813:, sleeping in the open at night and foraging for food during the day. They are primarily herbivorous. With tough mouths that can withstand sharp objects such as thorns, they are able to eat plants that are dry, prickly, salty or bitter, and can ingest virtually any kind of vegetation. When other nutrient sources are not available, these camels may feed on carcasses, gnawing on bones, skin, or various different kinds of flesh. In more extreme conditions, they may eat any material they find, which has included rope, sandals, and even tents. Their ability to feed on a wide range of foods allows them to live in areas with sparse vegetation. The first time food is swallowed, it is not fully chewed. The partly masticated food (called cud) goes into the stomach and later is brought back up for further chewing.
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764:), stony plains and sand dunes. Conditions are extremely harsh – vegetation is sparse, water sources are limited and temperatures are extreme. The coat of the Bactrian camel can withstand cold as low as −30 °C (−22 °F) in winter to 50 °C (122 °F) in summer. The camels' distribution is linked to the availability of water, with large groups congregating near rivers after rain or at the foot of the mountains, where water can be obtained from springs in the summer months, and in the form of snow during the winter.
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Qing; Jia, Zhi-lei; Wang, Zhaoxia; Wang, Juan; Pan, Lei; Chen, Yongcan; Ganerdene, Yaichil; Liu, Tuya; Cao, M.; He, Fei; Zha-ti, A.; Zheng, Guangyong; Qiu, Feng; Sun, Zikui; Zhao, Lele; Zhao, Wenjing; Liu, Baohong; Li, Chao; Chen, Yun-Qin; Tang, Xiaoyan; Guo, C.; Liu, Wei; Ming, Liang; Cui, Aiying; Li, Yi; Gao, Junhui; Li, Jing; Niu, Shen; Sun, Tao; Zhai, Zhengxiao; Zhang, Min; Chen, Chen; Baldan, T.; Bayaer, Tuman; Li, Yixue; Meng, H.;
802:
834:
793:, using alternate diagonals as done by most other quadrupeds). Speeds of up to 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph) have been recorded, but they rarely move this fast. Bactrian camels are also said to be good swimmers. The sense of sight is well developed and the sense of smell is extremely good. The lifespan of Bactrian camels is estimated at up to 50 years, more often 20 to 40 in captivity.
873:, being able to stand and run shortly after birth, and are fairly large at an average birth weight of 36 kg (79 lb). They are nursed for about 1.5 years. The young calf stays with its mother for three to five years, until it reaches sexual maturity, and often helps raise subsequent generations for those years. Wild camels sometimes breed with domesticated or feral camels.
1047:
733:. Shoulder height is from 160 to 180 cm (5.2 to 5.9 ft) with the overall height ranging from 230 to 250 cm (7.5 to 8.2 ft), head-and-body length is 225–350 cm (7.38–11.48 ft), and the tail length is 35–55 cm (14–22 in). At the top of the humps, the average height is 213 cm (6.99 ft).
748:
The long eyelashes, along with the sealable nostrils, help to keep out dust in the frequent sandstorms which occur in their natural range. The two broad toes on each foot have undivided soles and are able to spread widely as an adaptation to walking on sand. The feet are very tough, as befits an animal of extreme environments.
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Bactrian camels are exceptionally adept at withstanding wide variations in temperature, ranging from freezing cold to blistering heat. They have a remarkable ability to go without water for months at a time, but when water is available they may drink up to 57 liters at once. When well fed, the
747:
The shaggy winter coat is shed extremely rapidly, with huge sections peeling off at once, appearing as if sloppily shorn. The two humps on the back are composed of fat (not water as is sometimes thought). The face is typical of a camelid, being long and somewhat triangular, with a split upper lip.
