations affiliated with communist parties.

3174: 1581: 1458: 1226: 1134:

1950 Soviet stamp, depicting the flags and peoples of communist states at the time, including those of Eastern Europe

1025: 953: 226: 191: 129: 104: 99: 18954: 10525: 10373:

Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy

7929:

in the first half-year of 1953. Large numbers of East Germans traveled west through the only "loophole" left in the

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of their Eastern Bloc leaders, yet both have officially eliminated mentions of communism from their constitutions.

8642: 8156: 7938: 7908: 7872: 7673: 7566: 7527: 5526:. However, the wait list for the distribution of Trabants was ten years in 1987 and up to fifteen years for Soviet 4992: 4473: 4394: 4084: 3708: 3480: 3368: 3046: 2912: 2843: 2565: 2484: 2421: 2417: 2074: 1177: 1091: 929: 559: 327: 180: 94: 19764: 19626: 19310: 10595: 10472: 7519:

Though growth lagged behind the West, it did occur. Consumer goods started to become more available by the 1960s.

4782:

though the degree of opposition and dissident suppression varied by country and time throughout the Eastern Bloc.

2956:

governments in bright red and countries the USSR considered at one point to be "moving toward socialism" in orange

26489: 26484: 26136: 26106: 26091: 25962: 25186: 24989: 24964: 24588: 24382: 23889: 22921: 22425: 21912: 21907: 21887: 21835: 21551: 20806: 20187: 20116: 20016: 19894: 19666: 19656: 19243: 18630: 18353: 17972: 17683: 17566: 17417: 17356: 10619: 8723: 8657: 8556: 8544: 8417:(restructuring) to reform the Eastern Bloc and end the Cold War, which brought forth unrest throughout the bloc. 8397: 8345: 8191: 8152: 8105: 8082: 7997: 7882: 7868: 7805: 7695: 7651: 7574: 7570: 7523: 5600: 5573: 5201: 5166: 5090: 5051: 5035: 4988: 4976: 4932: 4890: 4878: 4846: 4539: 4495: 4150: 4106: 4001: 3993: 3952:

A housing shortage existed throughout the Eastern Bloc. In Europe it was primarily due to the devastation during

3848: 3764: 3736: 3680: 3641: 3634: 2413: 2345: 1207: 917: 754: 461: 415: 201: 139: 124: 19581: 19468: 19456: 16462:

The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Document Reader (National Security Archive Cold War Readers)

14679:"Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M. N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N. P. Dudorov (15 November 1956)" 2786:, was summoned to Moscow and berated by Stalin for considering joining the Marshall Plan. Polish Prime minister 26151: 26002: 25992: 25917: 25868: 25863: 25659: 25649: 25014: 24522: 24464: 24204: 22814: 22470: 22374: 22015: 21882: 20237: 20006: 19586: 19488: 19221: 18665: 18660: 18389: 17427: 15844: 15598: 15113:(The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland – German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: 12292: 8552: 8526: 8171: 8144: 7864: 7852: 7739: 7578: 5218: 5043: 5026:

or only in special stores using foreign currency generally inaccessible to most Eastern Bloc citizens, such as

4886: 4561: 4172: 3820: 3486: 3192: 2904: 2509: 2313: 1765: 1398: 1257: 1241: 1076: 1033: 1009: 941: 921: 679: 236: 221: 170: 19906: 19636: 19147: 18919: 17721: 14268:

Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Resolution by students of the Building Industry Technological University:

10996: 10519:, 2005, Polska.pl, the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. 9593: 4770:

of private property. The Soviet-style "replica regimes" that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced the Soviet

3551: 26524: 26519: 26131: 26022: 25922: 24875: 24845: 24808: 24596: 24424: 24221: 23551: 21995: 21892: 21184: 20199: 20152: 19916: 19839: 19571: 18435: 17688: 17437: 17198: 17188: 14882:"Document #81: Transcript of Leonid Brezhnev's Telephone Conversation with Alexander Dubček, August 13, 1968" 14881: 14205: 8719: 8676: 8199: 8195: 7761: 7582: 7061:

GDP per capita of the Eastern Bloc in relations with the GDP per capita of the United States during 1900–2010

5097:

cigarettes served as an unofficial extensively used currency to buy goods and services. Some service workers

4740: 4676: 4583: 4194: 3050: 2664: 1920: 1414: 1289: 1029: 925: 783: 769: 503: 257: 175: 53: 24610: 19631: 19340: 19263: 18934: 15960: 14789:

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors. Retrieved 13 October 2006.

14750: 8614: 8562: 4837:

Stalin felt that socioeconomic transformation was indispensable to establish Soviet control, reflecting the

3158: 2165: 2088: 26328: 26206: 26146: 25828: 25753: 25064: 24999: 24927: 24912: 24627: 24513: 24278: 24078: 22650: 22415: 22077: 21927: 21840: 21566: 21556: 21529: 20217: 20177: 20147: 20096: 19956: 19874: 19870: 19741: 19671: 19436: 19253: 19019: 18914: 18846: 17673: 17537: 17527: 17366: 14651:

Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings",

10734: 10624: 10127:

The post-socialist city: urban form and space transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after socialism

8318: 8282: 8268: 8244: 8129: 7975: 5302: 3541: 3243: 2543: 2480: 2115: 764: 719: 674: 483: 478: 473: 14544:"Chapter II. F (Political Developments) II. G (Mr. Nagy clarifies his position), paragraphs 67–70 (p. 23)" 10663: 8143:

On the night of 20–21 August 1968, Eastern Bloc armies from five Warsaw Pact countries (the Soviet Union,

2497: 26236: 26017: 25873: 25683: 25380: 25331: 24974: 24578: 24528: 24293: 24063: 24022: 23987: 23936: 23838: 22747: 22097: 21752: 21524: 21499: 21475: 21383: 21324: 21189: 20661: 20656: 20373: 20051: 19779: 19524: 19483: 19427: 19330: 19211: 19169: 19074: 18599: 18553: 18412: 18277: 17658: 17432: 17030:

The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland

16892:

Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola, and Matthias Schündeln. "The long-term effects of communism in Eastern Europe".

15567: 9596:, after which Chile became a Cold War ally of the United States. The Soviet Union would later support an 8684: 8372: 2516: 2386: 2363: 2333: 1554: 1273: 913: 251: 24130: 12140:

Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung, Familie und Frauen, Statistik Spätaussiedler

5380: 2542:). Thereafter, the Soviet Union began to push German forces westward through a series of battles on the 26354: 26281: 26276: 26226: 26166: 26027: 25733: 25219: 24721: 24693: 24642: 24569: 24196: 23769: 23391: 22710: 22440: 22430: 22395: 21932: 21588: 21026: 20247: 20232: 20222: 20076: 19676: 19164: 18967: 18734: 18397: 17778: 17291: 17053: 16403: 16305: 16229: 15561: 15246: 9183: 8762: 8460: 8148: 3148: 2535: 2534:. From the time of this invasion to 1944, the areas annexed by the Soviet Union were part of Germany's 2375: 1624: 1053: 901: 835: 734: 545: 262: 16588:

Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe: Origins of Civil Society and Democratic Transition

10308:

Political Power in the U.S.S.R., 1917–1947: The Theory and Structure of Government in the Soviet State

1086:

Post-1991 usage of the term "Eastern Bloc" may be more limited in referring to the states forming the

26186: 25883: 25818: 25069: 25004: 24756: 24348: 24241: 24032: 23858: 23682: 23587: 23487: 23044: 22809: 22793: 21534: 21255: 21131: 21076: 20896: 19884: 19591: 19152: 18764: 18681: 18425: 17801: 17152: 13631: 12806:

Historia Polski 1918–1945: Tom 1 Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Sowa, page 697, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2006

9345: 8899: 8294: 5165:

The Eastern Bloc possesses substantial agricultural resources, especially in southern areas, such as

4821:

The Soviets also modeled economies in the rest of Eastern Bloc outside the Soviet Union along Soviet

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Many states were accused by the Western Bloc of being in the Eastern Bloc when they were part of the

647: 25560: 17990: 11216:

The United States, the Soviet Union and the Geopolitical Implications of the Origins of the Cold War

8020:

was called, Hungarian soldiers sided with the crowd over the ÁVH and shots were fired on the crowd.

7993: 4659: 2908: 2655:

unlimited power and only politicians who were unconditionally supportive of Soviet policy remained.

2581:, with the former believing Soviet leader Stalin to be a "devil"-like tyrant leading a vile system. 1075:. The most limited definition of the Eastern Bloc would only include the Warsaw Pact states and the 26196: 25669: 25289: 25120: 24942: 24602: 24584: 23787: 23712: 23608: 23511: 22879: 22435: 22271: 22187: 22124: 21917: 21800: 21757: 21717: 20881: 20448: 19711: 19601: 19355: 18899: 18020: 17968: 15678: 14584: 13267:

The "children of Perestroika" come of age: young people of Moscow talk about life in the new Russia

10404: 9326: 8638: 8505:. Unlike previous Soviet leaders in 1953, 1956 and 1968, Gorbachev refused to use force to end the 8368: 7989: 7962: 5177:-style liquidation of rich peasants could be carried out in the non-Soviet Eastern Bloc countries. 4022: 2828: 1705: 20621: 17049:

Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War

11327: 8581:

on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer an

8132:

and declared an implacable struggle against "bourgeois" ideology and all "anti-socialist" forces.

5417: 4999:. A Warsaw tractor factory in 1980 had a 52-page list of unused rusting, then useless, equipment. 3624:

The Soviet economical and political system produced further consequences such as, for example, in

26231: 26191: 26181: 26176: 25838: 25634: 25114: 24897: 24771: 24373: 24332: 23810: 23764: 23719: 23557: 23271: 22645: 22249: 22138: 22005: 21872: 20111: 20056: 20041: 19981: 19789: 19769: 19529: 19206: 18811: 17653: 17579: 17383: 16345: 15965: 15466: 14234:"Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders, 24 October 1956" 11894: 10750: 10662:

Soviet authorities regarded service for the pre-war Polish state as a "crime against revolution"

10165: 10159: 10028: 9968: 9743: 9474: 9279: 9113: 9090: 8502: 8376: 8094: 7622:

The initial year that shortages were effectively measured and shortages in 1986 were as follows:

729: 19014: 17532: 14838:

Dubcek's Blueprint for Freedom: His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia

12574: 10503: 10229:

Kass, Ilana (September 1977). "The Forgotten Friendship: Israel and the Soviet Bloc 1947–1953".

10098: 10092: 8533:

were violently repressed by the communist government there, which maintained its grip on power.

3585:

citizens could still move west. The 3.5 million East Germans that had left by 1961, called

456: 25460: 25370: 24670: 24099: 24068: 23912: 23351: 22728: 22637: 21732: 21618: 21317: 20901: 20405: 19799: 19473: 18949: 18709: 18704: 18497: 18028: 17620: 17021:

Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography

14751:"The handing down of experiences in families of the politically condemned in Communist Hungary" 14269: 12138: 10811: 9274: 8256: 8139:

Czechoslovak protestors carrying their national flag past a burning Soviet tank in Prague, 1968

5644: 5632: 5621: 5008: 4964:

off, holidays and vacations was 128–130, almost double the figure from the previous ten years.

4906: 3544:("place of residence") permits, and internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the 3343:

Western countries invested heavily in powerful transmitters which enabled services such as the

588: 488: 25405: 23311: 21111: 18010: 17522: 15716: 15599:"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on | Russia" 10219:", Lectures by General Nikolai Leonov, Centro de Estudios Publicos (Chile), 22 September 1999. 9930: 9924: 8660:, following protests of an estimated half-million Czechs and Slovaks demanding freedoms and a 7614:

finance, stressed self-managed building co-operatives along with central government controls.

5514:

Vehicle ownership increased in the 1970s and 1980s with the production of inexpensive cars in

5285:

roads, urban ring roads or bypasses. Private car ownership remained low by Western standards.

468: 26469: 26251: 25848: 25783: 25515: 25054: 25044: 24114: 23569: 23563: 22624: 22169: 22158: 22092: 21672: 21393: 21136: 20420: 20415: 20182: 20071: 20026: 19986: 19921: 19865: 19784: 19566: 19380: 19258: 19176: 19084: 19049: 18959: 18904: 18801: 18642: 18188: 17703: 17615: 17574: 17388: 17284: 17249:"1961 JFK speech clarifying limits of American protection during the 1961 Berlin Wall crisis" 17165: 17133: 16797:

The Economy of East Central Europe 1815-1989: Stages of Transformation in a Peripheral Region

16165: 10686: 10585: 9581: 9569: 8388: 8317:

became increasingly independent of Soviet influence afterwards, most notably during the 1975

8236: 7538: 5170: 4707: 4679:. The Eastern Bloc also depended upon the Soviet Union for significant amounts of materials. 4664: 3206: 3180: 2943: 2873: 2859: 2578: 2512: 1119: 981: 886: 759: 744: 622: 377: 358: 25430: 22739: 18134: 17927: 15704:

Average Life Expectancy in Post-Communist Countries—Progress Varies 25 Years after Communism

14964:

Gorbachev, Reform, and the Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Policy Toward Eastern Europe, 1985–1990

14779: 13834: 7553:

family income. There was unprecedented affordability of housing, health care and education.

5491: 5158:" owned, in theory, by the workers therein. In reality, such farms were owned by the state. 2916: 2787: 25936: 25843: 25808: 25575: 25257: 24947: 24831: 24272: 23407: 23319: 22866: 22576: 22504: 22445: 22356: 22311: 21988: 21489: 21470: 20676: 20443: 20298: 20252: 20167: 20162: 19961: 19860: 19809: 19804: 19696: 19651: 19606: 19544: 19375: 19350: 19300: 19228: 19142: 18992: 18594: 18573: 18144: 18086: 17847: 17551: 17148: 16897: 9031: 8974: 8895: 8855: 8510: 8498: 8302: 8298: 8285:, which the Soviet Union suppressed, and the Sino–Soviet split. The Sino–Soviet split gave 8215: 8125: 7047: 5639: 5150: 4838: 3629: 3502: 3355:(RFE) to be heard in the Eastern Bloc, despite attempts by authorities to jam the airways. 2974: 2953: 2766: 2531: 2476: 2161: 1111: 1072: 1061: 1005: 882: 859: 689: 684: 664: 430: 25535: 23060: 18038: 17252: 15717:

Convergence or Divergence? Life Expectancy Patterns in Post-communist Countries, 1959–2010

15166:

Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).

11943: 11592:

Christian Jennings "Flashpoint Trieste: The First Battle of the Cold War", (2017), pp 244.

8692: 8101:, the possibility of a multiparty government and limiting the power of the secret police. 4936: 4799: 4005: 3452: 2969:

beginning, Stalin directed systems that rejected Western institutional characteristics of

2842:. The blockade was caused, in part, by early local elections of October 1946 in which the 8: 26359: 25893: 25878: 25853: 25585: 25304: 25283: 25131: 25049: 24917: 24887: 24073: 24048: 22584: 22568: 22552: 22321: 22276: 22244: 22030: 21623: 21613: 21544: 21121: 21036: 21031: 20931: 20794: 20591: 20475: 20390: 20278: 20131: 20126: 20106: 20091: 20001: 19996: 19901: 19834: 19824: 19736: 19731: 19721: 19621: 19561: 19534: 19360: 19345: 19315: 19293: 19079: 19069: 18796: 18719: 18689: 18673: 18254: 18005: 17668: 17647: 17641: 16187: 16046: 15474: 15117:(Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: 13809:"Total Economy Database, November 2016. Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity, 1950–2016" 13616: 11114:

The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts

10810:

34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed.

10552:

Soviet authorities attempted to erase Polish history and culture, Trela-Mazur, Elzbieta,

9269: 9247: 9152: 9005: 8726:

withdrew from the Pact, and the Eastern Bloc altogether, in response to the invasion. In

8696: 8688: 8578: 8537: 8506: 8494: 8447: 8357: 8187: 5546: 4874: 4029: 3606: 3569: 3138: 2641: 2440: 2248: 2243: 1017: 724: 25545: 25395: 24957: 23196: 22986: 19976: 19889: 18124: 17942: 17852: 14678: 14233: 13073: 12635: 8548: 8109: 8090: 8055: 5482: 2806: 525: 26499: 25888: 25833: 25708: 25595: 25470: 25272: 25224: 24439: 23799: 23641: 23479: 23463: 23455: 23439: 23359: 23343: 23164: 23140: 23012: 22914: 22898: 22873: 22608: 22536: 22528: 22487: 22460: 22455: 22192: 22145: 21937: 21830: 21722: 21581: 21275: 21071: 21056: 20981: 20961: 20956: 20941: 20788: 20536: 20288: 20172: 19926: 19829: 19814: 19726: 19716: 19691: 19686: 19451: 19405: 19320: 19305: 19248: 19064: 18987: 18863: 18754: 18744: 18129: 17678: 17561: 16999: 16364: 16041:

Black, Cyril E.; English, Robert D.; Helmreich, Jonathan E.; McAdams, James A. (2000),

15952: 15542: 15534: 15381: 15348: 15319: 15284: 13657: 12815: 12409: 10264: 10256: 10195: 10143: 9815: 9807: 9763: 9537: 9529: 9494: 9010: 8894:"had catastrophic effects on former Soviet Bloc countries", and that the imposition of 8832: 8782: 8641:

on 3 October 1990; around this time, most of the remains of the wall was torn down. In

8203: 5585: 5580: 3266: 2625: 2492: 2463:

from Romania, the Soviets entered these areas, Romania caved to Soviet demands and the

2402: 1952: 1065: 714: 420: 367: 25445: 23220: 22938: 20971: 20800: 18164: 18000: 17980: 15438: 15405: 15301: 13103: 10959:

religious persecution during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

10146:

and a lower level of under-urbanization compared to other members of the Eastern Bloc.

8521:

ideals throughout the Soviet Union. In 1991, Conservative communist elites launched a

8513:

rule in Eastern Europe. The fall of the Berlin Wall and end of the Warsaw Pact spread

4948:

were 20 kopecks, and a loaf of bread was 15 kopecks. The average monthly salary of an

2425: 26494: 25823: 25728: 25540: 25495: 25415: 25390: 25341: 25234: 25170: 25089: 25034: 24952: 24907: 24892: 24633: 23941: 23869: 23793: 23749: 23744: 23631: 23527: 23375: 23132: 23076: 23068: 22996: 22970: 22655: 22286: 22087: 22010: 21727: 21571: 21494: 21465: 21288: 21141: 21086: 21061: 21016: 20946: 20921: 20886: 20876: 20845: 20732: 20616: 20586: 20323: 20313: 20227: 20121: 19966: 19681: 19478: 19335: 19288: 19186: 19137: 19111: 19089: 18929: 18909: 18853: 18841: 18655: 18490: 18154: 18091: 18071: 17947: 17857: 17663: 17077: 17057: 17033: 17006: 16984: 16964: 16944: 16926: 16908: 16858: 16838: 16820: 16801: 16781: 16763: 16745: 16738: 16723: 16705: 16687: 16669: 16651: 16633: 16613:

The Berlin Wall and the urban space and experience of East and West Berlin, 1961–1989

16591: 16573: 16555: 16537: 16519: 16501: 16483: 16465: 16447: 16429: 16411: 16389: 16371: 16349: 16327: 16309: 16287: 16269: 16251: 16233: 16211: 16205: 16191: 16169: 16147: 16125: 16107: 16088: 16068: 16050: 16028: 15732: 15571: 15546: 15526: 15478: 15443: 15425: 15386: 15368: 15324: 15306: 15250: 15065: 14967: 13669: 13662: 13637: 13291: 13270: 12441: 12380: 11927: 11910: 11898: 11874: 11573: 11467: 11356: 11219: 11117: 11086: 10912: 10863: 10847: 10795: 10694: 10675: 10603: 10561: 10537: 10480: 10452: 10416: 10376: 10287: 10268: 10248: 10169: 10130: 10102: 10050: 9988: 9934: 9903: 9868: 9838: 9819: 9749: 9722: 9701: 9680: 9659: 9638: 9541: 9480: 9448: 9424: 9408: 9393: 9378: 9358: 9176: 8990: 8805: 8669: 8665: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8566: 8451: 8428: 8402: 8380: 8364: 8272: 8252: 8225: 8167: 8058:

government, and of those, 13,000 were imprisoned. Imre Nagy was executed, along with

7057: 5617: 5613: 5110: 4983:

importance for the military-industrial establishment and for the engineering sector.

3618: 3352: 3281: 3261: 3251: 2997: 2703: 2586: 2573: 2572:

tried to get as many states under Soviet control as possible, British Prime Minister

2505: 1956: 1820: 885:

that were mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America but notably also included former

642: 568: 425: 25605: 25365: 25229: 24104: 21902: 21265: 20936: 17230: 16184:

Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism

15628: 13484: 12379:

Andreev, E.M., et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993.

3581:

in late 1952 and early 1953. 226,000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953.

26449: 26437: 26394: 26383: 25798: 25793: 25615: 25600: 25455: 25450: 25435: 25262: 25207: 24870: 24865: 24855: 23997: 23738: 23603: 23581: 23575: 23180: 23124: 23004: 22954: 22600: 22592: 22410: 22368: 22342: 22231: 22102: 22082: 22055: 21815: 21576: 21051: 20976: 20906: 20891: 20871: 20818: 20601: 20596: 20576: 20526: 20516: 20343: 20308: 20293: 20242: 19971: 19911: 19751: 19410: 19390: 19099: 19041: 19035: 19002: 18982: 18972: 18821: 18622: 18614: 18471: 18149: 18114: 18033: 17862: 17842: 17814: 17341: 17235: 17194: 17184: 16941:

Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

15518: 15470: 15433: 15417: 15376: 15360: 15314: 15296: 14851: 14727: 11749: 10520: 10350: 10240: 9799: 9521: 9233: 9219: 9101: 9072: 8944: 8797: 8770: 8758: 8746: 8456: 8392: 8322: 8306: 8059: 7981: 7942: 7507: 5282: 5277:

Author Turnock claims that transport in the Eastern Bloc was characterised by poor

5230: 5155: 5142: 5098: 5094: 5015: 5007:

despite the opening of modern integrated units on the periphery while the last old

4826: 3460: 3363: 3337: 2920: 2594: 2554: 2550: 2523: 2488: 2357: 2042: 1974: 435: 23204: 17867: 16905:

Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991

11735:"Discrimination, opportunity, and middle-class success in early Communist Hungary" 10209: 8525:, which hastened the end of Marxist–Leninist rule in Eastern Europe. However, the 7042: 5080:

were created that were often supplied by goods stolen from the public sector. The

3972:

Prominent examples of urban design included Marszałkowska Housing Estate (MDM) in

16:

Former group of communist states aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War

26419: 26399: 25738: 25480: 25440: 25425: 25420: 25191: 25084: 25009: 24017: 23676: 23519: 23495: 23255: 23247: 23148: 23084: 22946: 22544: 22336: 22254: 22050: 21979: 21810: 21655: 21645: 21434: 21270: 21126: 21116: 21101: 21081: 21066: 21041: 20986: 20751: 20719: 20611: 20571: 20333: 20328: 20268: 20209: 19941: 19819: 19646: 19611: 19519: 19514: 19238: 19132: 18806: 18739: 18729: 18694: 18650: 18637: 18589: 18109: 18076: 18066: 17895: 17809: 17753: 17556: 17517: 17378: 17242: 17001:

Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

16852: 16795: 16082: 15851: 15563:

The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism

14991: 14786: 14598: 14276: 13855: 12822: 12147: 11952: 11322: 10764: 10745: 10730: 10599: 10532: 10512: 10359: 10216: 9862: 9630: 9442: 9299: 9261: 9041: 8907: 8862: 8848: 8808: 8766: 8333: 8175: 8113: 8013: 7946: 5538:

inside the Eastern Bloc. Countries were inured to isolation and initial post-war

5445: 5353: 5081: 4822: 4771: 4751: 3545: 3276: 3271: 3001: 2865: 2832: 2818: 831: 627: 530: 25530: 19233: 15766: 15507:"Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response" 15240: 14688:. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. 14243:. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. 10577: 9788:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 9592:

Soviet-Chilean alliance ended with the overthrow of the Allende government in a

9510:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 4842:

expropriation of landed and industrial property was accorded absolute priority.

2288: 26414: 26369: 26324: 25570: 25555: 25550: 25510: 25475: 25385: 25375: 24937: 24012: 23782: 23694: 23423: 23383: 23367: 23295: 22887: 22668: 22660: 22465: 22390: 22306: 22266: 21825: 21820: 21762: 21096: 21021: 21011: 21006: 20866: 20606: 20395: 20318: 20046: 19951: 19701: 19641: 19273: 19191: 19094: 19054: 19024: 18924: 18879: 18056: 17932: 17900: 17890: 17824: 17751: 17698: 17693: 16881: 15870: 15404:

Men, Tamara; Brennan, Paul; Boffetta, Paolo; Zaridze, David (25 October 2003).

13288:

Reluctant Socialists, Rural Entrepreneurs: Class, Culture, and the Polish State

12827: 10715: 8978: 8844: 8738: 8731: 8661: 8650: 8618: 8607: 8264: 8098: 7918: 7248: 7051: 6533: 5829: 5523: 5293: 5278: 5246: 5210: 5185: 5174: 4969: 4756: 3586: 3494: 3417: 3317: 3018: 2970: 897: 739: 550: 25324: 23100: 23028: 18159: 18139: 17952: 16978: 15597:

Rice-Oxley, Mark; Sedghi, Ami; Ridley, Jenny; Magill, Sasha (17 August 2011).

15522: 15364: 14617:"Chapter IV. E (Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops), para 181 (p. 56)" 14270:

Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, 22 October 1956

13693: 11753: 10858:. Latvian National Foundation. Stockholm. 1949. Feldbrugge, Ferdinand et al., 10079:

80 Yugoslavia is perhaps the most international of the Eastern Bloc countries.

9971:

with the Eastern bloc, Yugoslavia was not considered part of the Eastern bloc.

9803: 9525: 5454: 2698: 2416:

had occurred in mid-June 1940, when Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in

26463: 25858: 25565: 25485: 25355: 25299: 25175: 25094: 24922: 24707: 24447: 23730: 23724: 23598: 23593: 23020: 22560: 22520: 22316: 22209: 22204: 22060: 21983: 21949: 21712: 21707: 21593: 21340: 21260: 21106: 21001: 20966: 20951: 20911: 20453: 20283: 20021: 19931: 19794: 19774: 19661: 19422: 19400: 19365: 18944: 18939: 18894: 18816: 18776: 18525: 18219: 18081: 18061: 17995: 17885: 17819: 17708: 17542: 17264: 15629:"Great Depression | Definition, History, Dates, Causes, Effects, & Facts" 15530: 15429: 15421: 15372: 15310: 13835:"UN Statistics Division, December 2016. Growth Rate of GDP and its breakdown" 11923: 11078: 10671: 10252: 9289: 9205: 9164: 8998: 8916: 8891: 8887: 8852: 8840: 8646: 8440: 8341: 8330: 8290: 8124:

and signed the Bratislava Declaration, which affirmed unshakable fidelity to

8086: 8072: 8024: 7914: 7602: 5146: 5004: 4917: 4913: 4863: 4815: 4808: 4775: 4683: 4018: 3625: 3578: 3574: 3528: 3425: 3386: 3333: 3329: 3091:

police organizations enforced communist party rule, including the following:

2965: 2802:, repressions were instituted to liquidate any independent political forces. 2728: 2692: 2675: 2629: 2569: 2539: 2519: 2460: 2394: 2321: 1875: 1870: 1356: 847: 749: 612: 540: 493: 277: 17136:

was created from a revision of this article dated 10 November 2012

17071: 16958: 16478:

Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997),

15715:

Gerr, Christopher J., Yulia Raskina & Daria Tsyplakova (28 October 2017)

14939:, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, pp. 34–35 10712:

230,000 to 450,000 Poles were taken as prisoner, some of which were executed

5531: 3255: 26389: 26266: 26032: 25977: 25590: 25505: 25410: 25336: 24969: 24860: 24679: 24396: 24249: 23805: 23706: 23688: 23399: 23188: 22978: 22616: 22512: 22331: 22072: 21857: 21767: 21046: 20996: 20926: 20916: 20770: 20758: 20745: 20551: 20378: 19879: 19127: 18977: 18836: 18826: 18532: 18371: 18264: 18239: 18119: 17985: 17422: 17319: 16552:

We were the people: voices from East Germany's revolutionary autumn of 1989

15769:. OUPblog, Oxford University Press, 23 April 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2021. 15706:. Peterson Institute for International Economics. Retrieved 4 January 2021. 15447: 15390: 15328: 14616: 14543: 14502: 14461: 14420: 14379: 14338: 14294: 9719:

The strategy of campaigning: lessons from Ronald Reagan & Boris Yeltsin

9126: 8936: 8883: 8859: 8790: 8742: 8633: 8582: 8574: 8540:, sometimes called the "Autumn of Nations", swept across the Eastern Bloc. 8314: 7926: 7878: 7783: 7717: 7590: 7542: 7489: 5515: 5320: 5316: 5250: 5205: 5189: 5135: 5077: 5031: 4882: 4778:

and Soviet-style secret polices to suppress real and potential opposition.

4713: 4517: 4390: 4128: 3981: 3953: 3940: 3792: 3598: 3565: 3548:, greatly restricted mobility within even small areas of the Soviet Union. 3532: 3498: 3440: 3413: 3325: 3233: 3211: 3100: 2794: 2753: 2737: 2720: 2406: 2367: 2317: 1429: 1304: 1222: 1103: 1001: 997: 909: 870: 866: 851: 206: 17271: 13136:

Planning of manpower in the Soviet Union. Progress Publishers. 1975. p.101

12435: 10047:

The United Nations and the maintenance of international peace and security

9600:

against the military government until Chile returned to democracy in 1990.

8948:

Life expectancy of some Eastern Bloc countries, compared to Western Europe

8624: 5464: 3601:

was accompanied by a massive rise in European East-West migration. Famous

26374: 26117: 26012: 25813: 25803: 25723: 25520: 25500: 25465: 25400: 25213: 25099: 24781: 24660: 24561: 24160: 24083: 23881: 23852: 23759: 23754: 23431: 23415: 23287: 22349: 22175: 21862: 21091: 20696: 20666: 20521: 20511: 20410: 20273: 20066: 19555: 19385: 19370: 19181: 19029: 18997: 18884: 18699: 18604: 18543: 18249: 17786: 17471: 16408:

East Central Europe after the Warsaw Pact: Security Dilemmas in the 1990s

15956: 15811:'This is the golden age': Eastern Europe's extraordinary 30-year revival" 15060:

E. Szafarz, "The Legal Framework for Political Cooperation in Europe" in

9014: 8680: 8514: 8481:

The start of the disintegration of the Eastern Bloc can be attributed to

8474: 8432: 8413: 8384: 8349: 8326: 8286: 8039: 7922: 7066: 5569: 5505: 5427: 5394: 5371: 5312: 5193: 5115: 4804: 4687: 3590: 3556: 3490: 3456: 3432: 3407: 3321: 3286: 2900: 2839: 2783: 2762: 2745: 2716: 2648: 1638: 1550: 1158: 1087: 961: 957: 878: 874: 669: 659: 309: 268: 246: 25317: 23156: 16302:

Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961

15827: 15779: 15538: 15506: 15062:

The Changing Political Structure of Europe: Aspects of International Law

12413: 12398:"The Social Structure of Soviet-Type Societies, Its Collapse and Legacy" 12397: 10975: 10505:

Wybory" do Zgromadzen Ludowych Zachodniej Ukrainy i Zachodniej Bialorusi

9656:

European integration and the Cold War: Ostpolitik-Westpolitik, 1965–1973

9255: 8066: 5648:. In some cases data availability does not go all the way back to 1951. 3997: 3291: 26305: 26295: 25788: 25620: 25580: 25360: 25294: 25201: 24306: 24058: 23052: 23036: 22326: 21974: 21660: 21539: 20850: 20561: 20531: 20485: 20400: 20368: 20360: 20303: 19991: 19706: 19395: 19283: 18889: 18443: 17905: 17791: 15130:

Ludwig Greven "Und dann ging das Tor auf", in Die Zeit, 19 August 2014.

11922:

Christ Is Calling You : A Course in Catacomb Pastorship by Father

10592: 10260: 9861:

Janzen, Jörg; Taraschewski, Thomas (2009). Shahshahānī, Suhaylā (ed.).

