Wicca - Knowledge

3788:, Murray's ideas became "so entrenched in popular culture that they will probably never be uprooted". Simpson noted that the only contemporary member of the Folklore Society who took Murray's theory seriously was Gerald Gardner, who used it as the basis for Wicca. Murray's books were the sources of many well-known motifs which have often been incorporated into Wicca. The idea that covens should have 13 members was developed by Murray, based on a single witness statement from one of the witch trials, as was her assertion that covens met on the four cross-quarter days. Murray was very interested in ascribing naturalistic or religious ceremonial explanations to some of the more fantastic descriptions found in witch trial testimony. For example, many of the confessions included the idea that Satan was personally present at coven meetings. Murray interpreted this as a witch priest wearing horns and animal skins, and a pair of forked boots to represent his authority or rank. Most mainstream folklorists, on the other hand, have argued that the entire scenario was always fictitious and does not require a naturalistic explanation, but Gardner enthusiastically adopted many of Murray's explanations into his own tradition. The witch-cult theory was "the historical narrative around which Wicca built itself", with the early Wiccans claiming to be the survivors of this ancient pagan religion. 1717: 2199:... and of course, she can turn people into frogs!" Pearson says that Wicca "provides a framework in which the image of oneself as a witch can be explored and brought into a modern context". Identifying as a witch also enables Wiccans to link themselves with those persecuted in the witch trials of the Early Modern period, often referred to by Wiccans as "the Burning Times". Various practitioners have claimed that as many as nine million people were executed as witches in the Early Modern period, thus drawing comparisons with the killing of six million Jews in the 1994: 4024: 1551: 2337: 3513:

initiates, in which case they come under the rule of the parent coven. Initiation and training of new priesthood is most often performed within a coven environment, but this is not a necessity, and a few initiated Wiccans are unaffiliated with any coven. Most covens would not admit members under the age of 18. They often do not advertise their existence, and when they do, do so through pagan magazines. Some organise courses and workshops through which prospective members can come along and be assessed.

3255: 9863: 1398: 3084: 3528:, though this is not held as a hard-and-fast rule. Indeed, many U.S. covens are far smaller, though the membership may be augmented by unaffiliated Wiccans at "open" rituals. Pearson noted that covens typically contained between five and ten initiates. They generally avoid mass recruitment due to the feasibility of finding spaces large enough to bring together greater numbers for rituals and because larger numbers inhibit the sense of intimacy and trust that covens utilise. 3557: 3517: 4343:, a characterisation that Wiccans reject. Due to negative connotations associated with witchcraft, many Wiccans continue the traditional practice of secrecy, concealing their faith for fear of persecution. Revealing oneself as a Wiccan to family, friends or colleagues is often termed "coming out of the broom-closet". Attitudes to Christianity vary within the Wiccan movement, stretching from outright rejection to a willingness to work alongside Christians in 2425: 1614:– began claiming that only they should be called "Wiccan", and that other traditions must not use it. From the late 1980s onwards, various books propagating Wicca were published that again used the former, broader definition of the word. Thus, by the 1980s, there were two competing definitions of the word "Wicca" in use among the Pagan and esoteric communities, one broad and inclusive, the other narrow and exclusionary. Among scholars of 29: 4260:

found that 62% were from Protestant backgrounds, which was consistent with the dominance of Protestantism in Britain at large. Pearson's survey also found that half of British Wiccans featured had a university education and that they tended to work in "healing professions" like medicine or counselling, education, computing, and administration. She noted that there thus was "a certain homogeneity about the background" of British Wiccans.

2707: 61: 3145:, a high priestess becomes a queen when she has successfully hived off her first new coven under a new third-degree high priestess (in the orthodox Gardnerian system). She then becomes eligible to wear the "moon crown". The sequence of high priestess and queens traced back to Gerald Gardner is known as a lineage, and every orthodox Gardnerian High Priestess has a set of "lineage papers" proving the authenticity of her status. 3386: 2621:'s supposed record of Italian witchcraft. Many Wiccans believe that performing rituals skyclad allows "power" to flow from the body in a manner unimpeded by clothes. Some also note that it removes signs of social rank and differentiation and thus encourages unity among the practitioners. Some Wiccans seek legitimacy for the practice by stating that various ancient societies performed their rituals while nude. 3149: 4300: 1607:. By adopting it for modern usage, Wiccans were both symbolically linking themselves to the ancient, pre-Christian past, and adopting a self-designation that would be less controversial than "Witchcraft". The scholar of religion and Wiccan priestess Joanne Pearson noted that while "the words 'witch' and 'wicca' are therefore linked etymologically, they are used to emphasize different things today". 1830: 3240:. The purpose of this is to present the infant to the God and Goddess for protection. Parents are advised to "give [their] children the gift of Wicca" in a manner suitable to their age. In accordance with the importance put on free will in Wicca, the child is not expected or required to adhere to Wicca or other forms of paganism should they not wish to do so when they reach adulthood. 1478:" or "way of life". Although Wicca as a religion is distinct from other forms of contemporary Paganism, there has been much "cross-fertilization" between these different Pagan faiths; accordingly, Wicca has both influenced and been influenced by other Pagan religions, thus making clear-cut distinctions between them more difficult for religious studies scholars to make. The terms 2325:"wholeness" or "completeness", which includes an acceptance of traits like anger, weakness, and pain. She contrasted the Wiccan acceptance of an "interplay between light and dark" against the New Age focus on "white light". Similarly, the scholar of religion Geoffrey Samuel noted that Wiccans devote "a perhaps surprising amount of attention to darkness and death". 4224:

it important that the latter are allowed to make their own choices about their religious identity when they are old enough. From her fieldwork among members of the Reclaiming tradition in California during 1980-90, the anthropologist Jone Salomonsen found that many described joining the movement following "an extraordinary experience of revelation".

2470: 2311:, claiming that it brought down "the curse of the goddess", it is now generally accepted in all traditions of Wicca, with groups such as the Minoan Brotherhood openly basing their philosophy upon it. Nonetheless, a variety of viewpoints exist in Wicca around this point, with some covens adhering to a hetero-normative viewpoint. Carly B. Floyd of 2300:, 30 of which exist in the Gardnerian tradition and 161 of which are in the Alexandrian tradition. Valiente, one of Gardner's original High Priestesses, argued that the first thirty of these rules were most likely invented by Gerald Gardner himself in mock-archaic language as the by-product of inner conflict within his Bricket Wood coven. 1760:

that it had Stone Age roots – and remains the underlying theological basis to his Gardnerian tradition. Gardner claimed that the names of these deities were to be kept secret within the tradition, although in 1964 they were publicly revealed to be Cernunnos and Aradia; the secret Gardnerian deity names were subsequently changed.

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estimates of world religions, cites over thirty sources with estimates of numbers of Wiccans (principally from the US and the UK). From this, they developed a median estimate of 800,000 members. As of 2016, Doyle White suggested that there were "hundreds of thousands of practising Wiccans around the globe".

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and consumer goods". Books and magazines in this vein were targeted largely at young girls and included spells for attracting or repelling boyfriends, money spells, and home protection spells. He termed this "New Age Witchcraft", and compared individuals involved in this to the participants in the New Age.

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In contrast to the British Traditional Wiccans, Reclaiming Wiccans, and various eclectic Wiccans, the sociologist Douglas Ezzy argued that there existed a "Popularized Witchcraft" that was "driven primarily by consumerist marketing and is represented by movies, television shows, commercial magazines,

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Initiation into a coven is traditionally preceded by an apprenticeship period of a year and a day. A course of study may be set during this period. In some covens a "dedication" ceremony may be performed during this period, some time before the initiation proper, allowing the person to attend certain

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of initiated priests and priestesses. Covens are autonomous and are generally headed by a High Priest and a High Priestess working in partnership, being a couple who have each been through their first, second, and third degrees of initiation. Occasionally the leaders of a coven are only second-degree

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Although different Wiccans attribute different traits to the Horned God, he is most often associated with animals and the natural world, but also with the afterlife, and he is furthermore often viewed as an ideal role model for men. The Mother Goddess has been associated with life, fertility, and the

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Wicca has been described as a non-proselytizing religion. In 1998, Pearson noted that there were very few individuals who had grown up as Wiccans although increasing numbers of Wiccan adults were themselves, parents. Many Wiccan parents did not refer to their children as also being Wiccan, believing

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The 'witch-cult' theory has since been disproven by further historical research, but it is still common for Wiccans to claim solidarity with witch trial victims. The notion that Wiccan traditions and rituals have survived from ancient times is contested by most recent researchers, who say that Wicca

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wrote that the practices and experiences within Wicca were more important than the beliefs, stating: "it's a religion of ritual rather than theology. The ritual is first; the myth is second". Similarly, Adler stated that Wicca permits "total skepticism about even its own methods, myths and rituals".

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in the participants, thereby altering their consciousness. She noted that many Wiccans remain skeptical about the existence of the supernatural but remain involved in Wicca because of its ritual experiences: she quoted one as saying that "I love myth, dream, visionary art. The Craft is a place where

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From her 1996 survey of British Wiccans, Pearson found that most Wiccans were aged between 25 and 45, with the average age being around 35. She noted that as the Wiccan community aged, so the proportion of older practitioners would increase. She found roughly equal proportions of men and women, and

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The scholar of religion Joanne Pearson noted that in her experience, most Wiccans take a "realistic view of living in the real world" replete with its many problems and do not claim that the gods "have all the answers" to these. She suggested that Wiccans do not claim to seek perfection but instead

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as the persecutors claimed, nor innocent people who confessed under threat of torture, as had long been the historical consensus. The 'Father of Wicca', Gerald Gardner, claimed his religion was a survival of this European 'witch-cult'. The 'witch-cult' theory had been first expressed by the German

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published by Oxford University Press in 1921; she claimed that this cult had venerated a Horned God at the time of the Early Modern witch trials, but centuries before it had also worshipped a Mother Goddess. This duotheistic Horned God/Mother Goddess structure was embraced by Gardner – who claimed

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The oath-based system of many Wiccan traditions makes it difficult for "outsider" scholars to study them. For instance, after the anthropologist Tanya Luhrmann revealed information about what she learned as an initiate of a Wiccan coven in her academic study, various Wiccans were upset, believing

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In 1998, the Wiccan high priestess and academic psychologist Vivianne Crowley suggested that Wicca had been less successful in propagating in countries whose populations were primarily Roman Catholic. She suggested that this might be because Wicca's emphasis on a female divinity was more novel to

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Based on her experience among British Traditional Wiccans in the UK, Pearson stated that the length of time between becoming a first-degree initiate and a second was "typically two to five years". Some practitioners nevertheless chose to remain as first-degree initiates rather than proceed to the

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of the "Guardians" of the cardinal points, alongside their respective classical elements; air, fire, water, and earth. Once the circle is cast, a seasonal ritual may be performed, prayers to the God and Goddess are said, and spells are sometimes worked; these may include various forms of 'raising

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remarked, "the instinctual position of most ... seems to be that if one makes the most of the present life, in all respects, then the next life is more or less certainly going to benefit from the process, and so one may as well concentrate on the present". It is nevertheless a common belief

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began publicising their own versions of the Craft. Gardner and others never used the term "Wicca" as a religious identifier, simply referring to the "witch cult", "witchcraft", and the "Old Religion". However, Gardner did refer to witches as "the Wica". During the 1960s, the name of the religion

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has shown significant increases in the number of self-identified Wiccans, from 8,000 in 1990, to 134,000 in 2001, and 342,000 in 2008. Wiccans have also made up significant proportions of various groups within that country; for instance, Wicca is the largest non-Christian faith practised in the

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The actual number of Wiccans worldwide is unknown, and it has been noted that it is more difficult to establish the numbers of members of Neopagan faiths than many other religions due to their disorganised structure. However, Adherents.com, an independent website which specialises in collecting

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Identification as a witch can provide a link to those persecuted and executed in the Great Witch Hunt, which can then be remembered as a holocaust against women, a repackaging of history that implies conscious victimization and the appropriation of 'holocaust' as a badge of honour — 'gendercide

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rather than genocide'. An elective identification with the image of the witch during the time of the persecutions is commonly regarded as part of the reclamation of female power, a myth that is used by modern feminist witches as an aid in their struggle for freedom from patriarchal oppression.

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for instance insisted that human souls would only incarnate into human bodies, whereas other Wiccans believe that a human soul can incarnate into any life form. There is also a common Wiccan belief that any Wiccans will come to be reincarnated as future Wiccans, an idea originally expressed by

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Wicca originated in the early decades of the twentieth century among those esoterically inclined Britons who wanted to resurrect the faith of their ancient forebears, and arose to public attention in the 1950s and 1960s, largely due to a small band of dedicated followers who were insistent on

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Various high priestesses and high priests have reported being "put on a pedestal" by new initiates, only to have those students later "kick away" the pedestal as they develop their own knowledge and experience of Wicca. Within a coven, different members may be respected for having particular

2673:, the man many consider the father of Wicca, believed strongly in sex magic. Much of Gardner's witch practice centered around the power of sex and its liberation, and that one of the most important aspects of the neo-Pagan revival has been its ties, not just to sexual liberation, but also to 2303:

In British Traditional Wicca, "sex complementarity is a basic and fundamental working principle", with men and women being seen as a necessary presence to balance each other out. This may have derived from Gardner's interpretation of Murray's claim that the ancient witch-cult was a fertility

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Pearson noted that "Wicca has evolved and, at times, mutated quite dramatically into completely different forms". Wicca has also been "customized" to the various national contexts into which it has been introduced; for instance, in Ireland, the veneration of ancient Irish deities has been

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to use in those rituals. Gardner's original intention was that every copy of the book would be different because a student would copy from their initiators, but changing things which they felt to be personally ineffective, however amongst many Gardnerian Witches today, particularly in the

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calls the "super powers that reside in the natural". Some Wiccans believe that magic is simply making full use of the five senses to achieve surprising results, whilst other Wiccans do not claim to know how magic works, merely believing that it does because they have observed it to be so.

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The Book of Shadows is not a Bible or Quran. It is a personal cookbook of spells that have worked for the owner. I am giving you mine to copy to get you started: as you gain experience discard those spells that don't work for you and substitute those that you have thought of yourselves.

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is another celebration held by Wiccans, and is the commonly used term for their weddings. Some Wiccans observe the practice of a trial marriage for a year and a day, which some traditions hold should be contracted on the Sabbat of Lughnasadh, as this was the traditional time for trial,

2412:'s Clan of Tubal Cain associated earth with south, fire with east, water with west and air with north, and each of which were controlled over by a different deity who were seen as children of the primary Horned God and Goddess. The five elements are symbolised by the five points of the 3531:

Some covens are short-lived, but others have survived for many years. Covens in the Reclaiming tradition are often single-sex and non-hierarchical in structure. Coven members who leave their original group to form another, separate coven are described as having "hived off" in Wicca.

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is a symbol commonly used by Wiccans. Wiccans often understand the pentacle's five points as representing each of the five elements: earth, air, fire, water, and aether/spirit. It is also regarded as a symbol of the human, with the five points representing the head, arms, and legs.

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The anthropologist Susan Greenwood characterised Wiccan rituals as "a form of resistance to mainstream culture". She saw these rituals as "a healing space away from the ills of the wider culture", one in which female practitioners can "redefine and empower themselves".

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Eclectic Wicca is not necessarily the complete abandonment of tradition. Eclectic practitioners may follow their own individual ideas and ritual practices, while still drawing on one or more religious or philosophical paths. Eclectic approaches to Wicca often draw on

3115:; however, the existence of this coven remains unproven. Gardner himself said that there was a traditional length of "a year and a day" between when a person began studying the Craft and when they were initiated, although he frequently broke this rule with initiates. 2400:, have claimed that the set cardinal points are only those applicable to the geography of southern England, where Wicca evolved, and that Wiccans should determine which directions best suit each element in their region. For instance, those living on the east coast of 15196: 2010:

among Wiccans that human beings have a spirit or soul that survives bodily death. Understandings of what this soul constitutes vary among different traditions, with the Feri tradition of witchcraft, for instance, having adopted a belief from the Theosophy-inspired

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Practice in Wicca (including, as an example, matters such as the varying attributions of the elements to different directions discussed in the preceding section) varies widely due to the Craft's emphasis on individual expression in one's spiritual/magical path.

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or were misunderstandings of pagan rites. This theory that accused witches were actually pagans has now been disproven using archive records of witch trials. Nevertheless, Gardner and other founders of Wicca believed the theory was true, and saw the witch as a

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government and the federal government in 1995 to allow them to perform recognised Wiccan weddings, to become prison and hospital chaplains, and (in the case of Heather Botting) to become the first officially recognized Wiccan chaplain in a public university.

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within Wicca. Scholars of religion tend to treat Wicca as a religion with denominations that differ on some important points but share core beliefs, much like Christianity and its many denominations. There are many such traditions and there are also many

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that persecuted witches had actually been followers of a surviving pagan religion, but this theory has now been proven wrong. There is no evidence that he ever called it "Wicca", although he did refer to its community of followers as "the Wica" (with one

2247:, which states, "an it harm none, do what ye will". This is usually interpreted as a declaration of the freedom to act, along with the necessity of taking responsibility for what follows from one's actions and minimising harm to oneself and others. 2798:, she stated that the four main festivals had survived Christianisation and had been celebrated in the Pagan Witchcraft religion. Subsequently, when Wicca was first developing in the 1930s through to the 1960s, many of the early groups, such as 1825:

entity who had created the "Under-Gods", among them the God and Goddess, but who was not otherwise involved in the world; alternately, other Wiccans have interpreted such an entity as a pantheistic being, of whom the God and Goddess are facets.

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Alongside "Wicca", some practitioners still call the religion "Witchcraft" or "the Craft". Using the word "Witchcraft" in this context can result in confusion with other, non-religious meanings of "witchcraft" as well as other religions—such as

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researched the Wiccan claim that ancient pagan customs have survived into modern times after being Christianised in medieval times as folk practices. Hutton found that most of the folk customs which are claimed to have pagan roots (such as the

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and as a Menstruating Goddess. According to the anthropologist Susan Greenwood, in Wicca the Goddess is "a symbol of self-transformation - she is seen to be constantly changing and a force for change for those who open themselves up to her".

1294:. Given its broadly decentralised nature, disagreements arise over the boundaries that define Wicca. Some traditions, collectively referred to as British Traditional Wicca (BTW), strictly follow the initiatory lineage of Gardner and consider 1325:

way, as having many different divine aspects which can be identified with various pagan deities from different historical pantheons. For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as the "Great Goddess" and the "Great Horned God", with the

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Traditionally in the Gardnerian Craft, each element has been associated with a cardinal point of the compass; air with east, fire with south, water with west, earth with north, and the spirit with centre. However, some Wiccans, such as

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that existed within the subconscious that could be evoked in ritual. It was for this reason, she said "The Goddess and God manifest to us in dream and vision". Wiccans often believe that the gods are not perfect and can be argued with.

3126:. By holding the rank of second degree, a BTW is considered capable of initiating others into the Craft, or founding their own semi-autonomous covens. The third degree is the highest in BTW, and it involves the participation of the 2601:

may be displayed. Before entering the circle, some traditions fast for the day, and/or ritually bathe. After a ritual has finished, the God, Goddess, and Guardians are thanked, the directions are dismissed and the circle is closed.

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stated that it was "the science of the control of the secret forces of nature". Many Wiccans believe magic to be a law of nature, as yet misunderstood or disregarded by contemporary science, and as such they do not view it as being

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It was in the United States and in Australia that new, home-grown traditions, sometimes based upon earlier, regional folk-magical traditions and often mixed with the basic structure of Gardnerian Wicca, began to develop, including

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Fiveacres Country Club. Much of the coven's early membership was drawn from the club's members and its meetings were held within the club grounds. Many notable figures of early Wicca were direct initiates of this coven, including

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It was during the 1930s that the first evidence appears for the practice of a neopagan 'Witchcraft' religion (what would be recognisable now as Wicca) in England. It seems that several groups around the country, in such places as

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for involvement in Wicca. Since the 1970s, larger, more informal, often publicly advertised camps and workshops began to take place. This less formal but more accessible form of Wicca proved successful. Eclectic Wicca is the most

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which holds that whatever benevolent or malevolent actions a person performs will return to that person with triple force, or with equal force on each of the three levels of body, mind, and spirit, similar to the eastern idea of

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that "all gods are one god, and all goddesses are one goddess" – that is that the gods and goddesses of all cultures are, respectively, aspects of one supernal God and Goddess. With this mindset, a Wiccan may regard the Germanic

3707:" by scholars, Wicca was created from the patchwork adoption of various older elements, many taken from pre-existing religious and esoteric movements. Pearson characterised it as having arisen "from the cultural impulses of the 3419:, a "tradition" usually implied the transfer of a lineage by initiation. However, with the rise of more and more such groups, often being founded by those with no previous initiatory lineage, the term came to be a synonym for a 2825:, and they were only adopted in 1958 by members of the Bricket Wood coven, before they were subsequently adopted by other followers of the Gardnerian tradition. They were eventually adopted by followers of other traditions like 2219:

Bide the Wiccan laws ye must, in perfect love and perfect trust ... Mind the Threefold Law ye should – three times bad and three times good ... Eight words the Wiccan Rede fulfill – an it harm none, do what ye will.