1807:
Wang, Zhen; Ding, Guohui; Chen, Gangliang; Sun, Yamin; Sun, Zhihong; Zhang, Heping; Wang, Lei; Hasi, S.; Zhang, Yan; Li, Jianmei; Shi, Yixiang; Xu, Ze; He, Chuan; Yu, Siriguleng; Li, Shengdi; Zhang, Wenbin; Batmunkh, Mijiddorj; Ts, Batsukh; Bat-Ireedui, Shirzana; Gao, Hongwei; Baysgalan, B.; Li,
1018:
that the double-humped camel is better suited for the task at hand. Colonel Manoj Batra, a veterinary officer of the Indian Army, stated that the double-humped camel "are best suited for these conditions. They can carry loads of 170 kilograms (370 lb) at more than 17,000 feet (5,200 m)
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Body mass can range from 300 to 1,000 kg (660 to 2,200 lb), with males weighing around 600 kg (1,300 lb), and females around 480 kg (1,060 lb). Its long, wooly coat varies in colour from dark brown to sandy beige. A mane and beard of long hair occurs on the neck and
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Bactrian camels belong to a fairly small group of animals that regularly eat snow to provide their water needs. Animals living above the snowline may have to do this, as snow and ice can be the only forms of water during winter, and by doing so, their range is greatly enlarged. The
931:. As pack animals, these ungulates are virtually unsurpassed, able to carry 170–250 kg (370–550 lb) at a rate of 47 kilometres (29 mi) per day, or 4 kilometres per hour (2.5 mph) over a period of four days. The species was a mainstay of transportation on the
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interrupted this. Most surviving camels of these endeavors, both military and private, were merely turned loose to survive in the wild. As a result, small feral herds of
Bactrian camels existed during the late 19th century in the southwest deserts of the
969:
Bactrian camels were imported to the U.S. several times in the mid- to late 1800s, both by the U.S. military and by merchants and miners, looking for pack animals sturdier and hardier than horses and mules. Although the camels met these needs, the
677:
Though sharing a closer common ancestor with it than with the dromedary, the domestic
Bactrian camel does not descend from the wild Bactrian camel, with the two species having diverged hundreds of thousands of years ago, with their
868:
varies, but is usually reached at 3–5 years. Gestation lasts around 13 months. One or occasionally two calves are produced, and the female can give birth to a new calf every other year. Young
Bactrian camels are
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Yuan, Junxia; Hu, Jiaming; Liu, Wenhui; Chen, Shungang; Zhang, Fengli; Wang, Siren; Zhang, Zhen; Wang, Linying; Xiao, Bo; Li, Fuqiang; Hofreiter, Michael; Lai, Xulong; Westbury, Michael V.; Sheng, Guilian (May 2024).
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that helps one to remember the correct
English word for each is: "Bactrian" begins with "B", and "Dromedary" begins with "D"; "B" on its side has two humps, whilst "D" on its side has only one hump.
1900:
857:, induces ovulation. Ovulation occurs in 87% of females after insemination: 66% ovulate within 36 hours and the rest by 48 hours (the same as natural mating). The least amount of
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939:, for example, Bactrian camels of two humps were initially used by the rich for riding. The camel was later brought to other areas such as Balochistan and Iran for the same purpose.
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estimated to have diverged around 1 million years ago. Genetic evidence suggests that both
Bactrian camel species are closely related to the extinct giant camel species
997:
is a 2003 Mongolian documentary/story about a family of nomadic shepherds trying to get a white calf accepted by his mother, which rejected him after a difficult birth.
1809:
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has given rise to speculation that the
Bactrian camel and the dromedary should be merged into a single species with two varieties. However, a 1994 analysis of the
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was never considered much of a success. Having brought two shipments of fewer than 100 camels to the U.S., plans were made to import another 1,000, but the
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The
Bactrian camel was domesticated circa ~4,500 BCE. The dromedary is believed to have been domesticated between 4000 BCE and 2000 BCE in
7198:
1765:
Wang, Guo-Dong; Xie, Hai-Bing; Peng, Min-Sheng; Irwin, David; Zhang, Ya-Ping (1 February 2014). "Domestication
Genomics: Evidence from Animals".
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MacHugh, David E.; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic (8 February 2017). "Taming the Past: Ancient DNA and the Study of Animal
Domestication".
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The
Bactrian camel is the largest mammal in its native range and is the largest living camel while being shorter at the shoulder than the
660:, he identified the one-humped Arabian camel and the two-humped Bactrian camel. The Bactrian camel was given its current binomial name
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403:. Domestic Bactrian camels do not descend from wild Bactrian camels, with the two species having split around 1 million years ago.
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which is much more than the ponies that are being used as of now. They can survive without water for at least 72 hours."
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Stanley, H.F.; Kadwell, M.; Wheeler, J.C. (1994). "Molecular evolution of the family Camelidae: A mitochondrial DNA study".