9811: 9787: 9533: 9509: 9441:

Janzen, Jörg; Taraschewski, Thomas (2009). Shahshahānī, Suhaylā (ed.).

8828: 8801: 8794: 8786: 8778: 8645:, the day after the mass crossings through the Berlin Wall, the leader 8518: 8353: 8248: 8121: 7545: 7485: 5629: 5501: 5431: 5011:

furnace installed in the 19th century was not closed down immediately.

3985: 3144: 3030: 3014: 2903:

immediately changed course from favoring Yugoslavia to opposing it. In

2823: 2680: 2436: 2371: 2353: 2015: 1733: 1683: 1507: 1293:(1947–1989, limited participation in Warsaw Pact activities after 1964) 1115: 1057: 863: 632: 510: 21: 23263: 19504: 16682:

Smith, David James; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002),

16606:"East Berlin: The Search for a National Building Style and Heimat-GDR" 15406:"Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region" 12440:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 63–99. 10668:

A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II

10612: 10449:

Sowietyzacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 wrzesnia 1939

9698:

Globalization of Unequal National Economies: Players and Controversies

7530:'s industry meant continuing shortages in other parts of its economy. 5558: 3989: 3957: 3004:

was the most powerful figure in each regime. The party over which the

2980: 2383:

Soviet Union had invaded the portions of eastern Poland assigned to it

26379: 26364: 25525: 25278: 25245: 25240: 25125: 25074: 24766: 23651: 23626: 23327: 23172: 23092: 22962: 21954: 21845: 21702: 21640: 21146: 20991: 20840: 20813: 20626: 20581: 20490: 20458: 20438: 20430: 19759: 19549: 17937: 17461: 17324: 16835:

The Prague Spring and its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970

16143: 15923:"Confidence in Democracy and Capitalism Wanes in Former Soviet Union" 15139:

Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.

13474:

Yearbook the USSR. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1982. p.174

13127:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1970. p.85 10412: 10193:

Binder, David (1982), "Many from Eastern Bloc Seek Yugoslav Asylum",

9883:

Until 1990, despite being a formally independent state, Mongolia had

9463:

Until 1990, despite being a formally independent state, Mongolia had

9318: 8924: 8700: 8628:

Changes in national boundaries after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc

8329:

gave the Eastern Bloc renewed confidence after it had been frayed by

7985: 7512: 7189: 7070: 5468: 5334: 5181: 5059: 5027: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4004:. Wishing to reinforce the role of the state in the 1970s and 1980s, 3506: 3399: 3074: 3005: 2961: 2888: 2877: 2378:. Lithuania was added in a second secret protocol in September 1939. 1916: 1911: 1611: 1130: 520: 322: 16140:

Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945–1989: Judgements on the Street

12288: 10701:

and subsequently started arresting large numbers of Polish citizens.

10560:. (eds.), Wyzsza Szkola Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego, 1997, 10470: 10244: 9737: 9735: 9048:

Since 1993, the following countries have remained communist states:

8769:

to varying degrees. China and Vietnam are usually described as more

8220: 8023:

By 2 am on 24 October, under orders of Soviet defense minister

5554: 5180:

Nor could they risk mass starvation or agricultural sabotage (e.g.,

4829:

of agriculture and utilising a sizeable labor army collected in the

4731: 26334: 26300: 25743: 25645:

The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)

25610: 25141: 25136: 24800: 24263: 23657:

Ukrainian Television Ch.1/Ukrainian Television Ch.2 (Ukrainian SSR)

23116: 22859: 21897: 21608: 20725: 20566: 20463: 20338: 20157: 20061: 19201: 19059: 18513: 18325: 16084:

East European Fault Lines: Dissent, Opposition, And Social Activism

15993:"European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism" 14937:

The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy

9962:

East-West Trade and Japanese-Yugoslav Relations during the Cold War

9742:

Gasztold-Seń, Trentin, Adamec, Przemysław, Przemysław, Jan (2014).

9473:

Gasztold-Seń, Trentin, Adamec, Przemysław, Przemysław, Jan (2014).

9036: 8967: 8866: 8820: 8750: 8727: 8468: 8407: 8371:. In response, China moved towards the United States following the 8310: 8117: 7953: 7268: 5562: 5390: 5357: 4949: 3444: 3132: 3070: 3009: 2707: 2685: 2456: 2276: 2179: 2143: 1793: 996:

The term Eastern Bloc was often used interchangeably with the term

973: 855: 694: 392: 23303: 19845:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

15864:

Havrylyshyn, Oleh; Meng, Xiaofan; Tupy, Marian L. (12 July 2016).

15463:

Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions

14780:"On This Day 16 June 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy" 14211: 10284:

Syria and Saudi Arabia: Collaboration and Conflicts in the Oil Era

5343: 5241: 2948: 2327: 1138: 26171: 26112: 25490: 25310: 24761: 24713: 24544: 24119: 24109: 23656: 23447: 23212: 23108: 22906: 21633: 21458: 21453: 20671: 20556: 20546: 20495: 20036: 18781: 17507: 17466: 13636:. VAAP. First American edition published by Basic Books in 1991. 10451:(in Polish), Bydgoszcz: Wyzsza Szkola Pedagogiczna, p. 441, 9732: 8824: 8816: 8812: 8490: 8486: 7496:

While official statistics painted a relatively rosy picture, the

7173: 5591: 5588:

containing extensive still-standing abandoned urban development.

5550: 5539: 5519: 5055: 4924: 4920:

and forbade all Eastern Bloc countries from participating in it.

4902: 4867: 4858: 3421: 3403: 3296: 2927: 2881: 2444: 2235: 2207: 2102: 1834: 1779: 1719: 1696: 1675: 1473: 1352: 945: 905: 372: 316: 273: 25:

The political situation in Europe during the Cold War after 1948.

21309: 17231:

Chronology Of Events Leading To The 1968 Czechoslovakia Invasion

17172: 16480:

Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941

11464:

Confronting the German Question: Germans on the East-West Divide

11112:

Potsdam Ashley, John, Soames Grenville and Bernard Wasserstein,

10409:

Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory

7046:

Per capita GDP in the Eastern Bloc from 1950 to 2003 (1990 base

5101:

illegally providing services directly to customers for payment.

4857:

At the same time, at the war's end, the Soviet Union adopted a "

3984:

authorities viewed large cost advantages in the construction of

2617:

did not meet democratic standards and were largely manipulated.

25180: 25154: 23503: 23335: 23279: 22852: 20739: 20541: 20480: 19415: 17276: 16648:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

16162:

Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement

15733:

Post-Communist Health Transitions in Central and Eastern Europe

13960:

Update USSR, Volumes 53. April 1986. N.W.R. Publications. p. 11

13690:"Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination" 11905:/ 9789986757412 / 9986-757-41-X pg 23 "As early as August 1920 10025:

After the Expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990

9867:. Iuaes-series. Vol. 4. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 190. 9677:

After the expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990

9635:

Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976

9447:. Iuaes-series. Vol. 4. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 190. 9078: 8260: 8047: 8016:

in Stalin's boots, which was all that remained the statue. The

7367: 7153: 5581:

catastrophe at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in the Ukrainian SSR

5319:(right), manufactured between 1966 and 1989; they were made in 4996: 4960:

significant portion of its shoe production to other countries.

3973: 3201: 3026: 2613:(known as the "Three Times Yes" referendum) and the subsequent 2429: 2262: 2221: 2029: 1970: 1889: 1862: 1079:

as former satellite states most dominated by the Soviet Union.

843: 26432: 18218: 16778:

The East European economy in context: communism and transition

16444:

From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War

14295:"Chapter II. A (Meetings and demonstrations), para 54 (p. 19)" 13692:. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. Archived from 11897:

by Afonsas Eidintas Genocide and Research Center of Lithuania

9213: 8017: 5568:

Several villages were evacuated because of copper smelting at

5408: 25947: 25147: 24324: 22930: 22769: 21852: 21224: 21180:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

20686: 20469: 18548: 18379: 18272: 18234: 17204: 15750:

Political conditions and life expectancy in Europe, 1900-2008

15281: 11906: 11893:

President of Lithuania: Prisoner of the Gulag a Biography of

9741: 9472: 9322: 8774: 8754: 8530: 5047: 5039: 4953: 4830: 4402:

Housing characteristics in new dwellings of the Eastern Bloc

3514: 3467:

in 1961, withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1968 following the

3096: 3058: 3022: 2919:

met in Moscow to orchestrate a show trial of Rákosi opponent

2770: 2749: 2316:

and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the

2157: 2129: 1982: 1903: 1848: 1806: 1761: 1443: 969: 965: 185: 24028:

Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union

21352:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

17236:

Solidarity, Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland, 1980–81

16040: 15596: 15115:

Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall

13100:"Ирония нашей судьбы : Социум : Еженедельник 2000" 13028: 13016: 12997: 12973: 10854:, Chapter=VIII. September 1939 to June 1941; Švābe, Arvīds. 8472:(openness) in the Soviet Union, and emphasized the need for 8463:

to determine their own internal affairs during this period.

8367:, the Soviet Union reserved the right to intervene in other 5315:

Limousine (left), manufactured between 1964 and 1989; and a

3640:

In October 1966, artificial birth control was proscribed in

3316:. TASS had affiliates in 14 Soviet republics, including the 25997: 25982: 25957: 24902: 24791:

An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism

24788:

Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state

24490: 24455:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

24416: 24365: 24211: 23844: 23832: 23776: 23621: 23545: 23239: 20764: 20646: 18538: 18482: 18461: 18287: 16702:

Impunity and human rights in international law and practice

14421:"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), paragraphs 56–57 (p. 20)" 10997:"Churchill and the Germans" in Der Spiegel, 13 August 2010. 10622:[Soviet occupation of Polish territories 1939–41]. 9887:

been an integral part of the Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc.

9467:

been an integral part of the Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc.

8777:

were gradually eliminated. This was previously the case in

8598: 8436: 8231:

Soviet control of the Eastern Bloc was first tested by the

7857: 5527: 3436: 3372: 3309: 3162: 2724: 2530:

In June 1941, Germany broke the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact by

2455:. After a June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum demanding Bessarabia, 2409:

and redistributed private and state-owned Polish property.

2193: 2056: 2001: 1948: 1934: 1747: 1568: 1493: 1192: 1080: 1045: 977: 949: 937: 900:, the term Eastern Bloc generally referred to the USSR and 839: 231: 196: 59: 15679:"What Explains the Post-Soviet Russian Economic Collapse?" 9923:

Hirsch, Donald; Kett, Joseph F.; Trefil, James S. (2002),

8439:

and its other Western allies, in a meeting with President

4665:

85% of buildings in Warsaw were destroyed by German troops

3443:

and partly because the Soviets needed an excuse to retain

2850:

permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin.

2658: 2451:

was established by merging the ceded territories with the

21219: 21199: 21194: 18361: 18307: 16043:

Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since World War II

15893:"End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations" 15403: 11871:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Europe

10963:

Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

9435:... the countries of Eastern Europe under communism ... . 8920: 8166:

In April 1969, Dubček was replaced as first secretary by

8104:

Initial reaction within the Eastern Bloc was mixed, with

5076:

As a result of the deficiencies of the official economy,

3348: 3344: 3116: 3110: 2876:

occurred, followed by Yugoslavia being expelled from the

1000:. This broadest usage of the term would include not only 830:, was the collective term for an unofficial coalition of 21389:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

21358:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

16248:

A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century

15780:

Changing life expectancy in Romania after the transition

10210:

Soviet Intelligence in Latin America During the Cold War

8970:, something also reported to be true of Poland in 2019. 8551:

as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1988. In

8459:" after the singer's "My Way" to allow the countries of 8431:, who sought to end the Cold War between the Soviet-led 4675:, Eastern Bloc economies experienced mis-development by 3474: 3248:(1953–1990), Polish-language newspaper in Lithuanian SSR 17175:

September–December 1991, in the last months of the USSR

16666:

Housing policies in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union

9748:. University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies. 9745:

Syria During the Cold War: The East European Connection

9479:. University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies. 9476:

Syria During the Cold War: The East European Connection

8761:

leadership as during the Cold War, though it was not a

8699:

in his support outside Communist Party headquarters in

8569:, who played a leading role in opening the Iron Curtain 7080: 3968: 2470: 976:, the countries aligned with the Soviet Union included 26340:

Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes

22421:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

16342:

The dream that failed: reflections on the Soviet Union

14988:"Den, kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara" 14748: 11945:

Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

10710:

During the initial Soviet invasion of Poland, between

7069:

per capita in certain selected countries, measured in

2555:

signed another peace treaty ceding to the Soviet Union

24161:

Current and former ruling parties of communist states

17261:"Berlin 1983: Berlin and the Wall in the early 1980s" 16886:

Iron Curtain: the Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–56

16740:

Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941

15767:"Trends in European Life Expectancy: a Salutary View" 14686:

The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents

14241:

The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents

12427: 12150:, Bundesgebiet Bayern, Dezember 2007, p.3 (in German) 8067:

Prague Spring and the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia

7626:

Housing shortages in the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia

4873:

In addition, the Soviets re-organised enterprises as

3168: 2350:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

1494:

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

1008:, but also short-lived Soviet satellites such as the 654:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

24618:

Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe

21868:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

16681: 16630:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

16615:(PhD). City University of New York. pp. 123–157 14664:

Péter Gosztonyi, "Az 1956-os forradalom számokban",

14328: 14326: 13125:

The world hides, skins, leather and footwear economy

10879: 9195: 9025: 4972:

at the expense of light industry and other sectors.

4814:

In the USSR, because of strict Soviet secrecy under

4794: 3008:

held sway was not a mass party but, conforming with

2635: 2374:

in northern Romania were recognized as parts of the

23983:

Collectivization in the People's Republic of Poland

16980:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

16854:

The Economies of Eastern Europe in a Time of Change

15863: 15111:

Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln

12389: 11942:Germany (East), Library of Congress Country Study, 11728: 11726: 11570:

The Role of Ideology in the Origins of the Cold War

10072: 10004: 9344:Albania was a member of the Eastern Bloc until the 5504:, manufactured between 1980 and 2008 (left); and a 5467:, manufactured between 1976 and 1990 (left); and a 5430:, manufactured between 1981 and 1995 (left); and a 5393:, manufactured between 1973 and 2000 (left) and an 3381:

Treatment of Christians in Communist Bloc countries

3036: 2827:German civilians watching Western supply planes at 858:(1947–1991). These states followed the ideology of 22153:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 16998: 16737: 16363: 16081:Bugajski, Janusz; Pollack, Maxine (13 June 1989). 16065:Regulation of Migration: International Experiences 14380:"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 56 (p. 20)" 14339:"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 55 (p. 20)" 13661: 11477: 10471:Myron Weiner, Sharon Stanton Russell, ed. (2001), 10157: 9860: 9440: 7941:party buildings aflame and tore the flag from the 5356:, manufactured between 1971 and 1994 (left) and a 4774:, but also adopted the brutal methods employed by 2895:The first country to experience this approach was 2439:, subsequent to which the parties entered into an 18288:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) 16477: 16361: 16122:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after 15828:Czech republic leapfrogs Portugal in wealth terms 15461:Ghodsee, Kristen; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021). 14849: 14367: 14323: 13927: 13893: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11043: 10434: 10091:Ryan, James; Mastrini, Hana; Baker, Mark (2009), 10090: 8734:ended in 1989 and monarchy was restored in 1993. 4037:Housing quality in the Eastern Bloc by the 1980s 3609:, who denounced Stalin after her 1967 defection. 2988:in Europe with their representative flags (1950s) 2342:Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 26461: 24314:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde 21165:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 17272:The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain 16938: 16684:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 16282:Hardt, John Pearce; Kaufman, Richard F. (1995), 16022: 15796:The Effects of Communism on Romania's Population 15460: 14416:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 1956 14207:Stalin and Rákosi, Stalin and Hungary, 1949–1953 13613:"NEI Source Book: Fourth Edition (NEISB_3.3.A1)" 13441: 13160: 12958: 12496: 11723: 10929: 10927: 10075:The Quarterly journal of the Library of Congress 9922: 9781: 9779: 9405:International Politics in Europe: The New Agenda 8902:" had little to do with future economic growth. 8293:more independence from both and facilitated the 8042:and pledged to re-establish free elections. The 6394:GDP growth rates in percent for the given years 5654:GDP growth rates in percent for the given years 5125: 3881:22,300 square kilometres (8,600 sq mi) 2443:granting the Soviet Union the eastern region of 1198: 1157:(1946–1991, ceased participating in Comecon and 22261:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 19602:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 19009:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 18298:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) 16585: 16080: 15866:"25 Years of Reforms in Ex-Communist Countries" 15845:Poland became richer than Portugal in 2019: IMF 15198: 15196: 14856:"The Soviet-led Intervention in Czechoslovakia" 14203: 14187: 14185: 14183: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14173: 14171: 14158: 14156: 14154: 14152: 13923: 13921: 13919: 13889: 13887: 13682: 13437: 13435: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13378: 13374: 13372: 13363: 13359: 13357: 13312: 13308: 13306: 13304: 13177: 13175: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13156: 13154: 13152: 13150: 13148: 13146: 13144: 13142: 12954: 12952: 12927: 12925: 12923: 12921: 12839: 12837: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12036: 11962: 11960: 11805: 11803: 11801: 11792: 11780: 11681: 11679: 10873: 10330: 10328: 9982: 9849:The countries of Eastern Europe under communism 8632:On 9 November 1989, following mass protests in 8278:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 8208:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 7969: 3825:312.7 square kilometres (120.7 sq mi) 3519:Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic 2328:Expansion of the Soviet Union from 1939 to 1940 1139:Comecon (1949–1991) and Warsaw Pact (1955–1991) 24212:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola 16516:Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe 16025:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 15997:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 15927:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 15897:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 15654:"13 mind-blowing facts about Russia's economy" 15018: 14101: 14099: 14035: 14033: 14031: 14018: 14016: 14014: 14001: 13999: 13997: 13995: 13982: 13980: 13978: 13976: 13974: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13966: 13906: 13904: 13902: 13074:"Советская экономика в эпоху Леонида Брежнева" 12628: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12539: 12312: 12310: 12194: 12192: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11353:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 11126: 11104: 11102: 11040: 9964:, Acta Slavica Iaponica, p. 120 and 121, 8890:policies of liberalization, deregulation, and 8649:was ousted by his Politburo and replaced with 8212:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 7952:A major emergency was declared and the Soviet 4025:, in the place of the former historic center. 4021:of Bucharest in the 1980s, which contains the 3909:255.8 square kilometres (98.8 sq mi) 3853:237.5 square kilometres (91.7 sq mi) 3797:108.3 square kilometres (41.8 sq mi) 3741:127.9 square kilometres (49.4 sq mi) 3713:110.9 square kilometres (42.8 sq mi) 2812: 26257:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 24851:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 24816: 24146: 23897: 22755: 21836:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 21738:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 21599:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 21325: 18498: 18204: 17737: 17292: 16717: 16426:To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 16386:The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path 16284:East-Central European Economies in Transition 14800:"Photius.com, (info from CIA world Factbook)" 14139: 14137: 14135: 14133: 14120: 14118: 14116: 14114: 14050: 14048: 13944: 13942: 13940: 13938: 13936: 13910: 13874: 13872: 13780: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13708: 13706: 13704: 13595: 13593: 13580: 13578: 13565: 13563: 13550: 13548: 13546: 13544: 13531: 13529: 13527: 13525: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13414: 13412: 13410: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13387: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13212: 13210: 13208: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13039: 13037: 12908: 12906: 12893: 12891: 12526: 12524: 12522: 12509: 12507: 12505: 12437:Sociology of Memory: Papers from the Spectrum 12339: 12337: 12247: 12245: 12243: 11994: 11992: 11990: 11977: 11975: 11926:Published by Saint Hermans Press April 1997 10924: 10846:, 1983, Princeton Junction: Cognition Books, 10739:The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field 10644: 10536:, Princeton University Press, 2003, page 396 10385: 9900:Encyclopaedic dictionary of political science 9835:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Political Science 9776: 9421:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Political Science 8093:came to power. In April, Dubček launched an " 7902: 5138:agricultural production between 1981 and 1986 3769:93.0 square kilometres (35.9 sq mi) 3685:28.7 square kilometres (11.1 sq mi) 3189:Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland 2962:institutional design of communism implemented 2391:Occupation of East Poland by the Soviet Union 2292:Eastern Bloc Area Border changes 1938 to 1948 1373: 1165:in 1968 from the WP and in 1987 from Comecon) 791: 21241:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 18792:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 16699: 16495: 16401: 16362:Lipschitz, Leslie; McDonald, Donogh (1990), 16281: 15951: 15783:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 15349:"Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58" 15220: 15208: 15193: 15181: 15169: 15091: 15079: 15054: 15042: 15030: 14707: 14168: 14149: 13916: 13884: 13795: 13768: 13735: 13453: 13424: 13369: 13354: 13330: 13318: 13301: 13166: 13139: 12979: 12949: 12918: 12858: 12834: 12704: 12677: 12473: 12349: 12122: 12120: 12066: 12033: 12027: 12015: 12011: 12009: 12007: 11957: 11798: 11713: 11711: 11709: 11700: 11676: 11664: 11652: 11646: 11615: 11572:. Saarbrucken: Scholar's Press. p. 55. 11539: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11504: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11347: 11345: 11077: 10891: 10440: 10325: 10049:, Manchester University Press, p. 183, 9768:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9499:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8997:rapid" than those of Central Europe and the 8009:Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956 5628:economies essentially began to approach the 5557:was covered by smog 135 days per year while 5508:, manufactured between 1971 and 2008 (right) 5471:, manufactured between 1974 and 1996 (right) 5434:, manufactured between 1969 and 2004 (right) 5397:, manufactured between 1978 and 1991 (right) 5360:, manufactured between 1970 and 1988 (right) 3013:high-quality domestic and/or foreign goods ( 2864:After disagreements between Yugoslav leader 1644: 1587: 1042:People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada 21796:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 20102:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 17214:Gallery of events from Poznań 1956 protests 16760:The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West 14749:Molnár, Adrienne; Kõrösi Zsuzsanna (1996). 14612:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14539:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14498:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14457:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14375:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14334:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14290:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14096: 14084: 14072: 14060: 14028: 14011: 13992: 13963: 13899: 13791: 13789: 13764: 13762: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13012: 13010: 13008: 13006: 12969: 12967: 12673: 12671: 12669: 12654: 12616: 12597: 12555: 12536: 12307: 12189: 12165: 12153: 12095: 12093: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11820: 11818: 11767: 11696: 11694: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11252: 11250: 11237: 11235: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11143: 11141: 11099: 11085:. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 1475. 11030: 11028: 11013: 11001: 10906: 10826: 10824: 10792:Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above 10774: 10772: 10589:Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 – 5 IV 1945 10352:Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 9987:, Cambridge University Press, p. 150, 9918: 9916: 8321:. In 1975, the communist victory in former 8003:The revolution began after students of the 4440:113.5 square metres (1,222 sq ft) 3540:, which when combined with individual city 3420:, Hungary, Poland, and Romania founded the 3375:, was demolished in the 1930s under Stalin. 3305:Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) 1526: 25655:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 24823: 24809: 24153: 24139: 24054:Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962 23947:Economy of the People's Republic of Poland 23911: 23904: 23890: 22762: 22748: 22222:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 21332: 21318: 21205:United States involvement in regime change 18760:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 18505: 18491: 18211: 18197: 17744: 17730: 17299: 17285: 16996: 16567: 16513: 14840:. William Kimber & Co. 1968, pp 32, 54 14818: 14773: 14713: 14226: 14130: 14111: 14045: 13933: 13869: 13747: 13718: 13701: 13590: 13575: 13560: 13541: 13522: 13503: 13447: 13407: 13384: 13342: 13199: 13187: 13068: 13066: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13058: 13034: 12937: 12903: 12888: 12876: 12854: 12852: 12688: 12686: 12519: 12502: 12461: 12433: 12361: 12334: 12322: 12240: 12228: 11987: 11972: 11856: 11852: 11850: 11841: 11824: 11786: 11621: 11611: 11609: 11607: 10885: 10650: 10464: 10446: 10428: 10286:. New York, USA: I.B. Tauris. p. 31. 10158:Hawkesworth, M. E.; Paynter, John (1992), 7980:After Stalin's death in 1953, a period of 4942: 4735:A line for distribution of cooking oil in 3577:with the increasingly paranoid actions of 2868:and the Soviet Union regarding Greece and 2669: 1479: 1248: 1168: 798: 784: 26217:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 24079:Economic System of Socialism (GDR, 1970s) 24049:New Economic Policy (Soviet Union, 1920s) 22771:National media in the former Eastern Bloc 21806:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 21778:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 18444:Department of State Security (Securitate) 18293:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) 17069: 17027: 16880: 16720:Nation, State, and the Economy in History 16549: 16441: 16245: 15437: 15380: 15318: 15300: 15006: 14949: 14755:IX. International Oral History Conference 12269: 12216: 12204: 12117: 12021: 12004: 11706: 11567: 11549: 11526: 11501: 11396: 11384: 11365: 11342: 11286: 11213: 11019: 11007: 10939: 10902: 10900: 10620:"okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–41" 10346: 10344: 9985:Nation, state, and the economy in history 9955: 9953: 9832: 9826: 9418: 7079:Nominal GDP per Capita, according to the 5323:and exported throughout the Eastern Bloc. 5114:widespread used of coercion, repression, 2684:Political situation in Europe during the 2624:At the beginning of the July–August 1945 2551:World War II on the Soviet-Finnish border 2435:In 1939, the Soviet Union unsuccessfully 1367: 1280: 1232: 1144: 869:. The Eastern Bloc was often called the " 26350:Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule 25060:General Secretary of the Communist Party 24183:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 21748:Great Construction Projects of Communism 18326:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi) 18283:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) 17443:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 17144:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 17127: 16939:Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010), 16920: 16832: 16718:Teichova, Alice; Matis, Herbert (2003), 16663: 16459: 16383: 16299: 16263: 16119: 16023:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007), 15226: 15214: 15202: 15187: 15175: 15097: 15085: 15048: 15036: 15012: 14922: 14910: 14824: 14262: 14191: 14162: 14143: 14124: 14105: 14090: 14078: 14066: 14054: 14039: 14022: 14005: 13986: 13878: 13786: 13759: 13656: 13629: 13336: 13324: 13240: 13228: 13181: 13022: 13003: 12991: 12985: 12964: 12843: 12666: 12660: 12610: 12561: 12549: 12513: 12467: 12395: 12355: 12316: 12198: 12171: 12159: 12105: 12090: 12078: 12072: 12048: 11966: 11830: 11815: 11809: 11691: 11685: 11670: 11658: 11633: 11444: 11420: 11274: 11262: 11247: 11232: 11188: 11182: 11153: 11138: 11059: 11025: 10821: 10769: 10365: 10313: 10281: 10124: 9983:Teichova, Alice; Herbert, Matis (2003), 9913: 9285:Military occupations by the Soviet Union 9035: 8943: 8623: 8613: 8561: 8422: 8255:in 1953, the Korean War ceased with the 8247:(1949) and Chinese participation in the 8219: 8134: 8112:expressing support, while Soviet leader 8081:A period of political liberalization in 8029: 7537: 7056: 7041: 6558:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/Slovakia 5860:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/Slovakia 5240: 5129: 4798: 4730: 4658: 4638:72.5 square metres (780 sq ft) 4635:70.9 square metres (763 sq ft) 4632:59.2 square metres (637 sq ft) 4616:56.8 square metres (611 sq ft) 4613:52.3 square metres (563 sq ft) 4610:46.8 square metres (504 sq ft) 4594:57.5 square metres (619 sq ft) 4591:57.0 square metres (614 sq ft) 4588:44.9 square metres (483 sq ft) 4572:71.0 square metres (764 sq ft) 4569:64.0 square metres (689 sq ft) 4566:54.3 square metres (584 sq ft) 4550:83.0 square metres (893 sq ft) 4547:67.0 square metres (721 sq ft) 4544:61.5 square metres (662 sq ft) 4528:61.2 square metres (659 sq ft) 4525:62.7 square metres (675 sq ft) 4522:55.0 square metres (592 sq ft) 4506:81.8 square metres (880 sq ft) 4503:73.8 square metres (794 sq ft) 4500:67.2 square metres (723 sq ft) 4484:66.9 square metres (720 sq ft) 4481:59.0 square metres (635 sq ft) 4478:63.7 square metres (686 sq ft) 4439: 4017:). Under this ideology, Ceaușescu built 3967: 3550: 3362: 3200: 3043:Political repression in the Soviet Union 2979: 2947: 2822: 2697: 2679: 2559:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic 2496: 2449:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic 2287: 1389: 1264: 1129: 1050:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 20: 26242:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 24294:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 24069:New Economic Mechanism (Hungary, 1960s) 22164:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 19331:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 17221:Videos of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution 17018: 16793: 16775: 16627: 16586:Pollack, Detlef; Wielgohs, Jan (2004), 16531: 16339: 16321: 15504: 14961: 14604: 13948: 13753: 13741: 13729: 13712: 13599: 13584: 13569: 13554: 13535: 13516: 13418: 13222: 13193: 13055: 12943: 12931: 12912: 12897: 12882: 12849: 12683: 12530: 12367: 12343: 12275: 12263: 12234: 12177: 12054: 11998: 11981: 11936: 11847: 11604: 11218:. New York: Anthem Press. p. 119. 11132: 11053: 10933: 10498:The Soviets organized staged elections, 10403: 10397: 10391: 10161:Encyclopedia of government and politics 9926:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy 9881:from the original on 5 September 2015. 9626: 9624: 9622: 9461:from the original on 5 September 2015. 8753:occupation of the former Eastern Bloc. 8499:East Germany reunited with West Germany 8485:, the opening of a border gate between 8483:June 1989 Polish parliamentary election 8241:People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 7533: 7065:The following table lists the level of 4766:The Soviets mandated expropriation and 4262:Housing quality in Hungary (1949–1990) 3944:themselves as good communist citizens. 3067:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 3055:Population transfer in the Soviet Union 2659:Early events prompting stricter control 1661: 1449: 1405: 26462: 26320:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 25640:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 25252:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 24529:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 22829:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia 22780:Eastern Bloc information dissemination 22199:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 21175:Russian espionage in the United States 19447:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 18462:Department of National Security (OZNA) 17547:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 17045: 16902: 16814: 16757: 16735: 16645: 16534:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire 16423: 16266:Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Europe 16246:Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), 16223: 16203: 16181: 16062: 15973:from the original on 25 September 2018 15592: 15590: 15559: 15500: 15498: 15346: 15342: 15340: 15338: 15024: 14934: 14888:. The Prague Spring Foundation. 1998. 14874: 13856:"Un statistics Division December 2016" 13401: 13348: 13049: 12870: 12788:from the original on 23 September 2018 12778:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club" 12758:from the original on 23 September 2018 12748:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club" 12728:from the original on 23 September 2018 12718:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club" 12642:from the original on 23 September 2015 12328: 12251: 11717: 11627: 11555: 11543: 11520: 11495: 11483: 11450: 11438: 11426: 11414: 11402: 11390: 11378: 11304: 11292: 11280: 11268: 11256: 11241: 11201: 11170: 11147: 11065: 11034: 10945: 10897: 10844:Latvia in the Wars of the 20th century 10830: 10778: 10473:"Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies" 10341: 10319: 10192: 10022: 9959: 9950: 9854: 9721:, University of Michigan Press, 2007, 8987:United Nations Human Development Index 8707:after a brief trial three days later. 8313:by the United States but Cuban leader 8077:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 7302:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 7073:, for the years 1970, 1989, and 2015: 6417:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 5683:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 4704:Eastern Bloc information dissemination 3469:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3287:Kauno diena (annexed former Lithuania) 3229:Central newspapers of the Soviet Union 3185:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia 2996:The first or General Secretary of the 1339:(1919–1991, UN member state from 1945) 1325:(1919–1991, UN member state from 1945) 25719:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 24804: 24634:Seychelles People's Progressive Front 24228:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin 24134: 23885: 23627:Belarus Television (Byelorussian SSR) 22743: 21313: 21170:Soviet espionage in the United States 19326:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 19105:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 18770:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 18486: 18467:Directorate for State Security (UDBA) 18245:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 18192: 17725: 17513:1949 East German State Railway strike 17485:World Federation of Democratic Youth 17280: 16976: 16956: 16850: 16464:, Central European University Press, 16324:Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List 16159: 14695:from the original on 8 September 2006 14655:, Vol. 33, No. 2, April 1998, p. 210. 14250:from the original on 8 September 2006 13253: 13234: 12222: 12210: 12126: 12111: 12099: 12084: 11868: 10682:and "counter-revolutionary activity", 10077:, vol. 37, Library of Congress, 10044: 9929:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 9785: 9558:De-satellization of Communist Romania 9507: 9295:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 9131:Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao 7917:, a dramatic increase of emigration ( 4700:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection 3637:women who bore ten or more children. 3475:Emigration restrictions and defectors 3371:, once the most dominant landmark in 3063:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 2887:Stalin ordered the conversion of the 2566:conferences regarding Post-War Europe 2283: 1022:People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 26262:Sandinista National Liberation Front 25714:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 24830: 24653:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party 24064:Kosygin reform (Soviet Union, 1960s) 23993:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 23647:Lietuvos Televizija (Lithuanian SSR) 22282:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 22240:20th Congress of the Communist Party 21683:19th Congress of the Communist Party 21520:18th Congress of the Communist Party 21485:17th Congress of the Communist Party 21246:Soviet Union–United States relations 19597:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 18421:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP) 17384:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 17179:Photographic project "Eastern Bloc" 16603: 16137: 16101: 15609:from the original on 28 January 2021 15238: 14892:from the original on 17 January 2008 14806:from the original on 16 January 2009 12692: 12622: 12585:from the original on 29 January 2005 12183: 12060: 11732: 11083:Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook 10794:, Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 10784: 10479:, Berghahn Books, pp. 308–315, 10228: 10010: 9619: 9375:The Division of the World, 1941–1955 8722:, which refused to take part in it. 8377:reformed and liberalized its economy 7931:Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions 4896: 4724:(the most prominent nation) and the 4693: 3593:, effectively closing the loophole. 2853: 2710:(between 30 April and 24 June 1975) 2471:Eastern Front and Allied conferences 2447:(10% of Finnish territory), and the 1555:Soviet Civil Administration in Korea 877:" referred to the Western Bloc and " 333:World Federation of Democratic Youth 26271:Militarized Communist Party of Peru 26222:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 25020:Socialist state of the whole people 24686:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 24514:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution 23932:Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia 23609:Leningrad Television (Russian SFSR) 22216:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 21440:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 21210:Soviet involvement in regime change 18380:Ministry for State Security (Stasi) 18049:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 16366:German unification: economic issues 15587: 15495: 15335: 14858:. Soviethistory.org. Archived from 11351:Bideleux, Robert and Ian Jeffries, 8837:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 8577:between Austria and Hungary at the 8401:. In the late 1980s, Soviet leader 4852: 3933: 3511:Passport system in the Soviet Union 3277:Rahva Hääl (annexed former Estonia) 2414:occupations of the Baltic countries 2362:In 1939, the USSR entered into the 1627:(1969–1991; severed alignment 1978) 13: 26410:State ideology of the Soviet Union 26212:Communist Party of the Philippines 26202:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 24737:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 24700:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 24479:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 22363:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 22182:The History of the Communist Party 22001:Soviet offensive plans controversy 21966:Ideological repression in science 21510:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 21251:Soviet Union–United States summits 18725:1947 Polish parliamentary election 18610:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 18308:Committee for State Security (KGB) 18102:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 17920:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 17606:Sovietization of the Baltic states 17114: 16873: 16428:, Texas A&M University Press, 16226:Contexts of International Politics 16104:Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia 15475:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001 14966:, Praeger Publishers, p. 10, 14714:Cseresnyés, Ferenc (Summer 1999), 14629:from the original on 20 March 2009 14556:from the original on 20 March 2009 14515:from the original on 20 March 2009 14474:from the original on 20 March 2009 14433:from the original on 20 March 2009 14392:from the original on 20 March 2009 14351:from the original on 20 March 2009 14307:from the original on 20 March 2009 14204:János M. Rainer (4 October 1997), 13615:. 8 September 2010. Archived from 12816:Poles Vote to Seek War Reparations 11071: 10632:from the original on 24 March 2019 9157:Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam 8882:Writing in 2016, German historian 8450:, the reform-minded Soviet leader 8383:in comparison with the capitalist 6385:United Nations Statistics Division 5620:("thirty glorious years") and the 5236: 5196:took place between 1947 and 1952. 5072:Second economy of the Soviet Union 4789: 4722:naiboleye vydayushchayasya natsiya 4045:Adequate sanitation % (year) 3963: 3605:included Joseph Stalin's daughter 3525:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 3169:Media and information restrictions 2615:1947 Polish parliamentary election 980:from 1961 and for limited periods 407:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 14: 26536: 25268:Scientific Outlook on Development 24883:Commanding heights of the economy 24389:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 24084:Perestroika (Soviet Union, 1980s) 22401:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 22132:Marxism and the National Question 21339: 20012:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 19947:United States invasion of Grenada 19217:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 19158:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 18472:Counterintelligence Service (KOS) 18344:Committee for State Security (DS) 18278:State Political Directorate (GPU) 17835:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 17477:World Federation of Trade Unions 17209:Kistler-Ritso Estonian Foundation 17173:Candid photos of the Eastern Bloc 17091: 16817:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe 15794:Chavez, Lesly Allyn (June 2014). 15263:from the original on 2 April 2019 14985: 13491:from the original on 25 July 2013 13080:from the original on 2 April 2015 12295:from the original on 2 April 2015 11326:. 9 February 1948. Archived from 11108:11 February 1945 Potsdam Report, 10816:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar 10232:American Political Science Review 9679:, Oxford University Press, 2003, 9026:List of existing communist states 8955:enlargement of the European Union 7959:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany 5229:those eastwardly adjacent to the 4795:Transformations billed as reforms 3435:was formed partly in response to 3175:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 2952:Countries which once had overtly 2636:Concealed transformation dynamics 2249:Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) 1227:Soviet occupation zone of Germany 1125: 1114:. However, some sources consider 26480:1991 disestablishments in Europe 26443: 26431: 26247:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 25665:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 25040:Civilian control of the military 24995:People's democratic dictatorship 24499:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 24474:Hungarian Working People's Party 24403:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 24074:New Economic System (GDR, 1960s) 23720:Public Radio of the Armenian SSR 22724: 22723: 22041:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 21505:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 20087:United States invasion of Panama 19937:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 19577:1971 Turkish military memorandum 19540:Communist insurgency in Thailand 19510:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 19442:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 19269:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 19197:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 18715:Restatement of Policy on Germany 18403:Ministry of Internal Affairs III 18398:State Protection Authority (ÁVH) 18303:Ministry of State Security (MGB) 18273:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka) 17916:Hungarian Working People's Party 17878:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 17694:January 1991 events in Lithuania 17352:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 17306: 17205:Museum of occupations of Estonia 17185:RFE/RL East German Subject Files 17126: 17005:, University Press of Kentucky, 16894:Journal of Economic Perspectives 16498:The history of the Baltic States 15985: 15945: 15933:from the original on 20 May 2018 15915: 15903:from the original on 19 May 2018 15885: 15857: 15837: 15820: 15801: 15788: 15772: 15759: 15742: 15737:Economics Research International 15731:Safaei, Jalil (31 August 2011). 15725: 15709: 15696: 15671: 15646: 15621: 15553: 15454: 15397: 15347:Ciment, James (21 August 1999). 15275: 15232: 15160: 15151: 15142: 15133: 15124: 15103: 14979: 14962:Chafetz, Glenn (30 April 1993), 14955: 14943: 14928: 14916: 14904: 14843: 14830: 14792: 14761:from the original on 7 June 2007 14757:. Gotegorg. pp. 1169–1166. 14742: 14671: 14658: 14645: 14572: 14531: 14490: 14449: 14408: 14282: 14197: 13954: 13848: 13827: 13815:from the original on 17 May 2017 13801: 13774: 13650: 13623: 13605: 13477: 13468: 13459: 13280: 13259: 13130: 13118: 13092: 12864: 12809: 12800: 12770: 12740: 12710: 12698: 12567: 12373: 12281: 12257: 12132: 11916: 11887: 11862: 10576:Soviet authorities withdrew the 10477:Demography and National Security 10336:German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact 10310:Oxford Univ. Press, 1948. p. 106 9837:, Sarup & Sons, p. 65, 9423:, Sarup & Sons, p. 65, 9312: 9254: 9240: 9226: 9212: 9198: 9140:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 8923:-backed rapid privatization and 8749:towards the West instead of the 8466:Gorbachev initiated a policy of 8224:The Cold War in 1980 before the 7913:Three months after the death of 7909:Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 7247:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/ 6532:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/ 5828:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/ 5490: 5481: 5453: 5444: 5416: 5407: 5379: 5370: 5342: 5333: 5301: 5292: 5065: 3481:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 3393: 3262:Neues Deutschland (East Germany) 3047:Human rights in the Soviet Union 3037:Political and civil restrictions 2844:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 2485:List of World War II conferences 2465:Soviets occupied the territories 2437:attempted an invasion of Finland 2269: 2255: 2242: 2228: 2214: 2200: 2186: 2172: 2150: 2136: 2122: 2109: 2095: 2081: 2075:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 2067: 2049: 2036: 2022: 2008: 1994: 1981: 1963: 1941: 1927: 1910: 1896: 1882: 1869: 1855: 1841: 1827: 1813: 1800: 1786: 1772: 1754: 1740: 1726: 1712: 1695: 1682: 1668: 1646: 1631: 1618: 1604: 1589: 1575: 1561: 1543: 1528: 1514: 1500: 1481: 1466: 1451: 1436: 1422: 1407: 1391: 1375: 1345: 1329: 1315: 1297: 1282: 1266: 1250: 1234: 1215: 1200: 1185: 1170: 1146: 893:, which was located in Europe. 