3278:, although there are certain scriptures and texts that various traditions hold to be important and influence their beliefs and practices. Gerald Gardner used a book containing many different texts in his covens, known as the 3220:

marriages" among the Irish. A common marriage vow in Wicca is "for as long as love lasts" instead of the traditional Christian "till death do us part". The first known Wiccan wedding ceremony took part in 1960 amongst the

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Other Wiccans have adopted the original Gardnerian God/Goddess duotheistic structure but have adopted deity forms other than that of the Horned God and Mother Goddess. For instance, the God has been interpreted as the

1630:—whose practitioners also sometimes describe themselves as "Witches". Another term sometimes used as a synonym for "Wicca" is "Pagan witchcraft", although there are also other forms of modern Paganism—such as types of 1543:, who was calling it the "Craft of the Wiccens" by 1958. The first recorded use of the name "Wicca" was in 1962, and it had been popularised to the extent that several British practitioners founded a newsletter called 1864:

as an inverted imitation of Christian theology. As in other forms of Wicca, some Goddess monotheists have expressed the view that the Goddess is not an entity with a literal existence, but rather a Jungian archetype.

4121:, each of which emphasised different aspects of the faith. It was also around this time that books teaching people how to become Witches themselves without formal initiation or training began to emerge, among them 1856:, explicitly monotheistic forms of Wicca developed in the 1960s, when the U.S.-based Church of Wicca developed a theology rooted in the worship of what they described as "one deity, without gender". In the 1970s, 1266:

joined Gardner in the 1950s, further building Wicca's liturgical tradition of beliefs, principles, and practices, disseminated through published books as well as secret written and oral teachings passed along to

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have postulated that Wicca is becoming more polytheistic as it matures, tending to embrace a more traditionally Pagan worldview. Some Wiccans conceive of deities not as literal personalities but as metaphorical

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to raise magical energy for use in spellwork. In nearly all cases it is instead performed "in token", thereby merely symbolically, using the athame to symbolise the penis and the chalice to symbolise the womb.

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Based on their analysis of internet trends, the sociologists of religion Douglas Ezzy and Helen Berger argued that, by 2009, the "phenomenal growth" that Wicca has experienced in preceding years had slowed.

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who do not align themselves with any particular lineage, working alone. Some covens have formed but who do not follow any particular tradition, instead choosing their influences and practices eclectically.

1420:. Wicca has been cited as the largest, best known, most influential, and most academically studied form of modern Paganism. Within the movement, it has been identified as sitting on the eclectic end of the 3677:

presenting their faith to what at times was a very hostile world. From these humble beginnings, this radical religion spread to the United States, where it found a comfortable bedfellow in the form of the

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Pearson suggested that Wiccans "identify with the witch because she is imagined as powerful - she can make people sleep for one hundred years, she can see the future, she can curse and kill as well as heal

1539:). As a name for the religion, "Wicca" developed in Britain during the 1960s. It is not known who first used this name for the religion, although one possibility is that it might have been Gardner's rival 3134:, which is a rite often dispensed with due to its sado-masochistic overtones. By holding this rank, an initiate is considered capable of forming covens that are entirely autonomous of their parent coven. 4288:, with 1,434 airmen identifying themselves as such. In 2014, the Pew Research Center estimated 0.3% of the US population (~950,000 people) identified as Wiccan or pagan based on a sample size of 35,000. 3351:

copied from Gardner, with nothing being altered. The Book of Shadows was originally meant to be kept a secret from non-initiates into BTW, but parts of the Book have been published by authors including

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Scholars of contemporary Paganism usually capitalise "Witchcraft" when referring to Wicca, reflecting that the names of religion are typically capitalised. Many Wiccan practitioners also do the same.

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Wicca has been characterised as a life-affirming religion. Practitioners typically present themselves as "a positive force against the powers of destruction which threaten the world". There exists no

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For some Wiccans, the ritual space is a "space of resistance, in which the sexual morals of Christianity and patriarchy can be subverted", and for this reason they have adopted techniques from the

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Almost all of Murray's peers regarded the witch-cult theory as incorrect and based on poor scholarship. However, Murray was invited to write the entry on "witchcraft" for the 1929 edition of the

2183:. It proposed that historical alleged witches were actually followers of a surviving pagan religion, and that accusations of infanticide, cannibalism, Satanism, etc., were either made up by the 7903:

Much to the chagrin of practitioners of Wicca, there has been confusion in the minds of many about their religion, which is often linked with Satanism, although there are important differences.

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Following Gardner's death in 1964, the Craft continued to grow unabated despite sensationalism and negative portrayals in British tabloids, with new traditions being propagated by figures like

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Wiccan groups developed which were devoted to a singular, monotheistic Goddess; this approach was often criticised by members of British Traditional Wiccan groups, who lambasted such Goddess

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after years of dispute added the Pentacle to the list of emblems of belief that can be included on government-issued markers, headstones, and plaques honoring deceased veterans. In Canada,

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In BTW, initiation only accepts someone into the first degree. To proceed to the second degree, an initiate has to go through another ceremony, in which they name and describe the uses of

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a more detailed breakdown of responses was reported with 56,620 people identifying themselves as pagans, 11,766 as Wiccans and a further 1,276 describing their religion as "Witchcraft".

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is the dominant afterlife belief within Wicca, having been originally espoused by Gardner. Understandings of how the cycle of reincarnation operates differ among practitioners; Wiccan

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There is no overarching organisational structure to Wicca. In Wicca, all practitioners are considered to be priests and priestesses. Wicca generally requires a ritual of initiation.

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Gardner. Gardner also articulated the view that the human soul rested for a period between bodily death and its incarnation, with this resting place commonly being referred to as "

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A central aspect of Wicca (particularly in Gardnerian and Alexandrian Wicca), often sensationalised by the media is the traditional practice of working in the nude, also known as

2736:. Collectively, these occasions are termed the Wheel of the Year. Most Wiccans celebrate a set of eight of these Sabbats; however, other groups such as those associated with the 2284:, these being mirth, reverence, honour, humility, strength, beauty, power, and compassion. In Valiente's poem, they are ordered in pairs of complementary opposites, reflecting a 4051:, spread quickly and gained much media attention. Around this time, the term "Wicca" began to be commonly adopted over "Witchcraft" and the faith was exported to countries like 36:

necklace, a pentacle ring, and a torc. A pentacle is used by many adherents of Wicca. The pentacle is generally placed on a Wiccan altar to honour the elements and directions.

7756: 4182:, much to the criticism of traditional Wiccan groups and individuals. In response to the way that Wicca was increasingly portrayed as trendy, eclectic, and influenced by the 3452:. Other traditions trace their origins to different figures, even if their beliefs and practices have been influenced to a greater or lesser extent by Gardner. These include 4186:

movement, many Witches turned to the pre-Gardnerian origins of the Craft, and to the traditions of his rivals like Cardell and Cochrane, describing themselves as following "

1330:"great" connoting a personification containing many other deities within their own nature. Some Wiccans refer to the goddess as "Lady" and the god as "Lord" to invoke their 7771: 4354:

wrote that "the popular and prevalent media image is mostly inaccurate". Pearson similarly noted that "popular and media perceptions of Wicca have often been misleading".

617: 2304:

religion. Thus, many practitioners of British Traditional Wicca have argued that gay men and women are not capable of correctly working magic without mixed-sex pairings.

1610:

In early sources, "Wicca" referred to the whole of the religion rather than to a specific tradition. In following decades, members of certain traditions – those known as

2841:. The rituals that are observed may display cultural influences from the holidays from which they take their names as well as influences from other unrelated cultures. 2131:

in the 19th century. Some modern Wiccans, however, have stopped using the white/black magic and left/right-hand-path dichotomies, arguing for instance that the colour

2376:(or spirit), where aether unites the other four elements. Various analogies have been devised to explain the concept of the five elements; for instance, the Wiccan 13038: 12887: 8153: 7516: 2150:

by a headlong plunge back into magic" and that it was a reactionary religion which would soon die out. This view was heavily criticised in 1999 by the historian

1796:, and a Crone goddess, each of whom has different associations, namely virginity, fertility, and wisdom. Other Wiccan conceptualisations have portrayed her as a 1470:

have attempted to deny it legal recognition as such, while some Wiccan practitioners themselves eschew the term "religion" – associating the latter purely with

4071: 2318:

Mother Goddesses and Subversive Witches: Competing Narratives of Gender Essentialism, Heteronormativity, Feminism, and Queerness in Wiccan Theology and Ritual

13311: 2613: 1144: 2837:

holidays. However, the festivals are not reconstructive in nature nor do they often resemble their historical counterparts, instead, they exhibit a form of

13134: 12734: 3738: 1708:. Common to these divergent perspectives, however, is that Wicca's deities are viewed as forms of ancient, pre-Christian divinities by its practitioners. 13149: 12460: 4363:

in 1986. However, Wiccans have encountered opposition from some politicians and Christian organisations, including former president of the United States

1813:", an entity that was too complex for humans to understand. This belief has been endorsed by other practitioners, who have referred to it as "the Cosmic 13348: 13331: 13326: 13296: 12939: 2514:

In constructing his ritual system, Gardner drew upon older forms of ceremonial magic, in particular, those found in the writings of Aleister Crowley.

13306: 12862: 11468: 2698:

Some Wiccan Traditions substitute a Communion style rite in honor of the God and Goddess rather than the symbolic Great Rite in their Esbat ritual.

13336: 12424: 3179:

Some solitary Wiccans also perform self-initiation rituals, to dedicate themselves to becoming a Wiccan. The first of these to be published was in

1963:

world-view of the universe as being replete with spirit-beings. In many cases these spirits are associated with the natural world, for instance as

1751:, whose veneration had been passed down in secret right to the present. This theology derived from Egyptologist Margaret Murray's claims about the 5720: 4155:(née Harden) of the University of Victoria was the first recognized Wiccan chaplain of a public university. She is the original high priestess of 2154:

who claimed that the evidence displayed the very opposite: that "a large number were in jobs at the cutting edge , such as computer technology".

11742: 8484:

Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2002). "From the Devil's Gateway to the Goddess Within: The Image of the Witch in Neopaganism". In Joanne Pearson (ed.).

4329:

England, and from its inception the religion encountered opposition from certain Christian groups as well as from the popular tabloids like the

13018: 12713: 11164: 4174:(1998–2006), introducing numbers of young people to the idea of religious witchcraft. This growing demographic was soon catered to through the 4110: 3536:

rituals on a probationary basis. Some solitary Wiccans also choose to study for a year and a day before their self-dedication to the religion.

3282:(among other names), which he would frequently add to and adapt. In his Book of Shadows, there are texts taken from various sources, including 600: 7855: 15140: 15053: 9812: 2632:, who developed it from Gardner's version. Gardner's wording of the original "Charge" added extracts from Aleister Crowley's work, including 7811: 13584: 7542: 4371: 2066:, who declared that magic was "the science and art of causing change to occur in conformity with will", while another ceremonial magician, 3197:. Subsequent, more overtly pagan self-initiation rituals have since been published in books designed for solitary Wiccans by authors like 8998:

Rountree, Kathryn (2015). "Context is Everything: Plurality and Paradox in Contemporary European Paganisms". In Kathryn Rountree (ed.).

5753: 4242:, reasonably well educated, not earning much but probably not too concerned about material things, someone that demographers would call 11364: 4320: 7981: 2687:

Publicly, many Wiccan groups have tended to excise the role of sex magic from their image. This has served both to escape the tabloid

12729: 12602: 11283: 8355: 6074: 4351: 12586: 8015: 4280: 8126: 4162:

In the 1990s, amid ever-rising numbers of self-initiates, the popular media began to explore "witchcraft" in fictional films like

15258: 15228: 10967: 3721: 4220:

people raised in Protestant-dominant backgrounds. On the basis of her experience, Pearson concurred that this was broadly true.

2760:

festival is the name. Gardner himself made use of the English names of these holidays, stating that "the four great Sabbats are

15459: 12087: 10926: 2654:

Other traditions wear robes with cords tied around the waist or even normal street clothes. In certain traditions, ritualised

15428: 15365: 14303: 14060: 12703: 12663: 11461: 11243: 10987: 10957: 10850: 9754: 9710: 9587: 9568: 9347: 9144: 9080: 9007: 8836: 8756: 8733: 8672: 8512: 8344: 8223: 6901: 5744: 2192:

which derives much of its symbolic force from its implicit criticism of dominant Judaeo-Christian and Enlightenment values".

1654:, the word "Wicca" has been used as a synonym for witchcraft more generally, including in non-religious and non-Pagan forms. 6650: 14356: 13922: 13634: 12934: 12308: 11890: 11737: 11435: 11247: 10649: 9845: 8071: 6156: 4135:(1971). Similar books continued to be published throughout the 1980s and 1990s, fuelled by the writings of such authors as 3759: 3299:, whom Gardner knew personally. Also in the Book are examples of poetry largely composed by Gardner and his High Priestess 3288: 2440:

stated that Wiccan rituals were not "dry, formalised, repetitive experiences", but performed with the intent of inducing a

1644: 1076: 973: 2380:

used that of a tree, which is composed of earth (with the soil and plant matter), water (sap and moisture), fire (through

1922:

approach holds the various goddesses and gods to be separate and distinct entities in their own right. The Wiccan writers

12127: 11539: 9721: 8406:

Ezzy, Douglas; Berger, Helen (2009). "Witchcraft: Changing Patterns of Participation in the Early Twenty-First Century".

7786: 2916: 8161: 7520: 7210: 2457:

Wiccan rituals usually take place in private. The Reclaiming tradition has utilised its rituals for political purposes.

2445:

all of these things fit together – beauty, pageantry, music, dance, song, dream". The Wiccan practitioner and historian

15525: 15335: 15100: 14474: 13907: 13475: 12772: 12077: 12052: 11796: 11722: 11384: 11139: 11041: 10733: 9522: 8725: 8101: 4339:, despite important differences between these two religions. Detractors typically depict Wicca as a form of malevolent 3168:

This three-tier degree system following initiation is largely unique to BTW, and traditions heavily based upon it. The

2005:

Belief in the afterlife varies among Wiccans and does not occupy a central place within the religion. As the historian

1631: 1306:

as a broad term for a religion with denominations that differ on some key points but share core beliefs and practices.

6218: 4291:

In 2018, a Pew Research Center study estimated the number of Wiccans in the United States to be at least 1.5 million.

2638:, (especially from Ch 1, spoken by Nuit, the Star Goddess) thus linking modern Wicca irrevocably to the principles of 2091:

or "workings" intended to bring about real changes in the physical world. Common Wiccan spells include those used for

1490:

can represent an emphasis on wisdom and insight-based practices, and it is used by some interchangeably with the term

1365:

and commonly associated with the Triple Goddess, alongside the cycles of the Sun, seasonally based festivals known as

15576: 14469: 13897: 11808: 11593: 11369: 9805: 9781: 9691: 9668: 9642: 9613: 9549: 9530: 9500: 9478: 9445: 9396: 9377: 9304: 9274: 9243: 9224: 9205: 9178: 9115: 8988: 8969: 8912: 8893: 8817: 8791: 8707: 8649: 8622: 8599: 8565: 8538: 8493: 8474: 8452: 8367: 8271: 7888: 7354: 7321: 7245: 6934: 6856: 6784: 6558: 6506: 6461: 6429: 6317: 6242: 5925: 5688: 5638: 5502: 5298: 3496:). During the 1980s, Viviane Crowley, an initiate of both the Gardnerian and Alexandrian traditions, merged the two. 3336:, the Book contained instructions for how to perform rituals and spells, as well as religious poetry and chants like 1248: 7092: 6824: 1634:—which also use the term "Pagan witchcraft". From the 1990s onward, various Wiccans began describing themselves as " 15566: 12618: 11757: 11707: 11454: 11303: 11149: 10992: 9605: 9467:

Gerald Gardner and the Witchcraft Revival: The Significance of His Life and Works to the Story of Modern Witchcraft

2067: 1421: 6182: 15243: 14867: 12739: 12233: 11925: 11169: 10810: 2408:, is to their east. Other Craft groups have associated the elements with different cardinal points, for instance 1151: 1113: 632: 4357:

In the United States, a number of legal decisions have improved and validated the status of Wiccans, especially

4304: 1764:

springtime, and has been described as an ideal role model for women. Wicca's duotheism has been compared to the

1274:

Many variations of the religion have grown and evolved over time, associated with a number of diverse lineages,

15223: 15084: 14449: 14075: 13790: 13519: 13139: 12676: 12520: 11885: 11828: 11642: 11010: 10977: 10895: 10805: 10343: 8931:

Pearson, Jo (2005a). "Inappropriate Sexuality? Sex Magic, S/M and Wicca (or 'Whipping Harry Potter's Arse!')".

4716: 3792:

is a 20th-century creation which combines elements of freemasonry and 19th-century occultism. In his 1999 book

3703:

called "the only full-formed religion which England can be said to have given the world". Characterised as an "

3682: 2756:

fire festivals and the Welsh God Mabon, though in most traditional Wiccan covens the only commonality with the

1088: 311: 12693: 10486: 7594: 692: 15309: 14486: 14417: 13664: 13497: 11762: 10708: 7620: 6620: 3599: 3402: 1526:—the man regarded as the "Father of Wicca"—referred to it as the "Craft of the Wise", "Witchcraft", and "the 3411:

In the 1950s through to the 1970s, when the Wiccan movement was largely confined to lineaged groups such as

1716: 15124: 13902: 11672: 11510: 11420: 11354: 11077: 10936: 10210: 10195: 9798: 8354:

Ezzy, Douglas (2002). "Religious Ethnography: Practicing the Witch's Craft". In Jenny Blain; Douglas Ezzy;

2263:, one of his High Priestesses. The Threefold Law was an interpretation of Wiccan ideas and ritual, made by 1789: 1688:, with some viewing the religion's deities as entities with a literal existence and others viewing them as 1314: 418: 12268: 8558:

Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration: An Investigation into the Sources of Gardnerian Witchcraft

8427:

Greenwood, Susan. "The Nature of the Goddess: Sexual Identities and Power in Contemporary Witchcraft". In

2179:

noted that the Wiccan view of witchcraft was "an outgrowth of Romantic (semi)scholarship", especially the

1338:

divinity, regarded as an impersonal force rather than a personal deity. Other traditions of Wicca embrace

14710: 14481: 13599: 13543: 12092: 11505: 11144: 10982: 10883: 9906: 8377:

Ezzy, Douglas (2003). "New Age Witchcraft? Popular Spell Books and the Re-enchantment of Everyday Life".

5697: 4063: 3879: 3678: 2593:. An altar is usually present in the circle, on which ritual tools are placed and representations of the 1392: 478: 2662:, whereby a High Priest and High Priestess invoke the God and Goddess to possess them before performing 15148: 12363: 12348: 12067: 11191: 10099: 9937: 8298:

Doyle White, Ethan (2010). "The Meaning of "Wicca": A Study in Etymology, History and Pagan Politics".

7819: 5917: 4387: 4268: 4264: 3624: 3406: 2373: 2127:" to describe magic performed with good intentions; terminology that had originated with the occultist 1784:, as well as the Sun God, Son/Lover God, and Vegetation God. He has also been seen in the roles of the 585: 570: 498: 216: 8884:

Pearson, Joanne (2002). "The History and Development of Wicca and Paganism". In Joanne Pearson (ed.).

4151:, who popularised the idea of self-initiation into the Craft. Among witches in Canada, anthropologist 3780: 3564:

A large number of Wiccans do not exclusively follow any single tradition or even are initiated. These

15571: 15484: 15180: 14298: 13704: 13485: 13287: 12993: 12698: 12062: 11767: 11527: 10843: 10656: 9878: 9337: 8640:

Hutton, Ronald (2002). "Living with Witchcraft". In Jenny Blain; Douglas Ezzy; Graham Harvey (eds.).

3620: 3594:

activity of a select few initiates in established lineages, eclectic Wiccans are more often than not

3445: 3212: 3104: 2518: 2369: 2365: 2259:. The Wiccan Rede was most likely introduced into Wicca by Gerald Gardner and formalised publicly by 1611: 980: 15510: 15288: 15278: 15188: 15060: 14349: 13514: 13375: 12897: 12708: 12607: 12440: 12313: 12082: 12003: 11988: 11692: 11662: 11635: 11615: 11544: 11329: 10997: 10952: 10255: 10179: 10159: 9992: 9977: 9765: 8769:. "Ritual is My Chosen Art Form: The Creation of Ritual as Folk Art Among Contemporary Pagans". In 8717: 8695: 8046: 4203: 4099: 3968: 3226: 3138: 2397: 2361: 1743:, with practitioners typically believing that these had been the ancient deities worshipped by the 1668: 1467: 1287: 747: 622: 548: 533: 291: 276: 3176:, does not have the three degrees of initiation, merely having the stages of novice and initiate. 2744:, only six are adhered to. The four Sabbats that are common to all British derived groups are the 2243:

followed universally by Wiccans of all traditions. However, a majority follow a code known as the

15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15304: 15116: 15068: 14855: 14737: 14529: 13987: 12971: 12929: 12193: 12013: 11979: 11578: 11223: 10738: 10217: 10109: 9947: 9437: 9038:. "Paganism and Tibetan Buddhism: Contemporary Western Religions and the Question of Nature". In 8783: 7880: 4285: 4032: 3847: 3843: 3794: 3584: 3461: 3173: 3014: 2799: 2409: 2357: 2308: 2264: 2143: 2039: 1522:

When the religion first came to public attention, its followers commonly called it "Witchcraft".