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1959:
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1014:. It was concluded that after carrying out trials and doing a comparative study with a single-humped camel brought from
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Males during mating time are often quite violent and may bite, spit, or attempt to sit on other male camels. The age of
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humps are plump and erect, but as resources decline, the humps shrink and lean to the side. When moving faster than a
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differences between them tend to decrease as a result of extensive crossbreeding between them. The fertility of their
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This article is about the domesticated and feral Bactrian camel. For the critically endangered wild species, see
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offspring. Where the ranges of the two species overlap, such as in northern Punjab, Iran and Afghanistan, the
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which became extinct around 20,000 years ago, which is equidistant from both living Bactrian camel species.
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since ancient times. With its tolerance for cold, drought, and high altitudes, it enabled the travel of
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Phylogenetic relationships of domestic Bactrian camels compared to living and recently extinct camels
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Bactrian camels have been the focus of artwork throughout history. For example, westerners from the
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935:. Furthermore, Bactrian camels are frequently ridden, especially in desertified areas. In ancient
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2008:
Rahimdad Khan Molai Shedai; Janat ul Sindh 3rd edition 1993; Sindhi Adbi Board Jamshoro, page 20
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1694:. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. 9–065 AGDEX 424/433. Archived from
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2019:
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These camels are migratory, and their habitat ranges from rocky mountain massifs to flat
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1281:"Camelus knoblochi genome reveals the complex evolutionary history of Old World camels"
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2065:"Indian Army to use double-humped camels for transportation, patrolling in Ladakh"
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383:. Bactrian camels, whether domesticated or feral, are a separate species from the
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Makhdoomi, Dil M.; Gazi, Mohsin A.; ul Nabi, Showkat; Ahmed, Shakeel (2013).
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and elsewhere were depicted in numerous ceramic figurines of the Chinese
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1896:"The history of Old World camelids in the light of molecular genetics"
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in both wild and domesticated Bactrians over the past 350,000 years.
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1722:"Semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)"
1504:"Morphometric studies on adult double humped camel of Ladakh, India"
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1207:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 645–646.
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throat, with hairs measuring up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long.
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1204:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
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gene revealed that the species display 10.3% divergence in their
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The Bactrian camel and the dromedary often interbreed to produce
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479:
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361:
352:. It has two humps on its back, in contrast to the single-humped
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of water, forcing animals to eat only small amounts at a time.
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2156:– BBC announces discovery of camels in the Gashun Gobi region
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form. Their name comes from the ancient historical region of
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1453:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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1359:. Vol. 6. London, UK: Alexander Strahan. p. 121.
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Bactrian Camels Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium
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894:
Bactrian Camels Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium
2107:"Wild Bactrian camels critically endangered, group says"
1685:"Replacing water with clean snow for ewes and beef cows"
356:. Its population of 2 million exists mainly in the
6946:
4048:
2135:
Bactrian Camels at the Highland Wildlife Park, Scotland
1814:"Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels"
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1450:
1956:
518:
461:
861:required to elicit ovulation is about 1.0 ml.
2033:
1950:
1577:Chen, B.X.; Yuen, Z.X.; Pan, G.W. (1 July 1985).
1258:"Quick Facts about Camels' Domestication History"
915:studies have been carried out. They show several
7348:
1764:
1757:
1579:"Semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (
849:after insemination (insertion of semen into the
2189:
1806:
1720:Chen, B.X.; Yuen, Z.X. & Pan, G.W. (1985).
1889:
1887:
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1422:
1329:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 32.
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654:the camels: in his 4th century BCE
2020:"Afro-Eurasian connectivity across the ages"
800:
735:
721:
638:). The Bactrian camel belongs to the family
367:Domesticated Bactrian camels have served as
2004:
2002:
1884:
1576:
1373:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1369:
1317:
1268:
15:
6766:
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2017:
1683:Wand, C.; Richardson, C. (November 2009).
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73:
16:
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1933:
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1438:International Livestock Centre for Africa
1349:
922:
821:of snow and ice is big compared with the
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1999:
1509:Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture
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832:
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24:This is an accepted version of this page
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1444:
1356:Natural History, General and Particular
1078:Bactrian Camels in the Kyzyl Kum Desert
14:
7349:
2389:
2063:Bhalla, Abhishek (19 September 2020).
