791:. Hunters kill the camels by laying land mines in the salt water springs where the camels drink. Other threats include scarcity of access to water such as oases, attacks by wolves, hybridization with domestic Bactrians leading to a concern of a loss of genetically distinct populations or infertile individuals which could potentially ward off viable bulls from a large number of females during their lifetimes, toxic effluent releases from illegal mining, re-designation of wildlife areas as industrial zones, and sharing grazing areas with domestic animals. Due to increasing human populations, wild Bactrian camels that migrate in search of grazing land may compete for food and water sources with introduced domestic stock and are sometimes shot by farmers.
38:
827:. The actions taken by the various organizations, motivated and supported by IUCN and WCPF, include establishment of more nature reserves (in China and Mongolia) for their conservation, and breeding them in captivity (as captive females may calve twice every two years, which may not happen in the wild) to prevent extinction. The captive breeding initiated by WCPF in 2003 is the Zakhyn-Us Sanctuary in Mongolia, where the initial programme of breeding the last non-hybridised herds of wild Bactrian camels has proved a success, with the birth of several viable calves.
1413:
527:. Since then, human incursions into the area have caused a sharp drop in the camel population. The extant habitat of the wild camels has been further disturbed by newly constructed roads and exploitation of oil fields. In addition, a border fence between China and Mongolia prevents the camels from migrating between the Chinese and Mongolian populations. A 2013 study confirmed at least 382 wild camels in China. The total population within the Chinese nature reserves is estimated to be between 640 and 740.
225:
104:
847:
62:
804:
474:. China spotted 39, and estimated that there were 600–650 camels in Altun Shan-Lop Nur reserves combined, in late 2018, with 48 spotted in Dunhuang reserve in 2018. At the Dunhuang and Mazongshan reserves, it had been estimated that one hundred camels exist per reserve, and for the Aksai reserve, it was estimated that there are nearly 200, according to an earlier estimation. In Mongolia, their population was about 800 in 2012.
449:
assemble near water points where larger groups can also be seen. Their lifespan is about 40 years and they breed during winter with an overlap into the rainy season. Females produce offspring starting at age 5, and thereafter in a cycle of 2 years. Typically, wild
Bactrian camels seen alone are postdispersal young individuals which have just reached sexual maturity.
760:), since 2002; its status was deemed "critical" in the 1960s, gradually being elevated to "critically endangered". The UK-based Wild Camel Protection Foundation (WCPF) estimates that there are only about 950 individuals of the species left in the world, with its current population trend still decreasing. The
430:
camel are smaller, lower, and more conical in shape than those of the domestic
Bactrian camel. These humps may often be about half the size of those of a domesticated Bactrian camel. The wild Bactrian camel has a different shape of foot and a flatter skull (the Mongolian name for a wild Bactrian camel,
429:
There are several differences in size and shape between the two species. The wild
Bactrian camel is slightly smaller than the domestic Bactrian camel and has been described as "lithe, and slender-legged, with very narrow feet and a body that looks laterally compressed." The humps of the wild Bactrian
402:
Wild
Bactrian camels have long, narrow slit-like nostrils, a double row of long thick eyelashes, and ears with hairs that provide protection against desert sandstorms. They have tough undivided soles with two large toes that spread wide apart, and a horny layer which enables them to walk on rough and
465:
Wild
Bactrian camels travel over long distances, seeking water in places close to mountains where springs are found, and hill slopes covered in snow provide some moisture in winter. The size of a herd may be as many as 100 camels but generally consists of 2–15 members in a group; this is reported to
448:
Wild
Bactrian camels generally move in groups of up to 30 individuals, although 6 to 20 is more common depending on the amount of food available. They are fully migratory and widely scattered with a population density as low as 5 per 100 km. They travel with a single adult male in the lead and
794:
The only extant predators that regularly target wild
Bactrian camels are wolves, which have been seen to pursue weaker and weather-battered camels as they try to reach oases. Due to increasingly dry conditions in the species' range, the numbers of cases of wolf predation on wild Bactrian camels at
410:, it is one of the few mammals able to eat snow to provide itself with liquids in the winter. While the legend that camels store water in their humps is a misconception, they are adapted to conserve water. However, long periods without water will result in a deterioration of the animal's health.
834:
in
Northern Siberia, as a proxy for extinct Pleistocene camel species. If this had proved feasible, it would have increased their geographic range considerably, adding a safety margin to their survival. In 2021 however, domesticated Bactrian camels were introduced to the park instead.
515:, home to many of the wild Bactrian camels. The camels experienced no apparent ill effects from the radiation and continued to breed naturally. Instead, their habitat became a restricted military zone where human activity was kept to a minimum. After China signed the
457:
Their habitat is in arid plains and hills where water sources are scarce and very little vegetation exists with shrubs as their main food source. These habitats have widely varying temperatures: the summer temperature ranges from 40–50 °C (104–122 °F) and
1736:
Yuan, Junxia; Hu, Jiaming; Liu, Wenhui; Chen, Shungang; Zhang, Fengli; Wang, Siren; Zhang, Zhen; Wang, Linying; Xiao, Bo; Li, Fuqiang; Hofreiter, Michael; Lai, Xulong; Westbury, Michael V.; Sheng, Guilian (May 2024).
554:
is nested within that of living wild
Bactrian camels, suggesting interbreeding between the two species. Cladogram of relationships between living and extinct camels based on genomes after Yuan et al. 2024.
822:
The Wild Camel
Protection Foundation, the only such charity of its kind, has as its main goal conservation of the wild in its natural desert environment to ensure that their status does not transition to
440:
The wild Bactrian camel can also survive on water saltier than seawater, something which probably no other mammal in the world can tolerate – including the domesticated Bactrian camel.
342:(1986) in Qakilik County, in the Aksai Annanba Nature Reserve (1992), and in Dunhuang Wanyaodun Nature Reserve (now Dunhuang Xihu Wild Camel Nature Reserve) contiguous with the reserve in
753:
535:
Genetic analysis suggests that the domestic Bactrian camel did not descend from the wild Bactrian camel, and that the two species split around 700,000 – 1.1 million years ago.
775:
Observations made during five field expeditions starting in 1993 by John Hare and the WCPF suggest that the surviving populations may be facing an 80% decline within the next 30 years.
787:, climate change, being hunted, and human encroachment into their habitat. In the Gobi Reserve Area, 25 to 30 camels are reported to be poached every year, and about 20 in the
1135:
Mohandesan, Elmira; Fitak, Robert R.; Corander, Jukka; Yadamsuren, Adiya; Chuluunbat, Battsetseg; Abdelhadi, Omer; Raziq, Abdul; Nagy, Peter; Stalder, Gabrielle (2017-08-30).
1990:
shows footage of wild Bactrian camels from a two-month trek in the Gobi desert. It includes a "diary" section, explaining the difficulties in obtaining the footage.
382:
means "feral" or "wild" and is a common subspecies name for the wild ancestors of previously described domestic species. Later research recognised the domestic
1023:"Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus)"
1840:
6759:
972:
Silbermayr, K.; Orozco-terWengel, P.; Charruau, P.; Enkhbileg, D.; Walzer, C.; Vogl, C.; Schwarzenberger, F.; Kaczensky, P.; Burger, P. A. (2010-06-01).