328:World Federation of Trade Unions 41: 24990:Dictatorship of the proletariat 24965:Theory of the productive forces 22426:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 21562:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 21552:Occupation of the Baltic states 20807:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 20188:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 20117:Fall of the inner German border 20017:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 19667:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 19657:Spanish transition to democracy 19617:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 19244:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 18750:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 18631:Occupation of the Baltic states 17418:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 17162:"Photographs of Russia in 1967" 17073:Estonia: Return to Independence 16370:, International Monetary Fund, 16300:Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), 15064:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 14990:. Britské Listy. Archived from 14653:Journal of Contemporary History 14503:"Chapter II.F, para 65 (p. 22)" 14462:"Chapter II.C, para 58 (p. 20)" 12575:"Központi Statisztikai Hivatal" 11595: 11586: 11561: 11489: 11456: 11432: 11408: 11310: 11298: 11207: 11176: 11081:; Stöver, Philip, eds. (2010). 10990: 10968: 10951: 10911:, Manchester University Press, 10836: 10804: 10704: 10656: 10570: 10546: 10492: 10435:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997 10300: 10275: 10222: 10202: 10186: 10151: 10118: 10097:, John Wiley and Sons, p. 10084: 10066: 10038: 10016: 9976: 9892: 9586: 9574: 9562: 9550: 9390:Encyclopedia of World Geography 8915:skyrocketed to 32%. In Russia, 8851:before 1991). Azerbaijan is an 8712:1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia 8523:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 8379:while the Eastern Bloc saw the 8192:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7851:59,917,900. By the late 1980s, 5606: 5258:this increased to 80% in 1980. 5104: 4977:dictatorship of the proletariat 4747:The defining characteristic of 4057:More than 1 person/room % 2800:August 1947 Hungarian elections 2611:1946 Polish people's referendum 2346:Occupation of the Baltic states 1689:People's Republic of Bangladesh 1038:People's Republic of Mozambique 1014:People's Republic of Azerbaijan 25942:People's Republic of Kampuchea 25660:A Critique of Soviet Economics 25015:State of socialist orientation 23642:Rigas Televīzija (Latvian SSR) 19587:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 19222:Mozambican War of Independence 18661:Indonesian National Revolution 16983:, W. W. Norton & Company, 16837:, Cambridge University Press, 16744:, W. W. Norton & Company, 16722:, Cambridge University Press, 16500:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 16446:, Cambridge University Press, 16015: 15702:Hauck, Owen (2 February 2016) 13668:. W. W. Norton & Company. 10907:Kennedy-Pip, Caroline (1995), 9711: 9690: 9669: 9648: 9364: 9351: 9338: 8831:until 1992. All presidents of 8765:. The five states all adopted 8527:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 8275:'s 1956 anti-Stalinist speech 8181: 7961:using tanks, as well as 8,000 3487:List of Eastern Bloc defectors 3193:Propaganda in the Soviet Union 2314:Treaty of Creation of the USSR 1307:(1922–1991; previously as the 1102:which had both split with the 1026:People's Republic of the Congo 1010:Second East Turkestan Republic 991: 1: 26475:1945 establishments in Europe 24876:Soviet-type economic planning 24846:Administrative-command system 24649:Supreme Revolutionary Council 23942:Goulash (Hungarian) Communism 23552:Bulgarian National Television 22267:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 22078:1946–1947 Soviet famine 21651:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 21185:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 20200:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 20153:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 19875:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 19840:Seven Days to the River Rhine 19572:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 18859:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 18787:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 17699:January 1991 events in Latvia 17689:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 17438:Socialist Republic of Romania 17413:People's Republic of Bulgaria 17405:People's Republic of Albania 17374:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 17199:Blinken Open Society Archives 17189:Blinken Open Society Archives 16482:, Columbia University Press, 16442:Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007), 16264:Graubard, Stephen R. (1991), 15302:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 14726:(154): 86–101, archived from 13928:Lipschitz & McDonald 1990 13894:Lipschitz & McDonald 1990 13102:. 2000.net.ua. Archived from 11116:, Taylor & Francis, 2001 9607: 8547:following the replacement of 8233:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 8200:January 1991 events in Latvia 8196:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7601:organisations to produce the 7407:Socialist Republic of Romania 7284:People's Republic of Bulgaria 6509:Socialist Republic of Romania 6440:People's Republic of Bulgaria 5799:Socialist Republic of Romania 5712:People's Republic of Bulgaria 5126:Agricultural collectivization 3958:system-built apartment blocks 3612: 3267:Rabotnichesko Delo (Bulgaria) 3051:Elections in the Soviet Union 2777:, and other neutral countries 2740:: Countries aligned with the 2719:: Countries aligned with the 2665:Formation of the Eastern Bloc 940:, the Eastern Bloc comprised 770:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 26207:Communist Party of Kampuchea 25829:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 25754:Chinese Communist Revolution 25065:Highest organ of state power 24928:Proletarian internationalism 24589:Polish United Workers' Party 24279:Communist Party of Kampuchea 23637:First Channel (Georgian SSR) 22416:1956 Georgian demonstrations 20178:Fall of communism in Albania 20148:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 20097:Polish Round Table Agreement 19437:1968 Polish political crisis 19254:Eritrean War of Independence 19020:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 18915:East German uprising of 1953 18847:Chinese Communist Revolution 18512: 17973:Polish United Workers' Party 17684:Collapse of the Soviet Union 17674:Fall of communism in Albania 16819:, Rowman & Littlefield, 16758:Turner, Henry Ashby (1987), 16700:Roht-Arriaza, Naomi (1995), 16590:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 16568:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2007), 15410:BMJ: British Medical Journal 15353:BMJ: British Medical Journal 15242:Europe since 1989: A History 14668:(Budapest), 3 November 1990. 14279:. Retrieved 22 October 2006. 13442:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 13161:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 12959:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 12497:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 10556:, ed. Wlodzimierz Bonusiak, 10073:Library of Congress (1980), 9612: 9392:, Marshall Cavendish, 2001, 9325:are administered under the " 8877: 8597:to test the reaction of the 8346:People's Republic of Albania 8319:Cuban intervention in Angola 8283:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 8269:East German uprising of 1953 8245:Chinese Communist Revolution 8130:proletarian internationalism 7998:Polish United Workers' Party 7976:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7970:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7860:Central Committee meetings. 7617: 4803:Reconstruction of a typical 4654: 4436: 2481:Eastern Front (World War II) 902:Central and Eastern European 765:Fall of communism in Albania 720:Polish Round Table Agreement 675:Cuban intervention in Angola 7: 26237:Indochinese Communist Party 25874:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 25869:New People's Army rebellion 25650:Britain's Road to Socialism 24975:Wars of national liberation 24023:Collectivization in Romania 24003:Collectivization in Ukraine 23988:Collectivization in Hungary 23937:Economy of the Soviet Union 22431:Stalin Monument in Budapest 22098:Night of the Murdered Poets 22016:Allegations of antisemitism 21753:Engineers of the human soul 21500:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 21476:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 20052:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 19780:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 19525:Corrective Movement (Syria) 19489:New People's Army rebellion 19484:Sino-Soviet border conflict 19212:Angolan War of Independence 19075:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 18955:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 18600:Jamaican political conflict 17659:End of communism in Hungary 17428:Hungarian People's Republic 16704:, Oxford University Press, 16646:Shirer, William L. (1990), 16424:Miller, Roger Gene (2000), 16388:, Oxford University Press, 16322:Krasnov, Vladislav (1985), 16207:The Cold War: A New History 16204:Gaddis, John Lewis (2005), 16182:Frucht, Richard C. (2003), 15798:. Retrieved 4 January 2021] 15785:. Retrieved 4 January 2021. 15778:C Dolea, E Nolte, M McKee. 15754:Social Science and Medicine 15722:. Retrieved 4 January 2021. 15658:markets.businessinsider.com 15568:University of Chicago Press 14913:, pp. 36 & 172–181 14716:"The '56 Exodus to Austria" 13379:Bugajski & Pollack 1989 13364:Bugajski & Pollack 1989 13313:Bugajski & Pollack 1989 11793:Pollack & Wielgohs 2004 11781:Pollack & Wielgohs 2004 11568:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2020). 11462:Fritsch-Bournazel, Renata, 11214:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2018). 10957:The occupation accompanied 9191: 8589:, which was then headed by 8373:Sino-Soviet border conflict 7484:While it can be argued the 7425:Hungarian People's Republic 6463:Hungarian People's Republic 5741:Hungarian People's Republic 5149:in the late 1920s by which 3645:countries were as follows: 3358: 3272:Rudé právo (Czechoslovakia) 3239:Czerwony Sztandar (Vilnius) 2937: 2813:Berlin blockade and airlift 2564:From 1943 to 1945, several 2517:Premier of the Soviet Union 1077:Mongolian People's Republic 1034:People's Republic of Angola 850:that were aligned with the 153:Allied and satellite states 10: 26541: 26510:European political history 26355:Marxist schools of thought 26282:Portuguese Communist Party 26227:Communist Party of Vietnam 25220:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought 24722:Communist Party of Vietnam 24425:Workers' Party of Ethiopia 24256:African Independence Party 24197:Party of Labour of Albania 24008:Land Reforms (Afghanistan) 23770:Radio Berlin International 23392:Neue Berliner Illustrierte 22471:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 22441:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 21589:Soviet atomic bomb project 20248:Sino-Indian border dispute 20077:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 20007:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 19765:1976 Argentine coup d'état 19677:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 19627:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 19311:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 19279:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 18968:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 18735:Asian Relations Conference 17779:Party of Labour of Albania 17423:German Democratic Republic 17225:RADIO FREE EUROPE Research 17054:Princeton University Press 17028:Saxonberg, Steven (2001), 17019:Roberts, Geoffrey (2002), 16903:Grogin, Robert C. (2001), 16736:Tucker, Robert C. (1992), 16628:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006), 16460:Navrátil, Jaromír (2006), 16306:Princeton University Press 16230:Cambridge University Press 16188:Taylor & Francis Group 15739:. Retrieved 4 January 2021 15720:Social Indicators Research 15247:Princeton University Press 13630:Medvedev, Grigori (1989). 12291:. Kprf.ru. 13 April 2008. 10860:Encyclopedia of Soviet Law 10580:without exchanging rubles, 9902:, Sarup & Sons, 2003, 9786:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 9508:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 9184:Communist Party of Vietnam 9029: 8543:Major reforms occurred in 8461:Central and Eastern Europe 8435:and the United States-led 8338:invasion of Czechoslovakia 8239:over the direction of the 8185: 8070: 7996:as First Secretary of the 7973: 7906: 7903:1953 East Germany uprising 7897: 7826: 7804: 7782: 7760: 7738: 7716: 7694: 7672: 7650: 7589:(1961) and 0.9 in 1961 in 5145:is a process pioneered by 5134:Graphic showing change in 5082:second, "parallel economy" 5069: 4900: 4697: 4626: 4604: 4582: 4560: 4538: 4516: 4494: 4472: 4450: 4366: 4346: 4326: 4306: 4286: 4237: 4215: 4193: 4171: 4149: 4127: 4105: 4083: 4061: 3947: 3903: 3875: 3847: 3819: 3791: 3763: 3735: 3707: 3679: 3672:Annual growth (1950–1985) 3568:, taking advantage of the 3538:internal passport controls 3484: 3478: 3397: 3378: 3369:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral 3178: 3172: 3040: 2941: 2857: 2816: 2752:, and allies), led by the 2673: 2662: 2599:taken via invasion in 1939 2474: 2399:newly Soviet-annexed areas 2376:Soviet sphere of influence 2331: 1553:(1948–1990, previously as 1492:(1987–1991, previously as 1355:(1976–1989, previously as 1225:(1949–1989; previously as 1054:Somali Democratic Republic 1030:People's Republic of Benin 836:Central and Eastern Europe 26515:History of Eastern Europe 26427: 26313: 26289: 26232:Communist Party of Malaya 26187:Communist Party of Brazil 26160: 25901: 25884:Internal conflict in Peru 25677: 25628: 25349: 25160:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism 25108: 25070:Leading role of the party 25027: 25005:National-democratic state 25000:People's democratic state 24983: 24838: 24757:List of communist parties 24752: 24729: 24706: 24692: 24678: 24667:National Liberation Front 24659: 24641: 24626: 24609: 24595: 24577: 24559: 24536: 24521: 24506: 24488: 24463: 24446: 24432: 24409: 24395: 24381: 24363: 24349:Congolese Party of Labour 24340: 24322: 24305: 24285: 24271: 24262: 24248: 24242:Bulgarian Communist Party 24234: 24220: 24203: 24189: 24175: 24166: 24092: 24041: 24033:Systematization (Romania) 23998:Battle for trade (Poland) 23975: 23967:Economy of SFR Yugoslavia 23919: 23859:Soviet Information Bureau 23825: 23811:Program 1 Polskiego Radia 23669: 23652:Canalul 1 (Moldavian SSR) 23538: 23231: 23045:Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur 22837: 22794:Media of the Soviet Union 22786: 22777: 22719: 22636: 22497: 22479: 22451:Places named after Stalin 22436:Stalin Monument in Prague 22383: 22295: 22230: 22116: 21960:Repressions in Azerbaijan 21786: 21695: 21678:1950 legislative election 21604:1946 legislative election 21515:1937 legislative election 21427: 21376: 21367: 21347: 21284: 21233: 21155: 21132:William Appleman Williams 21077:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 20859: 20831: 20780: 20712: 20705: 20639: 20504: 20429: 20359: 20352: 20261: 20208: 20140: 19853: 19592:Bangladesh Liberation War 19582:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 19497: 19469:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 19457:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 19120: 18895:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 18872: 18582: 18520: 18452: 18434: 18411: 18388: 18370: 18352: 18334: 18316: 18263: 18230: 18100: 18047: 18019: 17967: 17914: 17876: 17833: 17802:Bulgarian Communist Party 17800: 17777: 17768: 17764: 17634: 17611:Information dissemination 17588: 17538:1956 Hungarian Revolution 17528:1953 East German uprising 17496: 17454: 17397: 17334: 17314: 16997:Puddington, Arch (2003), 16833:Williams, Kieran (1997), 16762:, Yale University Press, 16632:, Yale University Press, 16554:, Duke University Press, 16532:Pearson, Raymond (1998), 16102:Cook, Bernard A. (2001), 15560:Mattei, Clara E. (2022). 15523:10.1080/00346760902968421 15365:10.1136/bmj.319.7208.468a 14578:Video: Revolt in Hungary 13911:Teichova & Matis 2003 13781:Teichova & Matis 2003 13633:The Truth About Chernobyl 12402:Czech Sociological Review 11754:10.1017/S0018246X05004486 11733:Mark, James (June 2005). 11466:, Berg Publishers, 1990, 10729:28 September 2015 at the 10664:Gustaw Herling-Grudziński 10531:27 September 2015 at the 10511:23 September 2009 at the 10375:, RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, 10362:, executed 23 August 1939 10334:Encyclopædia Britannica, 10282:Sunayama, Sonoko (2007). 10129:, Springer, p. 362, 9804:10.1080/00263200008701312 9526:10.1080/00263200008701312 9083:Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó 8872: 8757:is still led by the same 8427:Soviet General Secretary 8325:following the end of the 8048:last pocket of resistance 7984:followed, with reformist 5109:The extensive production 4411: 4408: 3197:Soviet Information Bureau 2932:Free Territory of Trieste 2593:In February 1945, at the 2532:invading the Soviet Union 2338:Soviet invasion of Poland 1361:Republic of South Vietnam 1161:activities in 1961, then 690:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 26197:Communist Party of India 26167:Albanian Party of Labour 25290:Bill of Rights socialism 24943:Socialism in one country 24913:Marxist–Leninist atheism 24603:Romanian Communist Party 24018:Three Year Plan (Poland) 23713:Radio Peace and Progress 23617:Armenia 1 (Armenian SSR) 22272:Soviet Nonconformist Art 22188:1936 Soviet Constitution 21841:Soviet famine of 1932–33 21801:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 21773:Transformation of nature 21758:1936 Soviet Constitution 21718:Socialism in One Country 21557:German–Soviet Axis talks 19907:1980 Turkish coup d'état 19742:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 19712:1978 Somali coup attempt 19672:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 19637:1973 Chilean coup d'état 19462:Revolutionary Government 19356:South African Border War 19148:1960 Turkish coup d'état 19065:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 18920:1953 Iranian coup d'état 18900:1952 Egyptian revolution 18021:Romanian Communist Party 17596:Emigration and defection 17433:Polish People's Republic 17070:Taagepera, Rein (1993), 16921:Maddison, Angus (2006), 16815:Wettig, Gerhard (2008), 16550:Philipsen, Dirk (1993), 16514:O'Neil, Patrick (1997), 16496:O'Connor, Kevin (2003), 16340:Laqueur, Walter (1994), 16120:Crampton, R. J. (1997), 16106:, Taylor & Francis, 15511:Review of Social Economy 15505:Izyumov, Alexei (2010). 15422:10.1136/bmj.327.7421.964 15289:The Lancet Public Health 14935:Ouimet, Matthew (2003), 13796:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 13769:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 13290:, Westview Press, 1991, 12705:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 12678:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 12396:Machonin, Pavel (1993). 12028:Michta & Mastny 1992 12016:Michta & Mastny 1992 11701:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 11647:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 11616:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 10693:, 1995, page 540, Test, 10691:Bez ostatniego rozdzialu 10447:Adam Sudol, ed. (1998), 10358:14 November 2014 at the 10215:28 February 2010 at the 10125:Stanilov, Kiril (2007), 9833:Satyendra, Kush (2003), 9687:, page 125-126 & 183 9419:Satyendra, Kush (2003), 9327:One country, two systems 9305: 8639:reunification of Germany 8497:in August 1989. In 1990 8352:, briefly aligning with 7963:Kasernierte Volkspolizei 7945:, SED General Secretary 7334:Polish People's Republic 6486:Polish People's Republic 5770:Polish People's Republic 5561:was covered by a fog of 4028:Even by the late 1980s, 4023:Palace of the Parliament 3649:Eastern Bloc population 2984:Communist countries and 2829:Berlin Tempelhof Airport 2727:and allies), led by the 511:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 26505:Country classifications 26405:State ideology of China 26277:Workers' Party of Korea 26192:Communist Party of Cuba 26182:Chinese Communist Party 25839:Portuguese Colonial War 25635:Foundations of Leninism 25187:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 24898:Dialectical materialism 24570:Workers' Party of Korea 24374:Communist Party of Cuba 24333:Chinese Communist Party 24059:New Course (GDR, 1950s) 24042:Pre-dissolution reforms 23927:Economy of East Germany 22396:Iosif Stalin locomotive 22139:Foundations of Leninism 22125:Anarchism or Socialism? 22006:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 21873:NKVD prisoner massacres 21525:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 21414:Death and state funeral 20112:Fall of the Berlin Wall 20057:People Power Revolution 20042:Central American crisis 19982:1986 Black Sea incident 19632:1973 Afghan coup d'état 19530:Western Sahara conflict 19341:1966 Syrian coup d'état 19264:1963 Syrian coup d'état 19207:Portuguese Colonial War 19170:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 18935:1954 Syrian coup d'état 18812:Annexation of Hyderabad 18755:1947–1949 Palestine war 17654:Fall of the Berlin Wall 17580:1981 protests in Kosovo 17518:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 17046:Stanek, Łukasz (2020), 16794:Turnock, David (2006). 16776:Turnock, David (1997), 16664:Sillince, John (1990), 16346:Oxford University Press 15850:28 January 2021 at the 15633:Encyclopedia Britannica 15467:Oxford University Press 14720:The Hungarian Quarterly 13664:The Legacy of Chernobyl 11895:Aleksandras Stulginskis 11056:, p. 241 & 244 10751:Studies in Intelligence 10724:Google Books, p. 20-24. 10029:Oxford University Press 10023:Ahonen, Pertti (2003), 9960:Glisic, Jelena (1976), 9280:Eurasian Economic Union 9114:Communist Party of Cuba 9091:Chinese Communist Party 8503:fall of the Berlin Wall 8301:and the failure of the 4943:Heavy industry emphasis 4916:had also denounced the 4051:Central heating % 2670:Marshall Plan rejection 2387:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2364:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2334:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1044:from 1979 to 1983, the 862:, in opposition to the 854:and existed during the 755:End of the Soviet Union 730:Fall of the Berlin Wall 290: (until 1948) 265: (until 1977) 254: (until 1989) 188: (until 1961) 167: (until 1961) 26490:Cold War organizations 26485:20th century in Europe 26127:Bosnia and Herzegovina 25461:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 25371:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 24671:Yemeni Socialist Party 24100:Eastern Bloc economies 23913:Eastern Bloc economies 22971:Sotsialistik Qazaqstan 22604:(second father-in-law) 21858:Murder of Sergey Kirov 21733:Stalinist architecture 21619:Turkish Straits crisis 20406:Neoclassical economics 19917:Gulf of Sidra incident 19474:1969 Libyan revolution 19165:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 18950:1954 Geneva Conference 18710:Turkish straits crisis 18705:Corfu Channel incident 18029:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 17752:Leaders of the ruling 17122: 17098:Listen to this article 16896:34.2 (2020): 172–191. 16650:, Simon and Schuster, 16384:Loescher, Gil (2001), 16063:Böcker, Anita (1998), 15239:Ther, Philipp (2016). 14802:. Photius Coutsoukis. 11869:Hobby, Jeneen (2009). 11742:The Historical Journal 10812:Simon Sebag Montefiore 10757:Stalin's Killing Field 10591:, 2001, ed, page 364, 10526:Revolution from Abroad 9792:Middle Eastern Studies 9514:Middle Eastern Studies 9275:Eastern European Group 9045: 8949: 8763:Marxist–Leninist state 8629: 8621: 8570: 8443: 8257:1954 Geneva Conference 8228: 8161:invaded Czechoslovakia 8140: 8035: 7637:Initial year shortage 7549: 7062: 7054: 5645:Total Economy Database 5633:gross domestic product 5622:post-World War II boom 5616:("economic miracle"), 5254: 5249:home computer made in 5200:land to APCs. Because 5139: 5009:Siemens-Martin process 4907:History of the Comecon 4811: 4744: 4673:lack of market signals 4668: 3977: 3603:Eastern Bloc defectors 3560: 3376: 3216: 2989: 2957: 2835: 2779: 2688: 2527: 2503:British Prime Minister 2293: 1368:Other Communist states 1135: 1060:in 1977. Although not 444:Protests and uprisings 26: 26370:Post-Marxism–Leninism 26252:Nepal Communist Party 25849:Nicaraguan Revolution 25819:Albanian–Soviet split 25516:Mengistu Haile Mariam 25055:Democratic centralism 25045:Collective leadership 24611:São Tomé and Príncipe 24585:Polish Workers' Party 23622:AzTV (Azerbaijan SSR) 23613:Republican stations: 22894:Republican newspapers 22625:William Wesley Peters 22170:Falsifiers of History 22093:Rootless cosmopolitan 21399:Rule as Soviet leader 21256:Russia–NATO relations 21137:Jonathan Reed Winkler 20421:Democratic capitalism 20416:Supply-side economics 20384:American conservatism 20183:Breakup of Yugoslavia 20072:Bougainville conflict 19987:South Yemen civil war 19922:Martial law in Poland 19785:Nicaraguan Revolution 19760:Dirty War (Argentina) 19567:1971 JVP insurrection 19381:Years of Lead (Italy) 19259:North Yemen civil war 19177:Berlin Crisis of 1961 19153:Albanian–Soviet split 19085:1959 Tibetan uprising 19050:Syrian Crisis of 1957 18905:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 18765:1948 Arab–Israeli War 18426:Security Service (SB) 17969:Polish Workers' Party 17704:Breakup of Yugoslavia 17267:on 28 September 2007. 17195:RFE Czechoslovak Unit 17121: 16977:Overy, R. J. (2004), 16224:Goertz, Gary (1995), 16166:Yale University Press 16138:Dale, Gareth (2005), 16087:. Avalon Publishing. 15961:"Anti-anti-communism" 14886:The Prague Spring '68 14785:25 April 2009 at the 13269:, M.E. Sharpe, 1994, 12146:19 March 2009 at the 10976:"Armistice Agreement" 10744:24 March 2010 at the 10598:27 March 2009 at the 10586:Karolina Lanckoronska 10502:Bartlomiej Kozlowski 10164:, Routledge, p. 10045:White, N. D. (1990), 9700:, M.E. Sharpe, 2002, 9346:Albanian–Soviet split 9039: 8947: 8858:and North Korea is a 8627: 8617: 8565: 8538:a wave of revolutions 8426: 8348:withdrawing from the 8295:Albanian–Soviet split 8265:anti-Soviet sentiment 8223: 8186:Further information: 8138: 8033: 7646:1986% of total stock 7541: 7060: 7045: 5253:between 1987 and 1989 5244: 5133: 5038:in the Soviet Union, 4875:joint-stock companies 4802: 4761:democratic governance 4734: 4726:rukovodyashchiy narod 4708:Eastern Bloc politics 4698:Further information: 4663:During World War II, 4662: 4276:With sewage disposal 4054:Inside toilet % 3971: 3554: 3485:Further information: 3465:Albanian–Soviet split 3366: 3234:Trybuna Ludu (Poland) 3207:martial law in Poland 3204: 3181:Deutscher Fernsehfunk 3179:Further information: 3159:Służba Bezpieczeństwa 3041:Further information: 2983: 2951: 2944:Eastern Bloc politics 2858:Further information: 2826: 2701: 2683: 2674:Further information: 2607:pro-Soviet government 2579:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2513:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2500: 2475:Further information: 2401:. Soviet authorities 2291: 2089:Sao Tome and Principe 1133: 883:non-aligned countries 873:", whereas the term " 760:Post-Soviet conflicts 745:Breakup of Yugoslavia 648:Albanian–Soviet split 359:Anti-Soviet partisans 302:Related organizations 24: 26525:Spheres of influence 26450:Communism portal 26438:Socialism portal 25937:Democratic Kampuchea 25844:Black Power movement 25809:Non-Aligned Movement 24948:Socialist patriotism 23952:Economy of Lithuania 23546:Televizioni Shqiptar 22958:(Karelo-Finnish SSR) 22867:Komsomolskaya Pravda 22646:Stalin's house, Gori 22577:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 22505:Besarion Jughashvili 22446:Batumi Stalin Museum 22357:Nineteen Eighty-Four 22108:Censorship of images 21787:Crimes, repressions, 21490:1931 Menshevik Trial 21471:First five-year plan 20677:Non-Aligned Movement 20299:Peaceful coexistence 20253:North Borneo dispute 20168:German reunification 20163:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 19861:Salvadoran Civil War 19810:Grand Mosque seizure 19805:Yemenite War of 1979 19697:Mozambican Civil War 19652:Carnation Revolution 19607:Yemenite War of 1972 19545:1970 Polish protests 19376:1967 Hong Kong riots 19351:Argentine Revolution 19301:Guatemalan Civil War 19229:Cuban Missile Crisis 19143:Bay of Pigs Invasion 19015:1956 Poznań protests 18993:Geneva Summit (1955) 18595:Hukbalahap Rebellion 18574:Non-Aligned Movement 18362:State Security (StB) 18087:Konstantin Chernenko 17552:1970 Polish protests 17533:1956 Poznań protests 17398:Soviet-allied states 17255:on 19 February 2006. 17241:8 March 2011 at the 17153:More spoken articles 16957:Olsen, Neil (2000), 16851:Zwass, Adam (1984). 16604:Pugh, Emily (2008). 16160:Dowty, Alan (1989), 15570:. pp. 301–303. 15469:. pp. 195–196. 14994:on 28 September 2007 14850:Von Geldern, James; 14610:UN General Assembly 14537:UN General Assembly 14496:UN General Assembly 14455:UN General Assembly 14414:UN General Assembly 14373:UN General Assembly 14332:UN General Assembly 14288:UN General Assembly 14275:6 March 2009 at the 13619:on 8 September 2010. 12821:3 April 2010 at the 12638:. Country-data.com. 10790:Senn, Alfred Erich, 10754:, Winter 1999–2000; 10735:Fischer, Benjamin B. 10411:, London, New York: 9864:Cities of Pilgrimage 9444:Cities of Pilgrimage 8896:Washington Consensus 8856:dominant-party state 8835:were members of the 8687:. Following growing 8405:pursued policies of 8303:Bay of Pigs Invasion 8299:Cuban Missile Crisis 8281:was a factor in the 8216:European integration 8005:Technical University 7534:Development policies 7048:Geary-Khamis dollars 5640:The Conference Board 5530:and Czechoslovakian 5463:A Czechoslovak-made 4712:As a consequence of 4686:(central banks) and 4409:Floor space/dwelling 3630:intrauterine devices 3503:Soviet Border Troops 3155:Urząd Bezpieczeństwa 2960:Despite the initial 2767:Non-Aligned Movement 2549:In the aftermath of 2477:Operation Barbarossa 2441:interim peace treaty 1662:Other aligned states 1112:Non-Aligned Movement 1073:Non-Aligned Movement 1056:from 1969 until the 1016:(1945–1946) and the 814:, also known as the 740:Barricades in Latvia 685:1980 Moscow Olympics 665:Cuban Missile Crisis 26360:National Bolshevism 25894:Revolutions of 1989 25879:Sino-Albanian split 25864:Naxalite insurgency 25854:Cultural Revolution 25734:Great Patriotic War 25586:Nur Muhammad Taraki 25132:Ho Chi Minh Thought 25050:Cult of personality 24888:Developed socialism 23962:Economy of Moldavia 22979:Sovettik Kyrgyzstan 22638:Stalin's residences 22585:Galina Dzhugashvili 22569:Svetlana Alliluyeva 22553:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 22480:Cultural depictions 22322:Anti-Stalinist left 22277:Shvernik Commission 22245:Pospelov Commission 22021:Population transfer 21996:1941 Red Army purge 21970:Suppressed research 21624:First Indochina War 21567:Great Patriotic War 21545:Moscow Peace Treaty 21409:Cult of personality 21122:Alex von Tunzelmann 21112:Vladimir Tismăneanu 21037:Thomas J. McCormick 21032:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 20932:Robert Hugh Ferrell 20795:Crusade for Freedom 20592:Illiberal democracy 20476:Ho Chi Minh Thought 20279:Eisenhower Doctrine 20132:Peaceful Revolution 20127:Romanian Revolution 20107:Revolutions of 1989 20092:1988 Polish strikes 20002:Operation INFEKTION 19997:1987 Lieyu massacre 19902:Eritrean Civil Wars 19885:Peruvian Revolution 19835:1979 Herat uprising 19825:Sino-Vietnamese War 19790:Uganda–Tanzania War 19770:Egyptian–Libyan War 19737:Third Indochina War 19732:Sino-Albanian split 19722:Ethiopian Civil War 19622:Eritrean Civil Wars 19562:Ping-pong diplomacy 19535:Cambodian Civil War 19361:Korean DMZ Conflict 19346:Cultural Revolution 19316:Dominican Civil War 19294:Tlatelolco massacre 19080:1959 Mosul uprising 19070:1958 Lebanon crisis 18797:Al-Wathbah uprising 18720:First Indochina War 18690:Iran crisis of 1946 18255:Inner German border 18011:Mieczysław Rakowski 18006:Wojciech Jaruzelski 17669:Romanian revolution 17642:Revolutions of 1989 17523:1953 Plzeň uprising 17219:OSA Digital Archive 17168:on 31 January 2008. 16943:, Wiley-Blackwell, 16925:, OECD Publishing, 16907:, Lexington Books, 16410:, Greenwood Press, 16402:Michta, Andrew A.; 15953:Ghodsee, Kristen R. 15929:. 5 December 2011. 15899:. 2 November 2009. 15748:Mackenbach, Johan. 14730:on 27 November 2004 14587:on 17 November 2007 14214:on 9 September 2006 13658:Medvedev, Zhores A. 13485:"Sergey A. Lebedev" 13286:Nagengast, Carole, 13076:. 8 November 2010. 