2062:
2044:. DesertUSA.com and Digital West Media
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1901:Tropical Animal Health and Production
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1401:Systema Naturæ per Regna Tria Naturae
1189:
7334:C7E7B759-A8DF-477B-BA98-BE7AF8BECDA4
3807:
2105:Handwerk, Brian (3 December 2002) .
1977:10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022747
1785:10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114129
1713:
1311:
6773:
2656:
2131:
2039:
1960:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
1768:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
1229:
1180:
48:
5973:
3510:
2148:"'New' camel lives on salty water"
2125:"Wild camel protection foundation"
751:
49:
7433:
2078:
2018:Andrea, A.J.; Levi, S.C. (2009).
1388:
6970:
1114:
1098:
1083:
1071:
1057:
1045:
1029:
986:
111:
2534:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2056:
2011:
1910:Springer Science+Business Media
1676:
1651:
1633:
1570:
1552:
1530:
1495:
1408: ed.). Stockholm, Sweden:
1010:uses these camels to patrol in
1001:
853:); the seminal plasma, not the
828:
767:
3323:Central American red brocket (
1378:Harper and Brothers Publishers
1376:(3rd ed.). New York, NY:
1370:Smith, W.; Anthon, C. (1870).
1363:
1343:
1135:
994:The Story of the Weeping Camel
717:
613:The Bactrian camel shares the
13:
1:
6632:
2042:"The desert camel experiment"
2029:. The Silk Road. Vol. I.
1174:
946:Tang dynasty model, owned by
6996:List of domesticated animals
4030:Large subfamily listed below
4018:Large subfamily listed below
4006:Large subfamily listed below
1894:Burger, Pamela Anna (2016).
1128:
7:
7422:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2525:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
2516:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1430:): A bibliographical review
1423:Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981).
1152:
760:, arid desert, (mostly the
406:
10:
7438:
1169:List of animals with humps
1022:
906:next generation sequencing
650:was the first European to
561:(domestic Bactrian camel)
387:, which is the only truly
55:
7417:Mammals described in 1758
7034:
6979:
6968:
6781:
6713:
6675:
6640:
6573:
6545:
6521:
6512:
6508:
6494:
6461:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
6452:Domestic Bactrian camel (
6440:
6389:
6376:
6362:
6326:
6302:
6278:
6269:
6151:
6118:
6094:
6061:
6037:
6016:North Sulawesi babirusa (
5995:
5986:
5982:
5968:
5932:
5890:
5713:
5704:
5658:
5634:
5610:
5568:
5517:
5493:
5484:
5456:
5432:
5425:
5379:
5319:
5295:
5208:
5157:
5133:
5109:
5085:
5076:
5072:
5051:
5006:
4907:
4898:
4870:
4846:
4741:
4681:
4672:
4644:
4620:
4611:
4607:
4586:
4545:
4521:
4443:
4419:
4395:
4371:
4320:
4296:
4245:
4140:
4116:
4092:
4068:
4064:
4043:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3962:
3925:
3901:
3868:
3844:
3835:
3798:
3761:
3715:
3655:
3646:
3618:
3567:
3534:
3525:
3521:
3505:
3451:
3417:
3383:
3359:
3335:
3305:Amazonian brown brocket (
3239:
3206:
3182:
3149:
3125:
3101:
3092:
3028:
2977:
2953:
2920:
2869:
2836:
2812:
2680:
2667:
2651:
2638:Large family listed below
2631:
2626:Large family listed below
2619:
2603:Williamson's mouse-deer (
2546:
2504:
2480:
2471:
2380:
2325:
2301:
2292:
2255:
2251:
2237:
2199:
1918:10.1007/s11250-016-1032-7
1436:. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia:
1297:10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.050
972:United States Camel Corps
913:effective population size
876:
554:
536:
516:
509:
491:
484:
459:
452:
433:
426:
250:
243:
234:
213:
206:
108:Scientific classification
106:
97:
88:
81:
72:
67:
51:Species of mammal of Asia
4702:Domestic water buffalo (
3067:Central Asian red deer (
2692:Bornean yellow muntjac (
