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The
Westinghouse Atom Smasher was created due to the interest and development of physics in the early 1900s. In the year 1932, there were some major advancements in the research of nuclear physics. The technology of the particle accelerator has been categorized into three lines of research. The first
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In 2012, the property surrounding the atom smasher was purchased by P&L Investments, LLC. The company was run by Gary
Silversmith, a developer who intended to build apartments and expressed an interest in saving the smasher. In 2013, the Young Preservationists Association of Pittsburgh named it
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in 1923. With the discovery of the nucleus being fresh, much research was being done on how to commercialize it. The use of the particle accelerator allowed scientists to understand better how atoms, atomic nuclei, and nucleons are held together. The
Westinghouse atom smasher was the first particle
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As the war ended, Westinghouse returned to its normal research activities, bringing back many workers and the refurbished atom smasher. It was found, however, that the iron used for the atom smasher became brittle in low temperatures and the atom smasher may have been damaged during the war. This
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By 2015, the structure was in significant disrepair and was dislodged from its supports, due to vandalism and age. On
January 20, 2015, Silversmith had the atom smasher removed from its supports and laid on its side. Workers laid bricks to brace the fall, and tipped it over. In an email to the
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developed a method of reducing uranium salts into metal to study possible use as a lamp filament. He found that the melting point was too low to be used and decided to shut down the project, until the atomic pile in
Chicago began. The only immediate source for uranium metals was the Bloomfield
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During the second world war, Westinghouse suspended fundamental research efforts, and instead focused on researching microwave radar. This is similar to how M.I.T and
Harvard also began their own organizations to study radiation and radio during the war. The atom smasher was shut down so that
351:. At atmospheric pressure, a Van de Graaff machine is generally limited to around 1 megavolt. Thus this instrument was installed inside a pear-shaped 65-foot tall, 30-foot diameter air tank which was pressurized during operation to 120 pounds per square inch. High pressure improved the
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Westinghouse could focus on the electronics department. Many of the contributors to the
Westinghouse project moved onto find other jobs during this period of shut down, but stayed closely connected to the nuclear research that was happening during the time.
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producing the first nuclear disintegrations using artificially accelerated particles. The second line of research was focused on high-energy accelerators and the development of resonant acceleration. The third line of research was the invention of the
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as well as some other atom smasher workers, were sent to work closely on the
Manhattan Project to develop uranium isotope separation techniques. The atom smasher itself was used as a compressed air tank for jet engine development during the war.
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facility. Rentschler was asked to begin production of these metals again for this new project. He started with a crude, low-level production line using galvanized wash tubs as vessels before enlarging the project to further production.
428:, Silversmith pronounced his continuing commitment to refurbishing and restoring the atom smasher, saying "The iconic Atom Smasher bulb survives." As of 2023, the atom smasher remains at the demolition site, exposed to the elements.
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to accelerate to extremely high velocities as they traveled down a 17-inch-diameter evacuated cylinder 40 feet in height, which was a sealed stack of many individual glass segments that collectively composed the largest
190:, and was most cited for certain nuclear physics measurements. The Westinghouse Atom Smasher was intended to make measurements of nuclear reactions for research in nuclear power. It was the first industrial
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in the world at the time of construction. The accelerator tube ran between and parallel to the whirling belts to the base of the machine, where the accelerated particles bombarded experimental
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Westinghouse's Lamp
Division in Bloomfield, NJ began production of uranium metal which was used in the first atomic pile. Prior to becoming Director of Research in the Lamp Division,
198:-shaped tower. It was essentially unused after World War II, and the main structure was laid on its side in 2015. In 1985, it was named an Electrical Engineering Milestone by the
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fact was found when several
Liberty ships sailed through the freezing waters of Alaska, their exteriors began to crack and break up, causing the ships to sink due to metal failure.