12831:, 11 September 2004 12636:"Germany – Housing" 12579:www.nepszamlalas.hu 12266:, p. 1&126 11355:, Routledge, 1998, 10856:The Story of Latvia 10763:9 July 2008 at the 10371:Christie, Kenneth, 9717:Skinner, Kiron F., 9658:, Routledge, 2007, 9407:, Routledge, 1993, 9377:, Routledge, 1988, 9270:Communist nostalgia 9248:Soviet Union portal 9006:Pew Research Center 8579:Pan-European Picnic 8573:The opening of the 8555:in April 1989, the 8501:following the 1989 8495:Pan-European Picnic 8448:Brezhnev stagnation 8358:Sino-Albanian split 8356:'s China until the 8188:Revolutions of 1989 8007:compiled a list of 7627: 7498:East German economy 6581:Soviet Union/Russia 5889:Soviet Union/Russia 4889:, and oil wells in 4807:flat interior in a 4403: 4279:With inside toilet 4270:Houses/flats total 4263: 4048:Piped water % 4038: 4030:sanitary conditions 3650: 3607:Svetlana Alliluyeva 3570:Inner German border 3081:Poland in the 1980s 2642:bourgeois democracy 2595:conference at Yalta 2310:Transcaucasian SFSR 1163:officially withdrew 1052:from 1974, and the 1018:Republic of Mahabad 725:Revolutions of 1989 25889:Nepalese Civil War 25834:Great Leap Forward 25596:Pushpa Kamal Dahal 25471:Kaysone Phomvihane 25273:Xi Jinping Thought 24908:Labour aristocracy 24440:New Jewel Movement 23841:(Byelorussian SSR) 23727:(Byelorussian SSR) 23632:ETV (Estonian SSR) 23588:Central Television 23456:Politikin Zabavnik 23344:Jugend und Technik 23165:Slobodna Dalmacija 23141:Rabotnichesko Delo 22987:Moldova Socialistă 22915:Sovetskaya Latviya 22910:(Byelorussian SSR) 22899:Sovetskaya Rossiya 22874:Pionerskaya Pravda 22848:Central newspapers 22609:Alexander Svanidze 22537:Konstantin Kuzakov 22529:Yakov Dzhugashvili 22488:Apocalypse: Stalin 22461:Stalin Peace Prize 22456:State Stalin Prize 22159:"Ten Blows" speech 22146:Dizzy with Success 22056:Operation "Priboi" 22036:Operation "Lentil" 21989:1937 Soviet Census 21668:Sino-Soviet Treaty 21582:Potsdam Conference 21535:Invasion of Poland 21276:Russian Revolution 21072:Mary Elise Sarotte 21057:William B. Pickett 20982:Patrick J. Hearden 20962:Gabriel Gorodetsky 20957:Timothy Garton Ash 20942:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 20537:Ethnic nationalism 20289:Hallstein Doctrine 20173:Yemeni unification 19962:1985 Geneva Summit 19927:Casamance conflict 19830:New Jewel Movement 19815:Iranian Revolution 19800:Chadian–Libyan War 19747:Cambodian conflict 19727:Lebanese Civil War 19717:Western Sahara War 19692:June 1976 protests 19687:Cambodian genocide 19452:17 July Revolution 19406:Nigerian Civil War 19321:Rhodesian Bush War 19306:Colombian conflict 19249:Ramadan Revolution 18988:Bandung Conference 18864:Operation Valuable 18745:Partition of India 18135:Dragoslav Marković 18039:Nicolae Ceaușescu 17679:Singing Revolution 17562:June 1976 protests 17347:Soviet occupations 17123: 17076:, Westview Press, 16268:, Westview Press, 15817:. 26 October 2019. 15027:, pp. 154–157 14925:, pp. 326–329 13265:Adelman, Deborah, 13106:on 20 October 2013 11951:1 May 2009 at the 11330:on 14 January 2009 10670:, 1996, page 284, 10196:The New York Times 10144:standard of living 9822:– via JSTOR. 9654:Ludlow, N. Piers, 9544:– via JSTOR. 9348:from 1961 to 1970. 9163:2 September 1945 ( 9046: 9011:Kristen R. Ghodsee 8950: 8833:post-Soviet Russia 8783:post-Soviet states 8630: 8622: 8571: 8444: 8344:. This led to the 8229: 8204:Singing Revolution 8141: 8036: 7885:, housing blocks ( 7625: 7550: 7063: 7055: 5586:Zone of alienation 5502:Zastava/Yugo Koral 5358:VAZ-2101/Lada 1200 5255: 5140: 5016:shortage economies 4812: 4745: 4669: 4401: 4362:2,682,143 (75.7%) 4342:1,571,691 (50.4%) 4261: 4036: 3978: 3648: 3561: 3377: 3292:Scînteia (Romania) 3217: 3137:Hungary – ÁVH and 2990: 2958: 2836: 2788:Józef Cyrankiewicz 2780: 2689: 2626:Potsdam Conference 2528: 2493:Potsdam Conference 2294: 2284:Foundation history 1136: 881:" referred to the 715:Singing Revolution 489:Novocherkassk 1962 27: 26457: 26456: 25824:Sino-Soviet split 25784:Tito–Stalin split 25729:Spanish Civil War 25670:Guerrilla Warfare 25629:Theoretical works 25561:Władysław Gomułka 25536:Nicolae Ceaușescu 25496:Nikos Zachariadis 25416:Nikita Khrushchev 25391:Palmiro Togliatti 25090:Transmission belt 25035:Central committee 24893:Dialectical logic 24798: 24797: 24747: 24746: 24743: 24742: 24553: 24552: 24357: 24356: 24301: 24300: 24128: 24127: 23957:Economy of Latvia 23879: 23878: 23870:Czech News Agency 23750:Deutschlandsender 23745:Berliner Rundfunk 23077:Neues Deutschland 23061:Mladá fronta DNES 22939:Czerwony Sztandar 22737: 22736: 22694:Kholodnaya Rechka 22391:Iosif Stalin tank 22312:Lenin's Testament 22287:Era of Stagnation 22088:Mingrelian Affair 22066:Forced settlement 22051:Operation "North" 22011:Soviet war crimes 21789:and controversies 21728:Socialist realism 21691: 21690: 21673:Tito–Stalin split 21572:Tehran Conference 21495:Spanish Civil War 21466:Chinese Civil War 21307: 21306: 21294:List of conflicts 21142:Rudolph Winnacker 21087:Giles Scott-Smith 21062:Ronald E. Powaski 21017:Melvyn P. Leffler 20947:John Lewis Gaddis 20922:Robert D. English 20887:Warren H. Carroll 20877:Michael Beschloss 20846:Nuclear arms race 20827: 20826: 20733:Neues Deutschland 20635: 20634: 20617:White nationalism 20587:Liberal democracy 20324:Ulbricht Doctrine 20314:Brezhnev Doctrine 20122:Velvet Revolution 19866:Soviet–Afghan War 19682:Angolan Civil War 19479:Goulash Communism 19336:ASEAN Declaration 19289:Mexican Dirty War 19187:Annexation of Goa 19138:1960 U-2 incident 19112:Sino-Soviet split 19090:Laotian Civil War 18930:Bricker Amendment 18910:Mau Mau rebellion 18854:Malayan Emergency 18842:Chinese Civil War 18802:Tito–Stalin split 18656:Division of Korea 18480: 18479: 18186: 18185: 18182: 18181: 18177: 18176: 18173: 18172: 18092:Mikhail Gorbachev 18072:Nikita Khrushchev 17991:Władysław Gomułka 17961: 17960: 17754:Communist parties 17719: 17718: 17664:Velvet Revolution 17626:Telephone tapping 17600:list of defectors 17389:Tito–Stalin split 17207:– Project by the 17119: 17083:978-0-8133-1703-8 17039:978-90-5823-097-3 17012:978-0-8131-9045-7 16990:978-0-393-02030-4 16970:978-0-85598-432-8 16950:978-0-470-59619-7 16932:978-92-64-02261-4 16923:The world economy 16914:978-0-7391-0160-5 16864:978-0-87332-245-4 16844:978-0-521-58803-4 16826:978-0-7425-5542-6 16807:978-0-415-18053-5 16787:978-0-415-08626-4 16769:978-0-300-03865-1 16751:978-0-393-30869-3 16729:978-0-521-79278-3 16711:978-0-19-508136-7 16693:978-0-415-28580-3 16675:978-0-415-02134-0 16657:978-0-671-72868-7 16639:978-0-300-11204-7 16597:978-0-7546-3790-5 16579:978-0-7864-2913-4 16561:978-0-8223-1294-9 16543:978-0-312-17407-1 16525:978-0-7146-4765-4 16507:978-0-313-32355-3 16489:978-0-231-10676-4 16471:978-963-7326-67-7 16453:978-0-521-86244-8 16435:978-0-89096-967-0 16417:978-92-64-02261-4 16395:978-0-19-829716-1 16377:978-1-55775-200-0 16355:978-0-19-510282-6 16333:978-0-8179-8231-7 16315:978-0-691-09678-0 16293:978-1-56324-612-8 16275:978-0-8133-1189-0 16257:978-0-415-28954-2 16239:978-0-521-46972-2 16217:978-1-59420-062-5 16210:, Penguin Press, 16197:978-0-203-80109-3 16175:978-0-300-04498-0 16131:978-0-415-16422-1 16113:978-0-8153-4057-7 16094:978-0-8133-7714-8 16074:978-90-5589-095-8 16056:978-0-8133-3664-0 16034:978-0-415-36626-7 15999:. 15 October 2019 15959:(22 March 2018). 15577:978-0-226-81839-9 14973:978-0-275-94484-1 14862:on 17 August 2009 14852:Siegelbaum, Lewis 13675:978-0-393-30814-3 13643:978-2-226-04031-2 13296:978-0-8133-8053-7 13275:978-1-56324-287-8 13029:Black et al. 2000 13017:Black et al. 2000 12998:Black et al. 2000 12974:Black et al. 2000 12859:Roht-Arriaza 1995 12447:978-1-4438-0199-7 12385:978-5-02-013479-9 11932:978-1-887904-52-0 11911:Ephraim Sklyansky 11880:978-1-4144-6430-5 11763:on 27 April 2019. 11498:, pp. 180–81 11135:, pp. 274–78 10918:978-0-7190-4201-0 10909:Stalin's Cold War 10880:Smith et al. 2002 10800:978-90-420-2225-6 10566:978-83-7133-100-8 10486:978-1-57181-339-8 10458:978-83-7096-281-4 10422:978-0-415-33873-8 10293:978-1-84511-302-5 10136:978-1-4020-6052-6 10108:978-0-470-39908-8 10056:978-0-7190-3227-1 9994:978-0-521-79278-3 9940:978-0-618-22647-4 9898:Satyendra, Kush, 9844:978-81-7890-071-1 9643:978-0-8078-5464-8 9582:Tito–Stalin split 9570:Sino–Soviet split 9430:978-81-7890-071-1 9359:Sino-Soviet split 9189: 9188: 9106:República de Cuba 9032:People's Republic 8991:political freedom 8693:Nicolae Ceaușescu 8670:Velvet Revolution 8603:Mikhail Gorbachev 8595:Otto von Habsburg 8591:Karl von Habsburg 8587:Paneuropean Union 8567:Otto von Habsburg 8452:Mikhail Gorbachev 8429:Mikhail Gorbachev 8403:Mikhail Gorbachev 8389:Soviet–Afghan War 8381:Era of Stagnation 8365:Brezhnev Doctrine 8273:Nikita Khrushchev 8237:Tito–Stalin split 8170:and a period of " 7994:Władysław Gomułka 7848: 7847: 7640:% of total stock 7482: 7481: 7040: 7039: 6650:Yugoslavia/Serbia 6381: 6380: 5618:Trente Glorieuses 5614:Wirtschaftswunder 5111:industrialization 4937:Nicolae Ceauşescu 4897:Trade and Comecon 4694:Social conditions 4648: 4647: 4393:in 1980–1986 and 4386: 4385: 4376:3,228,257 (83.8%) 4373:3,209,930 (83.3%) 4359:1,859,677 (52.5%) 4356:2,367,274 (66.8%) 4336:1,167,055 (37.4%) 4273:With piped water 4259: 4258: 4006:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3931: 3930: 3619:Russian Civil War 3453:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3353:Radio Free Europe 3297:Zvyazda (Belarus) 3282:Pravda (Slovakia) 3215:,14 December 1981 3115:Czechoslovakia – 2998:central committee 2926:The port city of 2909:Władysław Gomułka 2874:Tito–Stalin split 2860:Tito–Stalin split 2854:Tito–Stalin split 2574:Winston Churchill 2506:Winston Churchill 2405:agriculture, and 1821:Equatorial Guinea 1120:Tito–Stalin split 1028:(from 1969), the 1024:(from 1967), the 1012:(1944–1949), the 904:countries in the 808: 807: 643:Sino-Soviet split 623:Tito–Stalin split 618:Czechoslovak coup 596: 595: 536:Ukraine 1989–1991 474:East Germany 1953 416:Soviet occupation 26532: 26520:Marxism–Leninism 26448: 26447: 26446: 26436: 26435: 26395:State capitalism 25799:De-Stalinization 25794:Cuban Revolution 25616:Gennady Zyuganov 25601:Rohana Wijeweera 25456:Klement Gottwald 25451:Valko Chervenkov 25436:Lazar Kaganovich 25396:Dolores Ibárruri 25263:Three Represents 25208:Intercommunalism 25028:Political system 24871:Central planning 24866:Anti-revisionism 24856:Anti-imperialism 24832:Marxism–Leninism 24825: 24818: 24811: 24802: 24801: 24620: 24557: 24556: 24457: 24361: 24360: 24316: 24296: 24269: 24268: 24173: 24172: 24169: 24168: 24155: 24148: 24141: 24132: 24131: 24105:Shortage economy 24093:Related concepts 23976:Collectivization 23906: 23899: 23892: 23883: 23882: 23872:(Czechoslovakia) 23847:(Lithuanian SSR) 23739:Rundfunk der DDR 23703:(Lithuanian SSR) 23701:Lietuvos radijas 23695:Latvijas Radio 1 23604:Moscow Programme 23560:(Czechoslovakia) 23531:(Czechoslovakia) 23197:Večernje novosti 23181:Sportske novosti 23152:(Czechoslovakia) 23136:(Czechoslovakia) 23125:Politika Ekspres 23064:(Czechoslovakia) 22955:Neuvosto-Karjala 22942:(Lithuanian SSR) 22934:(Lithuanian SSR) 22764: 22757: 22750: 22741: 22740: 22727: 22726: 22629: 22621: 22613: 22612:(brother-in-law) 22605: 22601:Sergei Alliluyev 22597: 22593:Joseph Alliluyev 22589: 22581: 22573: 22565: 22557: 22549: 22541: 22533: 22525: 22517: 22509: 22411:Pantheon, Moscow 22369:The Soviet Story 22343:Darkness at Noon 22232:De-Stalinization 22083:Leningrad Affair 21816:Decossackization 21614:1946 Iran crisis 21577:Yalta Conference 21449:Collectivization 21374: 21373: 21334: 21327: 21320: 21311: 21310: 21052:David S. Painter 20977:John Earl Haynes 20907:Nicholas J. Cull 20892:Adrian Cioroianu 20872:Thomas A. Bailey 20819:Voice of America 20710: 20709: 20622:White separatism 20602:Social democracy 20597:Guided democracy 20577:Authoritarianism 20527:Ultranationalism 20517:Anti-imperialism 20444:Marxism–Leninism 20357: 20356: 20344:Kinmen Agreement 20309:Johnson Doctrine 20294:Kennedy Doctrine 20210:Frozen conflicts 20193:1991 August Coup 20082:Afghan Civil War 19977:Reykjavík Summit 19972:Somali Rebellion 19912:Ugandan Bush War 19890:Gdańsk Agreement 19411:Protests of 1968 19391:War of Attrition 19100:Cuban Revolution 19036:We will bury you 19003:Cyprus Emergency 18983:Kashmir Princess 18973:Jebel Akhdar War 18822:Western betrayal 18507: 18500: 18493: 18484: 18483: 18222:agencies in the 18213: 18206: 18199: 18190: 18189: 18150:Milanko Renovica 18125:Dušan Dragosavac 18115:Stevan Doronjski 18034:Gheorghe Apostol 17965: 17964: 17853:Alexander Dubček 17843:Klement Gottwald 17815:Valko Chervenkov 17775: 17774: 17771: 17770: 17766: 17765: 17746: 17739: 17732: 17723: 17722: 17508:Goryani Movement 17488: 17480: 17446: 17408: 17342:Yalta Conference 17301: 17294: 17287: 17278: 17277: 17268: 17263:. Archived from 17256: 17251:. Archived from 17169: 17164:. Archived from 17143: 17141: 17130: 17129: 17120: 17110: 17108: 17104: 17099: 17086: 17066: 17042: 17024: 17015: 17004: 16993: 16973: 16953: 16935: 16917: 16889: 16868: 16847: 16829: 16811: 16790: 16772: 16754: 16743: 16732: 16714: 16696: 16678: 16660: 16642: 16624: 16622: 16620: 16610: 16600: 16582: 16564: 16546: 16528: 16510: 16492: 16474: 16456: 16438: 16420: 16398: 16380: 16369: 16358: 16336: 16326:, Hoover Press, 16318: 16296: 16278: 16260: 16242: 16220: 16200: 16178: 16156: 16134: 16116: 16098: 16077: 16067:, Het Spinhuis, 16059: 16037: 16009: 16008: 16006: 16004: 15989: 15983: 15982: 15980: 15978: 15949: 15943: 15942: 15940: 15938: 15919: 15913: 15912: 15910: 15908: 15889: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15878: 15861: 15855: 15841: 15835: 15824: 15818: 15810: 15805: 15799: 15792: 15786: 15776: 15770: 15763: 15757: 15746: 15740: 15729: 15723: 15713: 15707: 15700: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15689: 15675: 15669: 15668: 15666: 15664: 15650: 15644: 15643: 15641: 15639: 15625: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15614: 15594: 15585: 15584: 15557: 15551: 15550: 15502: 15493: 15492: 15458: 15452: 15451: 15441: 15401: 15395: 15394: 15384: 15344: 15333: 15332: 15322: 15304: 15295:(5): e231–e238. 15279: 15273: 15272: 15270: 15268: 15236: 15230: 15224: 15218: 15212: 15206: 15200: 15191: 15190:, pp. 395–6 15185: 15179: 15178:, pp. 394–5 15173: 15167: 15164: 15158: 15155: 15149: 15146: 15140: 15137: 15131: 15128: 15122: 15107: 15101: 15095: 15089: 15083: 15077: 15058: 15052: 15046: 15040: 15034: 15028: 15022: 15016: 15010: 15004: 15003: 15001: 14999: 14983: 14977: 14976: 14959: 14953: 14947: 14941: 14940: 14932: 14926: 14920: 14914: 14908: 14902: 14901: 14899: 14897: 14878: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14867: 14847: 14841: 14834: 14828: 14822: 14816: 14815: 14813: 14811: 14796: 14790: 14777: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14766: 14746: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14735: 14711: 14705: 14704: 14702: 14700: 14694: 14683: 14675: 14669: 14662: 14656: 14649: 14643: 14642: 14638: 14636: 14634: 14628: 14621: 14608: 14602: 14596: 14594: 14592: 14583:. Archived from 14576: 14570: 14569: 14565: 14563: 14561: 14555: 14548: 14535: 14529: 14528: 14524: 14522: 14520: 14514: 14507: 14494: 14488: 14487: 14483: 14481: 14479: 14473: 14466: 14453: 14447: 14446: 14442: 14440: 14438: 14432: 14425: 14412: 14406: 14405: 14401: 14399: 14397: 14391: 14384: 14371: 14365: 14364: 14360: 14358: 14356: 14350: 14343: 14330: 14321: 14320: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14306: 14299: 14286: 14280: 14266: 14260: 14259: 14257: 14255: 14249: 14238: 14230: 14224: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14210:, archived from 14201: 14195: 14189: 14166: 14160: 14147: 14141: 14128: 14122: 14109: 14103: 14094: 14088: 14082: 14076: 14070: 14069:, pp. 11–12 14064: 14058: 14052: 14043: 14037: 14026: 14020: 14009: 14003: 13990: 13984: 13961: 13958: 13952: 13946: 13931: 13925: 13914: 13908: 13897: 13891: 13882: 13876: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13852: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13841: 13831: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13805: 13799: 13793: 13784: 13778: 13772: 13766: 13757: 13751: 13745: 13739: 13733: 13727: 13716: 13710: 13699: 13697: 13696:on 30 June 2007. 13686: 13680: 13679: 13667: 13654: 13648: 13647: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13609: 13603: 13597: 13588: 13582: 13573: 13567: 13558: 13552: 13539: 13533: 13520: 13514: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13496: 13487:. Computer.org. 13481: 13475: 13472: 13466: 13463: 13457: 13456:, p. xx–xxi 13451: 13445: 13439: 13422: 13416: 13405: 13399: 13382: 13376: 13367: 13361: 13352: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13299: 13284: 13278: 13263: 13257: 13251: 13238: 13232: 13226: 13220: 13197: 13191: 13185: 13179: 13164: 13158: 13137: 13134: 13128: 13122: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13111: 13096: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13085: 13070: 13053: 13047: 13032: 13026: 13020: 13014: 13001: 12995: 12989: 12983: 12977: 12971: 12962: 12956: 12947: 12946:, pp. 29–30 12941: 12935: 12929: 12916: 12910: 12901: 12895: 12886: 12880: 12874: 12873:, pp. 207–9 12868: 12862: 12856: 12847: 12841: 12832: 12813: 12807: 12804: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12793: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12763: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12733: 12714: 12708: 12702: 12696: 12690: 12681: 12675: 12664: 12658: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12614: 12608: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12571: 12565: 12564:, pp. 19–20 12559: 12553: 12547: 12534: 12528: 12517: 12511: 12500: 12494: 12471: 12465: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12431: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12420: 12393: 12387: 12377: 12371: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12341: 12332: 12326: 12320: 12314: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12285: 12279: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12255: 12249: 12238: 12232: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12202: 12196: 12187: 12181: 12175: 12169: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12136: 12130: 12124: 12115: 12109: 12103: 12097: 12088: 12082: 12076: 12070: 12064: 12058: 12052: 12051:, pp. 312–3 12046: 12031: 12025: 12019: 12013: 12002: 11996: 11985: 11979: 11970: 11964: 11955: 11940: 11934: 11920: 11914: 11891: 11885: 11884: 11866: 11860: 11854: 11845: 11839: 11828: 11822: 11813: 11807: 11796: 11790: 11784: 11778: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11756:. Archived from 11739: 11730: 11721: 11715: 11704: 11698: 11689: 11683: 11674: 11668: 11662: 11656: 11650: 11644: 11631: 11630:, pp. 108–9 11625: 11619: 11613: 11602: 11599: 11593: 11590: 11584: 11583: 11565: 11559: 11553: 11547: 11541: 11524: 11518: 11499: 11493: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11460: 11454: 11448: 11442: 11441:, pp. 65–70 11436: 11430: 11424: 11418: 11412: 11406: 11400: 11394: 11388: 11382: 11376: 11363: 11349: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11314: 11308: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11245: 11239: 11230: 11229: 11211: 11205: 11199: 11186: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11151: 11145: 11136: 11130: 11124: 11106: 11097: 11096: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11038: 11032: 11023: 11017: 11011: 11005: 10999: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10972: 10966: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10922: 10921: 10904: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10840: 10834: 10828: 10819: 10808: 10802: 10788: 10782: 10776: 10767: 10708: 10702: 10687:Władysław Anders 10685: 10660: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10625:Encyklopedia PWN 10616: 10610: 10593:Chapter I – Lwów 10583: 10574: 10568: 10550: 10544: 10521:Jan Tomasz Gross 10501: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10426: 10425: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10383: 10369: 10363: 10348: 10339: 10332: 10323: 10317: 10311: 10306:Julian Towster. 10304: 10298: 10297: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10239:(3): 1304–1305. 10226: 10220: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9980: 9974: 9973: 9957: 9948: 9947: 9920: 9911: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9783: 9774: 9773: 9767: 9759: 9739: 9730: 9715: 9709: 9694: 9688: 9675:Ahonen, Pertti, 9673: 9667: 9652: 9646: 9628: 9601: 9598:armed insurgency 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9545: 9504: 9498: 9490: 9469: 9437: 9388:Haggett, Peter, 9373:Loth, Wilfried, 9368: 9362: 9355: 9349: 9342: 9330: 9316: 9264: 9259: 9258: 9250: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9236: 9234:Communism portal 9231: 9230: 9229: 9222: 9220:Socialism portal 9217: 9216: 9208: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9180: 9159: 9142: 9135:2 December 1975 9122: 9051: 9050: 9042:communist states 8771:state capitalist 8767:economic reforms 8747:anti-imperialism 8685:de-Stalinization 8511:Marxist–Leninist 8507:1989 Revolutions 8457:Sinatra Doctrine 8393:civil resistance 8369:socialist states 8340:to suppress the 8323:French Indochina 8307:Cuban Revolution 8126:Marxism–Leninism 8091:Alexander Dubček 8044:Soviet Politburo 8034:Budapest in 1956 7982:de-Stalinization 7943:Brandenburg Gate 7925:) occurred from 7628: 7624: 7548:apartment blocks 7478: 7473: 7468: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7435: 7430: 7417: 7412: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7379: 7374: 7344: 7339: 7312: 7307: 7294: 7289: 7260: 7255: 7165: 7160: 7076: 7075: 6391: 6390: 5651: 5650: 5500:A Yugoslav-made 5494: 5485: 5457: 5448: 5426:A Romanian-made 5420: 5411: 5395:FSO Polonez 1500 5391:Polski Fiat 126p 5383: 5374: 5346: 5337: 5305: 5296: 5231:Oder-Neisse line 5156:collective farms 5151:Marxist–Leninist 5143:Collectivization 5058:in Bulgaria, or 4885:, coal mines in 4853:Asset relocation 4839:Marxist–Leninist 4827:collectivisation 4757:market economies 4677:central planners 4412:People/dwelling 4404: 4400: 4382:3,274,514 (85%) 4322:373,124 (13.5%) 4264: 4260: 4039: 4035: 3934:Social structure 3651: 3647: 3463:, undergoing an 3461:de-Stalinization 3439:'s inclusion of 3338:Byelorussian SSR 3247: 3205:Announcement of 2986:Soviet republics 2975:Marxist–Leninist 2971:market economies 2954:Marxist–Leninist 2807:Szklarska Poręba 2760: 2735: 2714: 2538:(except for the 2524:Yalta Conference 2489:Yalta Conference 2358:Moscow Armistice 2320:. Soviet leader 2306:Byelorussian SSR 2275: 2273: 2272: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2247: 2246: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1986: 1985: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1915: 1914: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1874: 1873: 1861: 1859: 1858: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1833: 1831: 1830: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1760: 1758: 1757: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1700: 1699: 1687: 1686: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1323:Byelorussian SSR 1321: 1319: 1318: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1090:(1955–1991) and 1064:, leadership of 1062:Marxist–Leninist 860:Marxism–Leninism 832:communist states 800: 793: 786: 709: 656: 607: 452:Poland 1944–1989 436:Operation Jungle 355: 354: 351: 349: 303: 154: 64: 62: 56: 45: 44: 35: 29: 28: 26540: 26539: 26535: 26534: 26533: 26531: 26530: 26529: 26460: 26459: 26458: 26453: 26444: 26442: 26430: 26423: 26420:Totalitarianism 26400:State socialism 26309: 26285: 26156: 25897: 25739:Greek Civil War 25673: 25624: 25576:Mathieu Kérékou 25481:Leonid Brezhnev 25446:Bolesław Bierut 25441:Georgi Dimitrov 25426:Josip Broz Tito 25421:Walter Ulbricht 25345: 25192:Gonzalo Thought 25104: 25023: 25010:Socialist state 24979: 24834: 24829: 24799: 24794: 24748: 24739: 24725: 24711: 24702: 24688: 24674: 24655: 24637: 24622: 24616: 24605: 24591: 24573: 24549: 24532: 24517: 24502: 24484: 24483: 24459: 24453: 24442: 24428: 24405: 24391: 24377: 24353: 24336: 24318: 24312: 24297: 24292: 24281: 24258: 24244: 24230: 24216: 24199: 24185: 24162: 24159: 24129: 24124: 24088: 24037: 23971: 23915: 23910: 23880: 23875: 23821: 23741:(East Germany) 23709:(Russian SFSR) 23683:First Programme 23677:All-Union Radio 23665: 23534: 23496:Svet kompjutera 23227: 23221:Zëri i Popullit 23085:Nova Makedonija 22990:(Moldavian SSR) 22833: 22804:State Committee 22782: 22773: 22768: 22738: 22733: 22715: 22711:Stalin's bunker 22661:Room at Kremlin 22651:Tiflis Seminary 22632: 22627: 22619: 22611: 22603: 22595: 22588:(granddaughter) 22587: 22579: 22571: 22563: 22555: 22547: 22545:Artyom Sergeyev 22539: 22531: 22523: 22515: 22507: 22493: 22475: 22379: 22337:True Communists 22300: 22298: 22291: 22255:Khrushchev Thaw 22226: 22193:Stalin's poetry 22112: 21980:Japhetic theory 21918:Medvedev Forest 21811:Georgian Affair 21788: 21782: 21743:Five-year plans 21687: 21656:Berlin Blockade 21646:Greek Civil War 21435:August Uprising 21423: 21404:Political views 21369: 21363: 21343: 21338: 21308: 21303: 21280: 21271:Second Cold War 21229: 21157: 21151: 21127:Odd Arne Westad 21117:Patrick Vaughan 21102:Athan Theoharis 21082:Ellen Schrecker 21067:Yakov M. Rabkin 21042:Timothy Naftali 20987:Tvrtko Jakovina 20972:Jussi Hanhimäki 20855: 20833: 20823: 20801:Paix et Liberté 20776: 20720:Active measures 20701: 20631: 20612:White supremacy 20572:Totalitarianism 20500: 20425: 20348: 20334:Reagan Doctrine 20329:Carter Doctrine 20269:Truman Doctrine 20257: 20204: 20136: 20031:Soviet reaction 19942:Ndogboyosoi War 19849: 19820:Saur Revolution 19647:1973 oil crisis 19612:Munich massacre 19520:Alcora Exercise 19515:Black September 19493: 19239:Sino-Indian War 19133:Simba rebellion 19116: 18960:Capture of the 18868: 18807:Berlin Blockade 18740:May 1947 crises 18730:Truman Doctrine 18695:Greek Civil War 18684:Blacklist Forty 18651:Gouzenko Affair 18638:Cursed soldiers 18590:Morgenthau Plan 18578: 18516: 18511: 18481: 18476: 18448: 18430: 18407: 18384: 18366: 18348: 18330: 18312: 18259: 18226: 18217: 18187: 18178: 18169: 18165:Milan Pančevski 18145:Vidoje Žarković 18110:Josip Broz Tito 18096: 18077:Leonid Brezhnev 18067:Georgy Malenkov 18043: 18015: 18001:Stanisław Kania 17981:Bolesław Bierut 17971: 17957: 17918: 17910: 17896:Walter Ulbricht 17872: 17848:Antonín Novotný 17829: 17810:Georgi Dimitrov 17796: 17760: 17750: 17720: 17715: 17630: 17584: 17571:Soviet reaction 17557:Croatian Spring 17501: 17499: 17492: 17486: 17478: 17450: 17444: 17406: 17393: 17379:Berlin Blockade 17330: 17329: 17310: 17305: 17259: 17247: 17243:Wayback Machine 17160: 17157: 17156: 17145: 17139: 17137: 17134:This audio file 17131: 17124: 17115: 17112: 17106: 17102: 17101: 17097: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17064: 17040: 17013: 16991: 16971: 16951: 16933: 16915: 16882:Applebaum, Anne 16876: 16874:Further reading 16871: 16865: 16857:. M.E. Sharpe. 16845: 16827: 16808: 16788: 16770: 16752: 16730: 16712: 16694: 16676: 16658: 16640: 16618: 16616: 16608: 16598: 16580: 16562: 16544: 16526: 16508: 16490: 16472: 16454: 16436: 16418: 16404:Mastny, Vojtech 16396: 16378: 16356: 16334: 16316: 16294: 16286:, M.E. Sharpe, 16276: 16258: 16240: 16218: 16198: 16176: 16154: 16132: 16114: 16095: 16075: 16057: 16035: 16018: 16013: 16012: 16002: 16000: 15991: 15990: 15986: 15976: 15974: 15950: 15946: 15936: 15934: 15921: 15920: 15916: 15906: 15904: 15891: 15890: 15886: 15876: 15874: 15862: 15858: 15852:Wayback Machine 15842: 15838: 15825: 15821: 15808: 15806: 15802: 15793: 15789: 15777: 15773: 15765:Leon, David A. 15764: 15760: 15756:. December 2012 15747: 15743: 15730: 15726: 15714: 15710: 15701: 15697: 15687: 15685: 15677: 15676: 15672: 15662: 15660: 15652: 15651: 15647: 15637: 15635: 15627: 15626: 15622: 15612: 15610: 15595: 15588: 15578: 15558: 15554: 15503: 15496: 15485: 15459: 15455: 15402: 15398: 15345: 15336: 15280: 15276: 15266: 15264: 15257: 15237: 15233: 15225: 15221: 15213: 15209: 15201: 15194: 15186: 15182: 15174: 15170: 15165: 15161: 15156: 15152: 15147: 15143: 15138: 15134: 15129: 15125: 15108: 15104: 15096: 15092: 15084: 15080: 15059: 15055: 15047: 15043: 15035: 15031: 15023: 15019: 15011: 15007: 14997: 14995: 14984: 14980: 14974: 14960: 14956: 14948: 14944: 14933: 14929: 14921: 14917: 14909: 14905: 14895: 14893: 14880: 14879: 14875: 14865: 14863: 14848: 14844: 14835: 14831: 14823: 14819: 14809: 14807: 14798: 14797: 14793: 14787:Wayback Machine 14778: 14774: 14764: 14762: 14747: 14743: 14733: 14731: 14712: 14708: 14698: 14696: 14692: 14681: 14677: 14676: 14672: 14663: 14659: 14650: 14646: 14640: 14632: 14630: 14626: 14619: 14615: 14609: 14605: 14599:Walter Cronkite 14590: 14588: 14579: 14577: 14573: 14567: 14559: 14557: 14553: 14546: 14542: 14536: 14532: 14526: 14518: 14516: 14512: 14505: 14501: 14495: 14491: 14485: 14477: 14475: 14471: 14464: 14460: 14454: 14450: 14444: 14436: 14434: 14430: 14423: 14419: 14413: 14409: 14403: 14395: 14393: 14389: 14382: 14378: 14372: 14368: 14362: 14354: 14352: 14348: 14341: 14337: 14331: 14324: 14318: 14310: 14308: 14304: 14297: 14293: 14287: 14283: 14277:Wayback Machine 14267: 14263: 14253: 14251: 14247: 14236: 14232: 14231: 14227: 14217: 14215: 14202: 14198: 14190: 14169: 14161: 14150: 14142: 14131: 14123: 14112: 14104: 14097: 14089: 14085: 14077: 14073: 14065: 14061: 14053: 14046: 14038: 14029: 14021: 14012: 14004: 13993: 13989:, pp. 36–7 13985: 13964: 13959: 13955: 13947: 13934: 13926: 13917: 13909: 13900: 13892: 13885: 13877: 13870: 13860: 13858: 13854: 13853: 13849: 13839: 13837: 13833: 13832: 13828: 13818: 13816: 13807: 13806: 13802: 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10805: 10789: 10785: 10777: 10770: 10765:Wayback Machine 10746:Wayback Machine 10731:Wayback Machine 10709: 10705: 10683: 10661: 10657: 10651:Piotrowski 2007 10649: 10645: 10635: 10633: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10600:Wayback Machine 10581: 10578:Polish currency 10575: 10571: 10551: 10547: 10533:Wayback Machine 10513:Wayback Machine 10499: 10497: 10493: 10487: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10445: 10441: 10433: 10429: 10423: 10405:Sanford, George 10402: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10370: 10366: 10360:Wayback Machine 10349: 10342: 10333: 10326: 10318: 10314: 10305: 10301: 10294: 10280: 10276: 10245:10.2307/1960285 10227: 10223: 10217:Wayback Machine 10207: 10203: 10191: 10187: 10176: 10156: 10152: 10137: 10123: 10119: 10109: 10089: 10085: 10071: 10067: 10057: 10043: 10039: 10031:, p. 212, 10021: 10017: 10009: 10005: 9995: 9981: 9977: 9958: 9951: 9941: 9921: 9914: 9897: 9893: 9875: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9831: 9827: 9784: 9777: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9740: 9733: 9716: 9712: 9695: 9691: 9674: 9670: 9653: 9649: 9631:Piero Gleijeses 9629: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9604: 9591: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9567: 9563: 9555: 9551: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9455: 9431: 9369: 9365: 9356: 9352: 9343: 9339: 9334: 9333: 9317: 9313: 9308: 9300:State socialism 9262:Politics portal 9260: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9239: 9232: 9227: 9225: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9174: 9169:30 April 1975 ( 9168: 9162: 9150: 9138: 9120: 9087:1 October 1949 9076: 9034: 9028: 8908:Kristen Ghodsee 8880: 8875: 8863:one-party state 8849:Dmitry Medvedev 8689:public protests 8683:the program of 8411:(openness) and 8334:Leonid Brezhnev 8218: 8184: 8114:Leonid Brezhnev 8079: 8071:Main articles: 8069: 8014:Hungarian flags 7978: 7972: 7947:Walter Ulbricht 7911: 7905: 7900: 7620: 7585:(1966), 2.4 in 7581:(1960), 1.4 in 7577:(1963), 1.7 in 7573:(1961), 1.5 in 7569:(1956), 2.0 in 7536: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7433: 7428: 7415: 7410: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7377: 7372: 7342: 7337: 7310: 7305: 7292: 7287: 7258: 7253: 7163: 7158: 7050:) according to 5642:as part of its 5609: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5487: 5486: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5450: 5449: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5413: 5412: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5376: 5375: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5297: 5283:divided highway 5279:infrastructural 5239: 5237:Economic growth 5128: 5107: 5074: 5068: 5018:that resulted. 