1041: 627: 595: 508: 433: 226: 7546: 6439: 6234: 15386: 15370: 15360: 15319: 15314: 15172: 15164: 14206: 14132: 14112: 13982: 13917: 13846: 13614: 13422: 13353: 13257: 12902: 12765: 12688: 12636: 12631: 12500: 12490: 12455: 12223: 11624: 11573: 11569: 11477: 11213: 10962: 10522: 10094: 9107: 3812: 3469: 3420: 3348: 3283: 3119: 2618: 2554: 2481: 1781: 1503: 1413: 1279: 1216: 837: 211: 20: 12183: 7105: 6834: 6417: 6405: 60: 15401: 15396: 15273: 14795: 14551: 14524: 14464: 13875: 13853: 13594: 13272: 13129: 13068: 12988: 12956: 12646: 12358: 12278: 12107: 11915: 11838: 11677: 11667: 11405: 11082: 10728: 10684: 10425: 10305: 10250: 10124: 10049: 10039: 10024: 9000:

Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses

8855:

Pearson, Jo (2001). ""Going Native in Reverse": The Insider as Researcher in British Wicca".

8687: 8436: 8235:

Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today

8216:

Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers and Other Pagans in America Today

7870: 6192: 5763: 5490: 4091: 4075: 4070:

ideas with them into the movement, as reflected by the formation of groups like the UK-based

4040: 3956: 3717: 3595: 3488:, thereby distinguishing themselves from the BTW traditions, who more typically use the term 3425: 3333: 3305: 2795: 2625: 2607: 2280: 2251: 2180: 2096: 1785: 1752: 1531: 1527: 1251: 1008: 797: 742: 612: 393: 241: 166: 156: 141: 111: 15520: 15515: 15238: 15233: 15030: 14390: 14365: 14243: 13972: 13912: 13609: 13589: 13432: 13385: 13316: 13301: 13277: 13262: 13235: 13176: 12535: 12530: 12515: 12343: 12158: 12045: 11823: 11630: 11273: 11203: 10972: 10836: 10816: 10270: 9901: 8001: 4127: 3648: 3632: 3185: 2711: 2692: 2441: 2352:. These five elements are invoked during many magical rituals, notably when consecrating a 2095:, for protection, fertility, or to banish negative influences. Many early Wiccans, such as 1838: 1587: 1576: 1436: 1056: 762: 473: 11564: 6079:. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Southern Anthropological Society. Vol. 47. 4852: 3811:. He concluded that the idea that medieval revels were pagan in origin is a legacy of the 3784:, which was reprinted for decades and became so influential that, according to folklorist 8: 15406: 15391: 15132: 15092: 14747: 14732: 14534: 14429: 14424: 14400: 14342: 14308: 14035: 14030: 13977: 13947: 13942: 13826: 13502: 13427: 13390: 13191: 13088: 12872: 12652: 12612: 12555: 12525: 12495: 12153: 12018: 11905: 11801: 11319: 11310: 11278: 11208: 11174: 11159: 11154: 11029: 10905: 10795: 10749: 10743: 10723: 9942: 9821: 9292: 4344: 4187: 4047:, which was predominantly based upon Gardnerian Wicca, albeit with an emphasis placed on 3987: 3939: 3823: 3750: 3725: 3524:

A commonly quoted Wiccan tradition holds that the ideal number of members for a coven is

3453: 3432:

Those traditions which trace a line of initiatory descent back to Gerald Gardner include

3169: 2833:

tradition. The names of these holidays that are commonly used today are often taken from

2634: 2404:

should invoke water in the east and not the west because the colossal body of water, the

2377: 2288:

that is common throughout Wiccan philosophy. Some lineaged Wiccans also observe a set of

2285: 1692:

or symbols. Even among theistic Wiccans, there are divergent beliefs, and Wicca includes

1635: 1604: 1592: 1440: 1224: 1118: 1082: 1051: 767: 580: 562: 503: 11880: 10602: 10506: 9104:

Witchcraft From The Inside: Origins of the Fastest Growing Religious Movement in America

8023: 7517:"University of Victoria chaplain marks solstice with pagan rituals | Vancouver Sun" 3907:

had set themselves up after being inspired by Murray's writings about the "Witch-Cult".

3611:

variety of Wicca in America and eclectics now significantly outnumber lineaged Wiccans.

2498:. In typical rites, the coven or solitary assembles inside a ritually cast and purified 917: 712: 15283: 15215: 14459: 14248: 14152: 13967: 13880: 13858: 13741: 13689: 13629: 13524: 13282: 13250: 13240: 13201: 13196: 13166: 13156: 13013: 12671: 12445: 12383: 12378: 12143: 12097: 12072: 12057: 11998: 11969: 11776: 11747: 11727: 11198: 11099: 11087: 11051: 10910: 10713: 10691: 10315: 10084: 9840: 9680: 9047: 8948: 8872: 8745: 8394: 8323: 8130: 4243: 4191: 4114: 4079: 3947: 3785: 3704: 3481: 3473: 3222: 2807: 2737: 2663: 2225: 2104: 2088: 2051: 1952: 1689: 1596: 1471: 1439:, several scholars have referred to it as a "magico-religion". Wicca is also a form of 1386: 1015: 807: 201: 94: 89: 12398: 10755: 8876: 7841: 6393:

Simpson, Jacqueline (2005). "Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America".

6130: 1459:, although other academics, and many Wiccans themselves, dispute this categorisation. 1071: 15505: 14912: 14742: 14546: 14395: 13868: 13731: 13711: 13619: 13536: 13531: 13507: 13407: 13400: 13368: 13363: 13230: 13225: 13213: 13171: 13033: 13003: 12758: 12641: 12475: 12465: 12450: 12408: 12102: 11974: 11900: 11848: 11781: 11732: 11657: 11517: 11131: 11064: 10873: 10632: 10446: 9886: 9851: 9777: 9750: 9729: 9706: 9687: 9664: 9638: 9609: 9583: 9564: 9545: 9526: 9519:

A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States

9496: 9474: 9441: 9402: 9392: 9373: 9353: 9343: 9324: 9300: 9280: 9270: 9249: 9239: 9220: 9201: 9184: 9174: 9150: 9140: 9121: 9111: 9076: 9003: 8984: 8965: 8952: 8908: 8889: 8832: 8813: 8806: 8787: 8752: 8729: 8703: 8668: 8661: 8645: 8628: 8618: 8611: 8595: 8571: 8561: 8544: 8534: 8508: 8489: 8470: 8462: 8448: 8441: 8398: 8363: 8340: 8327: 8315: 8277: 8267: 8238: 8219: 7993: 7894: 7884: 7856:"Number Of Witches Rises Dramatically Across U.S. As Millennials Reject Christianity" 7614: 7497: 7360: 7350: 7327: 7317: 7241: 7218: 7048: 6940: 6930: 6907: 6897: 6862: 6852: 6780: 6554: 6502: 6467: 6457: 6313: 6290: 6238: 5921: 5740: 5634: 5498: 5304: 5294: 4712: 4359: 4336: 4331: 4312: 4044: 3874: 3636: 3437: 3416: 3088: 3069: 3041: 2986: 2951: 2927: 2896: 2875: 2834: 2826: 2745: 2727: 2345: 2317: 2176: 1448: 1409: 1220: 952: 652: 458: 105: 13624: 8079: 4681: 3699:

Wicca was founded in England between 1921 and 1950, representing what the historian

1993: 1642:

traditions like Luciferianism. In some popular culture, such as television programs

15479: 14995: 14715: 14596: 14586: 14519: 14412: 14290: 14231: 14080: 14065: 14055: 13766: 13736: 13604: 13490: 13480: 13417: 13206: 13183: 13161: 13008: 12882: 12867: 12368: 12213: 12203: 11952: 11860: 11833: 11791: 11712: 11652: 11647: 11588: 11298: 11288: 11268: 11105: 10900: 10718: 10677: 10663: 10310: 10169: 10114: 10104: 10074: 10069: 9911: 9835: 9773: 9630: 9597: 9318: 9099: 9059: 8940: 8864: 8766: 8415: 8386: 8307: 8259: 6230: 5286: 4391: 4179: 4164: 4148: 4067: 4048: 4004: 3999: 3964: 3935: 3860: 3854:. It was further influenced both by scholarly works on folkloristics, particularly 3831: 3827: 3664: 3640: 3576: 3433: 3412: 3347:, all copies of the Book are kept identical to the version that the High Priestess 3296: 3206: 3202: 3190: 3112: 3096: 2268: 2128: 2063: 2059: 2026: 1944: 1639: 1432: 1374: 1351: 1232: 1173: 1001: 987: 802: 590: 483: 281: 231: 221: 191: 186: 99: 84: 12288: 9063: 8467:

New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought

4461: 4267:; no detailed statistics were reported outside of the six main religions. For the 3709: 2574: 1397: 15449: 14805: 14705: 14601: 14236: 14184: 14104: 13937: 13808: 13746: 13684: 13639: 13412: 13358: 13343: 13267: 13245: 13218: 13144: 12983: 12976: 12966: 12824: 12785: 12750: 12393: 12298: 12228: 12218: 12178: 11957: 11813: 11786: 11359: 10878: 10859: 10800: 10778: 10773: 10670: 10557: 10413: 10378: 10240: 10164: 10154: 10089: 10079: 10019: 9896: 9462: 9365: 9134: 9035: 8801: 8588: 8522: 6658: 6308:

Evans, Emrys (1992). "The Celts". In Cavendish, Richard; Ling, Trevor O. (eds.).

4375: 4308: 4152: 4136: 3995: 3960: 3764: 3353: 3300: 3279: 3259: 3249: 3198: 3051: 3019: 2992: 2960: 2933: 2901: 2783: 2642:. Valiente rewrote Gardner's version in verse, keeping the material derived from 2629: 2611:. Although no longer widely used, this practice seemingly derives from a line in 2275: 2260: 2212: 2124: 2092: 1853: 1744: 1729: 1540: 1428: 1417: 1263: 1098: 1061: 994: 942: 872: 732: 607: 468: 381: 346: 271: 206: 196: 136: 14990: 2691:

that has targeted the religion since the 1950s and the concerns surrounding the

15561: 15035: 14491: 14323: 14318: 14280: 14040: 13761: 13721: 13716: 13699: 13694: 13548: 13437: 13063: 12683: 12403: 12388: 12353: 12338: 12293: 12248: 12238: 12148: 12025: 11875: 11752: 11697: 11620: 11583: 11379: 11324: 10931: 10419: 10290: 10222: 10139: 10134: 10119: 10029: 10014: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9927: 9656: 9488: 9314: 9166: 6546: 6227:

The Goddess and the Great Rite: Sex Magic and Feminism in the Neo-Pagan Revival

6152: 5416: 4364: 4239: 4144: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4083: 4062:

During the 1970s, a new generation joined Wicca who had been influenced by the

3991: 3919: 3914:(the "Father of Wicca") in the mid-20th century. Gardner was a retired British 3911: 3754: 3746: 3686: 3616: 3465: 3457: 3361: 3338: 3320: 3254: 3237: 3108: 2803: 2688: 2670: 2405: 2389: 2381: 2349: 2147: 2120: 2031: 2011: 1904: 1793: 1740: 1725: 1563: 1523: 1452: 1291: 1236: 1209: 1137: 782: 528: 523: 488: 438: 387: 256: 251: 236: 146: 131: 44: 9737: 7312:(2003). "Why Does Aleister Crowley Still Matter?". In Metzger, Richard (ed.). 4920: 2336: 15555: 15535: 15025: 14985: 14950: 14830: 14405: 14201: 13960: 13726: 13679: 13083: 13028: 13023: 12951: 12857: 12550: 12480: 12303: 12168: 12163: 12122: 11962: 11818: 11682: 11374: 11218: 10785: 10582: 10527: 10373: 10363: 10295: 9733: 9561:

Knowledge, Belief, and Witchcraft: Analytic Experiments in African Philosophy

9267:

Progressive Witchcraft: Spirituality, Mysteries, and Training in Modern Wicca

8944: 8583: 8575: 8319: 7997: 7569: 7331: 7222: 7190: 6911: 6294: 5911: 4383: 4156: 4056: 4023: 4012: 3915: 3869: 3799: 3700: 3449: 3344: 2956: 2628:". The most commonly used version used by Wiccans today is the rescension of 2508: 2401: 2151: 2084: 2022: 2006: 1810: 1627: 1615: 1550: 1402: 1240: 1123: 897: 842: 787: 575: 341: 331: 13863: 11057: 9406: 9357: 9284: 9253: 9188: 9154: 9125: 8632: 8548: 8281: 7898: 7364: 6944: 6866: 5308: 4553: 3946:, in the late 1930s. Intent on perpetuating this craft, Gardner founded the 3598:

uninitiated in any tradition. A widening public appetite, especially in the

2732:

Wiccans celebrate several seasonal festivals of the year, commonly known as

16:

Modern syncretic pagan religion based on white magic, occultism and paganism

15500: 15156: 15108: 14892: 14845: 14840: 14800: 14561: 14444: 14313: 14253: 14216: 14117: 14070: 13932: 13885: 13756: 12625: 12560: 12505: 12373: 12273: 12258: 12188: 11937: 11853: 11554: 11534: 11415: 11120: 11112: 10888: 10760: 10430: 10368: 10149: 10129: 10054: 10044: 9952: 9932: 9891: 9652: 9328: 9162: 8868: 8419: 8390: 8311: 8242: 8211: 7309: 7032: 4379: 4326: 4251: 4140: 4118: 3976: 3855: 3851: 3850:. To a lesser extent, Wicca also drew upon folk magic and the practices of 3477: 3357: 3131: 3083: 2838: 2830: 2499: 2437: 2353: 2139: 2076: 2072: 1977:. In other cases, such beliefs are more idiosyncratic and atypical; Wiccan 1948: 1923: 1881: 1809:

Gardner stated that beyond Wicca's two deities was the "Supreme Deity" or "

1769: 1748: 1600: 1475: 1201: 1036: 513: 493: 463: 398: 336: 266: 246: 171: 161: 11446: 7501: 5706: 3608: 3556: 3107:(BTW) traditions, there is a line of initiatory descent that goes back to 2490:, worshipping the deities, and working magic. Often these take place on a 2203:

and presenting themselves, as modern witches, as "persecuted minorities".

15076: 15020: 14960: 14860: 14825: 14810: 14752: 14665: 14591: 14514: 12917: 12802: 12328: 12263: 12208: 12008: 11942: 11930: 11920: 11843: 11410: 10388: 10353: 10280: 10245: 10144: 10064: 9957: 9862: 9470: 8590:

The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy

7876: 7643: 7489: 6471: 5684: 4209: 3980: 3865: 3839: 3808: 3689:

movements which were seeking a spiritual escape from Christian hegemony.

3566: 3525: 3516: 3444:

tradition; because of their joint history, they are often referred to as

2446: 2289: 2244: 2184: 2108: 1965: 1936: 1900: 1797: 1685: 1567: 1370: 1358: 772: 737: 518: 356: 321: 261: 181: 15005: 8250:

Baker, James W. "White Witches: Historic Fact and Romantic Fantasy". In

6454:

Mastering Witchcraft: A Practical Guide for Witches, Warlocks and Covens

4709:

Wiccan Beliefs & Practices: With Rituals for Solitaries & Covens

3628: 3103:

ritual, through which somebody joins the Craft and becomes a Wiccan. In

2810:

adopted the commemoration of these four Sabbats as described by Murray.

2794:(1933), in which she dealt with what she believed had been a historical 2782:; the equinoxes and solstices are celebrated also". In the Egyptologist 2274:

Many Wiccans also seek to cultivate a set of eight virtues mentioned in

15444: 15248: 14907: 14850: 14835: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14660: 14640: 14439: 14369: 14334: 14275: 14258: 14196: 14045: 13992: 13955: 13841: 13093: 13073: 12912: 12812: 12333: 12283: 12253: 12243: 12198: 11702: 11687: 11334: 11228: 11072: 10790: 10577: 10542: 10481: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10348: 10285: 10275: 10265: 10200: 10059: 10034: 9987: 9635:

The Witch Book: The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft, Wicca, and Neo-paganism

9262: 8903:

Pearson, Joanne (2002b). "Witches and Wicca". In Joanne Pearson (ed.).

8016:"Barr's Witch Project: Lawmaker Wants to Ban Witches from the Military" 7627: 4948: 4481: 4445: 4122: 4036: 3931: 3904: 3742: 3572: 3194: 3180: 3127: 3123: 3100: 3099:

can be found within Wicca. Perhaps the most significant of these is an

3026: 2659: 2511:

to send healing or other magic to persons outside of the sacred space.

2503: 2100: 2055: 2035: 2034:" among the Wiccan community. This allows many Wiccans to believe that 1978: 1974: 1927: 1919: 1873: 1861: 1834: 1736: 1721: 1705: 1697: 1339: 1322: 1318: 1268: 1108: 892: 857: 777: 757: 687: 543: 423: 376: 371: 366: 316: 176: 151: 12924: 11895: 9790: 9747:

Persuasions of the Witch's Craft: Ritual Magic in Contemporary England

9198:

The Witches' Way: Principles, Rituals and Beliefs of Modern Witchcraft

7772:

2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales

5000: 3986:

The Witchcraft religion began to grow in 1951, with the repeal of the

1582: 1571: 1431:, a term that is also embraced by many of its practitioners, and as a 1373:

is a popular expression of Wiccan morality, often with respect to the

1313:, venerating both a Goddess and a God, traditionally conceived as the 14940: 14722: 14700: 14650: 14645: 14623: 14226: 14221: 14189: 14172: 13831: 13395: 13048: 13043: 12807: 12112: 12040: 11910: 11771: 11717: 11608: 11549: 11522: 11500: 11495: 11491: 11430: 11400: 11293: 11092: 11034: 10592: 10476: 10393: 10358: 10205: 9982: 8979:

Pearson, Joanne; Roberts, Richard H.; Samuel, Geoffrey, eds. (1998).

8530: 4537: 4052: 3943: 3927: 3293: 3233: 3003: 2779: 2761: 2715: 2655: 2491: 2413: 2200: 1932: 1907: 1869: 1842: 1701: 1693: 1555: 1444: 1343: 1335: 1327: 1310: 1302:

traditions. Other traditions, as well as scholars of religion, apply

1205: 907: 682: 538: 428: 361: 326: 14496: 11559: 10466: 9493:

Crafting the Art of Magic: A History of Modern Witchcraft, 1939–1964

8905:

Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age

8886:

Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age

8486:

Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age

3583:

of a variety of religious traditions connected to Wicca and broader

3540:

knowledge of specific areas, such as the Qabalah, astrology, or the

3143:

Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopaedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions

2940: 2752:. The names of these festivals are in some cases taken from the Old 2706: 1886: 672: 19:

This article is about the duotheistic religion. For other uses, see

15531:

Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period

15454: 15197:

Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants

15015: 14897: 14815: 14655: 14618: 14434: 14157: 14147: 14142: 13927: 12961: 12907: 12892: 12877: 12781: 12323: 12030: 11947: 11870: 11598: 11186: 11125: 11046: 10617: 10612: 10597: 10567: 10451: 10320: 10174: 9722:"Recent Developments in the Study of The Great European Witch Hunt" 8747:

Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions

8154:"University of Victoria chaplain marks solstice with pagan rituals" 7928: 6076:

Casting Your Own Spell: The Role of Individualism in Wiccan Beliefs

4340: 4175: 3951: 3923: 3900: 3883: 3733: 3729: 3373: 3329: 3217: 2818: 2813:

The other four festivals commemorated by many Wiccans are known as

2741: 2719: 2674: 2578: 2566: 2424: 2116: 2015: 1911: 1897: 1846: 1777: 1673: 1623: 1463: 1331: 1255: 1244: 1212: 1046: 932: 927: 912: 882: 812: 657: 286: 66: 33: 28: 14454: 10828: 9071:

Strmiska, Michael F. (2005). "Modern Paganism in World Cultures".

9026:

Salomonsen, Jone. "Feminist Witchcraft and Holy Hermeneutics". In

6717: 6715: 6628: 4613: 4585: 3763:. The theory's most notable advocate was the English Egyptologist 3749:. In the late 19th century, it was then adopted by two Americans, 2740:

only follow four. In the rare case of the Ros an Bucca group from

1638:", although this term was also employed by practitioners of other 1618:, it is the older, broader, inclusive meaning which is preferred. 1334:. These two deities are sometimes viewed as facets of a universal 15000: 14930: 14820: 14581: 14556: 14127: 13890: 13751: 13053: 12797: 12510: 12035: 11993: 11425: 11263: 11179: 10607: 10587: 10491: 10471: 10456: 10383: 10325: 8846:

Pearson, Joanne. "Assumed Affinities: Wicca and the New Age". In

6896:. Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications. pp. 299–301. 6607:

Wicca: History, Belief & Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft

4497: 4183: 4170: 4008: 3972: 3896: 3835: 3816: 3804: 3644: 3385: 3161: 3157: 3153: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2864: 2822: 2771: 2753: 2733: 2639: 2598: 2586: 2570: 2429: 1998: 1970: 1960: 1940: 1877: 1735:

Most early Wiccan groups adhered to the duotheistic worship of a

1681: 1650: 1456: 1228: 1103: 922: 902: 817: 697: 677: 662: 351: 14122: 12318: 8926:. Vol. 14. Detroit: Macmaillan Reference USA. p. 9730. 8337:

Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft

6198: 5912:

Zell-Ravenheart, Oberon; Zell-Ravenheart, Morning Glory (2006).