2094:Animal Diversity project
1523:10.9755/ejfa.v25i7.15999
668:in his 1758 publication
31:latest accepted revision
7382:Mammals of Central Asia
6677:South American camelids
5580:Bates' pygmy antelope (
5367:Soemmerring's gazelle (
3472:Yucatan brown brocket (
2701:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
2585:Philippine mouse-deer (
796:
334:domestic Bactrian camel
6290:White-lipped peccary (
6226:Philippine warty pig (
5851:Yellow-backed duiker (
5815:Black-fronted duiker (
5788:White-bellied duiker (
5409:Przewalski's gazelle (
4632:Four-horned antelope (
3430:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
2989:Visayan spotted deer (
2848:European fallow deer (
2791:Northern red muntjac (
2737:Southern red muntjac (
2098:University of Michigan
1805:...cites this study:
1663:Highland Wildlife Park
1473:10.1098/rspb.1994.0041
1201:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
950:
923:Relationship to humans
888:
886:Cotswold Wildlife Park
838:
806:
777:
740:
726:
543:(wild Bactrian camel)
7303:Paleobiology Database
6991:Human uses of animals
6868:Search and rescue dog
6660:Australia populations
6642:Afro-Asiatic camelids
6470:Wild Bactrian camel (
6172:Bornean bearded pig (
6163:Palawan bearded pig (
5752:White-legged duiker (
5178:Red-fronted gazelle (
2857:Persian fallow deer (
2773:Roosevelt's muntjac (
2446:Himalayan musk deer (
2355:Reticulated giraffe (
1819:Nature Communications
1742:10.1530/jrf.0.0740335
1602:10.1530/jrf.0.0740335
965:United States imports
945:
884:
836:
804:
775:
739:
725:
680:mitochondrial genomes
664:by Swedish zoologist
328:), also known as the
7357:Domesticated animals
6858:Military working dog
6557:Pygmy hippopotamus (
6217:Oliver's warty pig (
5842:Red-flanked duiker (
5247:Erlanger's gazelle (
4967:Harnessed bushbuck (
4693:Wild water buffalo (
4170:East Caucasian tur (
4161:West Caucasian tur (
3314:Little red brocket (
2782:Truong Son muntjac (
2594:Vietnam mouse-deer (
2576:Greater mouse-deer (
2455:Siberian musk deer (
2027:World System History
1645:UltimateUngulate.com
1291:(11): 2502–2508.e5.
1195:"Order Artiodactyla"
841:Bactrian camels are
809:Bactrian camels are
7392:Mammals of Mongolia
7387:Mammals of Pakistan
6667:Wild Bactrian camel
6190:Celebes warty pig (
6181:Visayan warty pig (
5797:Red forest duiker (
5529:Günther's dik-dik (
5391:Mongolian gazelle (
5196:Heuglin's gazelle (
5187:Thomson's gazelle (
4341:Long-tailed goral (
3736:Mountain reedbuck (
3727:Southern reedbuck (
3579:East African oryx (
3481:White-tailed deer (
3260:Small red brocket (
3227:South Andean deer (
3170:Siberian roe deer (
3161:European roe deer (
2998:Philippine sambar (
2965:Père David's deer (
2567:Lesser mouse-deer (
2428:Kashmir musk deer (
2119:on 6 December 2002.
2112:National Geographic
1836:2012NatCo...3.1202T
1465:1994RSPSB.256....1S
1428:Camelus dromedarius
1244:EdgeofExistence.org
899:C. bactrianus ferus
632:wild Bactrian camel
628:C. dromedarius
495:Camelus dromedarius
385:wild Bactrian camel
91:Conservation status
58:Wild Bactrian camel
21:Page version status
7129:camelus-bactrianus
7080:Camelus_bactrianus
7066:Camelus bactrianus
7036:Camelus bactrianus
6338:Collared peccary (
6208:Flores warty pig (
6049:Giant forest hog (
5911:Maxwell's duiker (
5833:Ruwenzori duiker (
5779:Jentink's duiker (
5688:Sharpe's grysbok (
5444:Tibetan antelope (
5349:Bright's gazelle (
5283:Goitered gazelle (
5256:Mountain gazelle (
5229:Cuvier's gazelle (
5169:Mongalla gazelle (
4557:Pyrenean chamois (
3983:Tibetan antelope (
3937:Black wildebeest (
2764:Reeves's muntjac (
2728:Sumatran muntjac (
2719:Gongshan muntjac (
2492:Water chevrotain (
2419:Alpine musk deer (
2346:Southern giraffe (
2337:Northern giraffe (
2154:. 6 February 2001.