4945: 4909: 4901:Main articles: 4899: 4855: 4823:command economy 4797: 4792: 4790:Initial changes 4772:command economy 4752:totalitarianism 4710: 4696: 4671:Because of the 4657: 4379:2,853,834 (74%) 4353:2,268,014 (64%) 4339:838,626 (26.9%) 4333:1,370,609 (44%) 4313:620,600 (22.5%) 4302:174,186 (7.1%) 4299:306,998 (12.5%) 4293:420,644 (17.1%) 4282:With piped gas 4010:systematisation 3966: 3964:Housing quality 3950: 3936: 3675:Density (1980) 3615: 3546:101st kilometre 3521: 3483: 3477: 3410: 3398:Main articles: 3396: 3383: 3361: 3241: 3199: 3177: 3171: 3109:Soviet Union – 3095:East Germany – 3077: 3039: 3002:communist party 2946: 2940: 2899:, where leader 2866:Josip Broz Tito 2862: 2856: 2821: 2819:Berlin Blockade 2815: 2778: 2758: 2756: 2733: 2731: 2712: 2678: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2638: 2603:some exceptions 2526:, February 1945 2501:The Big Three ( 2495: 2473: 2412:Initial Soviet 2360: 2332:Main articles: 2330: 2286: 2270: 2268: 2256: 2254: 2241: 2229: 2227: 2215: 2213: 2201: 2199: 2187: 2185: 2173: 2171: 2151: 2149: 2137: 2135: 2123: 2121: 2110: 2108: 2096: 2094: 2082: 2080: 2068: 2066: 2050: 2048: 2037: 2035: 2023: 2021: 2009: 2007: 1995: 1993: 1980: 1964: 1962: 1942: 1940: 1928: 1926: 1909: 1897: 1895: 1883: 1881: 1868: 1856: 1854: 1842: 1840: 1828: 1826: 1814: 1812: 1801: 1799: 1787: 1785: 1773: 1771: 1755: 1753: 1741: 1739: 1727: 1725: 1713: 1711: 1694: 1681: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1647: 1645: 1632: 1630: 1619: 1617: 1605: 1603: 1590: 1588: 1576: 1574: 1562: 1560: 1544: 1542: 1529: 1527: 1515: 1513: 1501: 1499: 1482: 1480: 1467: 1465: 1452: 1450: 1437: 1435: 1423: 1421: 1408: 1406: 1392: 1390: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1346: 1344: 1330: 1328: 1316: 1314: 1298: 1296: 1283: 1281: 1267: 1265: 1251: 1249: 1235: 1233: 1216: 1214: 1201: 1199: 1186: 1184: 1171: 1169: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1128: 1066:Ba'athist Syria 1040:from 1975, the 994: 804: 775: 774: 710: 707: 700: 699: 652: 628:Berlin Blockade 608: 606:Cold War events 605: 598: 597: 521:Kazakhstan 1986 352: 347: 345: 338: 337: 304: 301: 294: 293: 155: 152: 145: 144: 65: 60: 54: 52: 42: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 26538: 26528: 26527: 26522: 26517: 26512: 26507: 26502: 26497: 26492: 26487: 26482: 26477: 26472: 26455: 26454: 26452: 26440: 26428: 26425: 26424: 26422: 26417: 26415:Third-Worldism 26412: 26407: 26402: 26397: 26392: 26387: 26377: 26372: 26367: 26362: 26357: 26352: 26347: 26337: 26332: 26325:Anti-communism 26322: 26317: 26315: 26311: 26310: 26308: 26303: 26298: 26293: 26291: 26290:Related topics 26287: 26286: 26284: 26279: 26274: 26264: 26259: 26254: 26249: 26244: 26239: 26234: 26229: 26224: 26219: 26214: 26209: 26204: 26199: 26194: 26189: 26184: 26179: 26174: 26169: 26164: 26162: 26158: 26157: 26155: 26149: 26144: 26139: 26134: 26129: 26120: 26115: 26110: 26104: 26099: 26094: 26089: 26084: 26079: 26074: 26069: 26064: 26059: 26054: 26049: 26044: 26039: 26030: 26025: 26020: 26015: 26010: 26005: 26000: 25995: 25990: 25985: 25980: 25975: 25969: 25963:Czechoslovakia 25960: 25955: 25950: 25945: 25939: 25930: 25925: 25920: 25915: 25910: 25905: 25903: 25899: 25898: 25896: 25891: 25886: 25881: 25876: 25871: 25866: 25861: 25856: 25851: 25846: 25841: 25836: 25831: 25826: 25821: 25816: 25811: 25806: 25801: 25796: 25791: 25786: 25781: 25775: 25770: 25765: 25756: 25751: 25746: 25741: 25736: 25731: 25726: 25721: 25716: 25711: 25706: 25700: 25695: 25690: 25681: 25679: 25675: 25674: 25672: 25667: 25662: 25657: 25652: 25647: 25642: 25637: 25632: 25630: 25626: 25625: 25623: 25618: 25613: 25608: 25606:Abimael Guzmán 25603: 25598: 25593: 25588: 25583: 25578: 25573: 25571:Thomas Sankara 25568: 25563: 25558: 25556:Erich Honecker 25553: 25551:Maurice Bishop 25548: 25543: 25538: 25533: 25528: 25523: 25518: 25513: 25511:Agostinho Neto 25508: 25503: 25498: 25493: 25488: 25483: 25478: 25476:Khalid Bakdash 25473: 25468: 25463: 25458: 25453: 25448: 25443: 25438: 25433: 25428: 25423: 25418: 25413: 25408: 25406:Võ Nguyên Giáp 25403: 25398: 25393: 25388: 25386:Maurice Thorez 25383: 25378: 25376:Ehmetjan Qasim 25373: 25368: 25366:Ernst Thälmann 25363: 25358: 25353: 25351: 25347: 25346: 25344: 25339: 25334: 25329: 25321: 25313: 25308: 25302: 25297: 25292: 25286: 25281: 25276: 25270: 25265: 25260: 25254: 25249: 25243: 25237: 25232: 25227: 25222: 25217: 25211: 25204: 25199: 25197:Prachanda Path 25194: 25189: 25183: 25178: 25173: 25168: 25162: 25157: 25151: 25144: 25139: 25134: 25129: 25123: 25117: 25112: 25110: 25106: 25105: 25103: 25102: 25097: 25092: 25087: 25082: 25077: 25072: 25067: 25062: 25057: 25052: 25047: 25042: 25037: 25031: 25029: 25025: 25024: 25022: 25017: 25012: 25007: 25002: 24997: 24992: 24987: 24985: 24981: 24980: 24978: 24977: 24972: 24967: 24962: 24961: 24960: 24955: 24945: 24940: 24938:Social fascism 24935: 24933:Self-criticism 24930: 24925: 24920: 24915: 24910: 24905: 24900: 24895: 24890: 24885: 24880: 24879: 24878: 24868: 24863: 24858: 24853: 24848: 24842: 24840: 24836: 24835: 24828: 24827: 24820: 24813: 24805: 24796: 24795: 24793: 24792: 24789: 24785: 24784: 24779: 24774: 24769: 24764: 24759: 24753: 24750: 24749: 24745: 24744: 24741: 24740: 24735: 24733: 24727: 24726: 24719: 24717: 24704: 24703: 24698: 24696: 24690: 24689: 24684: 24682: 24676: 24675: 24665: 24663: 24657: 24656: 24647: 24645: 24639: 24638: 24632: 24630: 24624: 24623: 24615: 24613: 24607: 24606: 24601: 24599: 24593: 24592: 24583: 24581: 24575: 24574: 24567: 24565: 24554: 24551: 24550: 24542: 24540: 24534: 24533: 24527: 24525: 24519: 24518: 24512: 24510: 24504: 24503: 24496: 24494: 24486: 24485: 24482: 24481: 24476: 24470: 24469: 24467: 24461: 24460: 24452: 24450: 24444: 24443: 24438: 24436: 24430: 24429: 24415: 24413: 24407: 24406: 24401: 24399: 24393: 24392: 24387: 24385: 24383:Czechoslovakia 24379: 24378: 24371: 24369: 24358: 24355: 24354: 24346: 24344: 24338: 24337: 24330: 24328: 24320: 24319: 24311: 24309: 24303: 24302: 24299: 24298: 24291: 24289: 24283: 24282: 24277: 24275: 24266: 24260: 24259: 24254: 24252: 24246: 24245: 24240: 24238: 24232: 24231: 24226: 24224: 24218: 24217: 24209: 24207: 24201: 24200: 24195: 24193: 24187: 24186: 24181: 24179: 24167: 24164: 24163: 24158: 24157: 24150: 24143: 24135: 24126: 24125: 24123: 24122: 24117: 24112: 24107: 24102: 24096: 24094: 24090: 24089: 24087: 24086: 24081: 24076: 24071: 24066: 24061: 24056: 24051: 24045: 24043: 24039: 24038: 24036: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24013:Dekulakization 24010: 24005: 24000: 23995: 23990: 23985: 23979: 23977: 23973: 23972: 23970: 23969: 23964: 23959: 23954: 23949: 23944: 23939: 23934: 23929: 23923: 23921: 23917: 23916: 23909: 23908: 23901: 23894: 23886: 23877: 23876: 23874: 23873: 23867: 23861: 23856: 23850: 23849: 23848: 23842: 23829: 23827: 23823: 23822: 23820: 23819: 23814: 23808: 23803: 23797: 23791: 23785: 23783:Radio Bulgaria 23780: 23774: 23773: 23772: 23767: 23762: 23757: 23752: 23747: 23736: 23735: 23734: 23733:(Georgian SSR) 23728: 23722: 23717: 23716: 23715: 23704: 23698: 23692: 23691:(Estonian SSR) 23686: 23673: 23671: 23667: 23666: 23664: 23663: 23662: 23661: 23660: 23659: 23654: 23649: 23644: 23639: 23634: 23629: 23624: 23619: 23611: 23606: 23601: 23596: 23585: 23579: 23573: 23567: 23566:(East Germany) 23561: 23555: 23549: 23542: 23540: 23536: 23535: 23533: 23532: 23524: 23516: 23508: 23500: 23492: 23484: 23483:(Soviet Union) 23476: 23468: 23467:(East Germany) 23460: 23452: 23444: 23443:(Soviet Union) 23436: 23435:(Soviet Union) 23428: 23420: 23419:(East Germany) 23412: 23411:(East Germany) 23404: 23403:(East Germany) 23396: 23395:(East Germany) 23388: 23380: 23372: 23371:(East Germany) 23368:Kultur im Heim 23364: 23356: 23348: 23347:(East Germany) 23340: 23332: 23331:(East Germany) 23324: 23316: 23315:(East Germany) 23308: 23307:(East Germany) 23300: 23299:(East Germany) 23296:Form und Zweck 23292: 23291:(East Germany) 23284: 23276: 23275:(East Germany) 23268: 23260: 23252: 23244: 23243:(East Germany) 23235: 23233: 23229: 23228: 23226: 23225: 23217: 23209: 23201: 23193: 23185: 23177: 23169: 23161: 23153: 23145: 23137: 23129: 23121: 23113: 23105: 23097: 23089: 23081: 23080:(East Germany) 23073: 23065: 23057: 23049: 23041: 23040:(East Germany) 23033: 23025: 23017: 23009: 23001: 22993: 22992: 22991: 22983: 22975: 22967: 22966:(Georgian SSR) 22959: 22951: 22950:(Estonian SSR) 22943: 22935: 22927: 22919: 22911: 22903: 22902:(Russian SFSR) 22891: 22888:Sovetsky Sport 22884: 22877: 22870: 22863: 22856: 22841: 22839: 22835: 22834: 22832: 22831: 22826: 22825: 22824: 22819: 22818: 22817: 22812: 22807: 22806:(Gosteleradio) 22790: 22788: 22784: 22783: 22778: 22775: 22774: 22767: 22766: 22759: 22752: 22744: 22735: 22734: 22732: 22731: 22720: 22717: 22716: 22714: 22713: 22708: 22707: 22706: 22701: 22696: 22691: 22686: 22681: 22676: 22671: 22663: 22658: 22653: 22648: 22642: 22640: 22634: 22633: 22631: 22630: 22622: 22614: 22606: 22598: 22590: 22582: 22574: 22566: 22558: 22550: 22542: 22534: 22526: 22518: 22510: 22501: 22499: 22495: 22494: 22492: 22491: 22483: 22481: 22477: 22476: 22474: 22473: 22468: 22466:Stalin Society 22463: 22458: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22438: 22433: 22428: 22423: 22418: 22413: 22408: 22406:Stalin statues 22403: 22398: 22393: 22387: 22385: 22381: 22380: 22378: 22377: 22372: 22365: 22360: 22353: 22346: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22307:Stalin Epigram 22303: 22301: 22296: 22293: 22292: 22290: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22257: 22252: 22250:Rehabilitation 22247: 22242: 22236: 22234: 22228: 22227: 22225: 22224: 22219: 22212: 22207: 22202: 22195: 22190: 22185: 22178: 22173: 22166: 22161: 22156: 22149: 22142: 22135: 22128: 22120: 22118: 22114: 22113: 22111: 22110: 22105: 22100: 22095: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22069: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22028: 22018: 22013: 22008: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21992: 21991: 21986: 21977: 21972: 21964: 21963: 21962: 21957: 21952: 21947: 21946: 21945: 21940: 21935: 21930: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21870: 21860: 21855: 21850: 21849: 21848: 21838: 21833: 21828: 21826:Wittorf affair 21823: 21821:Dekulakization 21818: 21813: 21808: 21803: 21798: 21792: 21790: 21784: 21783: 21781: 21780: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21763:New Soviet man 21760: 21755: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21725: 21720: 21715: 21710: 21705: 21699: 21697: 21693: 21692: 21689: 21688: 21686: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21664: 21663: 21658: 21653: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21637: 21636: 21626: 21621: 21616: 21606: 21601: 21596: 21591: 21586: 21585: 21584: 21579: 21574: 21569: 21564: 21559: 21554: 21549: 21548: 21547: 21537: 21527: 21522: 21517: 21512: 21507: 21502: 21497: 21492: 21487: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21462: 21461: 21456: 21446: 21437: 21431: 21429: 21425: 21424: 21422: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21380: 21378: 21371: 21365: 21364: 21362: 21361: 21355: 21348: 21345: 21344: 21337: 21336: 21329: 21322: 21314: 21305: 21304: 21302: 21301: 21296: 21291: 21285: 21282: 21281: 21279: 21278: 21273: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21237: 21235: 21231: 21230: 21228: 21227: 21222: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21161: 21159: 21153: 21152: 21150: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21097:Timothy Snyder 21094: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21027:Vojtech Mastny 21024: 21022:Geir Lundestad 21019: 21014: 21012:Walter Laqueur 21009: 21007:Walter LaFeber 21004: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20984: 20979: 20974: 20969: 20964: 20959: 20954: 20949: 20944: 20939: 20937:André Fontaine 20934: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20914: 20909: 20904: 20899: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20879: 20874: 20869: 20867:Gar Alperovitz 20863: 20861: 20857: 20856: 20854: 20853: 20848: 20843: 20837: 20835: 20829: 20828: 20825: 20824: 20822: 20821: 20816: 20810: 20809: 20804: 20797: 20792: 20784: 20782: 20778: 20777: 20775: 20774: 20767: 20762: 20755: 20748: 20743: 20736: 20729: 20722: 20716: 20714: 20707: 20703: 20702: 20700: 20699: 20694: 20689: 20684: 20679: 20674: 20669: 20664: 20659: 20654: 20649: 20643: 20641: 20637: 20636: 20633: 20632: 20630: 20629: 20624: 20619: 20614: 20609: 20607:Third-Worldism 20604: 20599: 20594: 20589: 20584: 20579: 20574: 20569: 20564: 20559: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20529: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20508: 20506: 20502: 20501: 20499: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20441: 20435: 20433: 20427: 20426: 20424: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20398: 20396:Libertarianism 20393: 20388: 20387: 20386: 20376: 20374:Chicago school 20371: 20365: 20363: 20354: 20350: 20349: 20347: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20321: 20319:Nixon Doctrine 20316: 20311: 20306: 20301: 20296: 20291: 20286: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20265: 20263: 20262:Foreign policy 20259: 20258: 20256: 20255: 20250: 20245: 20240: 20235: 20230: 20225: 20220: 20214: 20212: 20206: 20205: 20203: 20202: 20197: 20196: 20195: 20185: 20180: 20175: 20170: 20165: 20160: 20155: 20150: 20144: 20142: 20138: 20137: 20135: 20134: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20047:Operation RYAN 20044: 20039: 20034: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20009: 20004: 19999: 19994: 19989: 19984: 19979: 19974: 19969: 19964: 19959: 19954: 19952:Able Archer 83 19949: 19944: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19909: 19904: 19899: 19898: 19897: 19887: 19882: 19877: 19868: 19863: 19857: 19855: 19851: 19850: 19848: 19847: 19842: 19837: 19832: 19827: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19807: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19702:Oromo conflict 19699: 19694: 19689: 19684: 19679: 19674: 19669: 19664: 19659: 19654: 19649: 19644: 19642:Yom Kippur War 19639: 19634: 19629: 19624: 19619: 19614: 19609: 19604: 19599: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19501: 19499: 19495: 19494: 19492: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19465: 19464: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19425: 19420: 19419: 19418: 19408: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19348: 19343: 19338: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19297: 19296: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19274:Aden Emergency 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19226: 19225: 19224: 19219: 19214: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19192:Papua conflict 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19173: 19172: 19162: 19161: 19160: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19124: 19122: 19118: 19117: 19115: 19114: 19109: 19108: 19107: 19097: 19095:Kitchen Debate 19092: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19067: 19062: 19057: 19055:Sputnik crisis 19052: 19047: 19039: 19032: 19027: 19025:Polish October 19022: 19017: 19012: 19005: 19000: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18942: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18925:Pact of Madrid 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18880:Bamboo Curtain 18876: 18874: 18870: 18869: 18867: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18850: 18849: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18774: 18773: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18679: 18671: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18640: 18635: 18634: 18633: 18628: 18620: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18586: 18584: 18580: 18579: 18577: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18529: 18521: 18518: 18517: 18510: 18509: 18502: 18495: 18487: 18478: 18477: 18475: 18474: 18469: 18464: 18458: 18456: 18450: 18449: 18447: 18446: 18440: 18438: 18432: 18431: 18429: 18428: 18423: 18417: 18415: 18409: 18408: 18406: 18405: 18400: 18394: 18392: 18386: 18385: 18383: 18382: 18376: 18374: 18368: 18367: 18365: 18364: 18358: 18356: 18354:Czechoslovakia 18350: 18349: 18347: 18346: 18340: 18338: 18332: 18331: 18329: 18328: 18322: 18320: 18314: 18313: 18311: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18269: 18267: 18261: 18260: 18258: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18231: 18228: 18227: 18216: 18215: 18208: 18201: 18193: 18184: 18183: 18180: 18179: 18175: 18174: 18171: 18170: 18168: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18106: 18104: 18098: 18097: 18095: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18057:Vladimir Lenin 18053: 18051: 18045: 18044: 18042: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18025: 18023: 18017: 18016: 18014: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17977: 17975: 17962: 17959: 17958: 17956: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17924: 17922: 17912: 17911: 17909: 17908: 17903: 17901:Erich Honecker 17898: 17893: 17891:Otto Grotewohl 17888: 17882: 17880: 17874: 17873: 17871: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17839: 17837: 17831: 17830: 17828: 17827: 17825:Petar Mladenov 17822: 17817: 17812: 17806: 17804: 17798: 17797: 17795: 17794: 17789: 17783: 17781: 17769: 17762: 17761: 17749: 17748: 17741: 17734: 17726: 17717: 17716: 17714: 17713: 17712: 17711: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17671: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17644: 17638: 17636: 17632: 17631: 17629: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17592: 17590: 17586: 17585: 17583: 17582: 17577: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17504: 17502: 17497: 17494: 17493: 17491: 17490: 17482: 17474: 17469: 17464: 17458: 17456: 17452: 17451: 17449: 17448: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17401: 17399: 17395: 17394: 17392: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17370: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17344: 17338: 17336: 17332: 17331: 17328: 17327: 17322: 17316: 17315: 17312: 17311: 17304: 17303: 17296: 17289: 17281: 17275: 17274: 17269: 17257: 17245: 17233: 17228: 17222: 17216: 17211: 17202: 17192: 17182: 17176: 17170: 17146: 17132: 17125: 17113: 17096: 17095: 17093: 17092:External links 17090: 17088: 17087: 17082: 17067: 17063:978-0691168708 17062: 17043: 17038: 17025: 17016: 17011: 16994: 16989: 16974: 16969: 16954: 16949: 16936: 16931: 16918: 16913: 16900: 16890: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16869: 16863: 16848: 16843: 16830: 16825: 16812: 16806: 16791: 16786: 16773: 16768: 16755: 16750: 16733: 16728: 16715: 16710: 16697: 16692: 16679: 16674: 16661: 16656: 16643: 16638: 16625: 16601: 16596: 16583: 16578: 16565: 16560: 16547: 16542: 16529: 16524: 16511: 16506: 16493: 16488: 16475: 16470: 16457: 16452: 16439: 16434: 16421: 16416: 16399: 16394: 16381: 16376: 16359: 16354: 16337: 16332: 16319: 16314: 16297: 16292: 16279: 16274: 16261: 16256: 16243: 16238: 16221: 16216: 16201: 16196: 16179: 16174: 16157: 16153:978-0714654089 16152: 16135: 16130: 16117: 16112: 16099: 16093: 16078: 16073: 16060: 16055: 16047:Westview Press 16038: 16033: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16011: 16010: 15984: 15944: 15914: 15884: 15871:Cato Institute 15856: 15836: 15819: 15800: 15787: 15771: 15758: 15741: 15724: 15708: 15695: 15670: 15645: 15620: 15586: 15576: 15552: 15494: 15484:978-0197549247 15483: 15453: 15396: 15334: 15274: 15255: 15231: 15219: 15207: 15192: 15180: 15168: 15159: 15150: 15141: 15132: 15123: 15121:9 August 2014. 15102: 15090: 15078: 15053: 15041: 15029: 15017: 15005: 14978: 14972: 14954: 14950:Grenville 2005 14942: 14927: 14915: 14903: 14873: 14842: 14829: 14817: 14791: 14772: 14741: 14706: 14670: 14657: 14644: 14641:(1.47 MB) 14603: 14571: 14568:(1.47 MB) 14530: 14527:(1.47 MB) 14489: 14486:(1.47 MB) 14448: 14445:(1.47 MB) 14407: 14404:(1.47 MB) 14366: 14363:(1.47 MB) 14322: 14319:(1.47 MB) 14281: 14261: 14225: 14196: 14167: 14148: 14129: 14110: 14095: 14083: 14071: 14059: 14044: 14027: 14010: 13991: 13962: 13953: 13932: 13915: 13898: 13883: 13868: 13847: 13826: 13800: 13785: 13773: 13758: 13746: 13734: 13717: 13700: 13681: 13674: 13649: 13642: 13622: 13604: 13589: 13574: 13559: 13540: 13521: 13502: 13476: 13467: 13458: 13446: 13423: 13406: 13383: 13368: 13353: 13341: 13329: 13317: 13300: 13279: 13258: 13239: 13227: 13198: 13186: 13165: 13138: 13129: 13117: 13091: 13054: 13033: 13021: 13002: 12990: 12978: 12963: 12948: 12936: 12917: 12902: 12887: 12875: 12863: 12848: 12833: 12828:Deutsche Welle 12808: 12799: 12769: 12739: 12709: 12697: 12682: 12665: 12653: 12627: 12615: 12596: 12566: 12554: 12535: 12518: 12501: 12472: 12460: 12446: 12426: 12408:(2): 234–235. 12388: 12372: 12360: 12348: 12333: 12321: 12306: 12280: 12268: 12256: 12239: 12227: 12215: 12203: 12188: 12176: 12164: 12152: 12131: 12116: 12104: 12089: 12077: 12065: 12053: 12032: 12020: 12003: 11986: 11971: 11956: 11935: 11915: 11886: 11879: 11861: 11846: 11829: 11814: 11797: 11785: 11766: 11748:(2): 499–521. 11722: 11705: 11690: 11675: 11663: 11651: 11632: 11620: 11603: 11594: 11585: 11578: 11560: 11548: 11525: 11500: 11488: 11476: 11455: 11443: 11431: 11419: 11407: 11395: 11383: 11364: 11341: 11309: 11297: 11285: 11273: 11261: 11246: 11231: 11225:978-1783087990 11224: 11206: 11187: 11175: 11152: 11137: 11125: 11098: 11092:978-3832956097 11091: 11079:Nohlen, Dieter 11070: 11058: 11039: 11024: 11020:Miscamble 2007 11012: 11008:Miscamble 2007 11000: 10989: 10967: 10950: 10938: 10923: 10917: 10896: 10884: 10872: 10835: 10820: 10803: 10783: 10768: 10716:Katyn massacre 10703: 10655: 10643: 10611: 10569: 10545: 10491: 10485: 10463: 10457: 10439: 10427: 10421: 10396: 10384: 10364: 10340: 10324: 10312: 10299: 10292: 10274: 10221: 10201: 10185: 10175:978-0415072250 10174: 10150: 10135: 10117: 10107: 10094:Eastern Europe 10083: 10065: 10055: 10037: 10015: 10003: 9993: 9975: 9949: 9939: 9912: 9891: 9873: 9853: 9843: 9825: 9798:(2): 150–171. 9775: 9754: 9731: 9710: 9689: 9668: 9647: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9585: 9573: 9561: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9520:(2): 150–171. 9505: 9485: 9470: 9453: 9438: 9429: 9416: 9403:Rees, G. Wyn. 9401: 9386: 9363: 9350: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9251: 9237: 9223: 9209: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9160: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9136: 9133: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9108: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9085: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9055: 9027: 9024: 8983:GDP per capita 8979:Cato Institute 8886:asserted that 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8845:Vladimir Putin 8739:decolonization 8732:communist rule 8662:general strike 8658:Czechoslovakia 8651:Petar Mladenov 8619:Erich Honecker 8608:Erich Honecker 8446:Following the 8305:preserved the 8253:Stalin's death 8183: 8180: 8099:consumer goods 8095:Action Program 8083:Czechoslovakia 8068: 8065: 7974:Main article: 7971: 7968: 7919:Republikflucht 7907:Main article: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7806:Czechoslovakia 7802: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7643:1986 shortage 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7619: 7616: 7571:Czechoslovakia 7535: 7532: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7249:Czech Republic 7244: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7096:United Kingdom 7093: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7052:Angus Maddison 7038: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7018:United Kingdom 7015: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6788:Germany (West) 6785: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6534:Czech Republic 6529: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6353:United Kingdom 6350: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6063:Germany (West) 6060: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5830:Czech Republic 5825: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5608: 5605: 5499: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5462: 5461: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5425: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5389:A Polish-made 5388: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5352:A Soviet-made 5351: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5310: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5247:Robotron KC 87 5238: 5235: 5211:dekulakisation 5202:Czechoslovakia 5186:Lithuanian SSR 5175:dekulakisation 5127: 5124: 5106: 5103: 5067: 5064: 5052:Czechoslovakia 4970:heavy industry 4944: 4941: 4898: 4895: 4879:Czechoslovakia 4854: 4851: 4847:Czechoslovakia 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4695: 4692: 4656: 4653: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4496:Czechoslovakia 4492: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4107:Czechoslovakia 4103: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 3994:Czechoslovakia 3965: 3962: 3949: 3946: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3737:Czechoslovakia 3733: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3614: 3611: 3587:Republikflucht 3495:Republikflucht 3479:Main article: 3476: 3473: 3418:Czechoslovakia 3395: 3392: 3379:Main article: 3360: 3357: 3318:Lithuanian SSR 3301: 3300: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3249: 3236: 3231: 3173:Main article: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3151: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3113: 3107: 3038: 3035: 2942:Main article: 2939: 2936: 2855: 2852: 2833:Berlin Airlift 2817:Main article: 2814: 2811: 2757: 2732: 2711: 2671: 2668: 2660: 2657: 2637: 2634: 2553:, the parties 2510:U.S. President 2472: 2469: 2329: 2326: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2266: 2252: 2239: 2225: 2211: 2197: 2183: 2169: 2147: 2133: 2119: 2106: 2092: 2078: 2064: 2046: 2033: 2019: 2005: 1991: 1978: 1960: 1938: 1924: 1907: 1893: 1879: 1866: 1852: 1838: 1824: 1810: 1797: 1783: 1769: 1751: 1737: 1723: 1709: 1692: 1679: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1642: 1628: 1615: 1601: 1585: 1572: 1558: 1540: 1524: 1511: 1497: 1477: 1463: 1447: 1433: 1419: 1403: 1387: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1359:1945–1976 and 1342: 1341: 1340: 1326: 1294: 1278: 1262: 1246: 1230: 1212: 1208:Czechoslovakia 1196: 1182: 1166: 1140: 1137: 1127: 1126:List of states 1124: 1106:by the 1960s. 993: 990: 918:Czechoslovakia 898:Western Europe 824:Socialist Bloc 816:Communist Bloc 806: 805: 803: 802: 795: 788: 780: 777: 776: 773: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 735:January Events 732: 727: 722: 717: 711: 706: 705: 702: 701: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 609: 604: 603: 600: 599: 594: 593: 592: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 563: 562: 556: 555: 554: 553: 548: 546:Lithuania 1991 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 507: 506: 501: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 465: 464: 459: 446: 445: 441: 440: 439: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 410: 409: 403: 402: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 362: 361: 353: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 330: 325: 320: 313: 305: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 285: 271: 266: 260: 255: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 202:Czechoslovakia 199: 194: 189: 183: 178: 173: 168: 162: 156: 151: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 66: 51: 50: 47: 46: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26537: 26526: 26523: 26521: 26518: 26516: 26513: 26511: 26508: 26506: 26503: 26501: 26498: 26496: 26493: 26491: 26488: 26486: 26483: 26481: 26478: 26476: 26473: 26471: 26468: 26467: 26465: 26451: 26441: 26439: 26434: 26429: 26426: 26421: 26418: 26416: 26413: 26411: 26408: 26406: 26403: 26401: 26398: 26396: 26393: 26391: 26388: 26385: 26381: 26378: 26376: 26373: 26371: 26368: 26366: 26363: 26361: 26358: 26356: 26353: 26351: 26348: 26345: 26344:Mass killings 26341: 26338: 26336: 26333: 26330: 26329:Mass killings 26326: 26323: 26321: 26318: 26316: 26312: 26307: 26304: 26302: 26299: 26297: 26294: 26292: 26288: 26283: 26280: 26278: 26275: 26272: 26268: 26265: 26263: 26260: 26258: 26255: 26253: 26250: 26248: 26245: 26243: 26240: 26238: 26235: 26233: 26230: 26228: 26225: 26223: 26220: 26218: 26215: 26213: 26210: 26208: 26205: 26203: 26200: 26198: 26195: 26193: 26190: 26188: 26185: 26183: 26180: 26178: 26175: 26173: 26170: 26168: 26165: 26163: 26161:Organizations 26159: 26153: 26150: 26148: 26145: 26143: 26140: 26138: 26135: 26133: 26130: 26128: 26124: 26121: 26119: 26116: 26114: 26111: 26108: 26105: 26103: 26100: 26098: 26095: 26093: 26090: 26088: 26085: 26083: 26080: 26078: 26075: 26073: 26070: 26068: 26065: 26063: 26060: 26058: 26055: 26053: 26050: 26048: 26045: 26043: 26040: 26038: 26034: 26031: 26029: 26026: 26024: 26021: 26019: 26016: 26014: 26011: 26009: 26006: 26004: 26001: 25999: 25996: 25994: 25991: 25989: 25986: 25984: 25981: 25979: 25976: 25973: 25970: 25968: 25964: 25961: 25959: 25956: 25954: 25951: 25949: 25946: 25943: 25940: 25938: 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25924: 25921: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25911: 25909: 25906: 25904: 25900: 25895: 25892: 25890: 25887: 25885: 25882: 25880: 25877: 25875: 25872: 25870: 25867: 25865: 25862: 25860: 25859:Prague Spring 25857: 25855: 25852: 25850: 25847: 25845: 25842: 25840: 25837: 25835: 25832: 25830: 25827: 25825: 25822: 25820: 25817: 25815: 25812: 25810: 25807: 25805: 25802: 25800: 25797: 25795: 25792: 25790: 25787: 25785: 25782: 25779: 25776: 25774: 25771: 25769: 25766: 25764: 25760: 25757: 25755: 25752: 25750: 25747: 25745: 25742: 25740: 25737: 25735: 25732: 25730: 25727: 25725: 25722: 25720: 25717: 25715: 25712: 25710: 25707: 25704: 25701: 25699: 25696: 25694: 25691: 25689: 25685: 25682: 25680: 25676: 25671: 25668: 25666: 25663: 25661: 25658: 25656: 25653: 25651: 25648: 25646: 25643: 25641: 25638: 25636: 25633: 25631: 25627: 25622: 25619: 25617: 25614: 25612: 25609: 25607: 25604: 25602: 25599: 25597: 25594: 25592: 25589: 25587: 25584: 25582: 25579: 25577: 25574: 25572: 25569: 25567: 25566:Samora Machel 25564: 25562: 25559: 25557: 25554: 25552: 25549: 25547: 25544: 25542: 25539: 25537: 25534: 25532: 25529: 25527: 25524: 25522: 25519: 25517: 25514: 25512: 25509: 25507: 25504: 25502: 25499: 25497: 25494: 25492: 25489: 25487: 25486:Deng Xiaoping 25484: 25482: 25479: 25477: 25474: 25472: 25469: 25467: 25464: 25462: 25459: 25457: 25454: 25452: 25449: 25447: 25444: 25442: 25439: 25437: 25434: 25432: 25431:Mátyás Rákosi 25429: 25427: 25424: 25422: 25419: 25417: 25414: 25412: 25409: 25407: 25404: 25402: 25399: 25397: 25394: 25392: 25389: 25387: 25384: 25382: 25379: 25377: 25374: 25372: 25369: 25367: 25364: 25362: 25359: 25357: 25356:Joseph Stalin 25354: 25352: 25348: 25343: 25340: 25338: 25335: 25333: 25330: 25327: 25326: 25322: 25320: 25319: 25314: 25312: 25309: 25306: 25303: 25301: 25298: 25296: 25293: 25291: 25287: 25285: 25282: 25280: 25277: 25274: 25271: 25269: 25266: 25264: 25261: 25259: 25255: 25253: 25250: 25247: 25244: 25242: 25238: 25236: 25233: 25231: 25228: 25226: 25223: 25221: 25218: 25215: 25214:New Communism 25212: 25209: 25205: 25203: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25193: 25190: 25188: 25184: 25182: 25179: 25177: 25176:Khrushchevism 25174: 25172: 25169: 25166: 25163: 25161: 25158: 25156: 25152: 25150: 25149: 25145: 25143: 25140: 25138: 25135: 25133: 25130: 25127: 25124: 25122: 25118: 25116: 25113: 25111: 25107: 25101: 25098: 25096: 25095:Unified power 25093: 25091: 25088: 25086: 25083: 25081: 25078: 25076: 25073: 25071: 25068: 25066: 25063: 25061: 25058: 25056: 25053: 25051: 25048: 25046: 25043: 25041: 25038: 25036: 25033: 25032: 25030: 25026: 25021: 25018: 25016: 25013: 25011: 25008: 25006: 25003: 25001: 24998: 24996: 24993: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24982: 24976: 24973: 24971: 24968: 24966: 24963: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24950: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24924: 24923:Popular front 24921: 24919: 24916: 24914: 24911: 24909: 24906: 24904: 24901: 24899: 24896: 24894: 24891: 24889: 24886: 24884: 24881: 24877: 24874: 24873: 24872: 24869: 24867: 24864: 24862: 24859: 24857: 24854: 24852: 24849: 24847: 24844: 24843: 24841: 24837: 24833: 24826: 24821: 24819: 24814: 24812: 24807: 24806: 24803: 24790: 24787: 24786: 24783: 24780: 24778: 24775: 24773: 24770: 24768: 24765: 24763: 24760: 24758: 24755: 24754: 24751: 24738: 24734: 24732: 24728: 24724: 24723: 24718: 24716: 24715: 24709: 24708:North Vietnam 24705: 24701: 24697: 24695: 24691: 24687: 24683: 24681: 24677: 24672: 24668: 24664: 24662: 24658: 24654: 24650: 24646: 24644: 24640: 24635: 24631: 24629: 24625: 24619: 24614: 24612: 24608: 24604: 24600: 24598: 24594: 24590: 24586: 24582: 24580: 24576: 24572: 24571: 24566: 24564: 24563: 24558: 24555: 24547: 24546: 24541: 24539: 24535: 24530: 24526: 24524: 24520: 24515: 24511: 24509: 24505: 24501: 24500: 24495: 24493: 24492: 24487: 24480: 24477: 24475: 24472: 24471: 24468: 24466: 24462: 24456: 24451: 24449: 24448:Guinea-Bissau 24445: 24441: 24437: 24435: 24431: 24426: 24422: 24418: 24414: 24412: 24408: 24404: 24400: 24398: 24394: 24390: 24386: 24384: 24380: 24376: 24375: 24370: 24368: 24367: 24362: 24359: 24351: 24350: 24345: 24343: 24339: 24335: 24334: 24329: 24327: 24326: 24321: 24315: 24310: 24308: 24304: 24295: 24290: 24288: 24284: 24280: 24276: 24274: 24270: 24267: 24265: 24261: 24257: 24253: 24251: 24247: 24243: 24239: 24237: 24233: 24229: 24225: 24223: 24219: 24214: 24213: 24208: 24206: 24202: 24198: 24194: 24192: 24188: 24184: 24180: 24178: 24174: 24171: 24170: 24165: 24156: 24151: 24149: 24144: 24142: 24137: 24136: 24133: 24121: 24118: 24116: 24113: 24111: 24108: 24106: 24103: 24101: 24098: 24097: 24095: 24091: 24085: 24082: 24080: 24077: 24075: 24072: 24070: 24067: 24065: 24062: 24060: 24057: 24055: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24046: 24044: 24040: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24009: 24006: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23989: 23986: 23984: 23981: 23980: 23978: 23974: 23968: 23965: 23963: 23960: 23958: 23955: 23953: 23950: 23948: 23945: 23943: 23940: 23938: 23935: 23933: 23930: 23928: 23925: 23924: 23922: 23918: 23914: 23907: 23902: 23900: 23895: 23893: 23888: 23887: 23884: 23871: 23868: 23865: 23862: 23860: 23857: 23854: 23851: 23846: 23843: 23840: 23837: 23836: 23834: 23831: 23830: 23828: 23824: 23818: 23817:Radio Romania 23815: 23812: 23809: 23807: 23806:Radio Polonia 23804: 23801: 23800:Kossuth Rádió 23798: 23795: 23792: 23789: 23786: 23784: 23781: 23778: 23775: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23756: 23753: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23743: 23742: 23740: 23737: 23732: 23731:Radio Georgia 23729: 23726: 23725:Radio Belarus 23723: 23721: 23718: 23714: 23711: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23702: 23699: 23697:(Latvian SSR) 23696: 23693: 23690: 23687: 23684: 23681: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23674: 23672: 23668: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23650: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23638: 23635: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23625: 23623: 23620: 23618: 23615: 23614: 23612: 23610: 23607: 23605: 23602: 