4569: 3757:, the latter of whom promoted a variant of it in his 1899 book, 3232:

Infants in Wiccan families may be involved in a ritual called a

1903:

each as manifestations of one supreme Goddess and likewise, the

1443:, and more specifically a part of the esoteric current known as 15010: 14965: 14935: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14790: 14773: 14768: 14695: 14270: 14211: 14167: 14162: 13380: 13078: 12998: 12946: 12581: 12576: 12540: 12485: 11865: 11603: 10572: 10562: 10552: 10537: 10532: 10461: 8857:

Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions

8808:

The witch-cult in Western Europe : a study in anthropology

8684:

The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present

7944:

Believe me, coming out of the "broom closet" is a one-way trip.

7314:

Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick and the Occult

6851:(1st ed.). Saint Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications. 6712: 3603: 3580: 3441: 3271: 3148: 3055: 3030: 2912: 2775: 2590: 2582: 2558: 2487: 2473: 2385: 2240: 2038:

can contact the spirits of the deceased, a belief adopted from

1915: 1857: 1792:, thereby being a triadic deity comprising a Maiden goddess, a 1765: 1677: 1366: 1347: 1259: 1066: 887: 877: 867: 852: 847: 667: 12173: 9542:

Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America

8527:

Wiccan Roots: Gerald Gardner and the Modern Witchcraft Revival

7757:"Census 2001 Key Statistics – Local Authorities KS07 Religion" 7686: 4976: 4936: 4828: 4399:

that she had broken the oaths of secrecy taken at initiation.

4190:". Groups within this Traditional Witchcraft revival included 3819:

movement and also differs markedly in its general philosophy.

2307:

Although Gerald Gardner initially demonstrated an aversion to

2058:". Many Wiccans agree with the definition of magic offered by 1517: 1435:. However, given that Wicca also incorporates the practice of 15540: 14980: 14975: 14955: 14945: 14872: 14783: 14778: 14727: 14635: 14613: 14608: 14265: 14137: 11235: 10768: 10622: 10547: 10501: 10300: 10260: 8922:

Pearson, Joanne E. (2005). "Wicca". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

8613:

The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft

7278: 7266: 7254: 7178: 7135: 7022: 7020: 6042: 5399: 5397: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5166: 4964: 4789: 4787: 4367:, who stated that he did not believe Wicca to be a religion. 3767:, who promoted it in a series of books – most notably 1921's 3591: 3541: 3509: 3275: 3267: 2996: 2757: 2495: 2256: 2236: 2233: 2132: 1982: 1890: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1362: 1093: 937: 862: 792: 752: 707: 9434:

Coming to the Edge of the Circle: A Wiccan Initiation Ritual

9297:

The Wicca Bible: the Definitive Guide to Magic and the Craft

7722: 7007: 7005: 6100: 6098: 5934: 5667: 5665: 5573: 5571: 5471: 5349: 5347: 5332: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5120: 5072: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5031: 5021: 5019: 4299: 4208:

Originating in Britain, Wicca then spread to North America,

3266:

In Wicca, there is no set sacred text such as the Christian

3262:', sitting on a Wiccan altar, alongside plants and crystals. 2348:, although they are seen as symbolic representations of the 14970: 14902: 14670: 14628: 14179: 12545: 12470: 10627: 10496: 9073:

Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives

8408:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

8300:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

7739: 7737: 7664: 7662: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6172: 6170: 6168: 5816: 5814: 5801: 5799: 5774: 5772: 5610: 5449: 5447: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4730: 4728: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 2885: 2681: 2562: 2112: 2018:, and other sources, that the human being has three souls. 1893: 1788:

and the Lord of Death. The Goddess is often portrayed as a

1427:

Several academics have also categorised Wicca as a form of

1275: 1188: 947: 702: 8047:"Use of Wiccan Symbol on Veterans' Headstones Is Approved" 7908: 7787:"Real Witches Practice Samhain: Wicca on the Rise in U.S." 7674: 7460: 7458: 7147: 7123: 7068: 7017: 6812: 6268: 6266: 6054: 5588: 5586: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5394: 5359: 5267: 4988: 4908: 4884: 4872: 4840: 4816: 4784: 3130:, either actual or symbolically, and in some cases ritual 2392:), all of which are believed to be united through spirit. 2315:

has published an informative white paper on this subject:

2054:, a manipulative force exercised through the practice of " 1959:

Many Wiccans also adopt a more explicitly polytheistic or

13058: 12582:

INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)

8188: 7002: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6527: 6478: 6095: 5826: 5784: 5662: 5568: 5556: 5459: 5344: 5243: 5231: 5219: 5190: 5132: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5043: 5016: 4774: 4772: 4513: 4003:

normalised to "Wicca". Gardner's tradition, later termed

3193:

backwards as a symbol of defiance against the historical

2905: 2766: 2594: 2469: 2328:

Many Wiccans are involved in environmentalist campaigns.

1728:

crafted by Bel Bucca and owned by the "Mother of Wicca",

1676:

views within Wicca are diverse. The religion encompasses

1182: 9217:

The Witches' Goddess: The Feminine Principle of Divinity

8780:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

7872:

New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America

7734: 7710: 7698: 7659: 7407: 6793: 6756: 6744: 6727: 6690: 6688: 6621:"Beaufort House Index of English Traditional Witchcraft" 6567: 6374: 6362: 6338: 6165: 5982: 5970: 5958: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5838: 5811: 5796: 5769: 5652: 5650: 5511: 5444: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5178: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4740: 4725: 4650: 4629: 4601: 4382:("Pan"), the original high priestess and high priest of 4335:. Some Christians still believe that Wicca is a form of 3484:. Some of these groups prefer to refer to themselves as 3122:. It is also at this ceremony that they are given their 2486:

Many rituals within Wicca are used when celebrating the

2135:

should not necessarily have any associations with evil.

1918:

as aspects of a single, archetypal god. A more strictly

9050:(1994). "Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her, and Why?". 8962:

Wicca and the Christian Heritage: Ritual, Sex and Magic

8505:

Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism

7455: 7419: 7395: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7111: 6968: 6966: 6700: 6263: 6251: 6131:"A Turning on the Wheel of Life: Wiccan Rites of Death" 5598: 5583: 5544: 5427: 4896: 4311:

has contributed to the misidentification of Wiccans as

4263:

In the United Kingdom, census figures on religion were

3480:, whose followers often trace their influences back to 2312: 9770:

The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism

9602:

Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America

9075:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. pp. 1–53. 8176: 7759:. United Kingdom Office for National Statistics. 2001. 7470: 7443: 7383: 7097: 7095: 7080: 6978: 6873: 6579: 6350: 6326: 5946: 5893: 5255: 5156: 5154: 5152: 4769: 4757: 4194:'s Cultus Sabbati and the Cornish Ros an Bucca coven. 4018: 7961: 7949: 7371: 7290: 6685: 6673: 6515: 6312:. New York: Little Brown & Company. p. 170. 6083: 6030: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5881: 5862: 5850: 5647: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5382: 5315: 4799: 2525:

Purification of the sacred space and the participants

2083:

During ritual practices, which are often staged in a

1185: 1179: 13798: 13461: 12834: 9039: 9027: 8978: 8847: 8428: 8290: 7431: 7159: 6963: 6110: 4662: 4525: 3172:, which is not BTW, but based upon the teachings of 2494:, or in some cases a new moon, which is known as an 8981:

Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World

8129:. Aquarian Tabernacle Church Canada. Archived from 6990: 6951: 5149: 3950:with his wife Donna in the 1940s, after buying the 3878:, and pre-existing modern pagan groups such as the 3822:Other influences upon early Wicca included various 3590:While the origins of modern Wiccan practice lie in 2624:One of Wicca's best known liturgical texts is "The 2103:

and Alex Winfield, referred to their own magic as "