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178:. It was instrumental in the development in practical applications of nuclear science for energy production. In particular, it was used in 1940 to discover the
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In the Westinghouse machine, two high-speed belts traveled up a 47-foot shaft to a mushroom-shaped electrode near the top of the bulb-shaped enclosure, where
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educational facility with the atom smasher as the centerpiece, but the $ 4 to $ 5 million cost was prohibitive and the project never moved forward.
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in the world, and marked the beginning of nuclear research for civilian applications. Built in 1937, it was a 65-foot-tall (20 m)
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The maximum voltage that a Van de Graaff generator can produce is limited by leakage of the charge off the upper electrode due to
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from a roller at the base of the device and deposits them inside a hollow metal electrode at the top. This causes a
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583:"Van de Graaff particle accelerator, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, PA, August 7, 1945"
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leakage, allowing the machine to achieve a voltage potential of 5 megavolts. This allowed a beam energy of 5
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as one of the city's top 10 preservation opportunities. During 2013, plans had been discussed of the
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Drawing of the machine with part of the tank cut away, showing the belts and high voltage electrode.
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Coltman, John W. (February 1987). "The Westinghouse Atom Smasher???An IEEE Historical Milestone".
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Coltman, John W. (February 1987). "The Westinghouse Atom Smasher???An IEEE Historical Milestone".
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accelerator built to be industrialized. The atom smasher saw little use after the end of
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727:"Threshold for the Proton-Neutron Reactions of Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, and Carbon"
612:"Westinghouse Electric Corporation [Science and Invention] Historical Marker"
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Coltman, John (1987). "The Westinghouse Atom Smasher-An IEEE Historical Milestone".
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897:"Brian O'Neill: With Forest Hills atom smasher's fall, part of history tumbles"
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512:"An Unlikely Atomic Landscape: Forest Hills and the Westinghouse Atom Smasher"
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866:"The Echoes from Westinghouse at Forest Hills / Forest Hills Nuclear History"
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1034:"The Amazing Story of the Abandoned Westinghouse Atom Smasher in Pittsburgh"
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Haxby, R.O.; Shoupp, W.E.; Stephens, W.E.; Wells, W.H. (December 15, 1940).
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215:'s studies into the properties of atomic particles in the 1920s. Then with
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Haxby, R.O.; Shoupp, W.E.; Stephens, W.E.; Wells, W.H. (January 1, 1941).
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A view of the atom smasher in the 1930s or 1940s, when it was operational.
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to develop between electrodes at the top and bottom of the apparatus.
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1008:"Historic Westinghouse Atom Smasher Fate Unclear - Nuclear Museum"
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List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Allegheny County
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1214:"Atom smasher in Forest Hills torn down; restoration promised"
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The Atom Smasher on May 9, 2010, before the 2015 demolition
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Buildings and structures in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
1069:. Vol. 3, no. 9. August 30, 1937. pp. 36–39
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between the top and bottom of the tube then caused these
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288:. Various ions, like those generated from hydrogen gas (
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The Atom Smasher in 2022, dislodged from its supports
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The energy of the particles was measured through the
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1061:"Mightiest Atom Smasher At East Pittsburgh, PA"
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817:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
692:"Milestones: Westinghouse Atom Smasher, 1937"
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864:Fey, Maury; Dollard, Walt (April 3, 2015).
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550:"Reconstructing Pittsburgh's Atomic Past"
510:Walter, Marni Blake (September 1, 2015).
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984:"DOE Explains...Particle Accelerators"
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713:'IEEE Milestone Dedication Ceremony'
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895:O'Neill, Brian (January 25, 2015).
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1212:Harkins, Jill (January 21, 2015).
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332:produced when its particles hit a
174:at their Research Laboratories in
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524:Senator John Heinz History Center
355:qualities of the air and reduced
172:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
168:electrostatic nuclear accelerator
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810:"PHMC Historical Markers Search"
711:includes link to 1985 videotape:
700:. ETHW Partnership. May 29, 1985
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1128:"Giving Atoms the Third Degree"
1092:"Huge generator to smash atoms"
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918:IEEE Transactions on Education
819:. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
773:IEEE Transactions on Education
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562:Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh
548:Klein, Barbara (Winter 2016).