23600: 23599:Programme Two 23597: 23595: 23594:Programme One 23592: 23591: 23589: 23586: 23583: 23580: 23577: 23574: 23571: 23568: 23565: 23562: 23559: 23556: 23553: 23550: 23547: 23544: 23543: 23541: 23537: 23530: 23529: 23525: 23522: 23521: 23517: 23514: 23513: 23509: 23506: 23505: 23501: 23498: 23497: 23493: 23490: 23489: 23485: 23482: 23481: 23477: 23474: 23473: 23469: 23466: 23465: 23461: 23458: 23457: 23453: 23450: 23449: 23445: 23442: 23441: 23437: 23434: 23433: 23429: 23426: 23425: 23421: 23418: 23417: 23413: 23410: 23409: 23405: 23402: 23401: 23397: 23394: 23393: 23389: 23386: 23385: 23381: 23378: 23377: 23373: 23370: 23369: 23365: 23362: 23361: 23360:Književna reč 23357: 23354: 23353: 23349: 23346: 23345: 23341: 23338: 23337: 23333: 23330: 23329: 23325: 23322: 23321: 23317: 23314: 23313: 23309: 23306: 23305: 23301: 23298: 23297: 23293: 23290: 23289: 23285: 23282: 23281: 23277: 23274: 23273: 23269: 23266: 23265: 23261: 23258: 23257: 23253: 23250: 23249: 23245: 23242: 23241: 23237: 23236: 23234: 23230: 23223: 23222: 23218: 23215: 23214: 23210: 23207: 23206: 23205:Večernji list 23202: 23199: 23198: 23194: 23191: 23190: 23186: 23183: 23182: 23178: 23175: 23174: 23170: 23167: 23166: 23162: 23159: 23158: 23154: 23151: 23150: 23146: 23143: 23142: 23138: 23135: 23134: 23130: 23127: 23126: 23122: 23119: 23118: 23114: 23111: 23110: 23106: 23103: 23102: 23098: 23095: 23094: 23090: 23087: 23086: 23082: 23079: 23078: 23074: 23071: 23070: 23066: 23063: 23062: 23058: 23055: 23054: 23050: 23048:(Afghanistan) 23047: 23046: 23042: 23039: 23038: 23034: 23031: 23030: 23026: 23023: 23022: 23021:Esti Budapest 23018: 23015: 23014: 23010: 23007: 23006: 23002: 22999: 22998: 22994: 22989: 22988: 22984: 22982:(Kirghiz SSR) 22981: 22980: 22976: 22973: 22972: 22968: 22965: 22964: 22960: 22957: 22956: 22952: 22949: 22948: 22944: 22941: 22940: 22936: 22933: 22932: 22928: 22926:(Latvian SSR) 22925: 22924: 22920: 22918:(Latvian SSR) 22917: 22916: 22912: 22909: 22908: 22904: 22901: 22900: 22895: 22892: 22890: 22889: 22885: 22883: 22882: 22878: 22876: 22875: 22871: 22869: 22868: 22864: 22862: 22861: 22857: 22855: 22854: 22849: 22846: 22845: 22844:Soviet Union 22843: 22842: 22840: 22836: 22830: 22827: 22823: 22822:Printed media 22820: 22816: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22805: 22802: 22801: 22800: 22797: 22796: 22795: 22792: 22791: 22789: 22785: 22781: 22776: 22772: 22765: 22760: 22758: 22753: 22751: 22746: 22745: 22742: 22730: 22722: 22721: 22718: 22712: 22709: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22690: 22687: 22685: 22684:Semyonovskoye 22682: 22680: 22677: 22675: 22672: 22670: 22667: 22666: 22664: 22662: 22659: 22657: 22654: 22652: 22649: 22647: 22644: 22643: 22641: 22639: 22635: 22626: 22623: 22618: 22615: 22610: 22607: 22602: 22599: 22594: 22591: 22586: 22583: 22578: 22575: 22570: 22567: 22562: 22561:Vasily Stalin 22559: 22556:(second wife) 22554: 22551: 22548:(adopted son) 22546: 22543: 22538: 22535: 22530: 22527: 22522: 22521:Kato Svanidze 22519: 22514: 22511: 22506: 22503: 22502: 22500: 22496: 22490: 22489: 22485: 22484: 22482: 22478: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22419: 22417: 22414: 22412: 22409: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22397: 22394: 22392: 22389: 22388: 22386: 22382: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22370: 22366: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22358: 22354: 22352: 22351: 22347: 22345: 22344: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22317:Ryutin Affair 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22304: 22302: 22297:Criticism and 22294: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22262: 22258: 22256: 22253: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22237: 22235: 22233: 22229: 22223: 22220: 22217: 22213: 22211: 22210:Order No. 270 22208: 22206: 22205:Order No. 227 22203: 22201: 22200: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22184: 22183: 22179: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22171: 22167: 22165: 22162: 22160: 22157: 22154: 22150: 22147: 22143: 22140: 22136: 22133: 22129: 22126: 22122: 22121: 22119: 22115: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22103:Doctors' plot 22101: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22071: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22061:Nazino affair 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22033: 22032: 22029: 22026: 22025:German–Soviet 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21990: 21987: 21985: 21984:Slavists case 21981: 21978: 21976: 21973: 21971: 21968: 21967: 21965: 21961: 21958: 21956: 21953: 21951: 21950:Moscow Trials 21948: 21944: 21941: 21939: 21936: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21875: 21874: 21871: 21869: 21866: 21865: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21847: 21844: 21843: 21842: 21839: 21837: 21834: 21832: 21829: 21827: 21824: 21822: 21819: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21793: 21791: 21785: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21731: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21713:Korenizatsiya 21711: 21709: 21708:Neo-Stalinism 21706: 21704: 21701: 21700: 21698: 21694: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21635: 21632: 21631: 21630: 21627: 21625: 21622: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21611: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21600: 21597: 21595: 21594:Ili Rebellion 21592: 21590: 21587: 21583: 21580: 21578: 21575: 21573: 21570: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21560: 21558: 21555: 21553: 21550: 21546: 21543: 21542: 21541: 21538: 21536: 21533: 21532: 21531: 21528: 21526: 21523: 21521: 21518: 21516: 21513: 21511: 21508: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21491: 21488: 21486: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21451: 21450: 21447: 21445: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21432: 21430: 21426: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21381: 21379: 21375: 21372: 21366: 21359: 21356: 21353: 21350: 21349: 21346: 21342: 21341:Joseph Stalin 21335: 21330: 21328: 21323: 21321: 21316: 21315: 21312: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21286: 21283: 21277: 21274: 21272: 21269: 21267: 21264: 21262: 21261:War on terror 21259: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21238: 21236: 21232: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21162: 21160: 21156:Espionage and 21154: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21107:Andrew Thorpe 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21005: 21003: 21002:Gabriel Kolko 21000: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20980: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20967:Fred Halliday 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20952:Lloyd Gardner 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20912:Norman Davies 20910: 20908: 20905: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20897:John Costello 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20864: 20862: 20858: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20838: 20836: 20832:Technological 20830: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20811: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20802: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20790: 20786: 20785: 20783: 20779: 20773: 20772: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20760: 20756: 20754: 20753: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20741: 20737: 20735: 20734: 20730: 20728: 20727: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20717: 20715: 20713:Pro-communist 20711: 20708: 20704: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20690: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20675: 20673: 20670: 20668: 20665: 20663: 20660: 20658: 20655: 20653: 20650: 20648: 20645: 20644: 20642: 20640:Organizations 20638: 20628: 20625: 20623: 20620: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20509: 20507: 20503: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20471: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20454:Eurocommunism 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20440: 20437: 20436: 20434: 20432: 20428: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20380: 20377: 20375: 20372: 20370: 20367: 20366: 20364: 20362: 20358: 20355: 20351: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20327: 20325: 20322: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20284:Domino theory 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20270: 20267: 20266: 20264: 20260: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20238:South Ossetia 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20215: 20213: 20211: 20207: 20201: 20198: 20194: 20191: 20190: 20189: 20186: 20184: 20181: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20164: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20145: 20143: 20139: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20032: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20022:8888 Uprising 20020: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20000: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19967:Iran–Iraq War 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19953: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19932:Falklands War 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19896: 19893: 19892: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19858: 19856: 19852: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19795:NDF Rebellion 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19775:German Autumn 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19755: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19688: 19685: 19683: 19680: 19678: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19668: 19665: 19663: 19662:Metapolitefsi 19660: 19658: 19655: 19653: 19650: 19648: 19645: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19630: 19628: 19625: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19615: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19557: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19502: 19500: 19496: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19463: 19460: 19459: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19431: 19426: 19424: 19423:Prague Spring 19421: 19417: 19414: 19413: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19402: 19401:Al-Wadiah War 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19366:12-3 incident 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19295: 19292: 19291: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19227: 19223: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19213: 19210: 19209: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19171: 19168: 19167: 19166: 19163: 19159: 19156: 19155: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19125: 19123: 19119: 19113: 19110: 19106: 19103: 19102: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19045: 19040: 19037: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19010: 19006: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18963: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18945:Domino theory 18943: 18941: 18940:Petrov Affair 18938: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18877: 18875: 18871: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18848: 18845: 18844: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18817:Madiun Affair 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18777:Marshall Plan 18775: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18757: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18685: 18680: 18678: 18677: 18672: 18670: 18669: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18646: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18626: 18621: 18619: 18618: 18613: 18612: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18587: 18585: 18581: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18534: 18530: 18528: 18527: 18526:United States 18523: 18522: 18519: 18515: 18508: 18503: 18501: 18496: 18494: 18489: 18488: 18485: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18459: 18457: 18455: 18451: 18445: 18442: 18441: 18439: 18437: 18433: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18418: 18416: 18414: 18410: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18395: 18393: 18391: 18387: 18381: 18378: 18377: 18375: 18373: 18369: 18363: 18360: 18359: 18357: 18355: 18351: 18345: 18342: 18341: 18339: 18337: 18333: 18327: 18324: 18323: 18321: 18319: 18315: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18270: 18268: 18266: 18262: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18232: 18229: 18225: 18221: 18220:Secret police 18214: 18209: 18207: 18202: 18200: 18195: 18194: 18191: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18130:Mitja Ribičič 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18107: 18105: 18103: 18099: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18082:Yuri Andropov 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18062:Joseph Stalin 18060: 18058: 18055: 18054: 18052: 18050: 18046: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18026: 18024: 18022: 18018: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17996:Edward Gierek 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17978: 17976: 17974: 17970: 17966: 17963: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17928:Mátyás Rákosi 17926: 17925: 17923: 17921: 17917: 17913: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17886:Wilhelm Pieck 17884: 17883: 17881: 17879: 17875: 17869: 17868:Karel Urbánek 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17840: 17838: 17836: 17832: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17820:Todor Zhivkov 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17807: 17805: 17803: 17799: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17784: 17782: 17780: 17776: 17773: 17772: 17767: 17763: 17759: 17755: 17747: 17742: 17740: 17735: 17733: 17728: 17727: 17724: 17710: 17709:Yugoslav Wars 17707: 17706: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17670: 17667: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17649: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17639: 17637: 17633: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17601: 17597: 17594: 17593: 17591: 17587: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17572: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17544: 17543:Prague Spring 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17505: 17503: 17495: 17489: 17483: 17481: 17475: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17459: 17457: 17455:Organizations 17453: 17447: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17403: 17402: 17400: 17396: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17357:Baltic states 17355: 17353: 17350: 17349: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17339: 17337: 17333: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17317: 17313: 17309: 17302: 17297: 17295: 17290: 17288: 17283: 17282: 17279: 17273: 17270: 17266: 17262: 17258: 17254: 17250: 17246: 17244: 17240: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17226: 17223: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17206: 17203: 17200: 17196: 17193: 17190: 17186: 17183: 17180: 17177: 17174: 17171: 17167: 17163: 17159: 17158: 17154: 17150: 17135: 17085: 17079: 17075: 17074: 17068: 17065: 17059: 17055: 17051: 17050: 17044: 17041: 17035: 17032:, Routledge, 17031: 17026: 17023:, vol. 4 17022: 17017: 17014: 17008: 17003: 17002: 16995: 16992: 16986: 16982: 16981: 16975: 16972: 16966: 16962: 16961: 16955: 16952: 16946: 16942: 16937: 16934: 16928: 16924: 16919: 16916: 16910: 16906: 16901: 16899: 16895: 16891: 16887: 16883: 16879: 16878: 16866: 16860: 16856: 16855: 16849: 16846: 16840: 16836: 16831: 16828: 16822: 16818: 16813: 16809: 16803: 16800:. Routledge. 16799: 16798: 16792: 16789: 16783: 16780:, Routledge, 16779: 16774: 16771: 16765: 16761: 16756: 16753: 16747: 16742: 16741: 16734: 16731: 16725: 16721: 16716: 16713: 16707: 16703: 16698: 16695: 16689: 16686:, Routledge, 16685: 16680: 16677: 16671: 16668:, Routledge, 16667: 16662: 16659: 16653: 16649: 16644: 16641: 16635: 16631: 16626: 16614: 16607: 16602: 16599: 16593: 16589: 16584: 16581: 16575: 16572:, McFarland, 16571: 16566: 16563: 16557: 16553: 16548: 16545: 16539: 16536:, Macmillan, 16535: 16530: 16527: 16521: 16518:, Routledge, 16517: 16512: 16509: 16503: 16499: 16494: 16491: 16485: 16481: 16476: 16473: 16467: 16463: 16458: 16455: 16449: 16445: 16440: 16437: 16431: 16427: 16422: 16419: 16413: 16409: 16405: 16400: 16397: 16391: 16387: 16382: 16379: 16373: 16368: 16367: 16360: 16357: 16351: 16347: 16343: 16338: 16335: 16329: 16325: 16320: 16317: 16311: 16307: 16303: 16298: 16295: 16289: 16285: 16280: 16277: 16271: 16267: 16262: 16259: 16253: 16250:, Routledge, 16249: 16244: 16241: 16235: 16231: 16227: 16222: 16219: 16213: 16209: 16208: 16202: 16199: 16193: 16189: 16185: 16180: 16177: 16171: 16167: 16163: 16158: 16155: 16149: 16145: 16141: 16136: 16133: 16127: 16124:, Routledge, 16123: 16118: 16115: 16109: 16105: 16100: 16096: 16090: 16086: 16085: 16079: 16076: 16070: 16066: 16061: 16058: 16052: 16048: 16044: 16039: 16036: 16030: 16027:, Routledge, 16026: 16021: 16020: 15998: 15994: 15988: 15972: 15968: 15967: 15962: 15958: 15954: 15948: 15932: 15928: 15924: 15918: 15902: 15898: 15894: 15888: 15873: 15872: 15867: 15860: 15853: 15849: 15846: 15840: 15833: 15829: 15823: 15816: 15812: 15804: 15797: 15791: 15784: 15781: 15775: 15768: 15762: 15755: 15751: 15745: 15738: 15734: 15728: 15721: 15718: 15712: 15705: 15699: 15684: 15680: 15674: 15659: 15655: 15649: 15634: 15630: 15624: 15608: 15604: 15600: 15593: 15591: 15583: 15579: 15573: 15569: 15565: 15564: 15556: 15548: 15544: 15540: 15536: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15520: 15517:(1): 93–125. 15516: 15512: 15508: 15501: 15499: 15491: 15486: 15480: 15476: 15472: 15468: 15464: 15457: 15449: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15431: 15427: 15423: 15419: 15416:(7421): 964. 15415: 15411: 15407: 15400: 15392: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15374: 15370: 15366: 15362: 15359:(7208): 468. 15358: 15354: 15350: 15343: 15341: 15339: 15330: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15312: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15294: 15290: 15286: 15278: 15262: 15258: 15256:9780691167374 15252: 15248: 15244: 15243: 15235: 15229:, p. 400 15228: 15227:Crampton 1997 15223: 15217:, p. 399 15216: 15215:Crampton 1997 15211: 15205:, p. 398 15204: 15203:Crampton 1997 15199: 15197: 15189: 15188:Crampton 1997 15184: 15177: 15176:Crampton 1997 15172: 15163: 15154: 15145: 15136: 15127: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15109:Hilde Szabo: 15106: 15100:, p. 392 15099: 15098:Crampton 1997 15094: 15088:, p. 381 15087: 15086:Crampton 1997 15082: 15075: 15071: 15070:0-7923-1379-8 15067: 15063: 15057: 15051:, p. 338 15050: 15049:Crampton 1997 15045: 15039:, p. 164 15038: 15037:Williams 1997 15033: 15026: 15021: 15014: 15013:Williams 1997 15009: 14993: 14989: 14982: 14975: 14969: 14965: 14958: 14952:, p. 780 14951: 14946: 14938: 14931: 14924: 14923:Navrátil 2006 14919: 14912: 14911:Navrátil 2006 14907: 14891: 14887: 14883: 14877: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14846: 14839: 14833: 14826: 14825:Williams 1997 14821: 14805: 14801: 14795: 14788: 14784: 14781: 14776: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14745: 14729: 14725: 14721: 14717: 14710: 14691: 14687: 14680: 14674: 14667: 14661: 14654: 14648: 14625: 14618: 14613: 14607: 14600: 14586: 14582: 14575: 14552: 14545: 14540: 14534: 14511: 14504: 14499: 14493: 14470: 14463: 14458: 14452: 14429: 14422: 14417: 14411: 14388: 14381: 14376: 14370: 14347: 14340: 14335: 14329: 14327: 14303: 14296: 14291: 14285: 14278: 14274: 14271: 14265: 14246: 14242: 14235: 14229: 14213: 14209: 14208: 14200: 14194:, p. 279 14193: 14192:Crampton 1997 14188: 14186: 14184: 14182: 14180: 14178: 14176: 14174: 14172: 14165:, p. 278 14164: 14163:Crampton 1997 14159: 14157: 14155: 14153: 14145: 14144:Sillince 1990 14140: 14138: 14136: 14134: 14126: 14125:Sillince 1990 14121: 14119: 14117: 14115: 14107: 14106:Sillince 1990 14102: 14100: 14092: 14091:Sillince 1990 14087: 14080: 14079:Sillince 1990 14075: 14068: 14067:Sillince 1990 14063: 14056: 14055:Sillince 1990 14051: 14049: 14041: 14040:Sillince 1990 14036: 14034: 14032: 14024: 14023:Sillince 1990 14019: 14017: 14015: 14008:, p. 748 14007: 14006:Sillince 1990 14002: 14000: 13998: 13996: 13988: 13987:Sillince 1990 13983: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13975: 13973: 13971: 13969: 13967: 13957: 13950: 13945: 13943: 13941: 13939: 13937: 13929: 13924: 13922: 13920: 13912: 13907: 13905: 13903: 13895: 13890: 13888: 13880: 13879:Graubard 1991 13875: 13873: 13857: 13851: 13836: 13830: 13814: 13810: 13804: 13797: 13792: 13790: 13783:, p. 152 13782: 13777: 13770: 13765: 13763: 13755: 13750: 13744:, p. 350 13743: 13738: 13731: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13714: 13709: 13707: 13705: 13695: 13691: 13685: 13677: 13671: 13666: 13665: 13659: 13653: 13645: 13639: 13635: 13634: 13626: 13618: 13614: 13608: 13601: 13596: 13594: 13586: 13581: 13579: 13571: 13566: 13564: 13556: 13551: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13537: 13532: 13530: 13528: 13526: 13518: 13513: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13490: 13486: 13480: 13471: 13462: 13455: 13454:O'Connor 2003 13450: 13444:, p. 473 13443: 13438: 13436: 13434: 13432: 13430: 13428: 13420: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13404:, p. 144 13403: 13398: 13396: 13394: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13381:, p. 190 13380: 13375: 13373: 13366:, p. 188 13365: 13360: 13358: 13351:, p. 204 13350: 13345: 13339:, p. 252 13338: 13337:Crampton 1997 13333: 13327:, p. 130 13326: 13325:Graubard 1991 13321: 13315:, p. 189 13314: 13309: 13307: 13305: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13283: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13262: 13255: 13250: 13248: 13246: 13244: 13236: 13231: 13224: 13219: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13211: 13209: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13195: 13190: 13184:, p. 251 13183: 13182:Crampton 1997 13178: 13176: 13174: 13172: 13170: 13163:, p. 474 13162: 13157: 13155: 13153: 13151: 13149: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13133: 13126: 13121: 13105: 13101: 13095: 13079: 13075: 13069: 13067: 13065: 13063: 13061: 13059: 13052:, p. 382 13051: 13046: 13044: 13042: 13040: 13038: 13030: 13025: 13018: 13013: 13011: 13009: 13007: 12999: 12994: 12988:, p. 211 12987: 12986:Crampton 1997 12982: 12975: 12970: 12968: 12961:, p. 461 12960: 12955: 12953: 12945: 12940: 12934:, p. 267 12933: 12928: 12926: 12924: 12922: 12914: 12909: 12907: 12899: 12894: 12892: 12884: 12879: 12872: 12867: 12860: 12855: 12853: 12846:, p. 150 12845: 12844:Graubard 1991 12840: 12838: 12830: 12829: 12824: 12820: 12817: 12812: 12803: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12773: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12743: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12713: 12706: 12701: 12694: 12689: 12687: 12679: 12674: 12672: 12670: 12662: 12661:Sillince 1990 12657: 12641: 12637: 12631: 12625:, p. 135 12624: 12619: 12612: 12611:Sillince 1990 12607: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12570: 12563: 12562:Sillince 1990 12558: 12551: 12550:Sillince 1990 12546: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12532: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12515: 12514:Sillince 1990 12510: 12508: 12506: 12499:, p. 475 12498: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12481: 12479: 12477: 12469: 12468:Sillince 1990 12464: 12449: 12443: 12439: 12438: 12430: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12392: 12386: 12382: 12376: 12369: 12364: 12358:, p. 355 12357: 12356:Crampton 1997 12352: 12345: 12340: 12338: 12331:, p. 851 12330: 12325: 12318: 12317:Sillince 1990 12313: 12311: 12294: 12290: 12284: 12277: 12272: 12265: 12260: 12254:, p. 209 12253: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12236: 12231: 12225:, p. 122 12224: 12219: 12213:, p. 121 12212: 12207: 12200: 12199:Harrison 2003 12195: 12193: 12185: 12180: 12173: 12172:Loescher 2001 12168: 12161: 12160:Loescher 2001 12156: 12149: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12135: 12129:, p. 114 12128: 12123: 12121: 12113: 12108: 12101: 12096: 12094: 12086: 12081: 12075:, p. 378 12074: 12073:Crampton 1997 12069: 12062: 12057: 12050: 12049:Crampton 1997 12045: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12037: 12029: 12024: 12017: 12012: 12010: 12008: 12000: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11983: 11978: 11976: 11969:, p. 240 11968: 11967:Crampton 1997 11963: 11961: 11954: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11939: 11933: 11929: 11925: 11924:George Calciu 11919: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11903:9986-757-41-X 11900: 11896: 11890: 11882: 11876: 11872: 11865: 11858: 11853: 11851: 11844:, p. 125 11843: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11826: 11821: 11819: 11812:, p. 247 11811: 11810:Crampton 1997 11806: 11804: 11802: 11794: 11789: 11783:, p. xiv 11782: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11736: 11729: 11727: 11719: 11714: 11712: 11710: 11702: 11697: 11695: 11688:, p. 245 11687: 11686:Crampton 1997 11682: 11680: 11673:, p. 244 11672: 11671:Crampton 1997 11667: 11661:, p. 246 11660: 11659:Crampton 1997 11655: 11648: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11629: 11624: 11617: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11598: 11589: 11581: 11575: 11571: 11564: 11558:, p. 158 11557: 11552: 11546:, p. 157 11545: 11540: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11523:, p. 156 11522: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11497: 11492: 11485: 11480: 11473: 11472:0-85496-684-6 11469: 11465: 11459: 11452: 11447: 11440: 11435: 11428: 11423: 11416: 11411: 11405:, p. 140 11404: 11399: 11393:, p. 149 11392: 11387: 11381:, p. 148 11380: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11362: 11361:0-415-16111-8 11358: 11354: 11348: 11346: 11329: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11313: 11307:, p. 138 11306: 11301: 11295:, p. 139 11294: 11289: 11282: 11277: 11270: 11265: 11258: 11253: 11251: 11243: 11238: 11236: 11227: 11221: 11217: 11210: 11203: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11185:, p. 211 11184: 11183:Crampton 1997 11179: 11172: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11149: 11144: 11142: 11134: 11129: 11123: 11122:0-415-23798-X 11119: 11115: 11111: 11105: 11103: 11094: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11074: 11067: 11062: 11055: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11036: 11031: 11029: 11021: 11016: 11009: 11004: 10998: 10993: 10977: 10971: 10964: 10960: 10954: 10948:, p. 794 10947: 10942: 10935: 10930: 10928: 10920: 10914: 10910: 10903: 10901: 10894:, p. 117 10893: 10892:O'Connor 2003 10888: 10882:, p. xix 10881: 10876: 10869: 10868:90-247-3075-9 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10852:0-912881-00-3 10849: 10845: 10839: 10832: 10827: 10825: 10817: 10813: 10807: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10780: 10775: 10773: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10752: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10700: 10699:83-7038-168-5 10696: 10692: 10688: 10681: 10680:0-14-025184-7 10677: 10673: 10672:Penguin Books 10669: 10665: 10659: 10652: 10647: 10631: 10628:(in Polish). 10627: 10626: 10621: 10615: 10609: 10608:83-240-0077-1 10605: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10590: 10587: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10542:0-691-09603-1 10539: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10527: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10495: 10488: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10467: 10460: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10437:, p. 131 10436: 10431: 10424: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10393: 10388: 10382: 10381:0-7007-1599-1 10378: 10374: 10368: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10347: 10345: 10337: 10331: 10329: 10321: 10316: 10309: 10303: 10295: 10289: 10285: 10278: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10233: 10225: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10205: 10198: 10197: 10189: 10182: 10177: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10154: 10147: 10145: 10138: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10110: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10087: 10080: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10058: 10052: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10019: 10012: 10007: 10000: 9996: 9990: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9970: 9963: 9956: 9954: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9919: 9917: 9909: 9908:81-7890-071-8 9905: 9901: 9895: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9876: 9874:9783825816186 9870: 9866: 9865: 9857: 9850: 9846: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9780: 9771: 9765: 9757: 9755:9780956873224 9751: 9747: 9746: 9738: 9736: 9728: 9727:0-472-11627-4 9724: 9720: 9714: 9707: 9706:0-7656-0731-X 9703: 9699: 9696:Zwass, Adam, 9693: 9686: 9685:0-19-925989-5 9682: 9678: 9672: 9666:, page 37, 39 9665: 9664:0-415-42109-8 9661: 9657: 9651: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9618: 9599: 9595: 9594:military coup 9589: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9488: 9486:9780956873224 9482: 9478: 9477: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9460: 9456: 9454:9783825816186 9450: 9446: 9445: 9439: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9422: 9417: 9414: 9413:0-415-08282-X 9410: 9406: 9402: 9399: 9398:0-7614-7289-4 9395: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9383:0-415-00365-2 9380: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9360: 9354: 9347: 9341: 9337: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9315: 9311: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9290:Soviet empire 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9252: 9249: 9238: 9235: 9224: 9221: 9215: 9210: 9207: 9206:Europe portal 9196: 9185: 9182: 9178: 9175:2 July 1976 ( 9172: 9171:South Vietnam 9166: 9165:North Vietnam 9161: 9158: 9154: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9063:Ruling party 9062: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9012: 9007: 9002: 9000: 8999:Baltic states 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8973:In 2016, the 8971: 8969: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8932: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8917:Boris Yeltsin 8912: 8909: 8903: 8901: 8900:shock therapy 8897: 8893: 8892:privatization 8889: 8885: 8870: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8853:authoritarian 8850: 8846: 8843:before 1990, 8842: 8841:Boris Yeltsin 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8759:neo-Ba'athist 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8647:Todor Zhivkov 8644: 8640: 8635: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8539: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8442: 8441:Ronald Reagan 8438: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8342:Prague Spring 8339: 8335: 8332: 8331:Soviet leader 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8291:North Vietnam 8288: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8267:provoked the 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8227: 8226:Iran–Iraq War 8222: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8179: 8177: 8176:re-centralize 8173: 8172:normalization 8169: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8137: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8102: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8087:Prague Spring 8084: 8078: 8074: 8073:Prague Spring 8064: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8032: 8028: 8026: 8025:Georgy Zhukov 8021: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7990:rehabilitated 7987: 7983: 7977: 7967: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7949:left Berlin. 