1852:Although Gardner criticised monotheism, citing the 1321:, respectively. These deities may be regarded in a 1231:during the first half of the 20th century, and was 1176: 12780: 9679: 8805: 8782:. New York: American Heritage Publishing. p. 8744: 8660: 8644:. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. pp. 171–187. 8610: 8587: 8440: 8362:. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press. pp. 113–128. 8289:Crowley, Vivianne. "Wicca as Nature Religion". In 7769:Office for National Statistics, 11 December 2012, 5523: 5060: 4433: 4238:a man in his forties, or a woman in her thirties, 3681:and came to be championed by those sectors of the 2573:, but other tools include a broomstick known as a 2021:Although not accepted by all Wiccans, a belief in 1876:, thereby believing that there are many different 13570: 8829:Never Again the Burning Times: Paganism Revisited 3189:(1970), and unusually involved recitation of the 2476:, ritual knife or dagger used in Wiccan practices 2250:Another common element of Wiccan morality is the 1997:A Wiccan altar decorated to mark the festival of 1880:. Some accept the view espoused by the occultist 1494:for their common roots in the meaning of gaining 1369:and commonly associated with the Horned God. The 1298:specific to similar traditions, excluding newer, 15553: 8617:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 5628: 3602:, made traditional initiation unable to satisfy 3575:spiritual paths by adopting and reinventing the 2119:. Sanders also used the similar terminology of " 9510: 9420: 9171:A Witches' Bible: The Complete Witches Handbook 8072:"George W. Bush Justifies Off-The-Cuff Bigotry" 7601:. Archived from the original on October 2, 2003 6609:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 160–162. 3889: 15054:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament 12714:Religious discrimination against modern pagans 6287:Traditional Witchcraft: A Cornish Book of Ways 5633:. Providence: Olympian Press. pp. 60–61. 4111:New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn 3815:. Hutton noted that Wicca predates the modern 1821:". Gardner envisioned this Supreme Deity as a 1558:, with practitioners carrying a pentacle, 2006 15141:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts 14350: 12766: 11462: 10844: 9806: 8507:(2nd ed.). London: Hurst & Company. 6929:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley. p. 125. 5291:Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Millennium 3694:— Religious studies scholar Ethan Doyle White 1380: 1145: 9233: 9214: 9195: 9161: 7868: 7545:. Aquarian Tabernacle Church. Archived from 6423: 6411: 6223:Magic and Feminism in the Neo-Pagan Revival" 6204: 6128: 6104: 5778: 5172: 4372:United States Department of Veterans Affairs 1943:. Such a view is held by the High Priestess 1804: 11476: 8447:(2nd ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. 8334: 8297: 7284: 7272: 7260: 7184: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7074: 7062: 7042: 7026: 7011: 6604: 5403: 5376: 5353: 5338: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5143: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5054: 5037: 5025: 5010: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4958: 4942: 4930: 4926: 4914: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4862: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4793: 4751: 4734: 4656: 4644: 4607: 4595: 4563: 4547: 4519: 4491: 4475: 4455: 2553:These rites often include a special set of 2146:claimed in 1985 that Wicca had "reacted to 14357: 14343: 12773: 12759: 11469: 11455: 10851: 10837: 9813: 9799: 9260: 9025: 8483: 8461: 8443:The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft 8405: 7914: 7692: 7680: 7649: 6818: 6060: 5671: 5577: 5562: 5261: 4451: 4321:Religious discrimination against Neopagans 3292:(1899) and the works of 19th–20th century 2646:, but removing the material from Crowley. 2557:. These usually include a knife called an 2344:Many traditions hold a belief in the five 2170:— Religious studies scholar Joanne Pearson 1951:, who considered the Wiccan deities to be 1939:, thereby technically allowing them to be 1152: 1138: 12603:Academic study of new religious movements 11284:Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans 9291: 8983:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 8765: 8426: 7926: 7058: 6499:Coven Craft: Witchcraft for Three or More 6484: 6380: 6368: 6235:10.1525/california/9780520247765.003.0008 6072: 6048: 5952: 5940: 5820: 5805: 5517: 5477: 5184: 4559: 3741:in 1828, before being endorsed by German 3111:, and from him is said to go back to the 2549:Farewell to the quarters and participants 2436:The Wiccan high priestess and journalist 14364: 12587:World Religions and Spirituality Project 9682:What Witches Do: A Modern Coven Revealed 9425: 9386: 9364: 9234:Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1992) . 9132: 9098: 9070: 9016: 8997: 8930: 8907:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 133–172. 8902: 8831:. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. 8555: 8521: 8488:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 295–312. 8044: 7743: 7728: 7716: 7704: 7668: 7653: 7633: 7567: 7519:. Blogs.vancouversun.com. Archived from 7425: 7401: 7377: 7296: 7196: 7117: 6846: 6806: 6777:Covencraft: Witchcraft for Three or More 6762: 6750: 6738: 6721: 6706: 6573: 6545: 6426:, Chapter III – Third Degree Initiation. 6414:, Chapter II – Second Degree Initiation. 6272: 6257: 6176: 5988: 5976: 5790: 5759: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5550: 5438: 4902: 4763: 4706: 4543: 4531: 4507: 4503: 4487: 4298: 4281:American Religious Identification Survey 4212:, continental Europe, and South Africa. 4022: 3555: 3515: 3384: 3253: 3147: 3082: 2705: 2468: 2423: 2335: 1992: 1828: 1715: 1549: 1530:" during the 1950s. Gardner believed in 1396: 27: 13663: 9820: 9335: 9313: 9215:Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1987). 9196:Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart (1984). 9046: 8959: 8921: 8883: 8854: 8845: 8702:. Sutton Mallet, England: Green Magic. 8288: 8258: 8194: 8182: 7955: 7784: 7637: 7476: 7464: 7437: 7172: 7086: 6879: 6694: 6679: 6592: 6533: 6392: 6356: 6332: 6116: 6089: 5899: 5887: 5875: 5856: 5832: 5489: 5415: 5326: 5285: 5160: 5006: 4954: 4778: 4619: 4471: 4467: 3728:were actually followers of a surviving 3460:, both of which trace their origins to 3137:According to new-age religious scholar 2045: 1357:Wiccan celebrations encompass both the 15554: 15460:List of people executed for witchcraft 12461:Classifications of religious movements 12088:Universal Church of the Kingdom of God 9136:Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft 9034: 8888:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 15–54. 8800: 8777: 8722:Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft 8694: 8681: 8658: 8639: 8608: 8582: 8502: 8435: 8264:Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age 7967: 7812:"Respect healthy for different faiths" 7809: 7488: 7449: 7413: 7389: 7344: 7101: 7038: 6957: 6891: 6830: 6521: 6344: 6188: 6151: 5964: 5683: 5656: 5538: 5465: 5388: 5066: 4858: 4810: 4668: 4579: 1586: 1575: 1486:are sometimes discouraged altogether. 1455:have categorised Wicca as part of the 1422:eclectic to reconstructionist spectrum 15429:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire 14338: 14304:Christianization of saints and feasts 14061:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 14015: 13806: 13662: 13569: 13460: 13114: 12842: 12754: 11450: 11244:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 10832: 9794: 9703:Witchcraft: A Very Short Introduction 9370:An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present 9269:. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Age Books. 9002:. New York: Berghahn. pp. 1–23. 8826: 8770: 8742: 8716: 8251: 8249: 8232: 8210: 7869:Davis, Derek; Hankins, Barry (2003). 7308: 7235: 7208: 7054: 6924: 6451: 6435: 6307: 6216: 6036: 6024: 6012: 6000: 5844: 5734: 5453: 5273: 4591: 4439: 3826:traditions and practices, among them 3669: 2722:, displaying all eight of the Sabbats 2546:Wine, cakes, chanting, dancing, games 2502:. Casting the circle may involve the 2123:" to describe malevolent magic, and " 1872:, many Wiccans accept the concept of 1562:Although pronounced differently, the 1510:, while non-Wiccans are often termed 1416:, and more specifically as a form of 12309:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 11738:International Peace Mission movement 11248:Foundation for Traditional Religions 10650:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 9580:Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia 9091: 9040:Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998) 9028:Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998) 8848:Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998) 8429:Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998) 8376: 8353: 8291:Pearson, Roberts & Samuel (1998) 8151: 7979: 7785:Goldman, Russell (30 October 2009). 6996: 6984: 6972: 6456:. New York: Putnum. pp. 22–23. 6284: 6158:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 4623: 4575: 3760:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 3289:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 2701: 974:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 12128:World Mission Society Church of God 11540:Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis 10858: 9705:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9661:The Witches' God: Lord of the Dance 9455: 8667:. London: Hambledon and Continuum. 8339:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 7349:. London: Robert Hale. p. 51. 5629:Mathiesin, Robert; Theitic (2005). 4019:Adaptation and spread, 1960–present 4007:, soon became the dominant form in 3303:, the most notable of which is the 3078: 2464: 1299: 13: 15526:Left-hand path and right-hand path 15101:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus 12704:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses 12078:Unitarian Universalist Association 10734:Left-hand path and right-hand path 9559:Hallen, B.; Sodipo, J. O. (1997). 9523:University of South Carolina Press 9415: 9391:. London: Robert Hale Publishing. 9238:. London: Robert Hale Publishing. 9219:. London: Robert Hale Publishing. 8964:. London and New York: Routledge. 8726:State University of New York Press 8152:Todd, Douglas (16 December 2010). 7316:. New York: Disinformation Books. 6774: 6551:Witchcraft and the Book of Shadows 6496: 4711:. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 7. 4168:(1996) and television series like 3389:A Wiccan couple getting handfasted 3243: 1981:for instance endorsed a belief in 14: 15588: 11809:Moorish Science Temple of America 11594:Brotherhood of the Cross and Star 9299:. New York: Sterling Publishing. 8237:(3rd ed.). London: Penguin. 8045:Banerjee, Neela (24 April 2007). 8022:. 1 November 1999. Archived from 7982:"Something Wiccan This Way Comes" 7209:Allen, Charlotte (January 2001). 6627:. 15 January 1999. Archived from 5914:Creating Circles & Ceremonies 5293:. London: Thorsons. p. 129. 4682:"Wizard Definition & Meaning" 4011:and spread to other parts of the 3910:The history of Wicca starts with 3551: 3508:Lineaged Wicca is organised into 2710:Painted Wheel of the Year at the 2695:hysteria in the 1980s and 1990s. 2531:Calling of the elemental quarters 2416:, the most-used symbol of Wicca. 1603:, respectively, that was used in 1566:term "Wicca" is derived from the 1518:Wiccan definition of "Witchcraft" 13462:Middle-Eastern and North African 12619:Journal of Contemporary Religion 10389:Spellwork / Incantation 9861: 9606:University of Pennsylvania Press 8145: 8119: 8094: 8064: 8038: 8008: 7973: 7920: 7862: 7848: 7834: 7810:Holmes, Erik (17 January 2010). 7803: 7778: 7763: 7749: 7587: 7561: 7535: 7514: 7508: 7482: 7338: 7302: 7229: 7202: 6927:Wicca and Witchcraft for Dummies 6918: 6885: 6840: 6768: 6643: 6613: 6598: 6539: 6490: 6445: 6386: 6301: 6278: 6219:"The Goddess and the Great Rite 6210: 6145: 6141:: 22 – via IUScholarWorks. 6122: 6066: 5739:. UK: Capall Bann. p. 218. 4274: 3769:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 3066:No historical pagan equivalent. 2788:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 2658:is performed in the form of the 2331: 1757:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1172: 357:Spellwork / Incantation 59: 12083:United Submitters International 10811:Witchcraft Research Association 8663:Witches, Druids and King Arthur 8218:. New York City: Viking Press. 6651:"Different types of Witchcraft" 5905: 5728: 5713: 5677: 5622: 5483: 5409: 5279: 4700: 4674: 4414: 4325:Wicca emerged in predominantly 4197: 3520:A modern pagan witchcraft altar 3120:the ritual tools and implements 2684:subculture into their rituals. 2517:The classical ritual scheme in 1817:", "Supreme Cosmic Power", or " 1114:Witchcraft Research Association 633:Witchcraft Research Association 15224:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy 15085:Summis desiderantes affectibus 14076:Polytheistic reconstructionism 12677:Christian countercult movement 12521:Polytheistic reconstructionism 11886:Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha 11643:Chinese salvationist religions 10806:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic 10218:Holly King / Oak King 9720:Gibbons, Jenny (August 1998). 9582:. Melbourne University Press. 9173:. London: Phoenix Publishing. 9106:(3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: 8203: 7595:"Statistical summary pages: W" 7570:"How Many "Pagans" Are There?" 7496:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 7211:"The Scholars and the Goddess" 6549:(2004a). Naylor, A. R. (ed.). 5920:: New Page Books. p. 42. 4390:, successfully campaigned the 4350:The religious studies scholar 3922:, with a broad familiarity in 3807:dance) actually date from the 3745:and then the French historian 3493: 3468:, which traces itself back to 2589:and a curved blade known as a 2111:", which they associated with 1089:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic 434:Holly King / Oak King 1: 13571:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 11304:Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism 9563:. Stanford University Press. 9323:. London: Rider and Company. 9064:10.1080/0015587X.1994.9715877 9019:Witchcraft Out of the Shadows 8778:Morris, William, ed. (1969). 8743:Lewis, James R., ed. (1999). 8078:. 1 June 1999. Archived from 7927:Bewitched (4 December 2003). 6217:Urban, Hugh B. (2006-10-04). 5764:Preface to the Second Edition 4402: 4294: 3396: 3229:and his first wife, Gillian. 2507:energy', including raising a 2157: 15229:accusations against children 15125:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 13115: 11673:Church of the Guanche People 11421:Platonism in the Renaissance 10709:List of Wiccan organisations 9511:Wicca in different countries 9432:Bado-Fralick, Nikki (2005). 9421:Significant historical works 9336:Gardner, Gerald B. (2004) . 8160:. The Search. Archived from 7775:. Accessed 12 December 2012. 6129:Bado-Fralick, Nikki (1998). 4427: 4133:Lady Sheba's Book of Shadows 3890:Early development, 1936–1959 3716:Wicca took as its basis the 3403:List of Wiccan organisations 3380: 3367: 2649: 2419: 2384:) and air (the formation of 2313:Illinois Wesleyan University 1988: 1711: 7: 12093:Universal White Brotherhood 9907:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca 9139:. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn. 8812:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 8335:Doyle White, Ethan (2016). 7842:"Religious Landscape Study" 7199:, 10: Roots of Modern Wica. 6605:Doyle White, Ethan (2015). 6289:. Troy Books. p. 147. 4386:and founding elders of the 4064:counterculture of the 1960s 3880:Order of Woodcraft Chivalry 3722:those persecuted as witches 2748:, sometimes referred to as 2340:Five elements with pentacle 2267:and further popularized by 2206: 1662: 1393:Modern paganism and New Age 601:New Reformed Orthodox Order 479:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca 10: 15593: 15149:Daemonolatreiae libri tres 13807: 12364:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 12349:Joseph Franklin Rutherford 12068:Unarius Academy of Science 11385:Writers on modern paganism 9938:Church and School of Wicca 9859: 9686:. Robert Hale Publishing. 9623: 9372:. Robert Hale Publishing. 9133:Buckland, Raymond (1986). 8529:. Freshfields, Chieveley, 8266:. London: Aquarian Press. 7980:Silk, Mark (Summer 1999). 6847:Roderick, Timothy (2005). 6779:. Llewellyn. p. 228. 6625:Beaufort House Association 6501:. Llewellyn. p. 280. 4388:Aquarian Tabernacle Church 4318: 4279:In the United States, the 4201: 3930:. He claimed to have been 3662: 3658: 3407:Category:Wiccan traditions 3400: 3247: 3236:, which is analogous to a 3105:British Traditional Wiccan 2802:'s Clan of Tubal Cain and 2725: 2479: 2428:A Wiccan altar erected at 2210: 2107:", which contrasted with " 1666: 1657: 1390: 1384: 1381:Definition and terminology 618:SpiralScouts International 586:Church and School of Wicca 571:Aquarian Tabernacle Church 499:Church and School of Wicca 32:Wiccan jewelry, showing a 18: 15493: 15472: 15437: 15421: 15379: 15328: 15297: 15266: 15257: 15214: 15207: 15181:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men 15044: 14921: 14761: 14574: 14507: 14383: 14376: 14299:Christianity and paganism 14289: 14103: 14026: 14022: 14016: 14011: 13819: 13815: 13802: 13789: 13675: 13671: 13658: 13580: 13576: 13565: 13471: 13467: 13456: 13125: 13121: 13110: 12853: 12849: 12843: 12838: 12821: 12793: 12722: 12699:Persecution of Falun Gong 12662: 12595: 12569: 12433: 12417: 12269:Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi 12136: 12063:Twelve Tribes communities 12053:Transcendental Meditation 11484: 11393: 11347: 11256: 11019: 11008: 10945: 10919: 10866: 10701: 10657:The Meaning of Witchcraft 10641: 10515: 10439: 10334: 10231: 10188: 10005: 9920: 9877: 9870: 9828: 9540:Clifton, Chas S. (2006). 9517:Berger, Helen A. (1999). 9389:The Rebirth of Witchcraft 9387:Valiente, Doreen (1989). 9339:The Meaning of Witchcraft 9236:Eight Sabbats for Witches 8560:. Somerset: Capall Bann. 8556:Heselton, Philip (2003). 8076:Positive Atheism Magazine 7619:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7543:"ATC Affiliates – Canada" 5735:Adams, Luthaneal (2011). 5495:The Alex Sanders Lectures 4231: 3720:. This was the idea that 3503: 3500:incorporated into Wicca. 3446:British Traditional Wicca 2983:31 October to 1 November 2869:31 October to 1 November 2519:British Traditional Wicca 2271:, in his books on Wicca. 1868:As well as pantheism and 1805:Monotheism and polytheism 1612:British Traditional Wicca 1462:Although recognised as a 981:The Meaning of Witchcraft 15577:1950s in modern paganism 15511:Christian views on magic 15189:The Discovery of Witches 15061:Directorium Inquisitorum 12709:Persecution of Rastafari 12608:Anthropology of religion 12441:African-initiated church 12314:Phineas Parkhurst Quimby 12004:Shri Ram Chandra Mission 11693:The Family International 11663:Church of Divine Science 11616:Charismatic Christianity 11121:Daco-Thracian (Romanian) 10256:Wiccan views of divinity 9993:Universal Eclectic Wicca 9745:Luhrmann, T. M. (1994). 9678:Farrar, Stewart (1983). 9342:. Boston: Weiser Books. 8960:Pearson, Joanne (2007). 8945:10.1177/1355835805051876 8933:Theology & Sexuality 8924:Encyclopedia of Religion 8102:"Veteran Pentacle Quest" 7568:Bonewits, Isaac (2005). 7236:Davis, Philip G (1998). 6892:Howard, Michael (2010). 6424:Farrar & Farrar 1984 6412:Farrar & Farrar 1984 6205:Farrar & Farrar 1984 6161:. David Nutt. p. 7. 6105:Farrar & Farrar 1981 6073:McDermott, Matt (2023). 5779:Farrar & Farrar 1992 5173:Farrar & Farrar 1987 4407: 4204:Demographics of paganism 3994:and then others such as 3152:Handfasting ceremony at 2880:Death and the ancestors 2677:and women's liberation. 2356:. The five elements are 2050:Many Wiccans believe in 1914:and the Judeo-Christian 1669:Wiccan views of divinity 1645:Buffy the Vampire Slayer 1401:Wiccan priestess in the 1375:ritual practice of magic 1288:organisational structure 1233:introduced to the public 1223:, the path evolved from 748:Wiccan views of divinity 623:Universal Eclectic Wicca 549:Universal Eclectic Wicca 15567:New religious movements 15117:De praestigiis daemonum 15069:De maleficis mulieribus 12740:New religious movements 12194:Chinmayananda Saraswati 11980:Joy of Satan Ministries 11758:Kingdom of Jesus Christ 11579:Black Hebrew Israelites 11478:New religious movements 10739:Cunning folk in Britain 9663:. London: Robert Hale. 9438:Oxford University Press 8827:Orion, Loretta (1994). 8682:Hutton, Ronald (2017). 8659:Hutton, Ronald (2003). 8609:Hutton, Ronald (1999). 8503:Harvey, Graham (2007). 7881:Baylor University Press 6849:Wicca: A Year and a Day 5423:. Boxtree. p. 120. 4707:Cantrell, Gary (2001). 4286:United States Air Force 4265:first collected in 2001 4039:, and most importantly 3795:The Triumph of the Moon 3781:Encyclopædia Britannica 3072:; the harvest of grain 3015:Early Germanic calendar 2904:and the rebirth of the 2252:Law of Threefold Return 1786:Leader of the Wild Hunt 1042:Cunning folk in Britain 628:Wiccan Church of Canada 596:Covenant of the Goddess 15173:Compendium Maleficarum 15165:Magical Investigations 15056:(8th–2nd centuries BC) 14207:Religion and mythology 14133:Dying and rising deity 14113:Veneration of the dead 13847:Native American Church 12694:Persecution of Baháʼís 12689:Persecution of Ahmadis 12637:Psychology of religion 12632:Philosophy of religion 12501:Japanese new religions 12491:Hindu reform movements 12456:Christian denomination 10958:German-speaking Europe 10523:Magical tools in Wicca 10095:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti 9200:. Phoenix Publishing. 9108:Llewellyn Publications 9017:Ruickbie, Leo (2004). 8877:10.1525/nr.2001.5.1.52 8869:10.1525/nr.2001.5.1.52 8802:Murray, Margaret Alice 8437:Guiley, Rosemary Ellen 8420:10.1558/pome.v11i2.165 8391:10.1080/01438300302813 8312:10.1558/pome.v12i2.185 8233:Adler, Margot (2005). 7844:. Pew Research Center. 7693:Ezzy & Berger 2009 6724:, pp. 17, 18, 53. 6553:. Thame: I-H-O Books. 5631:The Rede of the Wiccae 5262:Farrar & Bone 2004 4316: 4248: 4188:traditional witchcraft 4028: 4027:Wiccan event in the US 3813:Protestant Reformation 3773:The God of the Witches 3691: 3596:solitary practitioners 3571:each create their own 3561: 3521: 3426:solitary practitioners 3421:religious denomination 3390: 3328:Similar in use to the 3317: 3284:Charles Godfrey Leland 3263: 3165: 3092: 2991:The full flowering of 2792:The God of the Witches 2723: 2482:Magical tools in Wicca 2477: 2433: 2341: 2292:, commonly called the 2222: 2167: 2002: 1849: 1837:of Wicca found in the 1732: 1559: 1468:evangelical Christians 1414:new religious movement 1405: 1217:new religious movement 838:Magical tools in Wicca 212:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti 37: 21:Wicca (disambiguation) 14796:Cloak of invisibility 14552:Solitary practitioner 14465:Witch-cult hypothesis 12647:Sociology of religion 12359:Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar 12279:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 12108:The Way International 11839:New Kadampa Tradition 11668:Church of Scientology 11436:Traditionalist School 11406:Witch-cult hypothesis 10920:Arts and institutions 10729:Witch-cult hypothesis 10685:Charge of the Goddess 10426:Solitary practitioner 10344:Drawing down the Moon 10125:Cerridwen Fallingstar 9846:Wicca and LGBT people 9764:Rabinovitch, Shelly; 9637:. Visible Ink Press. 9426:Practices and beliefs 8688:Yale University Press 8642:Researching Paganisms 8463:Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 8360:Researching Paganisms 7345:Bourne, Lois (1998). 6925:Smith, Diane (2005). 5276:, pp. 25, 34–35. 4562:, pp. 101, 102; 4302: 4236: 4078:, Cora Anderson, and 4026: 3718:witch-cult hypothesis 3679:1960s counter-culture 3674: 3559: 3519: 3388: 3312: 3306:Charge of the Goddess 3257: 3151: 3086: 2959:and the beginning of 2709: 2626:Charge of the Goddess 2537:Drawing down the Gods 2472: 2427: 2339: 2281:Charge of the Goddess 2217: 2162: 2138:Scholars of religion 2075:, but a part of what 1996: 1832: 1720:Altar statues of the 1719: 1553: 1474:– instead favouring " 1400: 1249:20th-century hermetic 1009:Charge of the Goddess 613:The Rowan Tree Church 394:Solitary practitioner 312:Drawing down the Moon 242:Cerridwen Fallingstar 112:Witch-cult hypothesis 31: 15516:Magical organization 15031:Witches of Benevento 13476:Ancient Near Eastern 13263:Hellenistic religion 12536:Religious syncretism 12531:Religious conversion 12516:Open-source religion 12344:Charles Taze Russell 12159:Herbert W. Armstrong 12046:Theosophical Society 11824:New Apostolic Church 11274:Church of All Worlds 10946:By country or region 10927:Festivals and events 9902:Central Valley Wicca 9701:Gaskill, M. (2010). 9578:Hume, Lynne (1997). 9293:Gallagher, Ann-Marie 8700:Fifty Years of Wicca 8379:Culture and Religion 7986:Religion in the News 7347:Dancing With Witches 7215:The Atlantic Monthly 7041:, pp. 279–230; 6452:Huson, Paul (1970). 6285:Gary, Gemma (2008). 6229:. pp. 162–190. 