1801:
1137:"Mitogenome Sequencing in the Genus Camelus Reveals Evidence for Purifying Selection and Long-term Divergence between Wild and Domestic Bactrian Camels"
1998:
1488:
339:
1515:"Molecular diversity and phylogenetic analysis of domestic and wild Bactrian camel populations based on the mitochondrial ATP8 and ATP6 genes"
6809:
6718:
6705:
974:"High mitochondrial differentiation levels between wild and domestic Bactrian camels: a basis for rapid detection of maternal hybridization"
6794:
1221:"A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus): an evolutionary history of camelidae"
6804:
788:
331:
1984:
6653:
550:
is equidistant genetically from both living Bactrian camel species based on nuclear genomes, the mitochondrial genome diversity of
6679:
6789:
2025:
508:
327:
studies have established it as a separate species which diverged from the Bactrian camel about 0.7–1.1 million years ago.
1917:
6684:
6645:
437:
The wool of the wild Bactrian camel is always sandy coloured and shorter and sparser than that of domestic Bactrian camels.
1282:
816:
335:
6468:
539:
analysis suggests that alongside the domestic Bactrian camel, the species is closely related to the extinct giant camel
6799:
1592:
1384:
Jemmett, Anna M.; Groombridge, Jim J.; Hare, John; Yadamsuren, Adiya; Burger, Pamela A.; Ewen, John G. (22 June 2022).
1219:
Cui, Peng; Ji, Rimutu; Ding, Feng; Qi, Dan; Gao, Hongwei; Meng, He; Yu, Jun; Hu, Songnian; Zhang, Heping (2007-01-01).
1898:
1602:
1281:
Jemmett, Anna M.; Groombridge, Jim J.; Hare, John; Yadamsuren, Adiya; Burger, Pamela A.; Ewen, John G. (March 2023).
6723:
1366:
403:
hot stony or sandy terrain. Their thick and shaggy body hair changes colour to light brown or beige during winter.
466:
be due to arid environment and heavy poaching. The wild Bactrian camels are limited to three pockets in northwest
831:
811:
Several actions have been initiated by the governments of China and Mongolia to conserve this species, including
19:
This article is about the critically endangered wild Bactrian camel. For the domesticated and feral species, see
426:) but the outstanding difference is genetic, with the two species having descended from two distinct ancestors.
819:
in Mongolia, set up in 1982; and the Lop Nur Wild Camel National Nature Reservein China, established in 2000.
2377:
1805:
1386:"What's in a name? Common name misuse potentially confounds the conservation of the wild camel Camelus ferus"
1283:"What's in a name? Common name misuse potentially confounds the conservation of the wild camel Camelus ferus"
516:
66:
6769:
3166:
1513:
Yi, Li; Ai, Yisi; Ming, Liang; Hai, Le; He, Jing; Guo, Fu-Cheng; Qiao, Xiang-Yu; Ji, Rimutu (2017-05-01).
1492:
764:
considers the wild bactrian to be the eighth most endangered large mammal in the world, and it is on the
2446:
2018:
873:
812:
1993:
6774:
5423:
2368:
2359:
761:
1412:
1201:
Burger, P., Silbermayr, K., Charruau, P., Lipp, L., Dulamtseren, E., Yadmasuren, A. and Walzer, C. (
489:. In the 1800s, due to hunting for its meat and hide, its presence was noted in remote areas of the
103:
5210:
504:
in China and Mongolia. In the 1920s, only remnant populations were recorded in Mongolia and China.
768:
list. The wild Bactrian camel was identified as one of the top ten "focal species" in 2007 by the
6631:
6461:
5859:
5252:
3148:
2289:
1738:
1690:
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1826:
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1021:
Ji, R.; Cui, P.; Ding, F.; Geng, J.; Gao, H.; Zhang, H.; Yu, J.; Hu, S.; Meng, H. (2009-08-01).
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1952:
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37:
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2011:
765:
198:
1827:
Kara Rogers. The Last Wild Camels. Encyclopædia Britannica Blog. (Posted: February 18, 2010)
1350:
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The species was originally considered a subspecies of the domestic Bactrian camel and named
6779:
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346:(2001) and a reserve in Mazongshan contiguous with the reserve in Mongolia, all in China.
8:
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5531:
5192:
5072:
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2198:
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The wild Bactrian camel has been classified as "critically endangered", according to the
632:
51:
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1154:
6454:
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6391:
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5703:
5685:
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5613:
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5183:
5117:
4810:
4536:
4013:
4004:
3723:
3157:
2625:
2437:
2419:
2298:
1739:"Camelus knoblochi genome reveals the complex evolutionary history of Old World camels"
1718:
1691:"The wild camel (Camelus ferus) in China: Current status and conservation implications"
1651:
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1910:
Mysteries of the Gobi: Searching for Wild Camels and Lost Cities in the Heart of Asia
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1964:
772:(EDGE) project, which prioritises unique and threatened species for conservation.
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2100:
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1994:
Journalist Aaron Sneddon Bactrian Camels at the Highland Wildlife Park Scotland
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2003:
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as a separate, sister species to the wild Bactrian, elevating the subspecies
343:
224:
71:
1237:
477:
In ancient times, wild Bactrian camels were seen from the great bend of the
330:
Currently, there are only around 950 wild Bactrian camels. Most live on the
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367:
297:
214:
1080:"The history of Old World camelids in the light of molecular genetics"
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803:
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115:
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754:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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1862:
1804:. National Geographic Service News. 3 December 2002. Archived from
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135:
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2464:
1841:"Pleistocene Park: The Regeneration of the Mammoth Steppe?"
830:
The wild Bactrian camel was considered for introduction at
757:
498:
4900:
1927:
Potts, D. T. (2004). "Camel Hybridization and the Role of
315:. It is closely related but not ancestral to the domestic
6042:
4641:
4587:
3519:
2901:
1933:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
1802:"Wild Bactrian Camels Critically Endangered, Group Says"
3892:
4435:
1893:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1574:
1572:
1438:"Animal Info - Endangered Animals: Camelus bactrianus"
1611:
1539:
842:
815:. Two programmes instituted in this respect are the
656:
599:
1569:
1469:. Evolutionarily Distinct & Globally Endangered
485:deserts and further to Northwest China and central
1886:
1561:Bannikov, A.G. (1976). "Wild camels of the Gobi".
546:which went extinct around 20,000 years ago. While
422:) appear similar to domesticated Bactrian camels (
1367:"Quick Facts about Camels' Domestication History"
6751:
1689:Xue, Yadong; Li, Jia; Li, Diqiang (April 2021).
1489:"Video showing wild Bactrian camels eating snow"
462:temperature a low of −30 °C (−22 °F).
334:in China, and a smaller population lives in the
2033:
1999:Video showing Wild Bactrian camels eating snow.
1965:"Discovery of camels in the Gashun Gobi region"
1838:
770:Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered
338:in Mongolia. There are also populations in the
6462:
2019:
1957:Saving the World's Most Extraordinary Species
1735:
1020:
1597:. University of Chicago Press. p. 152.
933:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T63543A12689285.en
519:in 1996, the camels were reclassified as an
6760:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
1512:
1218:
452:
6469:
6455:
2108:
2026:
2012:
1829:. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1666:
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406:Like its close relative, the domesticated
332:Lop Nur Wild Camel National Nature Reserve
223:
60:
36:
6343:
3815:
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1432:
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1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1403:
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1111:
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989:
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414:Differences from domestic Bactrian camels
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807:Wild Bactrian camels in the Gobi desert
6752:
2233:
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903:
901:
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893:
891:
783:Camels face various threats including
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3353:
2499:
2085:
2007:
1926:
1556:
1554:
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1340:
1084:Tropical Animal Health and Production
955:"Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian camel)"
6810:Critically endangered fauna of China
3651:
1907:
1617:
1578:
1467:"13. Bactrian Camel (Camelus ferus)"
1452:
1313:
1276:
1274:
340:Altun Shan Wild Camel Nature Reserve
336:Great Gobi A Strictly Protected Area
6795:Critically endangered biota of Asia
2500:
1729:
919:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
888:
13:
5817:
3354:
1672:"'New' camel lives on salty water"
1591:Schaller, George B. (1998-07-20).
1551:
1328:. Wild Camel Protection Foundation
1205:). Genetic status of wild camels (
1078:Burger, Pamela Anna (2016-04-05).
14:
6821:
6805:Taxa named by Nikolay Przhevalsky
1973:
1839:Martin W. Lewis (12 April 2012).
1440:. Animal Information Organization
1271:
1071:
1014:
378:) were once widespread. The name
1980:Wild Camel Protection Foundation
1411:
1039:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01848.x
991:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01993.x
845:
795:oases has reportedly increased.
102:
2378:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
1855:
1832:
1820:
1769:
1695:Journal for Nature Conservation
1682:
1639:
1623:
1584:
1506:
1481:
1377:
798:
3167:Central American red brocket (
1594:Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe
1212:
1195:
1128:
965:
947:
397:
358:in reference to the region of
1:
6790:Critically endangered animals
6476:
882:
517:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
3874:Large subfamily listed below
3862:Large subfamily listed below
3850:Large subfamily listed below
1885:Bulliet, Richard W. (1975).
1632:新疆野骆驼数量实现恢复性增长目前约为 600—650 峰
1532:10.1016/j.livsci.2017.03.015
443:
374:where wild Bactrian camels (
270:Oreocamelus bactrianus ferus
7:
2369:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
2360:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1931:in the Ancient Near East".
1647:"红外相机在甘肃敦煌拍摄到 48 峰规模的野骆驼种群"
838:
530:
10:
6826:
1163:10.1038/s41598-017-08995-8
874:List of animals with humps
813:ecosystem-based management
778:
699:(domestic Bactrian camel)
275:Eucamelus bactrianus ferus
18:
6800:Mammals described in 1878
6600:
6557:
6519:
6484:
6417:
6389:
6365:
6356:
6352:
6338:
6305:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
6296:Domestic Bactrian camel (
6284:
6233:
6220:
6206:
6170:
6146:
6122:
6113:
5995:
5962:
5938:
5905:
5881:
5860:North Sulawesi babirusa (
5839:
5830:
5826:
5812:
5776:
5734:
5557:
5548:
5502:
5478:
5454:
5412:
5361:
5337:
5328:
5300:
5276:
5269:
5223:
5163:
5139:
5052:
5001:
4977:
4953:
4929:
4920:
4916:
4895:
4850:
4751:
4742:
4714:
4690:
4585:
4525:
4516:
4488:
4464:
4455:
4451:
4430:
4389:
4365:
4287:
4263:
4239:
4215:
4164:
4140:
4089:
3984:
3960:
3936:
3912:
3908:
3887:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3806:
3769:
3745:
3712:
3688:
3679:
3642:
3605:
3559:
3499:
3490:
3462:
3411:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3349:
3295:
3261:
3227:
3203:
3179:
3149:Amazonian brown brocket (
3083:
3050:
3026:
2993:
2969:
2945:
2936:
2872:
2821:
2797:
2764:
2713:
2680:
2656:
2524:
2511:
2495:
2482:Large family listed below
2475:
2470:Large family listed below
2463:
2447:Williamson's mouse-deer (
2390:
2348:
2324:
2315:
2224:
2169:
2145:
2136:
2099:
2095:
2081:
2043:
1863:"News | Pleistocene Park"
1755:10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.050
1715:10.1016/j.jnc.2021.125979
1607:– via Google Books.
1405:10.1017/S0030605322000114
1299:10.1017/S0030605322000114
1096:10.1007/s11250-016-1032-7
870:, domestic Bactrian camel
762:London Zoological Society
747:
692:
674:
654:
647:
629:
622:
597:
590:
571:
564:
390:to full species level as
243:
236:
231:
222:
204:
197:
99:Scientific classification
97:
80:
58:
49:
44:
35:
30:
4546:Domestic water buffalo (
2911:Central Asian red deer (
2536:Bornean yellow muntjac (
1945:10.1163/1568520041262314
1525:(Supplement C): 95–100.
453:Distribution and habitat
265:Camelus bactrianus ferus
6521:South American camelids
5424:Bates' pygmy antelope (
5211:Soemmerring's gazelle (
3316:Yucatan brown brocket (
2545:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
2429:Philippine mouse-deer (
1889:The Camel and the Wheel
1238:10.1186/1471-2164-8-241
509:testing nuclear weapons
349:
6134:White-lipped peccary (
6070:Philippine warty pig (
5695:Yellow-backed duiker (
5659:Black-fronted duiker (
5632:White-bellied duiker (
5253:Przewalski's gazelle (
4476:Four-horned antelope (
3274:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
2833:Visayan spotted deer (
2692:European fallow deer (
2635:Northern red muntjac (
2581:Southern red muntjac (
808:
681:(wild Bactrian camel)
481:extending west to the
470:and some in southwest
434:, means "flat-head").
418:Wild Bactrian camels (
6504:Australia populations
6486:Afro-Asiatic camelids
6314:Wild Bactrian camel (
6016:Bornean bearded pig (
6007:Palawan bearded pig (
5596:White-legged duiker (
5022:Red-fronted gazelle (
2701:Persian fallow deer (
2617:Roosevelt's muntjac (
2290:Himalayan musk deer (
2199:Reticulated giraffe (
926:: e.T63543A12689285.
806:
766:critically endangered
507:In 1964, China began
67:Critically Endangered
6401:Pygmy hippopotamus (
6061:Oliver's warty pig (
5686:Red-flanked duiker (
5091:Erlanger's gazelle (
4811:Harnessed bushbuck (
4537:Wild water buffalo (
4014:East Caucasian tur (
4005:West Caucasian tur (
3158:Little red brocket (
2626:Truong Son muntjac (
2438:Vietnam mouse-deer (
2420:Greater mouse-deer (
2299:Siberian musk deer (
1959:. EDGE of Existence.
1749:(11): 2502–2508.e5.
1355:(in Chinese), 中国•骆驼网
959:Animal Diversity Web
817:Great Gobi Reserve A
45:Wild Bactrian camel
31:Wild Bactrian camel
6770:Mammals of Mongolia
6511:Wild Bactrian camel
6034:Celebes warty pig (
6025:Visayan warty pig (
5641:Red forest duiker (
5373:Günther's dik-dik (
5235:Mongolian gazelle (
5040:Heuglin's gazelle (
5031:Thomson's gazelle (
4185:Long-tailed goral (
3580:Mountain reedbuck (
3571:Southern reedbuck (
3423:East African oryx (
3325:White-tailed deer (
3104:Small red brocket (
3071:South Andean deer (
3014:Siberian roe deer (
3005:European roe deer (
2842:Philippine sambar (
2809:Père David's deer (
2411:Lesser mouse-deer (
2272:Kashmir musk deer (
1908:Hare, John (2009).