7948: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7915:Joseph Stalin 7910: 7895: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7859: 7854: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7634:Initial year 7633: 7630: 7629: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7603:prefabricated 7598: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7544: 7540: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7502: 7499: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7155: 7152:Soviet Union/ 7151: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7059: 7053: 7049: 7044: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5547:environmental 5543: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5484: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5447: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5410: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5373: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5336: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5147:Joseph Stalin 5144: 5137: 5132: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5078:black markets 5073: 5066:Black markets 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005:Upper Silesia 5000: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4918:Marshall Plan 4915: 4914:Joseph Stalin 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4864:Marshall Plan 4860: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4840: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4816:Joseph Stalin 4810: 4809:khrushchyovka 4806: 4805:working class 4801: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4777: 4776:Joseph Stalin 4773: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4684:Club de Paris 4680: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4319:440,737 (16%) 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4019:Centrul Civic 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3942: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3626:Baltic states 3622: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3579:Joseph Stalin 3576: 3575:Sovietization 3571: 3567: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3529:Ukrainian SSR 3526: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3431:In 1955, the 3429: 3427: 3426:Marshall Plan 3423: 3419: 3415: 3412:In 1949, the 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394:Organizations 3391: 3388: 3387:state atheism 3382: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3334:Ukrainian SSR 3331: 3330:Moldavian SSR 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2966:Joseph Stalin 2963: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2917:Mátyás Rákosi 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2729:United States 2726: 2722: 2718: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2693:Marshall Plan 2687: 2682: 2677: 2676:Marshall Plan 2666: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2630:sovietization 2627: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2570:Joseph Stalin 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2544:Eastern Front 2541: 2540:Moldavian SSR 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2520:Joseph Stalin 2518: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2461:Hertsa region 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2403:collectivized 2400: 2396: 2395:sovietization 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2322:Joseph Stalin 2319: 2315: 2312:approved the 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:Ukrainian SSR 2299: 2296:In 1922, the 2290: 2278: 2267: 2264: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2226: 2223: 2212: 2209: 2198: 2195: 2184: 2181: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2148: 2145: 2134: 2131: 2120: 2117: 2107: 2104: 2093: 2090: 2079: 2076: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2047: 2044: 2034: 2031: 2020: 2017: 2006: 2003: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1939: 1936: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1894: 1891: 1880: 1877: 1876:Guinea Bissau 1872: 1867: 1864: 1853: 1850: 1839: 1836: 1825: 1822: 1811: 1808: 1798: 1795: 1784: 1781: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1752: 1749: 1738: 1735: 1724: 1721: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1666: 1665: 1655: 1643: 1640: 1629: 1626: 1616: 1613: 1602: 1598: 1586: 1583: 1573: 1570: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1541: 1537: 1525: 1522: 1512: 1509: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1478: 1475: 1464: 1460: 1448: 1445: 1434: 1431: 1420: 1416: 1404: 1400: 1388: 1384: 1372: 1371: 1362: 1358: 1357:North Vietnam 1354: 1343: 1338: 1337:Ukrainian SSR 1327: 1324: 1313: 1312: 1311:, 1917–1922) 1310: 1306: 1295: 1291: 1279: 1275: 1263: 1259: 1247: 1243: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1213: 1209: 1197: 1194: 1183: 1179: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1143: 1142: 1132: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 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Bloc 24776: 24720: 24712: 24680:Soviet Union 24568: 24560: 24543: 24497: 24489: 24397:East Germany 24372: 24364: 24347: 24331: 24323: 24250:Burkina Faso 24210: 24115:Stakhanovite 23794:Magyar Rádió 23777:Radio Tirana 23707:Radio Moscow 23689:Eesti Raadio 23526: 23523:(Yugoslavia) 23518: 23515:(Yugoslavia) 23510: 23507:(Yugoslavia) 23502: 23499:(Yugoslavia) 23494: 23491:(Yugoslavia) 23486: 23478: 23475:(Yugoslavia) 23470: 23462: 23459:(Yugoslavia) 23454: 23451:(Yugoslavia) 23446: 23438: 23430: 23427:(Yugoslavia) 23422: 23414: 23406: 23400:Neue Werbung 23398: 23390: 23387:(Yugoslavia) 23382: 23376:Lakáskultúra 23374: 23366: 23363:(Yugoslavia) 23358: 23355:(Yugoslavia) 23350: 23342: 23339:(Yugoslavia) 23334: 23326: 23323:(Yugoslavia) 23318: 23310: 23302: 23294: 23286: 23278: 23272:Eulenspiegel 23270: 23267:(Yugoslavia) 23262: 23259:(Yugoslavia) 23254: 23246: 23238: 23219: 23216:(Yugoslavia) 23211: 23208:(Yugoslavia) 23203: 23200:(Yugoslavia) 23195: 23189:Trybuna Ludu 23187: 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20917:Willem Drees 20882:Archie Brown 20799: 20787: 20769: 20759:Trybuna Ludu 20757: 20750: 20746:Radio Moscow 20738: 20731: 20724: 20552:Anti-Zionism 20468: 20391:Keynesianism 20379:Conservatism 20243:Transnistria 20223:China-Taiwan 19880:Gera Demands 19753: 19554: 19429: 19234:El Porteñazo 19128:Congo Crisis 19043: 18978:Algerian War 18961: 18837:Western Bloc 18832:Eastern Bloc 18831: 18827:Iron Curtain 18683: 18675: 18667: 18644: 18624: 18616: 18533:Soviet Union 18531: 18524: 18372:East Germany 18265:Soviet Union 18240:Iron Curtain 18224:Eastern Bloc 18223: 18155:Boško Krunić 18120:Lazar Mojsov 17986:Edward Ochab 17948:Károly Grósz 17858:Gustáv Husák 17758:Eastern Bloc 17757: 17646: 17320:Soviet Union 17308:Eastern Bloc 17307: 17265:the original 17253:the original 17166:the original 17072: 17048: 17029: 17020: 17000: 16979: 16959: 16940: 16922: 16904: 16893: 16888:, Allen Lane 16885: 16853: 16834: 16816: 16796: 16777: 16759: 16739: 16719: 16701: 16683: 16665: 16647: 16629: 16617:. 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Retrieved 14240: 14228: 14216:, retrieved 14212:the original 14206: 14199: 14108:, p. 33 14093:, p. 27 14086: 14081:, p. 17 14074: 14062: 14042:, p. 50 14025:, p. 49 13956: 13951:, p. 25 13949:Turnock 1997 13930:, p. 53 13913:, p. 72 13896:, p. 52 13859:. Retrieved 13850: 13838:. Retrieved 13829: 13817:. Retrieved 13803: 13798:, p. 17 13776: 13771:, p. 16 13756:, p. 48 13754:Turnock 1997 13749: 13742:Turnock 2006 13737: 13732:, p. 44 13730:Turnock 1997 13715:, p. 45 13713:Turnock 1997 13694:the original 13684: 13663: 13652: 13632: 13625: 13617:the original 13607: 13602:, p. 64 13600:Turnock 1997 13587:, p. 63 13585:Turnock 1997 13572:, p. 39 13570:Turnock 1997 13557:, p. 43 13555:Turnock 1997 13538:, p. 41 13536:Turnock 1997 13519:, p. 42 13517:Turnock 1997 13493:. 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8789:until 2016, 8785:until 2022, 8743:Global North 8736: 8709: 8705:executed him 8675:Since 1971, 8674: 8666:Gustáv Husák 8655: 8634:East Germany 8631: 8583:East Germany 8575:Iron Curtain 8572: 8542: 8535: 8480: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8445: 8419: 8412: 8406: 8396: 8362: 8315:Fidel Castro 8276: 8230: 8168:Gustáv Husák 8165: 8149:East Germany 8142: 8103: 8080: 8052: 8037: 8022: 8002: 7979: 7951: 7935: 7927:East Germany 7912: 7886: 7877: 7862: 7849: 7784:Soviet Union 7718:East Germany 7621: 7612: 7608: 7599: 7595: 7591:East Germany 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7521: 7517: 7506: 7503: 7495: 7490:East Germany 7483: 7064: 6382: 5643: 5637: 5626: 5610: 5607:Growth rates 5597: 5590: 5578: 5567: 5544: 5536: 5516:East Germany 5513: 5321:East Germany 5317:Wartburg 353 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5251:East Germany 5227: 5215: 5206:East Germany 5198: 5190:Estonian SSR 5179: 5164: 5160: 5141: 5120: 5108: 5105:Urbanization 5087: 5075: 5032:East Germany 5024:black market 5020: 5013: 5001: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4952:was 140–160 4946: 4929: 4922: 4910: 4883:East Germany 4872: 4856: 4844: 4836: 4820: 4813: 4784: 4780: 4767: 4765: 4746: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4714:World War II 4711: 4681: 4670: 4649: 4606:Soviet Union 4518:East Germany 4437:Western Bloc 4391:East Germany 4387: 4243:69.8% (1981) 4221:50.0% (1980) 4217:Soviet Union 4202:12.3% (1966) 4199:50.0% (1980) 4177:50.0% (1980) 4164:52.5% (1980) 4155:60.0% (1984) 4133:70.0% (1985) 4129:East Germany 4111:60.5% (1983) 4027: 4014: 4008:enacted the 3979: 3954:World War II 3951: 3941:nomenklatura 3937: 3877:Soviet Union 3793:East Germany 3657:Area (000s) 3639: 3623: 3616: 3599:Iron Curtain 3595: 3583: 3566:East Germany 3562: 3533:Russian SFSR 3522: 3499:Iron Curtain 3450: 3441:West Germany 3430: 3416:, Bulgaria, 3414:Soviet Union 3411: 3384: 3342: 3326:Estonian SSR 3302: 3254:(until 1956 3252:Népszabadság 3222: 3218: 3212:Trybuna Ludu 3210: 3101:Volkspolizei 3089: 3085: 3078: 2995: 2991: 2959: 2925: 2894: 2886: 2863: 2848: 2837: 2804: 2795:World War II 2792: 2781: 2754:Soviet Union 2742:Eastern Bloc 2741: 2738:Second World 2721:Western Bloc 2704:Three Worlds 2690: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2623: 2619: 2592: 2583: 2563: 2548: 2529: 2434: 2411: 2407:nationalized 2380: 2368:Nazi Germany 2361: 2318:Soviet Union 2298:Russian SFSR 2295: 1557:, 1945–1948) 1496:, 1974–1987) 1430:Burkina Faso 1309:Russian SFSR 1305:Soviet Union 1229:, 1945–1949) 1223:East Germany 1108: 1104:Soviet Union 1085: 1070: 1002:Maoist China 998:Second World 995: 910:East Germany 895: 889:Soviet ally 871:Second World 867:Western Bloc 852:Soviet Union 827: 823: 819: 815: 812:Eastern Bloc 811: 809: 584:to Hong Kong 579:East Germany 531:Tbilisi 1989 516:Romania 1977 484:Hungary 1956 479:Georgia 1956 315: 308: 207:East Germany 34:Eastern Bloc 32: 18: 26375:Red fascism 26013:North Korea 25908:Afghanistan 25814:Vietnam War 25804:Warsaw Pact 25724:Great Purge 25709:Great Break 25546:János Kádár 25521:Kim Il Sung 25501:Che Guevara 25466:Enver Hoxha 25401:Ho Chi Minh 25342:Brezhnevism 25325:Rankovićism 25100:Vanguardism 25080:Secretariat 24918:Partiinost' 24782:Warsaw Pact 24661:South Yemen 24562:North Korea 24177:Afghanistan 23760:Radio DDR 2 23755:Radio DDR 1 23432:Novy Vostok 23416:Neues Leben 23352:Jugoslavija 23288:Filmspiegel 23101:Oslobođenje 23029:Esti Hírlap 22384:Remembrance 22350:Animal Farm 22176:Stalin Note 21863:Great Purge 21831:Great Break 21723:Great Break 21444:(1928–1941) 21360:(1946–1953) 21354:(1922–1952) 21092:Shen Zhihua 20902:Michael Cox 20834:competition 20781:Pro-Western 20771:Soviet Life 20697:Safari Club 20667:Warsaw Pact 20522:Nationalism 20512:Imperialism 20411:Reaganomics 20274:Containment 20067:Perestroika 19556:Realpolitik 19386:Six-Day War 19371:Greek junta 19182:Berlin Wall 19030:Suez Crisis 18998:Vietnam War 18885:McCarthyism 18700:Baruch Plan 18645:Unthinkable 18605:Dekemvriana 18544:Warsaw Pact 18250:Berlin Wall 18160:Stipe Šuvar 18140:Ali Šukrija 17953:Rezső Nyers 17943:János Kádár 17863:Miloš Jakeš 17787:Enver Hoxha 17635:Dissolution 17575:Martial law 17498:Revolts and 17472:Warsaw Pact 16619:10 February 16016:Works cited 15832:EU Observer 15025:Goertz 1995 14827:, p. 5 14699:2 September 14254:2 September 14146:, p. 4 14127:, p. 3 14057:, p. 7 13881:, p. 8 13495:19 November 13402:Frucht 2003 13349:Frucht 2003 13110:19 November 13050:Frucht 2003 12871:Böcker 1998 12792:12 December 12762:12 December 12732:12 December 12646:19 November 12516:, p. 2 12470:, p. 1 12329:Frucht 2003 12299:19 November 12278:, p. 2 12252:Böcker 1998 11859:, p. 1 11857:O'Neil 1997 11842:O'Neil 1997 11825:O'Neil 1997 11718:Wettig 2008 11628:Wettig 2008 11556:Wettig 2008 11544:Wettig 2008 11521:Wettig 2008 11496:Miller 2000 11484:Gaddis 2005 11451:Turner 1987 11439:Miller 2000 11427:Turner 1987 11415:Gaddis 2005 11403:Wettig 2008 11391:Wettig 2008 11379:Wettig 2008 11305:Wettig 2008 11293:Wettig 2008 11281:Miller 2000 11269:Wettig 2008 11257:Wettig 2008 11242:Wettig 2008 11202:Wettig 2008 11171:Wettig 2008 11148:Wettig 2008 11066:Wettig 2008 11035:Wettig 2008 10946:Shirer 1990 10831:Wettig 2008 10779:Wettig 2008 10684:(in Polish) 10582:(in Polish) 10500:(in Polish) 10320:Tucker 1992 9057:Local name 9015:Scott Sehon 8977:think tank 8975:libertarian 8898:-inspired " 8865:led by the 8691:, dictator 8549:János Kádár 8515:nationalist 8475:perestroika 8433:Warsaw Pact 8414:perestroika 8385:First World 8350:Warsaw Pact 8327:Vietnam War 8287:North Korea 8182:Dissolution 8110:János Kádár 8085:called the 8060:Pál Maléter 8056:János Kádár 8040:Warsaw Pact 7923:brain drain 7879:East German 7565:was 1.8 in 7543:East German 7366:Yugoslavia/ 7067:nominal GDP 6995:Switzerland 6880:Netherlands 6324:Switzerland 6179:Netherlands 5506:Zastava 101 5428:Oltcit Club 5313:Trabant 601 5194:Latvian SSR 5171:Great Plain 5136:East German 5116:show trials 5099:moonlighted 4768:etatisation 4688:London Club 3982:East German 3669:1985 (mil) 3666:1980 (mil) 3663:1970 (mil) 3660:1950 (mil) 3591:Berlin Wall 3557:Berlin Wall 3527:, both the 3491:Berlin Wall 3457:Enver Hoxha 3433:Warsaw Pact 3408:Warsaw Pact 3322:Latvian SSR 3242: [ 3139:Munkásőrség 3125:Bulgaria – 3031:televisions 3015:confections 2921:László Rajk 2901:Enver Hoxha 2840:West Berlin 2831:during the 2784:Jan Masaryk 2763:Third World 2746:Warsaw Pact 2717:First World 2649:bourgeoisie 2279:(1980-1991) 2265:(1964–1991) 2251:(1962–1972) 2238:(1977–1991) 2224:(1969–1971) 2210:(1964–1988) 2196:(1967–1991) 2182:(1964–1985) 2146:(1975–1991) 2132:(1969–1971) 2118:(1977–1991) 2105:(1960–1981) 2091:(1975–1991) 2077:(1976–1991) 2045:(1974–1991) 2032:(1975–1991) 2018:(1961–1984) 2004:(1960–1991) 1990:(1969–1991) 1937:(1979–1991) 1906:(1971–1991) 1892:(1980–1991) 1878:(1973–1991) 1865:(1960–1984) 1851:(1960–1966) 1837:(1973–1991) 1823:(1968–1979) 1809:(1954–1974) 1796:(1981–1991) 1782:(1975–1978) 1750:(1962–1975) 1736:(1975–1990) 1722:(1966–1991) 1691:(1971–1975) 1678:(1962–1991) 1657:(1945–1948) 1641:(1967–1990) 1639:South Yemen 1614:(1979–1990) 1600:(1975–1990) 1584:(1975–1990) 1571:(1975–1989) 1551:North Korea 1539:(1979–1989) 1523:(1979–1983) 1462:(1963–1991) 1446:(1949–1961) 1432:(1983–1987) 1418:(1975–1990) 1402:(1975–1991) 1386:(1978–1991) 1383:Afghanistan 1277:(1947–1989) 1261:(1924–1990) 1245:(1949–1989) 1211:(1948–1989) 1195:(from 1959) 1181:(1946–1990) 1159:Warsaw Pact 1088:Warsaw Pact 992:Terminology 962:South Yemen 958:North Korea 879:Third World 875:First World 828:Soviet Bloc 670:Vietnam War 660:Berlin Wall 589:North Korea 526:Brașov 1987 494:Prague 1968 457:Poznań 1956 310:Warsaw Pact 269:South Yemen 247:North Korea 160:Afghanistan 80:Byelorussia 26464:Categories 26306:Trotskyism 26296:Bolshevism 26142:Montenegro 26123:Yugoslavia 26107:Uzbekistan 26092:Tajikistan 26067:Kyrgyzstan 26062:Kazakhstan 26042:Azerbaijan 26008:Mozambique 25902:By country 25789:Korean War 25621:Xi Jinping 25581:Siad Barre 25361:Mao Zedong 25295:Browderism 25230:Pol Potism 25202:Pantherism 24731:Yugoslavia 24628:Seychelles 24538:Mozambique 24508:Madagascar 24307:Cape Verde 23790:(Bulgaria) 23554:(Bulgaria) 23539:Television 23248:Dolgozó nő 23149:Rudé právo 23144:(Bulgaria) 23053:Laiko Vima 23037:Freie Erde 22947:Rahva Hääl 22838:Newspapers 22815:Television 22699:Lake Ritsa 22679:Uspenskoye 22596:(grandson) 22580:(grandson) 22572:(daughter) 22327:Trotskyism 22299:opposition 21975:Lysenkoism 21661:Korean War 21540:Winter War 21428:Chronology 21419:Death toll 21384:Early life 20860:Historians 20851:Space Race 20752:Rudé právo 20706:Propaganda 20562:Neo-Nazism 20532:Chauvinism 20486:Trotskyism 20401:Monetarism 20369:Liberalism 20361:Capitalism 20353:Ideologies 20304:Ostpolitik 20027:Solidarity 19992:Toyota War 19895:Solidarity 19752:Operation 19707:Ogaden War 19396:Dhofar War 19284:Shifta War 19042:Operation 18890:Korean War 18682:Operation 18674:Operation 18666:Operation 18643:Operation 18623:Operation 18615:Operation 18454:Yugoslavia 17906:Egon Krenz 17792:Ramiz Alia 17589:Conditions 17567:Solidarity 17500:opposition 17201:, Budapest 17191:, Budapest 17149:Audio help 17140:2012-11-10 15688:21 January 15663:21 January 15638:21 January 15613:21 January 14998:23 January 14896:23 January 14810:20 January 14765:10 October 14597:Narrator: 14591:8 February 13277:, page 162 13254:Zwass 1984 13235:Zwass 1984 12223:Dowty 1989 12211:Dowty 1989 12127:Dowty 1989 12112:Dowty 1989 12100:Dowty 1989 12085:Dowty 1989 11474:, page 143 11334:1 February 10870:, page 460 10818:, page 334 10714:(see also 9708:, page 214 9608:References 9400:, p. 1,850 9357:Until the 9153:Vietnamese 9044:after 1993 9030:See also: 8888:neoliberal 8829:Tajikistan 8809:until 2003 8802:Azerbaijan 8798:until 2005 8795:Kyrgyzstan 8787:Uzbekistan 8779:Kazakhstan 8697:mass rally 8695:ordered a 8557:Solidarity 8398:Solidarity 8375:and later 8363:Under the 8354:Mao Zedong 8249:Korean War 8122:Bratislava 7992:reformist 7891:Yugoslavia 7828:Yugoslavia 7797:26,662,400 7791:13,690,000 7587:Yugoslavia 7546:Plattenbau 7513:Intershops 7486:World Bank 7071:US dollars 5630:per capita 5432:Dacia 1300 5223:Yugoslavia 5070:See also: 4743:, May 1986 4628:Yugoslavia 4239:Yugoslavia 4158:64% (1980) 3986:Plattenbau 3905:Yugoslavia 3613:Population 3459:following 3385:Under the 3258:, Hungary) 3256:Szabad Nép 3145:Securitate 3143:Romania – 3131:Albania – 2977:ideology. 2775:Yugoslavia 2663:See also: 2459:, and the 2372:Bessarabia 2354:Winter War 2116:Seychelles 2016:Mauritania 1734:Cape Verde 1654:Yugoslavia 1597:Mozambique 1582:Madagascar 1363:1975–1976) 1116:Yugoslavia 1096:Yugoslavia 1058:Ogaden War 891:Yugoslavia 864:capitalist 826:, and the 680:Afghan War 633:Korean War 469:Plzeň 1953 348:Opposition 288:Yugoslavia 242:Mozambique 140:Uzbekistan 125:Tajikistan 95:Kazakhstan 75:Azerbaijan 26500:Communism 26380:Red Scare 26365:New class 26177:Comintern 26137:Macedonia 26077:Lithuania 25773:1989–2002 25768:1976–1989 25763:1949–1976 25703:1982–1991 25698:1964–1982 25693:1953–1964 25688:1927–1953 25526:Chin Peng 25381:José Díaz 25332:Dubčekism 25279:Stalinism 25246:Nkrumaism 25241:Sankarism 25126:Guevarism 25121:Castroism 25075:Politburo 24772:Comintern 24767:Cominform 23920:Economies 23802:(Hungary) 23796:(Hungary) 23779:(Albania) 23584:(Romania) 23572:(Hungary) 23548:(Albania) 23408:Neuer Weg 23384:Naša žena 23379:(Hungary) 23328:Guter Rat 23320:Galaksija 23283:(Romania) 23251:(Romania) 23232:Magazines 23224:(Albania) 23160:(Romania) 23093:Novi list 23072:(Hungary) 23056:(Albania) 23032:(Hungary) 23024:(Hungary) 22963:Komunisti 22689:New Athos 21955:Hotel Lux 21938:Vinnytsia 21893:Chortkiv 21883:Berezwecz 21878:Berezhany 21846:Holodomor 21703:Stalinism 21641:Cominform 21377:Overviews 21147:Ken Young 20992:Tony Judt 20841:Arms race 20814:Red Scare 20682:NN States 20627:Apartheid 20582:Autocracy 20491:Stalinism 20459:Guevarism 20449:Castroism 20439:Communism 20431:Socialism 19957:Star Wars 19550:Koza riot 18676:Beleaguer 18668:Masterdom 17938:Imre Nagy 17933:Ernő Gerő 17648:Die Wende 17621:Economies 17462:Cominform 17445:(to 1948) 17407:(to 1961) 17335:Formation 17325:Communism 17105:hour and 16963:, Oxfam, 16144:Routledge 15547:154520098 15531:0034-6764 15430:0959-8138 15373:0959-8138 15311:2468-2667 14734:9 October 14581:"1956-44" 14218:8 October 13298:, page 85 12693:Dale 2005 12623:Pugh 2008 12184:Dale 2005 12061:Cook 2001 11909:wrote to 10982:27 August 10413:Routledge 10269:146764535 10253:0003-0554 10011:Cook 2001 9969:relations 9910:, page 65 9820:144922816 9764:cite book 9613:Citations 9542:144922816 9495:cite book 9370:Sources: 9319:Hong Kong 9075:: 中华人民共和国 9040:A map of 8934:In 2011, 8925:austerity 8878:Aftermath 8741:from the 8716:condemned 8701:Bucharest 8536:In 1989, 7986:Imre Nagy 7841:1,634,700 7775:1,157,900 7753:2,574,800 7747:1,357,000 7731:1,181,700 7618:Shortages 7524:Hungarian 7438:$ 12,351 7361:$ 19,239 7347:$ 12,355 7329:$ 21,942 7279:$ 16,082 7263:$ 17,562 7242:$ 25,865 7228:$ 60,514 7214:$ 17,788 7200:$ 14,384 7190:Lithuania 7147:$ 34,629 7133:$ 44,118 7119:$ 30,462 7105:$ 44,162 6627:Lithuania 5524:Wartburgs 5469:Tatra 613 5465:Škoda 105 5182:holodomor 5060:Comturist 5028:Intershop 4749:Stalinist 4737:Bucharest 4655:Economies 4370:3,853,288 4350:3,542,418 4330:3,118,096 4310:2,757,625 4290:2,466,514 3843:114.3/km 3815:154.6/km 3787:115.2/km 3759:119.5/km 3507:Refusenik 3400:Cominform 3153:Poland – 3075:Sharashka 3006:politburo 2907:, leader 2889:Cominform 2878:Cominform 2769:, led by 2706:" of the 2522:) at the 2418:Lithuania 2166:1963–1991 2162:1958–1961 2061:1968–1975 1975:1948–1953 1957:1968–1990 1953:1958–1963 1921:1959–1965 1917:Indonesia 1766:1970–1973 1706:1962–1988 1612:Nicaragua 1536:Kampuchea 982:Nicaragua 972:. In the 954:Kampuchea 551:Riga 1991 541:Baku 1990 431:Lithuania 323:Cominform 227:Kampuchea 130:Turkmenia 110:Lithuania 100:Kirghizia 55:Republics 26495:Cold War 26335:Cold War 26314:See also 26301:Leninism 26152:Slovenia 26047:Byelarus 26003:Mongolia 25983:Ethiopia 25972:Slovakia 25933:Cambodia 25928:Bulgaria 25744:Cold War 25611:Gus Hall 25318:Đilasism 25305:Marcyism 25284:American 25225:National 25171:Kadarism 25142:Husakism 25137:Hoxhaism 25109:Variants 24958:Yugoslav 24839:Concepts 24523:Mongolia 24411:Ethiopia 24264:Cambodia 24236:Bulgaria 23826:Agencies 23813:(Poland) 23788:Horizont 23578:(Poland) 23312:Für Dich 23192:(Poland) 23157:Scînteia 23117:Politika 22860:Izvestia 22787:Overview 22729:Category 22669:Kuntsevo 22516:(mother) 22508:(father) 21943:Zolochiv 21928:Valozhyn 21898:Kurapaty 21696:Concepts 21609:Cold War 21299:Timeline 21289:Category 21234:See also 20726:Izvestia 20567:Islamism 20464:Hoxhaism 20339:Rollback 20218:Abkhazia 20158:Gulf War 20062:Glasnost 19432:incident 19202:Sand War 19060:Ifni War 18569:Rio Pact 18514:Cold War 18336:Bulgaria 17616:Politics 17239:Archived 17151: · 16884:(2012), 16406:(1992), 15971:Archived 15931:Archived 15901:Archived 15848:Archived 15683:The Wire 15607:Archived 15539:41288494 15448:14576248 15391:10454391 15329:28626827 15267:13 March 15261:Archived 14890:Archived 14804:Archived 14783:Archived 14759:Archived 14690:Archived 14624:Archived 14551:Archived 14510:Archived 14469:Archived 14428:Archived 14387:Archived 14346:Archived 14302:Archived 14273:Archived 14245:Archived 13840:4 August 13819:4 August 13813:Archived 13660:(1990). 13489:Archived 13084:23 March 13078:Archived 12819:Archived 12786:Archived 12756:Archived 12726:Archived 12640:Archived 12589:23 March 12583:Archived 12414:43945192 12293:Archived 12144:Archived 11949:Archived 11873:. Gate. 10761:Archived 10742:Archived 10727:Archived 10630:Archived 10602:, ZNAK, 10596:Archived 10529:Archived 10509:Archived 10407:(2005), 10356:Archived 10213:Archived 9885:de facto 9879:Archived 9465:de facto 9459:Archived 9385:, p. 297 9361:in 1961. 9192:See also 9147:Vietnam 9054:Country 8968:Portugal 8821:Ukrainia 8751:Red Army 8728:Cambodia 8681:reversed 8643:Bulgaria 8509:against 8469:glasnost 8408:glasnost 8336:'s 1968 8311:rollback 8251:. After 8235:and the 8157:Bulgaria 8118:Cold War 7954:Red Army 7873:Bulgaria 7674:Bulgaria 7631:Country 7567:Bulgaria 7528:Bulgaria 7420:$ 9,121 7382:$ 5,239 7352:Portugal 7315:$ 3,984 7297:$ 6,847 7269:Slovakia 7239:$ 10,577 7225:$ 11,029 7184:$ 2,022 7168:$ 9,243 7144:$ 25,054 7130:$ 17,313 7116:$ 16,239 7102:$ 16,275 6926:Portugal 6237:Portugal 5522:and the 5520:Trabants 5518:such as 5093:, where 5036:Beryozka 4993:Bulgaria 4950:engineer 4474:Bulgaria 4417:Country 4395:Bulgaria 4085:Bulgaria 4042:Country 3998:Panelház 3990:Paneláks 3927:92.6/km 3899:11.9/km 3871:93.5/km 3731:80.1/km 3709:Bulgaria 3703:90.2/km 3654:Country 3635:Romanian 3542:Propiska 3531:and the 3445:Red Army 3359:Religion 3133:Sigurimi 3071:Samizdat 3010:Leninist 3000:in each 2938:Politics 2913:Bulgaria 2708:Cold War 2686:Cold War 2457:Bukovina 2308:and the 2277:Zimbabwe 2180:Tanzania 2144:Suriname 1794:Djibouti 1489:Ethiopia 1258:Mongolia 1178:Bulgaria 1092:Mongolia 1006:Cambodia 974:Americas 942:Mongolia 930:Bulgaria 887:pre-1948 856:Cold War 695:Gulf War 499:Invasion 373:Bulgaria 237:Mongolia 212:Ethiopia 181:Bulgaria 115:Moldavia 26172:Comecon 26132:Croatia 26113:Vietnam 26102:Ukraine 26082:Moldova 26057:Georgia 26052:Estonia 26037:Armenia 26028:Somalia 26023:Romania 25993:Hungary 25988:Grenada 25967:Czechia 25913:Albania 25678:History 25491:Pol Pot 25311:Titoism 25258:Dengism 25235:African 24762:Comecon 24714:Vietnam 24643:Somalia 24597:Romania 24545:FRELIMO 24465:Hungary 24434:Grenada 24191:Albania 24120:Comecon 24110:Sovkhoz 23835:(USSR) 23679:(USSR) 23590:(USSR) 23480:Sputnik 23464:Sibylle 23448:Pogledi 23440:Oktyabr 23264:Džuboks 23213:Vjesnik 23109:Pobjeda 23013:Dnevnik 22907:Zvyazda 22704:Sukhumi 22665:Dachas 22656:Kureika 22046:Koreans 21933:Vileyka 21634:Comecon 21459:Sovkhoz 21454:Kolkhoz 21368:History 20789:Amerika 20672:Comecon 20557:Fascism 20547:Zionism 20496:Titoism 20037:Contras 19505:Détente 18782:Comecon 18436:Romania 18390:Hungary 18318:Albania 17756:of the 17467:COMECON 17367:Romania 17362:Hungary 17138: ( 17109:minutes 16960:Albania 15382:1116380 15320:5459934 14866:7 March 14633:9 March 14614:(1957) 14560:9 March 14541:(1957) 14519:9 March 14500:(1957) 14478:9 March 14459:(1957) 14437:9 March 14418:(1957) 14396:9 March 14377:(1957) 14355:9 March 14336:(1957) 14311:9 March 14292:(1957) 13861:7 March 10720:Sanford 10636:6 April 10261:1960285 9812:4284075 9534:4284075 9177:unified 9102:Spanish 9073:Chinese 9004:A 2009 8825:Belarus 8817:Moldova 8813:Armenia 8806:Georgia 8781:fellow 8724:Albania 8720:Romania 8677:Romania 8545:Hungary 8519:liberal 8493:at the 8491:Hungary 8487:Austria 8153:Hungary 8106:Hungary 7898:Revolts 7887:panelka 7883:Albania 7869:Romania 7856:Soviet 7819:877,600 7813:438,000 7769:575,000 7762:Romania 7725:340,000 7709:257,000 7696:Hungary 7687:880,400 7681:472,000 7652:Albania 7583:Romania 7575:Hungary 7508:Ostmark 7477:$ 2,068 7463:Vietnam 7457:$ 8,109 7434:$ 3,115 7416:$ 2,424 7401:$ 7,657 7396:$ 2,577 7378:$ 4,197 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4002:Hungary 3948:Housing 3849:Romania 3765:Hungary 3681:Albania 3642:Romania 3559:in 1975 3422:Comecon 3404:Comecon 3027:cameras 3019:alcohol 2928:Trieste 2897:Albania 2882:Titoism 2870:Albania 2744:(i.e., 2723:(i.e., 2536:Ostland 2445:Karelia 2422:Estonia 2397:of the 2385:by the 2236:Vanuatu 2208:Tunisia 2103:Senegal 1835:Finland 1780:Comoros 1720:Burundi 1676:Algeria 1625:Somalia 1521:Grenada 1474:Eritrea 1353:Vietnam 1290:Romania 1242:Hungary 1154:Albania 1100:Albania 986:Grenada 946:Vietnam 934:Albania 926:Romania 922:Hungary 906:Comecon 822:), the 820:Combloc 560:Dissent 462:1980–89 421:Estonia 398:Ukraine 388:Romania 378:Croatia 368:Albania 317:Comecon 274:Vietnam 263:Somalia 258:Romania 222:Hungary 217:Grenada 165:Albania 135:Ukraine 90:Georgia 85:Estonia 70:Armenia 58:of the 26384:Second 26147:Serbia 26087:Russia 26072:Latvia 26018:Poland 25918:Angola 25350:People 25181:Maoism 25155:Songun 24953:Soviet 24579:Poland 24205:Angola 23855:(USSR) 23685:(USSR) 23528:Vlasta 23504:Svijet 23472:Signal 23336:Izgled 23280:Femeia 23133:Pravda 22853:Pravda 22498:Family 21923:Sambir 20740:Pravda 20542:Racism 20481:Maoism 20233:Kosovo 19754:Condor 19430:Pueblo 19416:May 68 19044:Gladio 18962:Tuapse 18625:Jungle 18617:Priboi 18413:Poland 17487:(WFDY) 17479:(WFTU) 17080: 17060: 17036: 17009: 16987: 16967: 16947: 16929: 16911: 16898:online 16861: 16841: 16823: 16804: 16784: 16766: 16748: 16726: 16708: 16690: 16672: 16654: 16636: 16594: 16576: 16558: 16540: 16522: 16504: 16486: 16468: 16450: 16432: 16414: 16392: 16374: 16352: 16330: 16312: 16290: 16272: 16254: 16236: 16214: 16194: 16172: 16150: 16128: 16110: 16091: 16071: 16053: 16031: 15937:14 May 15907:14 May 15877:7 July 15574: 15545: 15537: 15529: 15481: 15446: 15439:259165 15436: 15428: 15389: 15379: 15371: 15327: 15317: 15309: 15253: 15119:Profil 15068: 14970: 14639: 14566: 14525: 14484: 14443: 14402: 14361: 14317: 13672: 13640: 13294: 13273: 12453:17 May 12444: 12419:17 May 12412: 12383: 11930: 11901: 11877: 11576: 11470: 11359: 11222: 11120: 11089: 10978:. 1997 10915: 10866: 10850: 10798: 10697: 10678: 10606: 10564: 10540: 10483: 10455: 10419: 10379: 10338:, 2008 10290: 10267: 10259: 10251: 10172: 10133: 10105: 10053: 9991: 9937: 9906: 9871: 9841: 9818: 9810: 9752: 9725: 9704: 9683: 9662: 9641: 9540: 9532: 9483: 9451: 9427: 9415:, p. 6 9411: 9396: 9381: 9079:Pinyin 9068:China 9060:Since 8985:, the 8873:Legacy 8553:Poland 8387:. The 8297:. 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In 7794:23.1% 7772:11.0% 7750:15.9% 7712:6.6% 7703:6,000 7684:23.0% 7452:$ 406 7447:$ 111 7443:China 7429:$ 615 7411:$ 619 7391:$ 653 7373:$ 721 7355:$ 935 7311:$ 904 7233:Spain 7138:Japan 7110:Italy 7091:2015 7088:1989 7085:1970 7033:2.726 7027:2.583 7021:3.479 7010:1.447 7004:4.331 7001:1.601 6998:4.075 6987:1.563 6981:2.655 6978:0.455 6975:0.945 6964:4.001 6961:2.546 6958:4.827 6952:4.649 6949:Spain 6941:1.943 6938:4.368 6935:6.441 6932:1.618 6929:6.632 6918:2.085 6915:3.085 6912:1.038 6909:1.598 6906:5.672 6895:2.124 6892:2.439 6889:4.420 6883:4.331 6872:1.772 6869:1.538 6866:3.388 6863:0.844 6860:1.818 6857:Italy 6849:6.052 6846:1.930 6843:5.814 6840:3.325 6837:3.470 6826:4.132 6823:3.100 6820:3.800 6814:7.841 6803:1.695 6800:5.108 6797:3.897 6794:0.529 6791:3.133 6780:1.954 6777:1.039 6774:4.353 6771:1.078 6768:5.346 6757:2.581 6751:5.088 6748:1.295 6745:2.357 6734:0.823 6731:1.394 6728:0.645 6722:3.005 6711:0.812 6708:1.833 6705:3.469 6699:3.753 6688:1.351 6685:3.442 6682:3.887 6676:5.113 6665:4.993 6659:1.500 6656:1.400 6653:9.162 6642:6.524 6619:8.832 6596:5.091 6590:6.801 6587:5.301 6584:5.209 6573:3.316 6550:3.052 6544:0.386 6538:5.044 6524:5.592 6515:0.112 6501:1.248 6495:0.160 6489:7.415 6478:3.774 6472:0.736 6469:2.867 6466:6.200 6455:4.248 6446:4.900 6443:6.897 6432:8.293 6426:9.841 6423:5.746 6420:4.001 6412:2015 6409:2001 6406:1991 6403:1989 6400:1981 6397:1971 6374:2.758 6368:2.179 6362:2.118 6359:3.297 6356:2.985 6345:1.447 6339:4.340 6336:1.579 6333:4.076 6330:8.095 6327:8.097 6316:1.563 6310:3.073 6304:2.356 6301:5.623 6298:3.926 6287:4.001 6284:2.543 6281:5.280 6278:0.516 6275:5.722 6269:9.937 6266:Spain 6258:1.943 6255:4.368 6252:5.136 6249:1.618 6246:6.633 6243:5.462 6240:4.479 6229:2.085 6226:3.085 6223:0.956 6220:0.966 6217:5.130 6214:6.268 6211:5.418 6200:2.124 6197:2.439 6194:4.679 6188:4.222 6185:0.289 6182:2.098 6171:1.772 6168:1.538 6165:2.882 6162:0.474 6159:1.894 6156:8.422 6153:7.466 6150:Italy 6142:9.006 6139:3.098 6136:7.051 6133:3.890 6130:3.618 6127:4.790 6124:2.512 6113:4.132 6110:3.100 6107:3.845 6104:0.055 6101:7.118 6098:8.769 6095:8.807 6084:1.695 6081:5.108 6078:3.270 6075:0.378 6072:2.943 6069:4.119 6066:9.167 6055:1.954 6052:1.039 6049:4.057 6046:1.026 6043:4.839 6040:5.556 6037:6.160 6026:2.581 6020:5.668 6017:1.863 6014:2.090 6011:7.620 6008:8.504 5997:0.823 5994:1.300 5991:0.263 5985:2.666 5982:6.339 5979:0.668 5968:0.811 5965:1.833 5962:3.588 5956:3.753 5953:4.865 5950:5.688 5939:1.351 5936:3.442 5933:4.227 5927:5.112 5924:5.309 5921:6.840 5910:5.091 5904:0.704 5901:1.200 5898:4.200 5895:7.200 5881:3.316 5875:1.010 5852:3.052 5846:1.706 5840:5.215 5820:5.592 5805:6.761 5802:7.237 5791:1.248 5779:7.128 5776:7.982 5773:4.400 5762:3.849 5753:0.706 5750:4.462 5747:5.056 5744:9.659 5733:4.248 5724:2.660 5721:3.261 5718:6.520 5704:7.940 5698:2.648 5695:2.526 5692:6.510 5689:4.156 5686:6.608 5678:2015 5675:2001 5672:1991 5669:1989 5666:1981 5663:1971 5660:1961 5657:1951 5565:gas. 5532:Škoda 5048:Tuzex 5040:Pewex 4831:gulag 4432:1986 4429:1970 4426:1986 4423:1980 4420:1970 4267:Year 4252:89.7% 4249:84.2% 4246:93.2% 4186:33.4% 4183:22.2% 4180:47.3% 4142:43.4% 4139:72.2% 4136:82.1% 4120:52.4% 4117:30.9% 4114:75.3% 4098:28.0% 4092:66.1% 3918:22.36 3912:16.34 3865:22.73 3862:22.20 3859:20.35 3856:16.31 3837:37.23 3834:35.73 3831:30.69 3828:24.82 3809:16.69 3806:16.74 3803:17.26 3800:17.94 3781:10.60 3778:10.71 3775:10.30 3753:15.50 3750:15.28 3747:14.47 3744:13.09 3515:Grepo 3246:] 3097:Stasi 3059:Gulag 2771:India 2750:China 2702:The " 2601:with 2453:KASSR 2366:with 2158:Syria 2130:Sudan 2043:Nepal 1988:Libya 1904:India 1849:Ghana 1807:Egypt 1762:Chile 1702:Burma 1459:Congo 1444:China 1415:Benin 970:China 966:Syria 192:Congo 186:China 176:Benin 25998:Laos 25958:Cuba 24903:Foco 24694:Tuva 24491:Laos 24417:Derg 24366:Cuba 23845:ELTA 23833:TASS 23765:DT64 23520:Tina 23256:Duga 23240:Atze 23005:Delo 22923:Cīņa 22881:Trud 21913:Lviv 21481:16th 21394:Rise 20765:TASS 20657:METO 20647:NATO 19873:and 19871:1980 19428:USS 18554:METO 18539:NATO 17078:ISBN 17058:ISBN 17034:ISBN 17007:ISBN 16985:ISBN 16965:ISBN 16945:ISBN 16927:ISBN 16909:ISBN 16859:ISBN 16839:ISBN 16821:ISBN 16802:ISBN 16782:ISBN 16764:ISBN 16746:ISBN 16724:ISBN 16706:ISBN 16688:ISBN 16670:ISBN 16652:ISBN 16634:ISBN 16621:2023 16592:ISBN 16574:ISBN 16556:ISBN 16538:ISBN 16520:ISBN 16502:ISBN 16484:ISBN 16466:ISBN 16448:ISBN 16430:ISBN 16412:ISBN 16390:ISBN 16372:ISBN 16350:ISBN 16328:ISBN 16310:ISBN 16288:ISBN 16270:ISBN 16252:ISBN 16234:ISBN 16212:ISBN 16192:ISBN 16170:ISBN 16148:ISBN 16126:ISBN 16108:ISBN 16089:ISBN 16069:ISBN 16051:ISBN 16029:ISBN 16005:2020 15979:2018 15966:Aeon 15939:2018 15909:2018 15879:2023 15690:2021 15665:2021 15640:2021 15615:2021 15572:ISBN 15527:ISSN 15479:ISBN 15444:PMID 15426:ISSN 15387:PMID 15369:ISSN 15325:PMID 15307:ISSN 15269:2019 15251:ISBN 15066:ISBN 15000:2008 14968:ISBN 14898:2008 14868:2008 14812:2008 14767:2008 14736:2006 14701:2006 14635:2009 14593:2016 14562:2009 14521:2009 14480:2009 14439:2009 14398:2009 14357:2009 14313:2009 14256:2006 14220:2006 13863:2017 13842:2017 13821:2017 13670:ISBN 13638:ISBN 13497:2013 13292:ISBN 13271:ISBN 13112:2013 13086:2015 12794:2017 12764:2017 12734:2017 12648:2013 12591:2015 12455:2024 12442:ISBN 12421:2024 12381:ISBN 12301:2013 11928:ISBN 11899:ISBN 11875:ISBN 11574:ISBN 11468:ISBN 11357:ISBN 11336:2009 11323:Time 11220:ISBN 11118:ISBN 11087:ISBN 10984:2019 10961:and 10913:ISBN 10864:ISBN 10848:ISBN 10796:ISBN 10695:ISBN 10676:ISBN 10638:2019 10604:ISBN 10562:ISBN 10538:ISBN 10517:NASK 10481:ISBN 10453:ISBN 10417:ISBN 10377:ISBN 10288:ISBN 10249:ISSN 10181:own. 10170:ISBN 10166:1244 10131:ISBN 10103:ISBN 10051:ISBN 9989:ISBN 9935:ISBN 9904:ISBN 9869:ISBN 9839:ISBN 9770:link 9750:ISBN 9723:ISBN 9702:ISBN 9681:ISBN 9660:ISBN 9639:ISBN 9580:See 9568:See 9556:See 9501:link 9481:ISBN 9449:ISBN 9425:ISBN 9409:ISBN 9394:ISBN 9379:ISBN 9321:and 9121:Laos 9013:and 8995:less 8963:2007 8961:and 8959:2004 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