5719:Lembke, Karl (2002) 4929:, pp. 196–197; 4378:("Lady Aurora") and 4178:and by authors like 4128:Mastering Witchcraft 4072:Pagans Against Nukes 3834:and his religion of 3798:, English historian 3334:ceremonial magicians 3186:Mastering Witchcraft 3170:Cochranian tradition 3091:wearing a moon crown 3035:31 July or 1 August 2853:Southern Hemisphere 2850:Northern Hemisphere 2712:Museum of Witchcraft 2693:Satanic ritual abuse 2442:religious experience 2060:ceremonial magicians 2046:Magic and spellcraft 1910:, the ancient Greek 1839:Museum of Witchcraft 1412:classify Wicca as a 1286:, each with its own 1239:, a retired British 1221:scholars of religion 563:Wiccan organisations 474:Central Valley Wicca 15133:Newes from Scotland 15093:Malleus Maleficarum 14470:Anglo-Saxon England 14309:Constantinian shift 14031:Neopagan witchcraft 13665:Sub-Saharan African 12653:When Prophecy Fails 12613:History of religion 12556:Spiritual evolution 12526:Prosperity theology 12496:In-group favoritism 12466:Conspiracy theories 12154:Marshall Applewhite 11906:Ramakrishna Mission 11574:Jehovah's Witnesses 11370:LGBTQ+ and paganism 11311:Neopagan witchcraft 11279:Church of Aphrodite 11175:Peterburgian Vedism 10906:Western esotericism 10750:Malleus Maleficarum 10744:European witchcraft 10724:Neopagan witchcraft 9879:British Traditional 9822:Neopagan witchcraft 9048:Simpson, Jacqueline 9042:, pp. 123–140. 9030:, pp. 143–156. 8431:, pp. 101–110. 8293:, pp. 170–179. 8254:, pp. 171–192. 8127:"Wiccan Chaplaincy" 8026:on 29 February 2000 7731:, pp. 143–144. 7695:, pp. 165–166. 6207:, pp. 156–174. 6051:, pp. 101–102. 5847:, pp. 130–131. 5737:The Book of Mirrors 5705:(3). Archived from 5619:, pp. 163–164. 5497:. Magickal Childe. 5480:, pp. 250–265. 5468:, pp. 394–395. 5456:, pp. 158–159. 4985:, pp. 199–201. 4945:, pp. 197–198. 4837:, pp. 191–192. 3988:Witchcraft Act 1735 3751:Matilda Joslyn Gage 3726:early modern Europe 3060:21 or 22 September 2948:21 or 22 September 2635:The Book of the Law 2378:Ann-Marie Gallagher 2181:'witch cult' theory 1636:Traditional Witches 1605:Anglo-Saxon England 1506:are referred to as 1466:by academics, some 1441:Western esotericism 1309:Wicca is typically 1243:. Wicca draws upon 1225:Western esotericism 1083:Malleus Maleficarum 1052:European witchcraft 581:Children of Artemis 15485:Witches in fiction 15473:In popular culture 15047:historic treatises 14249:Trees in mythology 14244:Supernatural magic 14153:Magic and religion 12735:In popular culture 12672:Anti-cult movement 12446:Buddhist modernism 12384:Emanuel Swedenborg 12379:Nirmala Srivastava 12144:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 12098:Vipassana movement 12073:Unification Church 12058:True Buddha School 11999:Shambhala Buddhism 11970:The Satanic Temple 11891:The Process Church 11777:Maha Bodhi Society 11748:Invitation to Life 11728:Humanistic Judaism 10911:Western philosophy 10765:Magical alphabets 10714:Bricket Wood coven 10692:Enchanted Feminism 10085:Zsuzsanna Budapest 9841:Etymology of Wicca 9544:. AltaMira Press. 9315:Gardner, Gerald B. 8773:, pp. 93–119. 8082:on 2 February 2009 8051:The New York Times 7240:. Dallas: Spence. 6775:K., Amber (1998). 6497:K., Amber (1998). 5943:, pp. 77, 78. 5835:, pp. 69, 75. 4973:, pp. 4, 198. 4317: 4305:inverted pentagram 4244:lower middle class 4115:Zsuzsanna Budapest 4080:Gwydion Pendderwen 4029: 3948:Bricket Wood coven 3786:Jacqueline Simpson 3739:Karl Ernest Jarcke 3705:invented tradition 3670:Origins, 1921–1935 3562: 3522: 3482:Zsuzsanna Budapest 3474:Gwydion Pendderwen 3448:, particularly in 3391: 3264: 3223:Bricket Wood coven 3166: 3093: 2980:30 April to 1 May 2890:21 or 22 December 2872:30 April to 1 May 2808:Bricket Wood coven 2746:cross-quarter days 2738:Clan of Tubal Cain 2724: 2664:sexual intercourse 2528:Casting the circle 2478: 2434: 2346:classical elements 2342: 2226:Lady Gwen Thompson 2144:William Bainbridge 2003: 1953:Jungian archetypes 1850: 1733: 1690:Jungian archetypes 1560: 1472:organised religion 1406: 1387:Etymology of Wicca 1359:cycles of the Moon 1352:Goddess monotheism 1196:), also known as " 1016:Enchanted Feminism 603:of the Golden Dawn 202:Zsuzsanna Budapest 95:Bricket Wood coven 90:Etymology of Wicca 38: 15549: 15548: 15506:Witch (archetype) 15468: 15467: 15417: 15416: 14743:Sympathetic magic 14570: 14569: 14332: 14331: 14097: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14089: 14088: 14007: 14006: 14003: 14002: 13783: 13782: 13779: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13654: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13452: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13401:Mysteries of Isis 13106: 13105: 13102: 13101: 12748: 12747: 12642:Religious studies 12476:Cybersectarianism 12451:Chabad messianism 12425:Pacific Northwest 12409:Poykayil Yohannan 12224:Josemaría Escrivá 12103:Eastern Lightning 11901:Rajneesh movement 11849:Religious Science 11782:Messianic Judaism 11768:Latter Day Saints 11733:Iglesia ni Cristo 11658:Christian Science 11518:Aetherius Society 11444: 11443: 11343: 11342: 11132:Kemetic Orthodoxy 11093:Ossetian-Scythian 11078:Canarian (Berber) 10896:Reconstructionism 10826: 10825: 10447:Wheel of the Year 10100:Patricia Crowther 10001: 10000: 9887:Alexandrian Wicca 9852:Dettmer v. Landon 9756:978-0-330-32946-0 9712:978-0-19-923695-4 9631:Buckland, Raymond 9598:Magliocco, Sabina 9589:978-0-522-84782-6 9570:978-0-8047-2823-2 9349:978-1-57863-309-8 9146:978-0-87542-050-9 9100:Buckland, Raymond 9092:Wiccan literature 9082:978-1-85109-608-4 9009:978-1-78238-646-9 8850:, pp. 45–56. 8838:978-0-88133-835-5 8767:Magliocco, Sabina 8758:978-1-57607-134-2 8735:978-0-7914-2890-0 8674:978-1-85285-397-6 8514:978-1-85065-272-4 8469:. Leiden: Brill. 8346:978-1-84519-754-4 8260:Crowley, Vivianne 8225:978-0-670-28342-2 8197:, pp. 55–56. 8020:LawStreet Journal 7416:, pp. 30–31. 7287:, pp. 20–22. 7275:, pp. 19–20. 7263:, pp. 17–18. 7187:, pp. 16–17. 7144:, pp. 15–16. 6987:, pp. 48–49. 6903:978-0-7387-1588-9 6536:, pp. 14–15. 6347:, pp. 16–17. 5967:, pp. 88–89. 5793:, pp. 70–71. 5746:978-1-86163-325-5 5722:The Threefold Law 5689:"Exegesis on the 5341:, pp. 95–96. 5287:Crowley, Vivianne 5216:, pp. 92–93. 5175:, pp. 29–37. 5129:, pp. 89–90. 5081:, pp. 87–88. 5040:, pp. 86–87. 4626:, pp. 49–50. 4392:British Columbian 4360:Dettmer v. Landon 4332:News of the World 4113:, and eventually 4045:Alexandrian Wicca 3875:The White Goddess 3438:Alexandrian Wicca 3417:Alexandrian Wicca 3076: 3075: 3042:Celtic polytheism 2987:Celtic polytheism 2952:Germanic paganism 2928:Celtic polytheism 2897:Germanic paganism 2876:Celtic polytheism 2827:Alexandrian Wicca 2728:Wheel of the Year 2702:Wheel of the Year 2190:positive antitype 2177:Wouter Hanegraaff 2068:MacGregor Mathers 1833:Sculpture of the 1588:[ˈwittʃe] 1577:[ˈwittʃɑ] 1449:Wouter Hanegraaff 1447:. Academics like 1410:religious studies 1282:, referred to as 1162: 1161: 653:Wheel of the Year 459:Alexandrian Wicca 305:Rites and rituals 217:Patricia Crowther 106:Dettmer v. Landon 15584: 15572:1950s in England 15480:Magic in fiction 15310:Northern Moravia 15264: 15263: 15244:Papua New Guinea 15212: 15211: 14996:Nine sorceresses 14748:Witches' Sabbath 14597:Ceremonial magic 14587:Apotropaic magic 14381: 14380: 14359: 14352: 14345: 14336: 14335: 14291:Christianization 14081:Secular paganism 14066:Goddess movement 14036:Cochrane's Craft 14024: 14023: 14013: 14012: 13817: 13816: 13804: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13673: 13672: 13660: 13659: 13578: 13577: 13567: 13566: 13469: 13468: 13458: 13457: 13273:Sacred mysteries 13123: 13122: 13112: 13111: 12851: 12850: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12825:ethnic religions 12775: 12768: 12761: 12752: 12751: 12570:Public education 12369:Shiv Dayal Singh 12234:Charles Fillmore 12214:Aleister Crowley 12204:Helena Blavatsky 11916:Risshō Kōsei Kai 11881:Pilgrims of Arès 11861:Nuwaubian Nation 11834:New Confucianism 11653:Christadelphians 11648:Chinmaya Mission 11589:Branch Davidians 11528:Lahore Ahmadiyya 11471: 11464: 11457: 11448: 11447: 11394:Related articles 11299:Pagan Federation 11289:Goddess movement 11269:Christo-Paganism 11165:Rodnovery (list) 11017: 11016: 10853: 10846: 10839: 10830: 10829: 10796:Witches' Sabbath 10719:New Forest coven 10678:Witchcraft Today 10664:The Spiral Dance 10211:Spirit of nature 10170:Silver RavenWolf 10115:Scott Cunningham 10105:Vivianne Crowley 10075:Raymond Buckland 9943:Cochrane's Craft 9912:Gardnerian Wicca 9875: 9874: 9865: 9836:History of Wicca 9815: 9808: 9801: 9792: 9791: 9787: 9760: 9741: 9736:. Archived from 9716: 9697: 9685: 9674: 9648: 9619: 9593: 9574: 9555: 9536: 9506: 9484: 9463:Heselton, Philip 9456:History of Wicca 9451: 9410: 9383: 9366:Valiente, Doreen 9361: 9332: 9320:Witchcraft Today 9310: 9288: 9257: 9230: 9211: 9192: 9158: 9129: 9086: 9067: 9043: 9036:Samuel, Geoffrey 9031: 9022: 9013: 8994: 8975: 8956: 8927: 8918: 8899: 8880: 8851: 8842: 8823: 8811: 8797: 8774: 8762: 8750: 8739: 8713: 8696:Lamond, Frederic 8691: 8678: 8666: 8655: 8636: 8616: 8605: 8593: 8579: 8552: 8523:Heselton, Philip 8518: 8499: 8480: 8458: 8446: 8432: 8423: 8402: 8373: 8350: 8331: 8294: 8285: 8255: 8246: 8229: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8106:Circle Sanctuary 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8000:. Archived from 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7939: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7875:(2nd ed.). 7866: 7860: 7859: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7818:. Archived from 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7782: 7776: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7657: 7647: 7641: 7640:, pp. ix–x. 7631: 7625: 7624: 7618: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7285:Doyle White 2016 7282: 7276: 7273:Doyle White 2016 7270: 7264: 7261:Doyle White 2016 7258: 7252: 7251: 7238:Goddess Unmasked 7233: 7227: 7226: 7217:. No. 287. 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7185:Doyle White 2016 7182: 7176: 7170: 7157: 7154:Doyle White 2016 7151: 7145: 7142:Doyle White 2016 7139: 7133: 7130:Doyle White 2016 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7099: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7075:Doyle White 2016 7072: 7066: 7063:Doyle White 2016 7052: 7046: 7043:Doyle White 2016 7036: 7030: 7027:Doyle White 2016 7024: 7015: 7012:Doyle White 2016 7009: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6844: 6838: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6791: 6790: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6725: 6719: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6657:. Archived from 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6449: 6443: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6163: 6162: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5809: 5803: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5767: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5732: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5660: 5654: 5645: 5644: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5581: 5575: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5442: 5436: 5425: 5424: 5421:The A–Z of Wicca 5413: 5407: 5404:Doyle White 2016 5401: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5377:Doyle White 2016 5374: 5357: 5354:Doyle White 2016 5351: 5342: 5339:Doyle White 2016 5336: 5330: 5324: 5313: 5312: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5250:Doyle White 2016 5247: 5241: 5238:Doyle White 2016 5235: 5229: 5226:Doyle White 2016 5223: 5217: 5214:Doyle White 2016 5211: 5205: 5202:Doyle White 2016 5199: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5147: 5144:Doyle White 2016 5141: 5130: 5127:Doyle White 2016 5124: 5118: 5115:Doyle White 2016 5112: 5106: 5103:Doyle White 2016 5100: 5094: 5091:Doyle White 2016 5088: 5082: 5079:Doyle White 2016 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5055:Doyle White 2016 5052: 5041: 5038:Doyle White 2016 5035: 5029: 5026:Doyle White 2016 5023: 5014: 5011:Doyle White 2016 5004: 4998: 4995:Doyle White 2010 4992: 4986: 4983:Doyle White 2010 4980: 4974: 4971:Doyle White 2016 4968: 4962: 4959:Doyle White 2016 4952: 4946: 4943:Doyle White 2010 4940: 4934: 4931:Doyle White 2016 4927:Doyle White 2010 4924: 4918: 4915:Doyle White 2010 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4891:Doyle White 2010 4888: 4882: 4879:Doyle White 2010 4876: 4870: 4867:Doyle White 2016 4863:Doyle White 2010 4861:, p. 1548; 4856: 4850: 4847:Doyle White 2010 4844: 4838: 4835:Doyle White 2010 4832: 4826: 4823:Doyle White 2010 4820: 4814: 4808: 4797: 4794:Doyle White 2010 4791: 4782: 4776: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4752:Doyle White 2016 4749: 4738: 4735:Doyle White 2016 4732: 4723: 4722: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4657:Doyle White 2016 4654: 4648: 4645:Doyle White 2016 4642: 4627: 4617: 4611: 4608:Doyle White 2016 4605: 4599: 4596:Doyle White 2016 4589: 4583: 4573: 4567: 4564:Doyle White 2016 4557: 4551: 4548:Doyle White 2016 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4520:Doyle White 2010 4517: 4511: 4501: 4495: 4492:Doyle White 2010 4485: 4479: 4476:Doyle White 2016 4465: 4459: 4456:Doyle White 2016 4449: 4443: 4437: 4421: 4418: 4255: 4180:Silver RavenWolf 4149:Scott Cunningham 4082:established the 4068:environmentalist 4049:ceremonial magic 4000:Cecil Williamson 3861:The Golden Bough 3832:Aleister Crowley 3828:ceremonial magic 3824:Western esoteric 3743:Franz Josef Mone 3695: 3665:History of Wicca 3621:ancient Egyptian 3548:higher degrees. 3454:Cochrane's Craft 3434:Gardnerian Wicca 3413:Gardnerian Wicca 3324: 3323:to his followers 3297:Aleister Crowley 3207:Silver RavenWolf 3203:Scott Cunningham 3113:New Forest coven 3097:rites of passage 3079:Rites of passage 3070:Autumnal equinox 2921:1 or 2 February 2844: 2843: 2465:Ritual practices 2350:phases of matter 2269:Raymond Buckland 2228: 2198: 2171: 2129:Helena Blavatsky 2064:Aleister Crowley 2027:Raymond Buckland 2001:(30 April/1 May) 1945:Vivianne Crowley 1745:hunter-gatherers 1640:magico-religious 1590: 1579: 1554:Wiccan event in 1433:mystery religion 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1171: 1154: 1147: 1140: 1119:Witches' Sabbath 1002:Witchcraft Today 988:The Spiral Dance 591:Circle Sanctuary 504:Cochrane's Craft 484:Gardnerian Wicca 282:Silver RavenWolf 232:Scott Cunningham 222:Vivianne Crowley 192:Raymond Buckland 100:New Forest coven 85:History of Wicca 78:History of Wicca 69: 63: 40: 39: 15592: 15591: 15587: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15582: 15581: 15552: 15551: 15550: 15545: 15489: 15464: 15433: 15413: 15375: 15329:Northern Europe 15324: 15293: 15253: 15203: 15046: 15040: 14923: 14917: 14856:Magical weapons 14806:Flying ointment 14757: 14602:Magical formula 14566: 14503: 14450:Greece and Rome 14372: 14363: 14333: 14328: 14285: 14185:Myth and ritual 14105:Myth and ritual 14099: 14098: 14085: 14018: 13999: 13952:Turko-Mongolic 13811: 13792: 13785: 13784: 13771: 13667: 13646: 13572: 13553: 13463: 13444: 13117: 13098: 12967:Hindu mythology 12845: 12829: 12827: 12823: 12817: 12789: 12786:modern paganism 12779: 12749: 12744: 12718: 12658: 12591: 12565: 12429: 12413: 12399:Chögyam Trungpa 12394:Joseph W. Tkach 12299:Elijah Muhammad 12229:Louis Farrakhan 12219:Mary Baker Eddy 12179:Sathya Sai Baba 12137:Notable figures 12132: 11989:Sathya Sai Baba 11958:Church of Satan 11814:Nation of Islam 11787:Modern paganism 11636:Neo-charismatic 11480: 11475: 11445: 11440: 11389: 11360:Crypto-paganism 11339: 11252: 11004: 10941: 10915: 10879:Nature religion 10862: 10860:Modern paganism 10857: 10827: 10822: 10801:Flying ointment 10697: 10671:What Witches Do 10637: 10558:Book of Shadows 10511: 10435: 10414:Rite of passage 10379:Herbal medicine 10336: 10330: 10241:Wiccan morality 10233: 10227: 10184: 10165:Rosaleen Norton 10160:Frederic Lamond 10155:Philip Heselton 10110:Robert Cochrane 10090:Charles Cardell 10080:Eddie Buczynski 10050:Victor Anderson 10020:Doreen Valiente 10007: 9997: 9916: 9897:Blue Star Wicca 9866: 9857: 9824: 9819: 9784: 9768:, eds. (2002). 9766:Lewis, James R. 9763: 9757: 9744: 9726:The Pomegranate 9719: 9713: 9700: 9694: 9677: 9671: 9657:Farrar, Stewart 9651: 9645: 9629: 9626: 9616: 9596: 9590: 9577: 9571: 9558: 9552: 9539: 9533: 9516: 9513: 9503: 9489:Kelly, Aidan A. 9487: 9481: 9461: 9458: 9448: 9431: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9416:Further reading 9413: 9399: 9380: 9350: 9307: 9277: 9261:Farrar, Janet; 9246: 9227: 9208: 9181: 9167:Farrar, Stewart 9147: 9118: 9094: 9089: 9083: 9021:. London: Hale. 9010: 8991: 8972: 8915: 8896: 8839: 8820: 8794: 8759: 8736: 8718:Lewis, James R. 8710: 8675: 8652: 8625: 8602: 8568: 8541: 8533:: Capall Bann. 8515: 8496: 8477: 8455: 8370: 8347: 8274: 8226: 8206: 8201: 8193: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8164:on 4 March 2016 8150: 8146: 8136: 8134: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8110: 8108: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8055: 8053: 8043: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8004:on 24 May 2007. 7978: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7937: 7935: 7925: 7921: 7915:Hanegraaff 2002 7913: 7909: 7891: 7867: 7863: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7822:on 18 July 2012 7816:Air Force Times 7808: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7783: 7779: 7768: 7764: 7755: 7754: 7750: 7742: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7681:Salomonsen 1998 7679: 7675: 7667: 7660: 7652:, p. 305; 7650:Hanegraaff 2002 7648: 7644: 7636:, p. 144; 7632: 7628: 7612: 7611: 7604: 7602: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7523:on 4 March 2016 7515:Todd, Douglas. 7513: 7509: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7463: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7357: 7343: 7339: 7324: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7234: 7230: 7207: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7171: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7100: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7057:, p. 187; 7053: 7049: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7018: 7010: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6937: 6923: 6919: 6904: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6859: 6845: 6841: 6829: 6825: 6819:Salomonsen 1998 6817: 6813: 6805: 6794: 6787: 6773: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6728: 6720: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6661:on 18 June 2007 6649: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6547:Gardner, Gerald 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6464: 6450: 6446: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6306: 6302: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6166: 6153:Leland, Charles 6150: 6146: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6071: 6067: 6061:Hanegraaff 2002 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5770: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5733: 5729: 5718: 5714: 5709:on 14 May 2007. 5682: 5678: 5672:Hanegraaff 2002 5670: 5663: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5584: 5578:Hanegraaff 2002 5576: 5569: 5563:Hanegraaff 2002 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5445: 5437: 5428: 5417:Dunwich, Gerina 5414: 5410: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5360: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5316: 5301: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5150: 5142: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5017: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4961:, pp. 1–2. 4953: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869:, pp. 4–5. 4865:, p. 187; 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4800: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4741: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4686:Merriam-Webster 4680: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4630: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4590: 4586: 4578:, p. 117; 4574: 4570: 4558: 4554: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4502: 4498: 4486: 4482: 4470:, p. 170; 4466: 4462: 4452:Hanegraaff 1996 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4376:Heather Botting 4323: 4309:Church of Satan 4303:The use of the 4297: 4277: 4257: 4250: 4234: 4206: 4200: 4192:Andrew Chumbley 4153:Heather Botting 4137:Doreen Valiente 4100:Joseph Wilson's 4092:Victor Anderson 4076:Victor Anderson 4074:. In the U.S., 4066:. Many brought 4033:Robert Cochrane 4021: 3996:Charles Cardell 3969:Frederic Lamond 3961:Doreen Valiente 3892: 3765:Margaret Murray 3697: 3693: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3554: 3506: 3470:Victor Anderson 3462:Robert Cochrane 3409: 3399: 3383: 3370: 3354:Charles Cardell 3326: 3319: 3301:Doreen Valiente 3280:Book of Shadows 3260:Book of Shadows 3252: 3250:Book of Shadows 3246: 3244:Book of Shadows 3227:Frederic Lamond 3199:Doreen Valiente 3174:Robert Cochrane 3081: 3020:Summer solstice 2945:21 or 22 March 2932:First signs of 2902:Winter solstice 2856:Origin of Name 2817:. They are the 2800:Robert Cochrane 2784:Margaret Murray 2750:Greater Sabbats 2730: 2704: 2652: 2630:Doreen Valiente 2521:traditions is: 2484: 2467: 2422: 2410:Robert Cochrane 2398:Frederic Lamond 2334: 2276:Doreen Valiente 2261:Doreen Valiente 2230: 2224: 2215: 2213:Wiccan morality 2209: 2196: 2173: 2169: 2160: 2125:right-hand path 2087:, Wiccans cast 2048: 1991: 1854:Problem of Evil 1807: 1730:Doreen Valiente 1714: 1671: 1665: 1660: 1541:Charles Cardell 1520: 1429:nature religion 1418:modern Paganism 1395: 1389: 1383: 1264:Doreen Valiente 1227:, developed in 1215:. Considered a 1175: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1129: 1128: 1062:Flying ointment 1032: 1031: 1022: 1021: 995:What Witches Do 968: 967: 958: 957: 943:Theban alphabet 873:Book of Shadows 833: 832: 823: 822: 733:Wiccan morality 728: 727: 718: 717: 648: 647: 638: 637: 608:Panthean Temple 602: 566: 565: 554: 553: 469:Blue Star Wicca 454: 453: 444: 443: 414: 413: 404: 403: 382:Rite of passage 347:Herbal medicine 307: 306: 297: 296: 277:Frederic Lamond 272:Philip Heselton 227:Robert Cochrane 207:Charles Cardell 197:Eddie Buczynski 167:Victor Anderson 137:Doreen Valiente 127: 126: 125:Notable figures 117: 116: 80: 79: 70: 65: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15590: 15580: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15547: 15546: 15544: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15497: 15495: 15491: 15490: 15488: 15487: 15482: 15476: 15474: 15470: 15469: 15466: 15465: 15463: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15441: 15439: 15435: 15434: 15432: 15431: 15425: 15423: 15419: 15418: 15415: 15414: 15412: 15411: 15410: 15409: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15383: 15381: 15380:Western Europe 15377: 15376: 15374: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15332: 15330: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15301: 15299: 15298:Eastern Europe 15295: 15294: 15292: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15270: 15268: 15261: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15220: 15218: 15209: 15205: 15204: 15202: 15201: 15193: 15185: 15177: 15169: 15161: 15153: 15145: 15137: 15129: 15121: 15113: 15105: 15097: 15089: 15081: 15073: 15065: 15057: 15050: 15048: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15038: 15036:Witch of Endor 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14927: 14925: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14915: 14913:Witch's ladder 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14864: 14863: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14787: 14786: 14776: 14771: 14765: 14763: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14719: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14632: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14611: 14606: 14605: 14604: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14578: 14576: 14572: 14571: 14568: 14567: 14565: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14511: 14509: 14505: 14504: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14499: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14387: 14385: 14378: 14374: 14373: 14362: 14361: 14354: 14347: 14339: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14326: 14324:Virtuous pagan 14321: 14319:Religio licita 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14295: 14293: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14283: 14281:Animal worship 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14262: 14261: 14256: 14246: 14241: 14240: 14239: 14234: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14193: 14192: 14187: 14177: 14176: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14109: 14107: 14101: 14100: 14095: 14094: 14091: 14090: 14087: 14086: 14084: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14041:Feri Tradition 14038: 14033: 14027: 14020: 14019: 14009: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13965: 13964: 13963: 13958: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13894: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13866: 13856: 13851: 13850: 13849: 13844: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13820: 13813: 13812: 13797: 13795: 13787: 13786: 13781: 13780: 13777: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13708: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13682: 13676: 13669: 13668: 13656: 13655: 13652: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13581: 13574: 13573: 13563: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13529: 13528: 13527: 13522: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13495: 13494: 13493: 13483: 13478: 13472: 13465: 13464: 13454: 13453: 13450: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13442: 13441: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13373: 13372: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13340: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13321: 13320: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13294: 