1808:on December 6, 2002
1707:2021JNatC..6025979X
1635:(in Chinese), 中国•伊宁
1155:2017NatSR...7.9970M
825:Extinct in the Wild
633:Camelus dromedarius
388:C. bactrianus ferus
356:C. bactrianus ferus
288:wild Bactrian camel
52:Conservation status
6182:Collared peccary (
6052:Flores warty pig (
5893:Giant forest hog (
5755:Maxwell's duiker (
5677:Ruwenzori duiker (
5623:Jentink's duiker (
5532:Sharpe's grysbok (
5288:Tibetan antelope (
5193:Bright's gazelle (
5127:Goitered gazelle (
5100:Mountain gazelle (
5073:Cuvier's gazelle (
5013:Mongalla gazelle (
4401:Pyrenean chamois (
3827:Tibetan antelope (
3781:Black wildebeest (
2608:Reeves's muntjac (
2572:Sumatran muntjac (
2563:Gongshan muntjac (
2336:Water chevrotain (
2263:Alpine musk deer (
2190:Southern giraffe (
2181:Northern giraffe (
1967:. BBC. 2001-02-06.
1929:Camelus Bactrianus
1867:pleistocenepark.ru
1781:www.wildcamels.com
1678:. 6 February 2001.
1652:Xinhua News Agency
1142:Scientific Reports
867:Camelus bactrianus
809:
696:Camelus bactrianus
521:endangered species
424:Camelus bactrianus
321:Camelus bactrianus
261:Subspecies Level:
6747:
6746:
6594:Taxon identifiers
6585:
6584:
6507:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6413:
6412:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6158:Chacoan peccary (
6109:
6108:
6097:Javan warty pig (
6088:Timor warty pig (
5895:H. meinertzhageni
5869:Togian babirusa (
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5764:Walter's duiker (
5704:Abbott's duiker (
5668:Ogilby's duiker (
5614:Harvey's duiker (
5578:Brooke's duiker (
5544:
5543:
5324:
5323:
5265:
5264:
5202:Peter's gazelle (
5184:Grant's gazelle (
5118:Speke's gazelle (
4891:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4768:
4738:
4737:
4726:African buffalo (
4557:B. depressicornis
4512:
4511:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4194:Himalayan goral (
4016:C. cylindricornis
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3839:
3838:
3802:
3801:
3790:Blue wildebeest (
3724:Common tsessebe (
3675:
3674:
3638:
3637:
3601:
3600:
3513:K. ellipsiprymnus
3486:
3485:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3285:P. mephistophiles
3241:P. mephistophiles
2932:
2931:
2628:M. truongsonensis
2590:Pu Hoat muntjac (
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2459:
2458:
2402:Java mouse-deer (
2311:
2310:
2281:Black musk deer (
2254:Dwarf musk deer (
2245:Anhui musk deer (
2220:
2219:
2183:G. camelopardalis
2132:
2131:
1919:978-1-84511-512-8
1620:, pp. 6, 28.
1519:Livestock Science
908:Hare, J. (2008).
744:
743:
735:
734:
726:
725:
717:
716:
708:
707:
661:Camelus knoblochi
542:Camelus knoblochi
311:and southwestern
284:
283:
250:Oreocamelus ferus
92:
75:
6817:
6775:Mammals of China
6740:
6739:
6727:
6726:
6714:
6713:
6701:
6700:
6688:
6687:
6675:
6674:
6662:
6661:
6649:
6648:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6589:
6588:
6501:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6448:
6447:
6363:
6362:
6354:
6353:
6340:
6339:
6231:
6230:
6222:
6221:
6208:
6207:
6120:
6119:
5926:Common warthog (
5917:Desert warthog (
5837:
5836:
5828:
5827:
5814:
5813:
5713:Weyns's duiker (
5587:Peters' duiker (
5569:Aders's duiker (
5555:
5554:
5442:Royal antelope (
5400:Salt's dik-dik (
5391:Silver dik-dik (
5382:Kirk's dik-dik (
5335:
5334:
5312:Saiga antelope (
5274:
5273:
5213:N. soemmerringii
5082:Dorcas gazelle (
4927:
4926:
4918:
4917:
4911:
4897:
4896:
4784:Mountain nyala (
4767:
4766:
4758:
4749:
4748:
4704:P. nghetinhensis
4606:European bison (
4597:American bison (
4523:
4522:
4462:
4461:
4453:
4452:
4446:
4432:
4431:
4308:Domestic sheep (
4152:Himalayan tahr (
4119:Mainland serow (
4101:Japanese serow (
3910:
3909:
3903:
3889:
3888:
3813:
3812:
3686:
3685:
3649:
3648:
3612:
3611:
3589:Bohor reedbuck (
3497:
3496:
3476:A. nasomaculatus
3399:Sable antelope (
3376:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3113:Merida brocket (
2943:
2942:
2884:Thorold's deer (
2736:A. calamianensis
2619:M. rooseveltorum
2565:M. gongshanensis
2522:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2322:
2321:
2231:
2230:
2210:G. tippelskirchi
2143:
2142:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1968:
1960:
1953:"Bactrian camel"
1948:
1923:
1904:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1668:
1657:
1656:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1491:. Archived from
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1240:
1216:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1018:
1012:
1011:
993:
969:
963:
962:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
935:
905:
855:
850:
849:
832:Pleistocene Park
658:
650:
649:
625:
624:
601:
593:
592:
567:
566:
559:
558:
366:area of ancient
227:
210:
107:
106:
86:
69:
64:
63:
40:
28:
27:
16:Species of camel
6825:
6824:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6735:
6732:Observation.org
6730:
6722:
6717:
6709:
6704:
6696:
6691:
6683:
6678:
6670:
6665:
6657:
6652:
6644:
6639:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6596:
6586:
6581:
6553:
6515:
6480:
6475:
6445:
6432:
6409:
6385:
6348:
6322:
6280:
6216:
6190:
6166:
6142:
6105:
6072:S. philippensis
6009:S. ahoenobarbus
5991:
5983:Red river hog (
5958:
5934:
5901:
5877:
5851:Buru babirusa (
5822:
5796:
5788:Common duiker (
5772:
5730:
5540:
5498:
5474:
5450:
5408:
5357:
5320:
5296:
5261:
5246:P. picticaudata
5219:
5159:
5135:
5129:G. subgutturosa
5048:
4997:
4973:
4949:
4912:
4901:
4879:
4846:
4838:Cape bushbuck (
4831:T. strepsiceros
4760:
4759:
4757:
4734:
4710:
4686:
4581:
4573:Mountain anoa (
4508:
4502:B. tragocamelus
4484:
4478:T. quadricornis
4447:
4436:
4418:
4385:
4361:
4317:Bighorn sheep (
4283:
4259:
4235:
4227:Mountain goat (
4211:
4203:Chinese goral (
4160:
4136:
4121:C. sumatraensis
4085:
4068:Siberian ibex (
4032:Domestic goat (
3980:
3956:
3932:
3924:Barbary sheep (
3904:
3893:
3875:
3863:
3851:
3835:
3798:
3765:
3741:
3708:
3671:
3634:
3597:
3555:
3482:
3458:
3432:Scimitar oryx (
3407:
3390:Roan antelope (
3361:
3355:
3333:
3291:
3283:Northern pudu (
3257:
3249:Southern pudu (
3239:Northern pudu (
3223:
3199:
3175:
3140:Pygmy brocket (
3122:Dwarf brocket (
3079:
3046:
3022:
2989:
2965:
2928:
2868:
2817:
2793:
2760:
2734:Calamian deer (
2709:
2703:D. mesopotamica
2676:
2652:
2646:M. vuquangensis
2644:Giant muntjac (
2554:Fea's muntjac (
2507:
2501:
2483:
2471:
2455:
2386:
2344:
2307:
2265:M. chrysogaster
2216:
2208:Masai giraffe (
2165:
2128:
2091:
2077:
2039:
2032:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1951:
1920:
1912:. I.B. Tauris.