2088:Camelus bactrianus
1844:10.1038/ncomms2192
1581:Camelus bactrianus
1538:"Camel fact sheet"
1512:. Animal Science.
1410:Laurentius salvius
1351:de Buffon, C.
951:
889:
839:
807:
778:
741:
727:
662:Camelus bactrianus
657:History of Animals
558:Camelus bactrianus
325:Camelus bactrianus
307:J. Fischer (1829)
297:J. Fischer (1829)
293:Camelus orientalis
273:Camelus caucasicus
217:Camelus bactrianus
199:C. bactrianus
27:
7344:
7343:
7290:Open Tree of Life
7028:Taxon identifiers
7019:
7018:
6741:
6740:
6663:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6569:
6568:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6314:Chacoan peccary (
6265:
6264:
6253:Javan warty pig (
6244:Timor warty pig (
6051:H. meinertzhageni
6025:Togian babirusa (
5964:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5920:Walter's duiker (
5860:Abbott's duiker (
5824:Ogilby's duiker (
5770:Harvey's duiker (
5734:Brooke's duiker (
5700:
5699:
5480:
5479:
5421:
5420:
5358:Peter's gazelle (
5340:Grant's gazelle (
5274:Speke's gazelle (
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
4924:
4894:
4893:
4882:African buffalo (
4713:B. depressicornis
4668:
4667:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4350:Himalayan goral (
4172:C. cylindricornis
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
3995:
3994:
3958:
3957:
3946:Blue wildebeest (
3880:Common tsessebe (
3831:
3830:
3794:
3793:
3757:
3756:
3669:K. ellipsiprymnus
3642:
3641:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3441:P. mephistophiles
3397:P. mephistophiles
3088:
3087:
2784:M. truongsonensis
2746:Pu Hoat muntjac (
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2615:
2614:
2558:Java mouse-deer (
2467:
2466:
2437:Black musk deer (
2410:Dwarf musk deer (
2401:Anhui musk deer (
2376:
2375:
2339:G. camelopardalis
2288:
2287:
1729:J. Reprod. Fertil
1440:. pp. 1–147.
1336:978-1-4214-0093-8
1327:Ungulate Taxonomy
1214:978-0-8018-8221-0
843:induced ovulators
685:Camelus knoblochi
611:
610:
606:
605:
597:
596:
588:
587:
579:
578:
570:
569:
523:Camelus knoblochi
316:
315:
260:Camelus bocharius
101:
39:28 September 2024
18:
7429:
7377:Mammals of India
7367:Mammals of China
7337:
7336:
7324:
7323:
7311:
7310:
7298:
7297:
7285:
7284:
7272:
7271:
7259:
7258:
7256:NHMSYS0020975294
7246:
7245:
7233:
7232:
7220:
7219:
7207:
7206:
7194:
7193:
7181:
7180:
7168:
7167:
7155:
7154:
7142:
7141:
7132:
7131:
7119:
7118:
7106:
7105:
7093:
7092:
7083:
7082:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7023:
7022:
6974:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6745:
6744:
6657:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6604:
6603:
6519:
6518:
6510:
6509:
6496:
6495:
6387:
6386:
6378:
6377:
6364:
6363:
6276:
6275:
6082:Common warthog (
6073:Desert warthog (
5993:
5992:
5984:
5983:
5970:
5969:
5869:Weyns's duiker (
5743:Peters' duiker (
5725:Aders's duiker (
5711:
5710:
5598:Royal antelope (
5556:Salt's dik-dik (
5547:Silver dik-dik (
5538:Kirk's dik-dik (
5491:
5490:
5468:Saiga antelope (
5430:
5429:
5369:N. soemmerringii
5238:Dorcas gazelle (
5083:
5082:
5074:
5073:
5067:
5053:
5052:
4940:Mountain nyala (
4923:
4922:
4914:
4905:
4904:
4860:P. nghetinhensis
4762:European bison (
4753:American bison (
4679:
4678:
4618:
4617:
4609:
4608:
4602:
4588:
4587:
4464:Domestic sheep (
4308:Himalayan tahr (
4275:Mainland serow (
4257:Japanese serow (
4066:
4065:
4059:
4045:
4044:
3969:
3968:
3842:
3841:
3805:
3804:
3768:
3767:
3745:Bohor reedbuck (
3653:
3652:
3632:A. nasomaculatus
3555:Sable antelope (
3532:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3269:Merida brocket (
3099:
3098:
3040:Thorold's deer (
2892:A. calamianensis
2775:M. rooseveltorum
2721:M. gongshanensis
2678:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2478:
2477:
2387:
2386:
2366:G. tippelskirchi
2299:
2298:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2143:
2132:Sneddon, Aaron.