13293: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13270: 13265: 13255: 13254: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13228: 13223: 13222: 13221: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13186: 13181: 13180: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13159: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13132: 13126: 13119: 13118: 13108: 13107: 13104: 13103: 13100: 13099: 13097: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13039:Tibeto-Burmese 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12980: 12979: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12921: 12920: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12854: 12847: 12846: 12833: 12831: 12828:(existing and 12819: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12778: 12777: 12770: 12763: 12755: 12746: 12745: 12743: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12730:Academic study 12726: 12724: 12720: 12719: 12717: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12684:Anti-Mormonism 12681: 12680: 12679: 12668: 12666: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12656: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12622: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12599: 12597: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12573: 12571: 12567: 12566: 12564: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12437: 12435: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12427: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12404:Ellen G. White 12401: 12396: 12391: 12389:Rudolf Steiner 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12354:Ahn Sahng-hong 12351: 12346: 12341: 12339:Helena Roerich 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12294:Sun Myung Moon 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12249:L. Ron Hubbard 12246: 12241: 12239:Kelsang Gyatso 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12149:Noble Drew Ali 12146: 12140: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12049: 12048: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12026:Sukyo Mahikari 12023: 12022: 12021: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11985: 11984: 11983: 11982: 11972: 11967: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11876:Peoples Temple 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11851: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11829:The New Church 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11753:Jewish Renewal 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11698:Friends of Man 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11584:Brahma Kumaris 11581: 11576: 11570:Bible Students 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11531: 11530: 11520: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11508: 11498: 11488: 11486: 11482: 11481: 11474: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11451: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11397: 11395: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11387: 11382: 11380:Technopaganism 11377: 11372: 11367: 11365:Discrimination 11362: 11357: 11351: 11349: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11260: 11258: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11187:Turko-Mongolic 11184: 11183: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11123: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11109: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11090: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11061: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11038: 11037: 11032: 11023: 11021: 11014: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11002: 11001: 11000: 10990: 10988:United Kingdom 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10949: 10947: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10923: 10921: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10881: 10876: 10870: 10868: 10864: 10863: 10856: 10855: 10848: 10841: 10833: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10705: 10703: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10667: 10660: 10653: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10633:Witch's ladder 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10578:Chalice/Goblet 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10443: 10441: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10420:Eko Eko Azarak 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10340: 10338: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10291:The Summerland 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10237: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10225: 10223:Mother goddess 10220: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10203: 10198: 10196:Triple Goddess 10192: 10190: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10140:Raven Grimassi 10137: 10135:Stewart Farrar 10132: 10127: 10122: 10120:Phyllis Curott 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10030:Maxine Sanders 10027: 10022: 10017: 10015:Gerald Gardner 10011: 10009: 10003: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9973:Odyssean Wicca 9970: 9968:Georgian Wicca 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9928:1734 Tradition 9924: 9922: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9883: 9881: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9832: 9830: 9826: 9825: 9818: 9817: 9810: 9803: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9782: 9761: 9755: 9742: 9740:on 2003-05-05. 9728:. No. 5. 9717: 9711: 9698: 9692: 9675: 9669: 9649: 9643: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9614: 9594: 9588: 9575: 9569: 9556: 9550: 9537: 9531: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9501: 9485: 9479: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9446: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9397: 9384: 9378: 9362: 9348: 9333: 9311: 9305: 9289: 9275: 9258: 9244: 9231: 9225: 9212: 9206: 9193: 9179: 9159: 9145: 9130: 9116: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9081: 9068: 9058:(1–2): 89–96. 9044: 9032: 9023: 9014: 9008: 8995: 8989: 8976: 8970: 8957: 8928: 8919: 8913: 8900: 8894: 8881: 8852: 8843: 8837: 8824: 8818: 8798: 8792: 8775: 8763: 8757: 8740: 8734: 8720:, ed. (1996). 8714: 8708: 8692: 8679: 8673: 8656: 8650: 8637: 8623: 8606: 8600: 8584:Hutton, Ronald 8580: 8566: 8553: 8539: 8519: 8513: 8500: 8494: 8481: 8475: 8459: 8453: 8433: 8424: 8414:(2): 165–180. 8403: 8374: 8368: 8351: 8345: 8332: 8306:(2): 185–207. 8295: 8286: 8272: 8256: 8247: 8230: 8224: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8144: 8133:on 10 May 2013 8118: 8093: 8063: 8037: 8007: 7972: 7960: 7948: 7919: 7917:, p. 309. 7907: 7889: 7883:. p. 75. 7861: 7847: 7833: 7802: 7777: 7762: 7748: 7746:, p. 145. 7733: 7721: 7719:, p. 144. 7709: 7707:, p. 177. 7697: 7685: 7683:, p. 144. 7673: 7671:, p. 141. 7658: 7656:, p. 136. 7642: 7626: 7586: 7560: 7549:on 10 May 2013 7534: 7507: 7494:The New Pagans 7481: 7469: 7467:, p. 176. 7454: 7452:, p. vii. 7442: 7430: 7418: 7406: 7394: 7392:, p. 289. 7382: 7370: 7355: 7337: 7322: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7246: 7228: 7201: 7189: 7177: 7158: 7146: 7134: 7122: 7110: 7091: 7079: 7067: 7061:, p. 94; 7059:Magliocco 1996 7047: 7031: 7016: 7001: 6989: 6977: 6975:, p. 117. 6962: 6950: 6935: 6917: 6902: 6884: 6872: 6857: 6839: 6823: 6821:, p. 143. 6811: 6809:, p. 136. 6792: 6785: 6767: 6765:, p. 139. 6755: 6753:, p. 138. 6743: 6741:, p. 142. 6726: 6711: 6699: 6684: 6672: 6642: 6631:on 8 July 2011 6612: 6597: 6578: 6576:, p. 135. 6566: 6559: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6507: 6489: 6487:, p. 370. 6485:Gallagher 2005 6477: 6462: 6444: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6385: 6381:Gallagher 2005 6373: 6369:Gallagher 2005 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6318: 6300: 6277: 6262: 6250: 6243: 6209: 6197: 6181: 6179:, p. 157. 6164: 6144: 6135:Folklore Forum 6121: 6109: 6094: 6082: 6065: 6063:, p. 305. 6053: 6049:Greenwood 1998 6041: 6039:, p. 174. 6029: 6027:, p. 173. 6017: 6015:, p. 172. 6005: 6003:, p. 164. 5993: 5991:, p. 264. 5981: 5979:, p. 124. 5969: 5957: 5953:Gallagher 2005 5945: 5941:Gallagher 2005 5933: 5926: 5918:Franklin Lakes 5904: 5902:, p. 178. 5892: 5880: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5823:, p. 106. 5821:Greenwood 1998 5810: 5808:, p. 105. 5806:Greenwood 1998 5795: 5783: 5768: 5752: 5745: 5727: 5712: 5676: 5674:, p. 306. 5661: 5659:, p. 128. 5646: 5639: 5621: 5609: 5607:, p. 167. 5597: 5595:, p. 163. 5582: 5580:, p. 304. 5567: 5565:, p. 303. 5555: 5553:, p. 164. 5543: 5522: 5520:, p. 321. 5518:Gallagher 2005 5510: 5503: 5482: 5478:Gallagher 2005 5470: 5458: 5443: 5441:, p. 231. 5426: 5408: 5406:, p. 147. 5393: 5391:, p. 393. 5381: 5379:, p. 146. 5358: 5343: 5331: 5314: 5299: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5189: 5187:, p. 103. 5185:Greenwood 1998 5177: 5165: 5148: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5042: 5030: 5015: 5009:, p. 49; 4999: 4997:, p. 199. 4987: 4975: 4963: 4957:, p. 52; 4947: 4935: 4919: 4917:, p. 194. 4907: 4905:, p. 146. 4895: 4893:, p. 195. 4883: 4881:, p. 187. 4871: 4851: 4849:, p. 193. 4839: 4827: 4825:, p. 190. 4815: 4813:, p. 121. 4798: 4796:, p. 188. 4783: 4781:, p. 171. 4768: 4756: 4739: 4724: 4717: 4699: 4688:. 29 June 2024 4673: 4661: 4649: 4628: 4622:, p. 45; 4612: 4600: 4584: 4582:, p. 172. 4568: 4560:Greenwood 1998 4552: 4546:, p. 21; 4536: 4524: 4522:, p. 185. 4512: 4496: 4494:, p. 185. 4490:, p. 47; 4480: 4474:, p. 44; 4460: 4454:, p. 87; 4444: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4365:George W. Bush 4319:Main article: 4296: 4293: 4276: 4273: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4202:Main article: 4199: 4196: 4145:Stewart Farrar 4103:1734 Tradition 4096:Feri Tradition 4084:Feri Tradition 4020: 4017: 3992:Gerald Gardner 3990:, after which 3936:witches' coven 3920:anthropologist 3912:Gerald Gardner 3891: 3888: 3868:writings like 3755:Charles Leland 3747:Jules Michelet 3732:religion; not 3687:gay liberation 3673: 3671: 3668: 3663:Main article: 3660: 3657: 3617:Earth religion 3553: 3552:Eclectic Wicca 3550: 3505: 3502: 3458:1734 Tradition 3398: 3395: 3382: 3379: 3369: 3366: 3362:Stewart Farrar 3356:, Lady Sheba, 3349:Monique Wilson 3339:Eko Eko Azarak 3321:Gerald Gardner 3311: 3248:Main article: 3245: 3242: 3141:, in his book 3139:James R. Lewis 3109:Gerald Gardner 3080: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3008:21 or 22 June 3006: 3000: 2999: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2964: 2963: 2957:Vernal equinox 2954: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2909: 2908: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2835:Germanic pagan 2815:Lesser Sabbats 2804:Gerald Gardner 2726:Main article: 2703: 2700: 2689:sensationalism 2671:Gerald Gardner 2651: 2648: 2619:Charles Leland 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2480:Main article: 2466: 2463: 2421: 2418: 2406:Atlantic Ocean 2390:carbon dioxide 2382:photosynthesis 2333: 2330: 2265:Monique Wilson 2216: 2211:Main article: 2208: 2205: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2148:secularisation 2121:left-hand path 2047: 2044: 2032:The Summerland 1990: 1987: 1806: 1803: 1794:Mother goddess 1790:Triple Goddess 1741:Mother Goddess 1726:Mother Goddess 1713: 1710: 1667:Main article: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1564:Modern English 1524:Gerald Gardner 1519: 1516: 1453:Tanya Luhrmann 1385:Main article: 1382: 1379: 1315:Triple Goddess 1292:centralisation 1237:Gerald Gardner 1210:earth-centered 1160: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1079: 1077:LGBT and Wicca 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 984: 977: 969: 965: 964: 963: 960: 959: 956: 955: 953:Witch's ladder 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 893:Chalice/Goblet 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 834: 830: 829: 828: 825: 824: 821: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 783:The Summerland 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 729: 725: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 649: 645: 644: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 567: 561: 560: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 529:Odyssean Wicca 526: 524:Georgian Wicca 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 489:1734 Tradition 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 455: 451: 450: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 439:Mother goddess 436: 431: 426: 421: 419:Triple Goddess 415: 411: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 396: 391: 388:Eko Eko Azarak 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 308: 304: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 257:Raven Grimassi 254: 252:Stewart Farrar 249: 244: 239: 237:Phyllis Curott 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 147:Maxine Sanders 144: 139: 134: 132:Gerald Gardner 128: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 109: 102: 97: 92: 87: 81: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 64: 56: 55: 49: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15589: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15559: 15557: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15536:Folk religion 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15496: 15492: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15477: 15475: 15471: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15436: 15430: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15420: 15408: 15405: 15404: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15378: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15333: 15331: 15327: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15302: 15300: 15296: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15271: 15269: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15256: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15217: 15213: 15210: 15206: 15199: 15198: 15194: 15191: 15190: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15178: 15175: 15174: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15162: 15159: 15158: 15154: 15151: 15150: 15146: 15143: 15142: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15130: 15127: 15126: 15122: 15119: 15118: 15114: 15111: 15110: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15090: 15087: 15086: 15082: 15079: 15078: 15074: 15071: 15070: 15066: 15063: 15062: 15058: 15055: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15043: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15026:Three Witches 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14986:Morgan le Fay 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14920: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14831:Kitchen witch 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14785: 14782: 14781: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14766: 14764: 14760: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14703: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14603: 14600: 14599: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14577: 14573: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14512: 14510: 14506: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14482:Latin America 14480: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14427: 14426: 14423: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14414: 14411: 14407: 14406:Witch smeller 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14392: 14389: 14388: 14386: 14382: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14360: 14355: 14353: 14348: 14346: 14341: 14340: 14337: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14296: 14294: 14292: 14288: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14251: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14229: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14202:Reincarnation 14200: 14198: 14195: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14182: 14181: 14178: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14160: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14110: 14108: 14106: 14102: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14025: 14021: 14014: 14010: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13970: 13969: 13966: 13962: 13961:Vattisen Yaly 13959: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13878: 13877: 13874: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13821: 13818: 13814: 13810: 13805: 13801: 13796: 13794: 13788: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13687: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13677: 13674: 13670: 13666: 13661: 13657: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13615:Cook Islander 13613: 13612: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13582: 13579: 13575: 13568: 13564: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13538: 13535: 13534: 13533: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13517: 13516: 13513: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13500: 13499: 13496: 13492: 13489: 13488: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13473: 13470: 13466: 13459: 13455: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13423:Baltic Finnic 13421: 13420: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13391:Imperial cult 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13356: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13298: 13295: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13260: 13259: 13256: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13220: 13217: 13216: 13215: 13212: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13137: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13124: 13120: 13113: 13109: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12952:Sunda Wiwitan 12950: 12948: 12945: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12888:Austroasiatic 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12848: 12841: 12837: 12832: 12826: 12820: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12792: 12787: 12783: 12776: 12771: 12769: 12764: 12762: 12757: 12756: 12753: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12727: 12725: 12721: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12665: 12661: 12655: 12654: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12627: 12623: 12621: 12620: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12568: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12551:Self religion 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12481:Doomsday cult 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12416: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12304:Nakayama Miki 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12289:Nikkyō Niwano 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12169:Sri Aurobindo 12167: 12165: 12164:Shoko Asahara 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12123:Word of Faith 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11964: 11963:Temple of Set 11961: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11819:New Acropolis 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11723:Heaven's Gate 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11683:Discordianism 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11626: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11617: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11545:Anthroposophy 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11472: 11467: 11465: 11460: 11458: 11453: 11452: 11449: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11375:Pagan studies 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11346: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11320:Cochranianism 11318: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11255: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11018: 11015: 11012: 11007: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10994: 10993:United States 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10918: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10854: 10849: 10847: 10842: 10840: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10818: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10786:Witching hour 10784: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10751: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10680: 10679: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10668: 10666: 10665: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10654: 10652: 10651: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10516:Paraphernalia 10514: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10438: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10374:Cone of power 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10364:Fivefold kiss 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10296:Reincarnation 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10251:Rule of Three 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10180:Joseph Wilson 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10070:Jack Bracelin 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10004: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9948:Coven of Atho 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9854: 9853: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9816: 9811: 9809: 9804: 9802: 9797: 9796: 9793: 9785: 9783:0-8065-2406-5 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9748: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9695: 9693:0-919345-17-4 9689: 9684: 9683: 9676: 9672: 9670:0-7090-3319-2 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9653:Farrar, Janet 9650: 9646: 9644:1-57859-114-7 9640: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9617: 9615:0-8122-3803-6 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9581: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9553: 9551:0-7591-0201-5 9547: 9543: 9538: 9534: 9532:0-585-33796-9 9528: 9524: 9520: 9515: 9514: 9504: 9502:0-87542-370-1 9498: 9495:. Llewellyn. 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9480:1-872189-16-4 9476: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9449: 9447:0-19-516645-0 9443: 9439: 9435: 9430: 9429: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9398:0-7090-3715-5 9394: 9390: 9385: 9381: 9379:0-919345-77-8 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9321: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9306:1-4027-3008-X 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9276:1-56414-719-3 9272: 9268: 9264: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9245:0-7090-4778-9 9241: 9237: 9232: 9228: 9226:0-7090-2800-8 9222: 9218: 9213: 9209: 9207:0-919345-71-9 9203: 9199: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9180:0-919345-92-1 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9163:Farrar, Janet 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9117:1-56718-101-5 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9084: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9020: 9015: 9011: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8992: 8990:9780748610570 8986: 8982: 8977: 8973: 8971:9780415254144 8967: 8963: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8914:9780754608202 8910: 8906: 8901: 8897: 8895:9780754608202 8891: 8887: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8849: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8830: 8825: 8821: 8819:9781594623479 8815: 8810: 8809: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8793:0-395-09066-0 8789: 8785: 8781: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8754: 8749: 8748: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8709:0-9547230-1-5 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8665: 8664: 8657: 8653: 8651:9780759105232 8647: 8643: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8624:0-19-820744-1 8620: 8615: 8614: 8607: 8603: 8601:0-631-17288-2 8597: 8594:. Blackwell. 8592: 8591: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8567:1-86163-164-2 8563: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8540:1-86163-110-3 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8495:9780754608202 8491: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8476:90-04-10696-0 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8454:0-8160-3849-X 8450: 8445: 8444: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8375: 8371: 8369:9780759105232 8365: 8361: 8357: 8356:Graham Harvey 8352: 8348: 8342: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8273:0-85030-737-6 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8212:Adler, Margot 8209: 8208: 8196: 8191: 8185:, p. 56. 8184: 8179: 8163: 8159: 8158:Vancouver Sun 8155: 8148: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8052: 8048: 8041: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7970:, p. 35. 7969: 7964: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7911: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7890:0-918954-92-4 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7865: 7857: 7851: 7843: 7837: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7791: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7773: 7766: 7758: 7752: 7745: 7744:Pearson 2002b 7740: 7738: 7730: 7729:Pearson 2002b 7725: 7718: 7717:Pearson 2002b 7713: 7706: 7705:Ruickbie 2004 7701: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7670: 7669:Pearson 2002b 7665: 7663: 7655: 7654:Pearson 2002b 7651: 7646: 7639: 7635: 7634:Pearson 2002b 7630: 7622: 7616: 7600: 7599:Adherents.com 7596: 7590: 7575: 7571: 7564: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7479:, p. 38. 