1901:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1743:Current Biology
1734:
1730:
1687:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1660:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1420:
1410:
1382:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1279:
1272:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1196:
1133:
1129:
1076:
1072:
1027:Animal Genetics
1019:
1015:
978:Animal Genetics
970:
966:
953:
952:
948:
938:
936:
906:
889:
885:
879:
851:
844:
841:
801:
789:Lop Nur Reserve
781:
750:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
533:
483:Inner Mongolian
455:
446:
416:
400:
352:
309:Northwest China
255:Eucamelus ferus
246:Species Level:
218:
212:
206:
193:
101:
93:
76:
65:
61:
54:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6823:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6728:
6715:
6702:
6689:
6676:
6663:
6650:
6637:
6622:
6606:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6496:
6494:Bactrian camel
6490:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6474:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6451:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6423:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6403:C. liberiensis
6397:
6395:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6377:Hippopotamus (
6373:
6371:
6360:
6358:Hippopotamidae
6350:
6349:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6311:
6307:C. dromedarius
6302:
6292:
6290:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6269:
6260:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6228:
6218:
6217:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6178:
6176:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6128:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6094:
6090:S. timoriensis
6085:
6076:
6067:
6058:
6049:
6043:Domestic pig (
6040:
6031:
6022:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5980:
5970:
5968:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5946:
5944:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5923:
5919:P. aethiopicus
5913:
5911:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5871:B. togeanensis
5866:
5857:
5847:
5845:
5834:
5824:
5823:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5784:
5782:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5761:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5722:Zebra duiker (
5719:
5710:
5701:
5697:C. silvicultor
5692:
5683:
5674:
5665:
5656:
5650:Black duiker (
5647:
5638:
5634:C. leucogaster
5629:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5593:
5584:
5575:
5565:
5563:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5529:
5523:Cape grysbok (
5520:
5510:
5508:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5466:Klipspringer (
5462:
5460:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5439:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5397:
5393:M. piacentinii
5388:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5308:
5306:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5282:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:P. przewalskii
5250:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5181:
5175:Dama gazelle (
5171:
5169:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5124:
5115:
5109:Rhim gazelle (
5106:
5097:
5088:
5079:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5019:
5009:
5007:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:A. marsupialis
4961:
4959:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4924:
4914:
4913:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4871:Common eland (
4868:
4858:
4856:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4835:
4829:Greater kudu (
4826:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4642:Domestic yak (
4639:
4630:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4570:
4566:B. mindorensis
4561:
4555:Lowland anoa (
4552:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4275:Nilgiri tahr (
4271:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4128:Taiwan serow (
4125:
4116:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4059:Iberian ibex (
4056:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3948:Arabian tahr (
3944:
3942:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3906:
3905:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3586:
3582:R. fulvorufula
3577:
3567:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3450:Arabian oryx (
3447:
3438:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3327:O. virginianus
3322:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3246:
3235:
3233:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:O. bezoarticus
3187:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3133:M. gouazoubira
3131:Gray brocket (
3128:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2886:C. albirostris
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:E. cephalophus
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2599:Leaf muntjac (
2596:
2592:M. puhoatensis
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:T. williamsoni
2444:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2301:M. moschiferus
2296:
2292:M. leucogaster
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2256:M. berezovskii
2251:
2241:
2239:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2103:
2101:Antilocapridae
2093:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2073:Laurasiatheria
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1975:
1974:External links
1972:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1949:
1939:(2): 143–165.
1924:
1918:
1905:
1899:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1854:
1831:
1819:
1793:
1768:
1728:
1681:
1658:
1638:
1622:
1610:
1603:
1583:
1581:, p. 197.
1568:
1550:
1548:, p. 145.
1538:
1505:
1480:
1451:
1418:
1398:(2): 175–179.
1376:
1358:
1339:
1312:
1293:(2): 175–179.
1270:
1211:
1209:) in Mongolia.
1194:
1127:
1090:(5): 905–913.
1070:
1033:(4): 377–382.
1013:
984:(3): 315–318.
964:
946:
886:
884:
881:
877:
876:
871:
863:
857:
856:
853:Animals portal
840:
837:
800:
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777:
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729:
728:
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720:
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711:
710:
706:
705:
702:
701:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
653:
648:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
628:
623:
621:
613:
612:
609:
608:
596:
591:
589:
583:
582:
579:
578:
570:
565:
563:
557:
532:
529:
454:
451:
445:
442:
415:
412:
408:Bactrian camel
399:
396:
351:
348:
317:Bactrian camel
282:
281:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
259:
258:
257:
252:
241:
240:
234:
233:
232:Current range
229:
228:
220:
219:
213:
202:
201:
195:
194:
187:
185:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
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159:
158:
153:
149:
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143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
95:
94:
81:
78:
77:
59:
56:
55:
50:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
21:Bactrian camel
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6822:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6646:camelus-ferus
6642:
6638:
6633:
6632:Camelus ferus
6627:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6602:Camelus ferus
6599:
6595:
6590:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6472:
6467:
6465:
6460:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6337:
6319:
6317:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6298:C. bactrianus
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6277:
6275:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6205:
6187:
6185:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6100:
6099:S. verrucosus
6095:
6093:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6045:S. domesticus
6041:
6039:
6037:
6036:S. celebensis
6032:
6030:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5965:Potamochoerus
5961:
5955:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5898:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5862:B. celebensis
5858:
5856:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5811:
5793:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5746:Blue duiker (
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5661:C. nigrifrons
5657:
5655:
5653:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5643:C. natalensis
5639:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5589:C. callipygus
5585:
5583:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5516:R. campestris
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5468:O. oreotragus
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5317:
5315:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5111:G. leptoceros
5107:
5105:
5103:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5015:E. albonotata
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4991:A. cervicapra
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4894:
4876:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4862:Giant eland (
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4840:T. sylvaticus
4836:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4802:Lesser kudu (
4800:
4798:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4617:B. domesticus
4615:Bali cattle (
4613:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4429:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4319:O. canadensis
4315:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4266:Nilgiritragus
4262:
4256:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4229:O. americanus
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4154:H. jemlahicus
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4050:Nubian ibex (
4048:
4046:
4044:
4041:Alpine ibex (
4039:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3886:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Pantholopinae
3805:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3759:A. buselaphus
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3663:Grey rhebok (
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Aepycerotinae
3604:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3538:Nile lechwe (
3536:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Hippotraginae
3368:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3217:B. dichotomus
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3191:Pampas deer (
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3151:M. nemorivaga
3147:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3095:Red brocket (
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3064:H. antisensis
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2904:C. canadensis
2900:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2853:R. timorensis
2849:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2811:E. davidianus
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2778:R. duvaucelii
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2743:Bawean deer (
2741:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2668:Tufted deer (
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2601:M. putaoensis
2597:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2547:M. crinifrons
2543:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2494:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2440:T. versicolor
2436:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2247:M. anhuiensis
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2201:G. reticulata
2197:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1900:9780674091306
1896:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1843:. GeoCurrents
1842:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1783:. 17 May 2010
1782:
1778:
1777:"Wild Camels"
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1655:. 2018-11-18.