412:Woodland Hills School District
135:Pennsylvania Historical Marker
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1126:Chubb, L.W. (November 1941).
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1032:Cheney, Jim (2022-01-02).
840:Pittsburgh: A New Portrait
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176:Forest Hills, Pennsylvania
60:Forest Hills, Pennsylvania
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1588:combined statistical area
1445:Colleges and universities
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1243:Westinghouse Atom Smasher
487:Westinghouse Atom Smasher
474:Nuclear technology portal
161:Westinghouse Atom Smasher
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89:40.4108661°N 79.8430295°W
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22:Westinghouse Atom Smasher
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1470:Pittsburgh Parking Chair
837:Toker, Franklin (2009).
1539:2018 synagogue shooting
1219:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1182:10.1109/TE.1987.5570584
959:"Particle accelerators"
930:10.1109/TE.1987.5570584
902:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
785:10.1109/TE.1987.5570584
751:10.1103/PhysRev.58.1035
425:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
302:electrostatic potential
286:(see cutaway schematic)
267:Robert J. Van de Graaff
263:Van de Graaff generator
192:Van de Graaff generator
94:40.4108661; -79.8430295
1012:ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/
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265:, invented in 1929 by
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1578:Notable Pittsburghers
813:(Searchable database)
666:10.1103/PhysRev.59.57
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163:was a 5 million volt
1399:Allegheny Conference
1245:at Wikimedia Commons
397:Preservation efforts
1409:Chamber of Commerce
743:1940PhRv...58.1035H
658:1941PhRv...59...57H
446:Pennsylvania portal
306:subatomic particles
85: /
51:F Avenue & West
43:General information
1499:Fictional settings
1280:City of Pittsburgh
1104:(1): 35. July 1937
616:Explore PA History
587:Explore PA History
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1546:Pittsburgh toilet
1341:District Attorney
1301:Convention Center
1241:Media related to
1133:Popular Mechanics
940:– via IEEE.
870:Atomic Confluence
795:– via IEEE.
737:(12): 1035–1042.
554:Carnegie Magazine
381:Harvey Rentschler
319:nuclear reactions
292:) or helium gas (
284:were accumulated
213:Ernest Rutherford
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875:December 7,
704:December 3,
671:December 3,
567:December 8,
530:December 3,
311:vacuum tube
298:accelerator
92: /
67:Coordinates
1635:Categories
1512:television
1311:Courthouse
1288:Government
1043:2023-03-24
1018:2023-03-24
993:2023-04-14
988:Energy.gov
969:2023-04-14
823:2015-02-15
756:October 2,
494:References
353:insulating
326:gamma rays
142:Designated
121:Demolished
80:79°50′35″W
77:40°24′39″N
1573:Nicknames
1553:Hospitals
1465:Green Man
1366:Education
1356:Libraries
1306:City Hall
1176:(1): 40.
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1108:April 28,
338:potential
328:that the
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1381:Regional
1331:InterGov
1190:20864894
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432:See also
334:fluorine
226:betatron
1563:Museums
1519:History
1482:Dialect
1460:theatre
1450:Culture
1391:Economy
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1346:Sheriff
1321:Council
1296:Airport
739:Bibcode
654:Bibcode
620:WITF-TV
591:WITF-TV
526:: 36–49
315:targets
290:protons
206:History
188:thorium
184:uranium
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1583:Region
1487:Yinzer
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349:arcing
113:Closed
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1524:name
1494:Flag
1376:Port
1351:Fire
1174:E-30
1146:2019
1110:2015
1075:2019
1066:Life
963:ETHW
922:E-30
877:2019
845:ISBN
777:E-30
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532:2019
416:STEM
347:and
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