7478: 7473: 7466: 7461: 7459: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7428:, p. 56. 7427: 7426:Valiente 1989 7422: 7415: 7410: 7404:, p. 60. 7403: 7402:Valiente 1989 7398: 7391: 7386: 7379: 7378:Heselton 2003 7374: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7356:0-7090-6223-0 7352: 7348: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7323:0-9713942-7-X 7319: 7315: 7311: 7310:Drury, Nevill 7305: 7298: 7297:Heselton 2000 7293: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7249: 7247:0-9653208-9-8 7243: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7197:Buckland 2002 7193: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7156:, p. 16. 7155: 7150: 7143: 7138: 7132:, p. 15. 7131: 7126: 7120:, p. 96. 7119: 7118:Buckland 2002 7114: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7096: 7089:, p. 32. 7088: 7083: 7077:, p. 13. 7076: 7071: 7065:, p. 14. 7064: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7045:, p. 14. 7044: 7040: 7035: 7029:, p. 14. 7028: 7023: 7021: 7013: 7008: 7006: 6999:, p. 50. 6998: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6959: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6936:0-7645-7834-0 6932: 6928: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6882:, p. 51. 6881: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6858:0-7387-0621-3 6854: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6807:Pearson 2002b 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6788: 6786:1-56718-018-3 6782: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6763:Pearson 2002b 6759: 6752: 6751:Pearson 2002b 6747: 6740: 6739:Pearson 2002b 6735: 6733: 6731: 6723: 6722:Buckland 1986 6718: 6716: 6709:, p. 16. 6708: 6707:Rountree 2015 6703: 6696: 6691: 6689: 6681: 6676: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6608: 6601: 6595:, p. 54. 6594: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6575: 6574:Pearson 2002b 6570: 6562: 6560:1-872189-52-0 6556: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6524:, p. 14. 6523: 6518: 6510: 6508:1-56718-018-3 6504: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6463:0-595-42006-0 6459: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6383:, p. 72. 6382: 6377: 6371:, p. 67. 6370: 6365: 6359:, p. 23. 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6335:, p. 10. 6334: 6329: 6321: 6319:0-316-84763-1 6315: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6275:, p. 32. 6274: 6273:Pearson 2005a 6269: 6267: 6260:, p. 36. 6259: 6258:Pearson 2005a 6254: 6246: 6244:9780520247765 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6222: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6178: 6177:Pearson 2002b 6173: 6171: 6169: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6099: 6091: 6086: 6078: 6077: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5990: 5989:Valiente 1973 5985: 5978: 5977:Valiente 1989 5973: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5929: 5927:1-56414-864-5 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5896: 5890:, p. 48. 5889: 5884: 5878:, p. 49. 5877: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5859:, p. 47. 5858: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5792: 5791:Valiente 1989 5787: 5780: 5775: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5760:Buckland 1986 5756: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5642: 5640:0-9709013-1-3 5636: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5617:Pearson 2002b 5613: 5606: 5605:Pearson 2002b 5601: 5594: 5593:Pearson 2002b 5589: 5587: 5579: 5574: 5572: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5551:Pearson 2002b 5547: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5519: 5514: 5506: 5504:0-939708-05-1 5500: 5496: 5492: 5491:Sanders, Alex 5486: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5439:Valiente 1973 5435: 5433: 5431: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5356:, p. 96. 5355: 5350: 5348: 5340: 5335: 5329:, p. 52. 5328: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5300:0-7225-3271-7 5296: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5252:, p. 95. 5251: 5246: 5240:, p. 94. 5239: 5234: 5228:, p. 93. 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5204:, p. 92. 5203: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5146:, p. 90. 5145: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5128: 5123: 5117:, p. 89. 5116: 5111: 5105:, p. 88. 5104: 5099: 5093:, p. 91. 5092: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5057:, p. 87. 5056: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5039: 5034: 5028:, p. 86. 5027: 5022: 5020: 5013:, p. 86. 5012: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4903:Pearson 2002b 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4766:, p. 19. 4765: 4764:Rountree 2015 4760: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4671:, p. 36. 4670: 4665: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4594:, p. 6; 4593: 4588: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4545: 4544:Strmiska 2005 4540: 4533: 4532:Strmiska 2005 4528: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4508:Rountree 2015 4506:, p. 2; 4505: 4504:Strmiska 2005 4500: 4493: 4489: 4488:Strmiska 2005 4484: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4442:, p. 10. 4441: 4436: 4432: 4417: 4413: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4384:Coven Celeste 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4355: 4353: 4352:Graham Harvey 4348: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4282: 4275:North America 4272: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4157:Coven Celeste 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4057:United States 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4014: 4013:British Isles 4010: 4006: 4005:Gardnerianism 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3965:Jack Bracelin 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916:civil servant 3913: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3870:Robert Graves 3867: 3864:, as well as 3863: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3800:Ronald Hutton 3797: 3796: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3710:fin de siècle 3706: 3702: 3701:Ronald Hutton 3696: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3666: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3600:United States 3597: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3558: 3549: 3545: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450:North America 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3387: 3378: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3345:United States 3341: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3274:, or Islamic 3273: 3269: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191:Lord's Prayer 3188: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3046:First fruits 3045: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2859:Associations 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555:magical tools 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2534:Cone of power 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2509:cone of power 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2426: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402:North America 2399: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2332:Five elements 2329: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2309:homosexuality 2305: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2227: 2221: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2155: 2153: 2152:Ronald Hutton 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085:sacred circle 2081: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2023:reincarnation 2019: 2017: 2013: 2012:Huna movement 2008: 2007:Ronald Hutton 2000: 1995: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:Old Stone Age 1746: 1742: 1738: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:Luciferianism 1625: 1619: 1617: 1616:Pagan studies 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:denominations 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1404: 1403:United States 1399: 1394: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1290:and level of 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280:denominations 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1245:ancient pagan 1242: 1241:civil servant 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1166: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1124:Witching hour 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1003: 999: 997: 996: 992: 990: 989: 985: 983: 982: 978: 976: 975: 971: 970: 962: 961: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 831:Paraphernalia 827: 826: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 788:Reincarnation 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 743:Rule of Three 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 722: 721: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 642: 641: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 576:Coven Celeste 574: 572: 569: 568: 564: 558: 557: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 509:Coven of Atho 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 448: 447: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 408: 407: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 389: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 342:Cone of power 340: 338: 335: 333: 332:Fivefold kiss 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 301: 300: 293: 292:Joseph Wilson 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 187:Jack Bracelin 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 121: 120: 113: 110: 108: 107: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 74: 73: 68: 62: 58: 57: 54: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 35: 30: 26: 22: 15501:Witch (word) 15450:Witch's mark 15259:Early Modern 15195: 15187: 15179: 15171: 15163: 15157:Daemonologie 15155: 15147: 15139: 15131: 15123: 15115: 15109:Laienspiegel 15107: 15099: 15091: 15083: 15075: 15067: 15059: 14991:Muma Pădurii 14922:Folklore and 14893:Sator Square 14846:Magic circle 14841:Magic carpet 14801:Crystal ball 14738:Spiritualism 14562:Witch doctor 14539: 14445:Cunning folk 14314:Neoplatonism 14254:Tree of life 14217:Sacred grove 14118:Bear worship 14071:Neoshamanism 14050: 13933:Zalmoxianism 13886:Adyghe Habze 13791:Modern pagan 13498:Mesopotamian 13354:Paleo-Balkan 13288:Samothracian 13167:Old Prussian 13064:Bongthingism 12651: 12626:Nova Religio 12624: 12617: 12561:UFO religion 12506:Neoshamanism 12374:Joseph Smith 12274:Lu Sheng-yen 12259:David Koresh 12189:Alice Bailey 12117: 12014:Spiritualism 11938:Santa Muerte 11854:Unity Church 11708:Fung Loy Kok 11565:Baháʼí Faith 11555:Armstrongism 11535:Ananda Marga 11485:Major groups 11416:Neotribalism 11314: 11242:Interfaith: 11130: 11111: 11104: 11063: 11056: 10983:South Africa 10889:Neoshamanism 10817:Fluffy Bunny 10761:Cunning folk 10756:Granny woman 10748: 10690: 10683: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10655: 10648: 10431:Spiral dance 10418: 10369:Magic circle 10150:Yvonne Frost 10130:Janet Farrar 10045:Margot Adler 10025:Alex Sanders 9953:Dianic Wicca 9933:Celtic Wicca 9892:Algard Wicca 9850: 9769: 9746: 9738:the original 9725: 9702: 9681: 9660: 9634: 9601: 9579: 9560: 9541: 9518: 9492: 9466: 9433: 9388: 9369: 9338: 9319: 9296: 9266: 9235: 9216: 9197: 9170: 9135: 9103: 9072: 9055: 9051: 9018: 8999: 8980: 8961: 8939:(2): 31–42. 8936: 8932: 8923: 8904: 8885: 8863:(1): 52–63. 8860: 8856: 8828: 8807: 8779: 8771:Lewis (1996) 8751:. ABC-CLIO. 8746: 8724:. New York: 8721: 8699: 8683: 8662: 8641: 8612: 8589: 8557: 8526: 8504: 8485: 8466: 8442: 8411: 8407: 8385:(1): 47–65. 8382: 8378: 8359: 8336: 8303: 8299: 8263: 8252:Lewis (1996) 8234: 8215: 8195:Pearson 2001 8190: 8183:Pearson 2001 8178: 8166:. Retrieved 8162:the original 8157: 8147: 8135:. Retrieved 8131:the original 8121: 8109:. Retrieved 8105: 8096: 8084:. Retrieved 8080:the original 8075: 8066: 8054:. Retrieved 8050: 8040: 8028:. Retrieved 8024:the original 8019: 8010: 8002:the original 7989: 7985: 7975: 7963: 7958:, p. x. 7956:Pearson 2007 7951: 7943: 7936:. Retrieved 7932: 7922: 7910: 7902: 7871: 7864: 7850: 7836: 7824:. Retrieved 7820:the original 7815: 7805: 7793:. Retrieved 7789: 7780: 7770: 7765: 7751: 7724: 7712: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7645: 7638:Pearson 2007 7629: 7603:. Retrieved 7598: 7589: 7577:. Retrieved 7574:Neopagan.net 7573: 7563: 7551:. Retrieved 7547:the original 7537: 7525:. Retrieved 7521:the original 7510: 7493: 7490:Holzer, Hans 7484: 7477:Pearson 1998 7472: 7465:Crowley 1998 7445: 7438:Gardner 1954 7433: 7421: 7409: 7397: 7385: 7373: 7346: 7340: 7313: 7304: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7256: 7237: 7231: 7214: 7204: 7192: 7180: 7173:Simpson 1994 7149: 7137: 7125: 7113: 7087:Pearson 2002 7082: 7070: 7050: 7034: 7014:, p. 2. 6992: 6980: 6953: 6926: 6920: 6894:Modern Wicca 6893: 6887: 6880:Pearson 1998 6875: 6848: 6842: 6826: 6814: 6776: 6770: 6758: 6746: 6702: 6697:, p. 3. 6695:Pearson 2007 6682:, p. 2. 6680:Pearson 2007 6675: 6663:. Retrieved 6659:the original 6654: 6645: 6633:. Retrieved 6629:the original 6624: 6615: 6606: 6600: 6593:Pearson 1998 6569: 6550: 6541: 6534:Crowley 1989 6529: 6517: 6498: 6492: 6480: 6453: 6447: 6431: 6419: 6407: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6357:Crowley 1989 6352: 6340: 6333:Gardner 2004 6328: 6309: 6303: 6286: 6280: 6253: 6226: 6220: 6212: 6200: 6184: 6157: 6147: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6117:Crowley 1989 6112: 6092:, p. 5. 6090:Pearson 2007 6085: 6075: 6068: 6056: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5936: 5913: 5907: 5900:Crowley 1998 5895: 5888:Pearson 1998 5883: 5876:Pearson 1998 5857:Pearson 1998 5852: 5840: 5833:Gardner 2004 5828: 5786: 5755: 5736: 5730: 5721: 5715: 5707:the original 5702: 5696: 5690: 5685:Harrow, Judy 5679: 5630: 5624: 5612: 5600: 5558: 5546: 5513: 5494: 5485: 5473: 5461: 5420: 5411: 5384: 5334: 5327:Pearson 1998 5290: 5281: 5269: 5257: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5180: 5168: 5161:Pearson 2005 5122: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5033: 5007:Pearson 1998 5002: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4955:Pearson 2001 4950: 4938: 4933:, p. 5. 4922: 4910: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4779:Crowley 1998 4759: 4754:, p. 4. 4737:, p. 1. 4708: 4702: 4690:. 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Picador. 9471:I-H-O Books 9263:Bone, Gavin 8204:Works cited 8111:28 December 8086:30 November 7968:Harvey 2007 7929:"Witch Way" 7795:10 November 7450:Hutton 1999 7414:Lamond 2004 7390:Hutton 1999 7102:Guiley 1999 7039:Hutton 2003 6958:Hutton 1991 6831:Guiley 1999 6655:Hex Archive 6522:Lamond 2004 6345:Lamond 2004 6189:Guiley 1999 5965:Lamond 2004 5657:Samuel 1998 5539:Hutton 1999 5466:Hutton 1999 5389:Hutton 1999 5067:Murray 1921 4859:Morris 1969 4811:Hutton 2017 4669:Harvey 2007 4580:Hutton 2002 4269:2011 census 4210:Australasia 4131:(1970) and 4107:Aidan Kelly 3981:Lois Bourne 3866:romanticist 3840:Freemasonry 3809:Middle Ages 3771:and 1933's 3633:Anglo-Saxon 3238:Christening 3213:Handfasting 3038:1 February 2790:(1921) and 2447:Aidan Kelly 2290:Wiccan Laws 2245:Wiccan Rede 2185:Inquisition 2109:black magic 2105:white magic 1966:genius loci 1901:Virgin Mary 1811:Prime Mover 1706:polytheists 1698:monotheists 1674:Theological 1568:Old English 1371:Wiccan Rede 1361:, known as 1336:pantheistic 1311:duotheistic 1256:theological 1235:in 1954 by 773:White magic 738:Wiccan Rede 519:Faery Wicca 322:Handfasting 262:Gavin Frost 182:Lois Bourne 15556:Categories 15521:Maleficium 15445:Witch-hunt 15249:Witch camp 14908:Witch ball 14851:Magic ring 14836:Love charm 14691:Necromancy 14686:Moon magic 14681:Mediumship 14676:Love magic 14661:Gray magic 14641:Divination 14440:Benandanti 14370:witchcraft 14276:Witchcraft 14259:World tree 14197:Orthopraxy 14046:Stregheria 13993:Udmurt Vos 13956:Burkhanism 13864:Dievturība 13842:Mexicayotl 13610:Polynesian 13590:Melanesian 13585:Australian 13503:Babylonian 13317:Lusitanian 13312:Gallaecian 13302:Cantabrian 13278:Eleusinian 13192:Circassian 13188:Caucasian 13177:Lithuanian 13094:Sanamahism 13074:Donyi-Polo 12935:Philippine 12913:Kaharingan 12898:Vietnamese 12813:Polytheism 12664:Opposition 12334:Prem Rawat 12284:Meher Baba 12254:Li Hongzhi 12244:Hak Ja Han 12199:David Berg 12113:Weixinjiao 11703:Fourth Way 11688:Falun Gong 11678:Creativity 11348:In society 11335:Stregheria 11330:Reclaiming 11073:Burkhanism 10867:Approaches 10791:Witch-hunt 10642:Literature 10623:Tarot deck 10482:Lughnasadh 10409:Initiation 10404:Invocation 10399:Divination 10349:Great rite 10337:and ritual 10316:Watchtower 10286:Otherworld 10276:Witchcraft 10266:Craft name 10201:Horned God 10060:Gavin Bone 10035:Sybil Leek 9988:Stregheria 9978:Reclaiming 9871:Traditions 9774:Kensington 7826:20 October 7104:, p. 7055:Baker 1996 6833:, p. 6438:, p. 6436:Lewis 1999 6191:, p. 6037:Adler 2005 6025:Adler 2005 6013:Adler 2005 6001:Adler 2005 5845:Adler 1979 5454:Adler 1979 5274:Adler 1979 4718:1567181120 4592:Orion 1994 4440:Adler 2005 4403:References 4345:interfaith 4295:Acceptance 4123:Paul Huson 4037:Sybil Leek 3940:New Forest 3905:New Forest 3737:Professor 3649:Polynesian 3592:covenantal 3401:See also: 3397:Traditions 3225:, between 3195:Witch Hunt 3181:Paul Huson 3128:Great Rite 3124:craft name 3101:initiation 3027:Lughnasadh 2997:fairy folk 2796:Witch-Cult 2764: [ 2660:Great Rite 2543:Great Rite 2504:invocation 2294:Craft Laws 2175:Historian 2158:Witchcraft 2101:Sybil Leek 2062:, such as 2056:spellcraft 1979:Sybil Leek 1975:elementals 1933:archetypes 1928:Gavin Bone 1874:polytheism 1862:monotheism 1835:Horned God 1782:Holly King 1768:system of 1753:witch-cult 1737:Horned God 1722:Horned God 1702:duotheists 1694:pantheists 1545:The Wiccan 1532:the theory 1528:Witch-cult 1508:traditions 1498:and being 1391:See also: 1340:polytheism 1319:Horned God 1284:traditions 1262:purposes. 1170:English: 1109:Witch-hunt 966:Literature 938:Tarot deck 808:Watchtower 778:Otherworld 768:Witchcraft 758:Craft name 688:Lughnasadh 544:Stregheria 534:Reclaiming 452:Traditions 424:Horned God 377:Initiation 372:Invocation 367:Divination 317:Great rite 177:Gavin Bone 152:Sybil Leek 15422:Classical 14941:Baba Yaga 14924:mythology 14733:Spiritism 14723:Sex magic 14701:Shamanism 14696:Occultism 14651:Evocation 14646:Entheogen 14624:Damnation 14575:Practices 14227:Sacrifice 14222:Holy well 14190:Mythology 14173:Stone row 13983:Hungarian 13913:Hellenism 13908:Heathenry 13876:Caucasian 13838:American 13832:Godianism 13793:movements 13525:Canaanite 13428:Hungarian 13396:Mithraism 13327:Camunnian 13268:Hero cult 13135:Anatolian 13049:Benzhuism 13044:Bathouism 12972:Dravidian 12903:Indonesia 12873:Mongolian 12808:Pantheism 12418:By region 12041:Theosophy 12019:Spiritism 11911:Rastafari 11802:Rodnovery 11797:Heathenry 11772:Mormonism 11718:Godianism 11609:Noahidism 11550:Antoinism 11523:Ahmadiyya 11501:Adventism 11496:Brahmoism 11492:Adi Dharm 11431:Theosophy 11401:Ariosophy 11355:Criticism 11294:Ivanovism 11257:Syncretic 11214:Hungarian 11042:Heathenry 11035:Godianism 10998:Minnesota 10953:Australia 10593:Parchment 10507:Wild Hunt 10477:Midsummer 10394:Banishing 10359:Wiccaning 10206:Green Man 9983:Seax-Wica 9734:1528-0268 9102:(2002) . 8953:145251262 8576:182799618 8531:Berkshire 8399:144927811 8328:154160260 8320:1528-0268 7998:1525-7207 7933:Slate.com 7332:815051948 7223:202832236 6997:Ezzy 2003 6985:Ezzy 2003 6973:Ezzy 2002 6912:706883219 6310:Mythology 6295:935742668 4624:Ezzy 2003 4576:Ezzy 2002 4428:Footnotes 4327:Christian 4313:Satanists 4240:Caucasian 4165:The Craft 4053:Australia 3944:Hampshire 3932:initiated 3928:occultism 3848:Theosophy 3734:Satanists 3573:syncretic 3494:Etymology 3381:Structure 3368:Symbolism 3330:grimoires 3294:occultist 3270:, Jewish 3234:Wiccaning 3063:21 March 3054:, a.k.a. 3029:, a.k.a. 2970:, a.k.a. 2924:1 August 2917:Candlemas 2915:, a.k.a. 2823:equinoxes 2819:solstices 2780:Halloween 2762:Candlemas 2716:Boscastle 2656:sex magic 2650:Sex magic 2492:full moon 2420:Practices 2414:pentagram 2201:Holocaust 1989:Afterlife 1961:animistic 1908:Cernunnos 1870:duotheism 1843:Boscastle 1712:Duotheism 1686:agnostics 1632:Heathenry 1599:term for 1593:masculine 1556:Minnesota 1547:in 1968. 1445:occultism 1344:pantheism 1328:honorific 1269:initiates 1206:syncretic 1198:The Craft 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11871:Opus Dei 11763:Kopimism 11599:Caodaism 11204:Estonian 11145:Hellenic 11140:Germanic 11126:Egyptian 11083:Caucasic 11058:Dievturi 11047:Armenian 11026:African 10874:Eclectic 10618:Talisman 10598:Pentacle 10568:Cauldron 10452:Solstice 10440:Holidays 10321:Familiar 10311:Summoner 10234:concepts 10175:Starhawk 9659:(1989). 9633:(2002). 9600:(2004). 9491:(1991). 9465:(2001). 9407:59694320 9368:(1973). 9358:53903657 9317:(1954). 9295:(2005). 9285:53223741 9265:(2004). 9254:26673966 9189:62866821 9169:(1981). 9155:14167961 9126:31781774 9052:Folklore 8804:(1921). 8698:(2004). 8633:41452625 8586:(1991). 8549:46955899 8525:(2000). 8465:(1996). 8439:(1999). 8358:(eds.). 8282:25787829 8262:(1989). 8214:(1979). 8168:27 March 8056:1 August 7899:52895492 7790:ABC News 7615:cite web 7492:(1972). 7365:39117828 6945:61395185 6867:57010157 6395:Folklore 6155:(1899). 5687:(1985). 5493:(1984). 5419:(1998). 5309:34190941 5289:(1996). 4341:Satanism 4337:Satanism 4176:Internet 4055:and the 4043:, whose 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14128:Tumulus 14056:Druidry 13988:Mordvin 13978:Finnish 13943:Semitic 13891:Uatsdin 13752:Odinani 13732:Lugbara 13600:Nauruan 13537:Persian 13532:Iranian 13520:Arabian 13515:Semitic 13481:Hurrian 13349:Nuragic 13337:Umbrian 13323:Italic 13297:Iberian 13207:Vainakh 13172:Latvian 13140:Hittite 13069:Burmese 13054:Bimoism 12989:Punjabi 12957:Chinese 12940:Tagalog 12925:Kejawèn 12798:Animism 12511:New Age 12036:Thelema 11994:Shakers 11953:LaVeyan 11896:Raëlism 11792:Druidry 11713:Goddess 11625:Oneness 11426:Thelema 11264:Adonism 11224:Mordvin 11209:Finnish 11180:Ynglism 11170:RUNVira 11155:Semitic 11106:Druidry 10968:Ireland 10963:Hungary 10937:Temples 10901:Secular 10884:New Age 10702:Related 10608:Scourge 10588:Incense 10563:Candles 10492:Samhain 10472:Beltane 10457:Equinox 10384:Scrying 10326:Animism 10306:Skyclad 10189:Deities 10055:Artemis 10008:figures 10006:Notable 9829:History 9624:General 9329:1059746 8243:6918454 8030:11 July 7605:7 April 7579:7 April 6665:2 April 6635:2 April 5698:Harvest 4307:by the 4184:New Age 4171:Charmed 4009:England 3973:Dayonis 3934:into a 3897:Norfolk 3836:Thelema 3817:New Age 3805:Maypole 3683:women's 3659:History 3609:popular 3581:rituals 3577:beliefs 3569:Wiccans 3486:Witches 3162:Beltane 3158:England 3154:Avebury 2976:May Day 2972:May Eve 2968:Beltane 2865:Samhain 2847:Sabbat 2772:May Eve 2770:], 2734:Sabbats 2640:Thelema 2608:skyclad 2599:Goddess 2587:incense 2583:candles 2571:chalice 2488:Sabbats 2430:Beltane 2298:Ardanes 2286:dualism 2093:healing 2036:mediums 1999:Beltane 1971:fairies 1878:deities 1819:Godhead 1747:of the 1678:theists 1658:Beliefs 1651:Charmed 1484:warlock 1457:New Age 1367:Sabbats 1229:England 1104:Thelema 923:Scourge 903:Incense 878:Candles 818:Animism 798:Skyclad 698:Samhain 678:Beltane 663:Equinox 412:Deities 352:Scrying 172:Artemis 15407:Basque 15392:Geneva 15387:France 15371:Sweden 15361:Norway 15336:Baltic 15320:Russia 15315:Poland 15216:Modern 15200:(1751) 15192:(1647) 15184:(1627) 15176:(1608) 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11229:Udmurt 11199:Uralic 11160:Slavic 11100:Celtic 11088:Abkhaz 11065:Romuva 11052:Baltic 11020:Ethnic 10779:Hebrew 10774:Theban 10613:Statue 10573:Censer 10553:Boline 10538:Athame 10533:Amulet 10467:Ostara 10462:Imbolc 9780: 9753: 9732: 9709: 9690: 9667: 9641: 9612: 9586: 9567: 9548: 9529: 9499: 9477: 9444: 9405: 9395: 9376: 9356: 9346: 9327: 9303: 9283: 9273: 9252: 9242: 9223: 9204: 9187: 9177: 9153: 9143: 9124: 9114: 9079: 9006: 8987: 8968: 8951: 8911: 8892: 8875: 8835: 8816: 8790: 8755: 8732: 8706: 8671: 8648: 8631: 8621: 8598: 8574: 8564: 8547: 8537: 8511: 8492: 8473: 8451: 8397: 8366: 8343: 8326: 8318: 8280: 8270: 8241: 8222: 7996: 7938:16 May 7897: 7887: 7502:281240 7500: 7363: 7353: 7330: 7320: 7244: 7221: 6943: 6933: 6910: 6900: 6865: 6855: 6783: 6557: 6505: 6470: 6460: 6316: 6293: 6241: 5924: 5743: 5637: 5501: 5307: 5297: 4715: 4692:1 July 4254:(2004) 4232:Europe 4147:, and 3979:, and 3846:, and 3647:, and 3645:Jewish 3637:Celtic 3604:demand 3510:covens 3504:Covens 3490:Wiccan 3476:; and 3442:Algard 3272:Tanakh 3056:Modron 3031:Lammas 2993:spring 2961:spring 2941:Ostara 2934:spring 2913:Imbolc 2831:Dianic 2778:, and 2776:Lammas 2758:Celtic 2644:Aradia 2614:Aradia 2591:boline 2569:and a 2559:athame 2474:Athame 2386:oxygen 2374:aether 2372:, and 2197: 2089:spells 1983:angels 1973:, and 1916:Yahweh 1905:Celtic 1896:, and 1887:Ēostre 1858:Dianic 1766:Taoist 1739:and a 1704:, and 1684:, and 1591:, the 1512:cowans 1496:wisdom 1488:Wizard 1480:wizard 1363:Esbats 1350:, and 1348:monism 1278:, and 1260:ritual 1252:motifs 1099:Theban 1067:Goetia 928:Statue 888:Censer 868:Boline 853:Athame 848:Amulet 673:Ostara 668:Imbolc 15562:Wicca 15541:Adept 15402:Spain 15397:Italy 15284:Salem 15239:Nepal 15234:India 15045:Major 14981:Medea 14976:Kalku 14956:Drude 14951:Dayan 14946:Circe 14873:Nkisi 14784:besom 14779:Broom 14706:Black 14636:Demon 14614:Curse 14609:Coven 14540:Wicca 14460:Völva 14455:Seiðr 14430:Italy 14401:Ghana 14377:Types 14366:Magic 14266:Totem 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