1654:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1604:9780226736525
1600:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1495:on 2012-06-26
1494:
1490:
1484:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1371:arkbiodiv.com
1368:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1207:Camelus ferus
1204:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
960:
956:
950:
934:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
913:
912:Camelus ferus
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
887:
880:
875:
872:
869:
868:
864:
862:
859:
858:
854:
848:
843:
836:
833:
828:
826:
820:
818:
814:
805:
796:
792:
790:
786:
776:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
740:
739:
731:
730:
722:
721:
713:
712:
704:
703:
700:
698:
697:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
680:
679:
678:Camelus ferus
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
662:
652:
651:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:
635:
634:
627:
626:
620:
619:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
605:
595:
594:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
575:
569:
568:
561:
560:
556:
553:
549:
545:
543:
538:
528:
526:
525:IUCN Red List
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
463:
461:
450:
441:
438:
435:
433:
427:
425:
421:
420:Camelus ferus
411:
409:
404:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:C. bactrianus
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
294:
293:Camelus ferus
289:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
260:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
245:
244:
242:
239:
235:
230:
226:
221:
216:
211:
209:
208:Camelus ferus
203:
200:
199:Binomial name
196:
192:
191:
190:C. ferus
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
105:
100:
96:
90:
84:
79:
73:
68:
57:
53:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
6785:EDGE species
6601:
6510:
6402:
6390:
6379:H. amphibius
6378:
6368:Hippopotamus
6366:
6346:Whippomorpha
6315:
6313:
6306:
6297:
6285:
6273:
6264:
6255:
6246:
6234:
6183:
6171:
6159:
6147:
6135:
6123:
6098:
6089:
6080:
6071:
6062:
6053:
6044:
6035:
6027:S. cebifrons
6026:
6017:
6008:
5996:
5984:
5975:
5963:
5951:
5939:
5928:P. africanus
5927:
5918:
5908:Phacochoerus
5906:
5894:
5882:
5870:
5861:
5853:B. babyrussa
5852:
5840:
5789:
5777:
5765:
5757:P. maxwellii
5756:
5748:P. monticola
5747:
5735:
5723:
5714:
5705:
5696:
5688:C. rufilatus
5687:
5678:
5669:
5660:
5651:
5642:
5633:
5624:
5615:
5606:
5605:Bay duiker (
5598:C. crusalbum
5597:
5588:
5579:
5570:
5558:
5550:Cephalophini
5533:
5525:R. melanotis
5524:
5515:
5503:
5491:
5479:
5467:
5455:
5443:
5435:N. moschatus
5434:
5425:
5413:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5375:M. guentheri
5374:
5362:
5351:D. megalotis
5350:
5338:
5313:
5301:
5290:P. hodgsonii
5289:
5277:
5254:
5245:
5237:P. gutturosa
5236:
5224:
5212:
5203:
5194:
5185:
5176:
5164:
5152:
5140:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5093:G. erlangeri
5092:
5083:
5074:
5066:G. bennettii
5065:
5053:
5041:
5033:E. thomsonii
5032:
5024:E. rufifrons
5023:
5014:
5002:
4990:
4978:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4930:
4872:
4864:T. derbianus
4863:
4851:
4839:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4803:
4795:T. eurycerus
4794:
4785:
4776:
4752:
4744:Tragelaphini
4727:
4715:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4670:
4662:B. javanicus
4661:
4652:
4644:B. grunniens
4643:
4634:
4626:B. frontalis
4625:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4586:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4526:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4412:R. rupicapra
4411:
4403:R. pyrenaica
4402:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4345:
4344:Snow sheep (
4336:
4327:
4326:Dall sheep (
4318:
4309:
4300:
4288:
4277:N. hylocrius
4276:
4264:
4253:O. moschatus
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4077:Walia ibex (
4069:
4061:C. pyrenaica
4060:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4025:C. falconeri
4024:
4015:
4006:
3997:
3985:
3974:B. taxicolor
3973:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3829:P. hodgsonii
3828:
3816:
3791:
3782:
3772:Connochaetes
3770:
3758:
3757:Hartebeest (
3746:
3734:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3681:Alcelaphinae
3665:P. capreolus
3664:
3652:
3627:
3615:
3590:
3581:
3573:R. arundinum
3572:
3560:
3548:
3540:K. megaceros
3539:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3500:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3391:
3379:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3275:
3262:
3250:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3215:Marsh deer (
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3097:M. americana
3096:
3084:
3072:
3063:
3053:Hippocamelus
3051:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3007:C. capreolus
3006:
2994:
2982:
2981:Water deer (
2970:
2958:
2946:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2852:
2844:R. mariannus
2843:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2785:Eld's deer (
2777:
2776:Barasingha (
2765:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2637:M. vaginalis
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2538:M. atherodes
2537:
2525:
2448:
2439:
2431:T. nigricans
2430:
2421:
2412:
2404:T. javanicus
2403:
2391:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2349:
2338:H. aquaticus
2337:
2325:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2234:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2170:
2159:O. johnstoni
2158:
2146:
2122:A. americana
2121:
2109:
2071:Superorder:
2065:Infraclass:
2036:Artiodactyla
1986:Planet Earth
1985:
1956:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1909:
1888:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1834:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:the original
1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1780:
1771:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1675:
1650:
1641:
1631:
1625:
1613:
1593:
1586:
1562:
1546:Potts (2004)
1541:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1442:. Retrieved
1395:
1389:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1351:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:"Wild Camel"
1290:
1286:
1228:
1225:BMC Genomics
1224:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1146:
1140:
1130:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1030:
1026:
1016:
981:
977:
967:
958:
949:
937:. Retrieved
923:
917:
911:
878:
865:
829:
821:
810:
799:Conservation
793:
782:
774:
751:
694:
693:
677:
676:
675:
659:
655:
636:(dromedary)
631:
630:
616:
602:
598:
572:
552:C. knoblochi
551:
548:C. knoblochi
547:
540:
534:
506:
479:Yellow River
476:
464:
456:
447:
439:
436:
431:
428:
423:
419:
417:
405:
401:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:Central Asia
364:geopolitical
355:
353:
329:
320:
292:
291:
287:
285:
274:
269:
264:
254:
249:
207:
205:
189:
188:
176:
156:Artiodactyla
25:
6780:Gobi Desert
6667:iNaturalist
6626:Wikispecies
6534:Chilihueque
6256:L. guanicoe
6115:Tayassuidae
6079:Wild boar (
6018:S. barbatus
5976:P. larvatus
5952:P. salvania
5950:Pygmy hog (
5884:Hylochoerus
5737:Philantomba
5625:C. jentinki
5607:C. dorsalis
5560:Cephalophus
5444:N. pygmaeus
5402:M. saltiana
5340:Dorcatragus
5314:S. tatarica
5204:N. petersii
5142:Litocranius
5042:E. tilonura
4989:Blackbuck (
4965:Springbok (
4908:Antilopinae
4906:(subfamily
4853:Taurotragus
4820:Sitatunga (
4813:T. scriptus
4804:T. imberbis
4761:(including
4754:Tragelaphus
4575:B. quarlesi
4457:Boselaphini
4441:(subfamily
4346:O. nivicola
4187:N. caudatus
4176:Red goral (
4167:Naemorhedus
4130:C. swinhoei
4110:Red serow (
4092:Capricornis
4070:C. sibirica
4007:C. caucasia
3998:C. aegagrus
3996:Wild goat (
3950:A. jayakari
3939:Arabitragus
3898:(subfamily
3869:Antilopinae
3792:C. taurinus
3735:D. pygargus
3628:A. melampus
3549:K. vardonii
3511:Waterbuck (
3452:O. leucoryx
3381:Hippotragus
3309:O. hemionus
3307:Mule deer (
3206:Blastocerus
3115:M. bricenii
3073:H. bisulcus
3040:R. tarandus
3016:C. pygargus
2938:Capreolinae
2920:Sika deer (
2862:R. unicolor
2851:Rusa deer (
2754:A. porcinus
2574:M. montanus
2371:M. kathygre
2120:Pronghorn (
2111:Antilocapra
1988:: "Deserts"
1618:Hare (2009)
1579:Hare (2009)
1149:(1): 9970.
939:12 November
537:Ancient DNA
398:Description
307:endemic to
6754:Categories
6392:Choeropsis
6274:L. vicugna
6160:C. wagneri
6063:S. oliveri
6054:S. heureni
5790:S. grimmia
5779:Sylvicapra
5766:P. walteri
5679:C. rubidis
5670:C. ogilbyi
5616:C. harveyi
5580:C. brookei
5534:R. sharpei
5514:Steenbok (
5505:Raphicerus
5457:Oreotragus
5330:Neotragini
5279:Pantholops
5195:N. notatus
5153:L. walleri
5102:G. gazella
5075:G. cuvieri
5064:Chinkara (
4956:Antidorcas
4943:A. clarkei
4932:Ammodorcas
4922:Antilopini
4822:T. spekeii
4786:T. buxtoni
4777:T. angasii
4669:Wild yak (
4653:B. indicus
4608:B. bonasus
4548:B. bubalis
4491:Boselaphus
4467:Tetracerus
4337:O. gmelini
4205:N. griseus
4178:N. baileyi
4143:Hemitragus
4112:C. rubidus
4103:C. crispus
4052:C. nubiana
3915:Ammotragus
3818:Pantholops
3748:Alcelaphus
3733:Bontebok (
3726:D. lunatus
3715:Damaliscus
3702:B. hunteri
3591:R. redunca
3492:Reduncinae
3443:O. gazella
3392:H. equinus
3318:O. pandora
3298:Odocoileus
3182:Ozotoceros
3038:Reindeer (
2983:H. inermis
2972:Hydropotes
2895:C. elaphus
2893:Red deer (
2835:R. alfredi
2752:Hog deer (
2610:M. reevesi
2583:M. muntjak
2413:T. kanchil
2380:M. meminna
2327:Hyemoschus
2317:Tragulidae
2274:M. cupreus
2192:G. giraffa
2138:Giraffidae
2089:Ruminantia
1872:2021-10-09
1812:9 November
1787:2016-09-26
1701:: 125979.
1499:2012-10-22
1473:9 November
1444:9 November
1332:9 November
883:References
562:Camelidae
491:Taklamakan
487:Kazakhstan
362:, a wider
298:endangered
215:Przewalski
85:Appendix I
6499:Dromedary
6478:Camelidae
6344:Suborder
6254:Guanaco (
6226:Camelidae
6212:Suborder
6184:D. tajacu
6173:Dicotyles
6149:Catagonus
6136:T. pecari
6081:S. scrofa
5985:P. porcus
5974:Bushpig (
5842:Babyrousa
5818:Suborder
5715:C. weynsi
5706:C. spadix
5571:C. adersi
5492:O. ourebi
5426:N. batesi
5415:Neotragus
5384:M. kirkii
5186:N. granti
5151:Gerenuk (
5120:G. spekei
5084:G. dorcas
4941:Dibatag (
4728:S. caffer
4693:Pseudoryx
4680:B. taurus
4660:Banteng (
4635:B. gaurus
4564:Tamaraw (
4410:Chamois (
4392:Rupicapra
4379:P. nayaur
4355:O. vignei
4335:Mouflon (
4034:C. hircus
4023:Markhor (
3926:A. lervia
3691:Beatragus
3617:Aepyceros
3441:Gemsbok (
3434:O. dammah
3276:P. carlae
3169:M. temama
3160:M. rufina
3124:M. chunyi
3106:M. bororo
2996:Capreolus
2922:C. nippon
2913:C. hanglu
2800:Elaphurus
2745:A. kuhlii
2659:Elaphodus
2527:Muntiacus
2362:M. indica
2351:Moschiola
2283:M. fuscus
2226:Moschidae
2087:Suborder
2047:Kingdom:
1723:233916680
1307:0030-6053
1247:1471-2164
1171:2045-2322
1104:0049-4747
1047:1365-2052
1000:1365-2052
861:Dromedary
576:(llamas)
444:Behaviour
184:Species:
166:Camelidae
122:Kingdom:
116:Eukaryota
6617:Q3030198
6611:Wikidata
6316:C. ferus
6272:Vicuña (
6265:L. pacos
6263:Alpaca (
6247:L. glama
6214:Tylopoda
5724:C. zebra
5652:C. niger
5226:Procapra
5004:Eudorcas
4980:Antilope
4717:Syncerus
4678:Cattle (
4671:B. mutus
4599:B. bison
4539:B. arnee
4500:Nilgai (
4377:Bharal (
4368:Pseudois
4328:O. dalli
4310:O. aries
4301:O. ammon
4299:Argali (
4251:Muskox (
4218:Oreamnos
4196:N. goral
4079:C. walie
3963:Budorcas
3900:Caprinae
3845:Caprinae
3700:Hirola (
3644:Peleinae
3626:Impala (
3531:K. leche
3529:Lechwe (
3425:O. beisa
3401:H. niger
3062:Taruca (
3029:Rangifer
2959:A. alces
2860:Sambar (
2787:R. eldii
2767:Rucervus
2725:Chital (
2517:Cervinae
2504:Cervidae
2465:Cervidae
2393:Tragulus
2067:Eutheria
2061:Mammalia
2055:Chordata
2053:Phylum:
2049:Animalia
1763:38754423
1676:BBC News
1563:Wildlife
1265:17640355
1203:in press
1189:28855525
1122:27048619
1065:19292708
1008:19968638
839:See also
785:poaching
604:Camelops
587:Camelini
531:Genetics
472:Mongolia
432:havtagai
392:C. ferus
376:C. ferus
313:Mongolia
296:) is an
238:Synonyms
162:Family:
146:Mammalia
136:Chordata
132:Phylum:
126:Animalia
112:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
6711:1006384
6659:8297471
6577:Huarizo
6559:Hybrids
6539:Guanaco
6428:Cetacea
6419:Cetacea
6287:Camelus
6245:Llama (
6125:Tayassu
5941:Porcula
5490:Oribi (
5481:Ourebia
5364:Madoqua
5349:Beira (
5270:Saigini
5177:N. dama
5055:Gazella
4904:Bovidae
4902:Family
4873:T. oryx
4793:Bongo (
4775:Nyala (
4702:Saola (
4624:Gayal (
4528:Bubalus
4443:Bovinae
4439:Bovidae
4437:Family
4353:Urial (
4043:C. ibex
3972:Takin (
3896:Bovidae
3894:Family
3857:Bovinae
3783:C. gnou
3562:Redunca
3474:Addax (
3358:Bovidae
3356:Family
3264:Pudella
3251:P. pudu
3142:M. nana
2957:Moose (
2727:A. axis
2694:D. dama
2556:M. feae
2502:Family
2477:Bovidae
2422:T. napu
2236:Moschus
2172:Giraffa
2157:Okapi (
2059:Class:
2038:species
2034:Extant
1703:Bibcode
1373:. 2021.
1256:1939714
1231:: 241.
1180:5577142
1151:Bibcode
1113:4884201
1056:2721964
779:Threats
618:Camelus
523:on the
513:Lop Nur
502:deserts
360:Bactria
344:Qakilik
325:Genetic
301:species
177:Camelus
172:Genus:
152:Order:
142:Class:
87: (
70: (
6765:Camels
6737:200418
6724:419612
6685:898241
6641:ARKive
6549:Vicuña
6529:Alpaca
5832:Suidae
5433:Suni (
5166:Nanger
4651:Zebu (
4633:Gaur (
4518:Bovini
4242:Ovibos
3547:Puku (
3522:K. kob
3086:Mazama
2875:Cervus
2148:Okapia
1916:
1897:
1761:
1721:
1601:
1565:: 398.
1305:
1263:
1253:
1245:
1187:
1177:
1169:
1120:
1110:
1102:
1063:
1053:
1045:
1006:
998:
748:Status
574:Lamini
495:Kumtag
460:winter
217:, 1878
6698:63543
6672:74138
6572:Bukht
6544:Llama
5820:Suina
5303:Saiga
5244:Goa (
4763:kudus
3987:Capra
3654:Pelea
3520:Kob (
3502:Kobus
3465:Addax
2948:Alces
2902:Elk (
1847:2 May
1719:S2CID
1352:野骆驼简介
468:China
380:ferus
368:South
305:camel
89:CITES
83:CITES
6719:NCBI
6693:IUCN
6680:ITIS
6654:GBIF
6567:Cama
6426:see
6236:Lama
4290:Ovis
3414:Oryx
3230:Pudu
2824:Rusa
2716:Axis
2683:Dama
1914:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1849:2013
1814:2012
1759:PMID
1599:ISBN
1475:2012
1446:2012
1391:Oryx
1334:2012
1303:ISSN
1287:Oryx
1261:PMID
1243:ISSN
1185:PMID
1167:ISSN
1118:PMID
1100:ISSN
1061:PMID
1043:ISSN
1004:PMID
996:ISSN
941:2021
924:2008
758:IUCN
499:Gobi
497:and
350:Name
286:The
6706:MDD
5998:Sus
4588:Bos
1941:doi
1751:doi
1711:doi
1527:doi
1523:199
1400:doi
1295:doi
1251:PMC
1233:doi
1175:PMC
1159:doi
1108:PMC
1092:doi
1051:PMC
1035:doi
986:doi
928:doi
511:at
323:).
303:of
6756::
6734::
6721::
6708::
6695::
6682::
6669::
6656::
6643::
6628::
6613::
1955:.
1937:47
1935:.
1865:.
1779:.
1757:.
1747:34
1745:.
1741:.
1717:.
1709:.
1699:60
1697:.
1693:.
1674:.
1661:^
1649:.
1571:^
1553:^
1521:.
1517:.
1454:^
1421:^
1396:57
1394:.
1388:.
1369:.
1342:^
1315:^
1301:.
1291:57
1289:.
1285:.
1273:^
1259:.
1249:.
1241:.
1227:.
1223:.
1183:.
1173:.
1165:.
1157:.
1145:.
1139:.
1116:.
1106:.
1098:.
1088:48
1086:.
1082:.
1059:.
1049:.
1041:.
1031:40
1029:.
1025:.
1002:.
994:.
982:41
980:.
976:.
957:.
922:.
916:.
890:^
493:,
394:.
6506:)
6502:(
6470:e
6463:t
6456:v
6405:)
6381:)
6318:)
6309:)
6300:)
6276:)
6267:)
6258:)
6249:)
6186:)
6162:)
6138:)
6101:)
6092:)
6083:)
6074:)
6065:)
6056:)
6047:)
6038:)
6029:)
6020:)
6011:)
5987:)
5978:)
5954:)
5930:)
5921:)
5897:)
5873:)
5864:)
5855:)
5792:)
5768:)
5759:)
5750:)
5726:)
5717:)
5708:)
5699:)
5690:)
5681:)
5672:)
5663:)
5654:)
5645:)
5636:)
5627:)
5618:)
5609:)
5600:)
5591:)
5582:)
5573:)
5536:)
5527:)
5518:)
5494:)
5470:)
5446:)
5437:)
5428:)
5404:)
5395:)
5386:)
5377:)
5353:)
5316:)
5292:)
5257:)
5248:)
5239:)
5215:)
5206:)
5197:)
5188:)
5179:)
5155:)
5131:)
5122:)
5113:)
5104:)
5095:)
5086:)
5077:)
5068:)
5044:)
5035:)
5026:)
5017:)
4993:)
4969:)
4945:)
4910:)
4875:)
4866:)
4842:)
4833:)
4824:)
4815:)
4806:)
4797:)
4788:)
4779:)
4765:)
4730:)
4706:)
4682:)
4673:)
4664:)
4655:)
4646:)
4637:)
4628:)
4619:)
4610:)
4601:)
4577:)
4568:)
4559:)
4550:)
4541:)
4504:)
4480:)
4445:)
4414:)
4405:)
4381:)
4357:)
4348:)
4339:)
4330:)
4321:)
4312:)
4303:)
4279:)
4255:)
4231:)
4207:)
4198:)
4189:)
4180:)
4156:)
4132:)
4123:)
4114:)
4105:)
4081:)
4072:)
4063:)
4054:)
4045:)
4036:)
4027:)
4018:)
4009:)
4000:)
3976:)
3952:)
3928:)
3902:)
3831:)
3794:)
3785:)
3761:)
3737:)
3728:)
3704:)
3667:)
3630:)
3593:)
3584:)
3575:)
3551:)
3542:)
3533:)
3524:)
3515:)
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