2128:
2120:
2115:. Archived from
2101:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1863:
1828:Nature Portfolio
1804:
1763:This review...
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1692:OMAFRA.gov.on.ca
1689:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1659:"Bactrian Camel"
1655:
1649:
1648:
1641:"Bactrian Camel"
1637:
1631:
1630:
1604:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1560:"Bactrian camel"
1556:
1550:
1549:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1240:"Bactrian camel"
1236:
1227:
1226:
1187:
1146:
1139:
1118:
1102:
1092:Central Mongolia
1087:
1075:
1061:
1049:
1033:
896:
895:
520:
512:
511:
487:
486:
463:
455:
454:
429:
428:
421:
420:
411:
410:
338:two-humped camel
309:
308:
303:Camelus tauricus
299:
298:
289:
288:
287:Kolenati (1847)
283:Camelus genuinus
279:
278:
277:Kolenati (1847)
269:
268:
239:
219:
116:
115:
100:
77:
65:
64:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7332:
7327:
7319:
7314:
7306:
7301:
7293:
7288:
7280:
7277:Observation.org
7275:
7267:
7262:
7254:
7249:
7241:
7236:
7228:
7223:
7215:
7210:
7202:
7197:
7189:
7184:
7176:
7171:
7163:
7158:
7150:
7145:
7137:
7135:
7127:
7122:
7114:
7109:
7101:
7096:
7088:
7086:
7078:
7073:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7030:
7020:
7015:
7006:Military animal
6975:
6966:
6777:
6775:Working animals
6772:
6742:
6737:
6709:
6671:
6636:
6631:
6601:
6588:
6565:
6541:
6504:
6478:
6436:
6372:
6346:
6322:
6298:
6261:
6228:S. philippensis
6165:S. ahoenobarbus
6147:
6139:Red river hog (
6114:
6090:
6057:
6033:
6007:Buru babirusa (
5978:
5952:
5944:Common duiker (
5928:
5886:
5696:
5654:
5630:
5606:
5564:
5513:
5476:
5452:
5417:
5402:P. picticaudata
5375:
5315:
5291:
5285:G. subgutturosa
5204:
5153:
5129:
5105:
5068:
5057:
5035:
5002:
4994:Cape bushbuck (
4987:T. strepsiceros
4916:
4915:
4913:
4890:
4866:
4842:
4737:
4729:Mountain anoa (
4664:
4658:B. tragocamelus
4640:
4634:T. quadricornis
4603:
4592:
4574:
4541:
4517:
4473:Bighorn sheep (
4439:
4415:
4391:
4383:Mountain goat (
4367:
4359:Chinese goral (
4316:
4292:
4277:C. sumatraensis
4241:
4224:Siberian ibex (
4188:Domestic goat (
4136:
4112:
4088:
4080:Barbary sheep (
4060:
4049:
4031:
4019:
4007:
3991:
3954:
3921:
3897:
3864:
3827:
3790:
3753:
3711:
3638:
3614:
3588:Scimitar oryx (
3563:
3546:Roan antelope (
3517:
3511:
3489:
3447:
3439:Northern pudu (
3413:
3405:Southern pudu (
3395:Northern pudu (
3379:
3355:
3331:
3296:Pygmy brocket (
3278:Dwarf brocket (
3235:
3202:
3178:
3145:
3121:
3084:
3024:
2973:
2949:
2916:
2890:Calamian deer (
2865:
2859:D. mesopotamica
2832:
2808:
2802:M. vuquangensis
2800:Giant muntjac (
2710:Fea's muntjac (
2663:
2657:
2639:
2627:
2611:
2542:
2500:
2463:
2421:M. chrysogaster
2372:
2364:Masai giraffe (
2321:
2284:
2247:
2233:
2195:
2188:
2146:
2123:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1955:
1951:
1892:
1885:
1762:
1758:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1701:on 2 April 2015
1698:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1575:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1500:
1496:
1449:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1404:. Vol. 1 (
1393:
1389:
1368:
1364:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1316:
1312:
1285:Current Biology
1276:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1215:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1076:
1067:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1025:
1004:
989:
967:
948:Agatha Christie
925:
893:
892:
879:
866:sexual maturity
837:Mother and calf
831:
799:
770:
754:
752:Natural habitat
720:
671:Systema Naturae
607:
598:
589:
580:
571:
409:
391:(as opposed to
330:Mongolian camel
312:
306:
305:
296:
295:
286:
285:
276:
275:
263:
262:
256:
255:
230:
221:
215:
202:
110:
102:
93:
68:Bactrian camel
61:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
7435:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7325:
7312:
7299:
7286:
7273:
7260:
7247:
7234:
7221:
7208:
7195:
7182:
7169:
7156:
7143:
7133:
7120:
7107:
7094:
7084:
7071:
7056:
7040:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:Related topics
6980:
6977:
6976:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6818:Assistance dog
6810:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6801:Bactrian camel
6793:
6788:
6786:Asian elephant
6782:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6719:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6652:
6650:Bactrian camel
6646:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6579:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6559:C. liberiensis
6553:
6551:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6533:Hippopotamus (
6529:
6527:
6516:
6514:Hippopotamidae
6506:
6505:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6467:
6463:C. dromedarius
6458:
6448:
6446:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6397:
6395:
6384:
6374:
6373:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6310:
6308:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6250:
6246:S. timoriensis
6241:
6232:
6223:
6214:
6205:
6199:Domestic pig (
6196:
6187:
6178:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6102:
6100:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6079:
6075:P. aethiopicus
6069:
6067:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6027:B. togeanensis
6022:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5990:
5980:
5979:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5940:
5938:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5917:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5878:Zebra duiker (
5875:
5866:
5857:
5853:C. silvicultor
5848:
5839:
5830:
5821:
5812:
5806:Black duiker (
5803:
5794:
5790:C. leucogaster
5785:
5776:
5767:
5758:
5749:
5740:
5731:
5721:
5719:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5685:
5679:Cape grysbok (
5676:
5666:
5664:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5642:
5640:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5622:Klipspringer (
5618:
5616:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5595:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5553:
5549:M. piacentinii
5544:
5535:
5525:
5523:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5464:
5462:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5440:
5438:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:P. przewalskii
5406:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5364:
5355:
5346:
5337:
5331:Dama gazelle (
5327:
5325:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5301:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5280:
5271:
5265:Rhim gazelle (
5262:
5253:
5244:
5235:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5193:
5184:
5175:
5165:
5163:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:A. marsupialis
5117:
5115:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5027:Common eland (
5024:
5014:
5012:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4991:
4985:Greater kudu (
4982:
4973:
4964:
4955:
4946:
4937:
4927:
4925:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4813:
4804:
4798:Domestic yak (
4795:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4759:
4749:
4747:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4726:
4722:B. mindorensis
4717:
4711:Lowland anoa (
4708:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4615:
4605:
4604:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4563:
4553:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4479:
4470:
4461:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4431:Nilgiri tahr (
4427:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4284:Taiwan serow (
4281:
4272:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4215:Iberian ibex (
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4104:Arabian tahr (
4100:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4062:
4061:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3742:
3738:R. fulvorufula
3733:
3723:
3721:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3606:Arabian oryx (
3603:
3594:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:O. virginianus
3478:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3402:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:O. bezoarticus
3343:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3289:M. gouazoubira
3287:Gray brocket (
3284:
3275:
3266:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3042:C. albirostris
3036:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:E. cephalophus
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2755:Leaf muntjac (
2752:
2748:M. puhoatensis
2743:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:T. williamsoni
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:M. moschiferus
2452:
2448:M. leucogaster
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2412:M. berezovskii
2407:
2397:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2259:
2257:Antilocapridae
2249:
2248:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2229:Laurasiatheria
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2144:
2129:
2121:
2102:
2080:
2079:External links
2077:
2075:
2074:
2055:
2040:Zentner, Joe.
2032:
2010:
1998:
1969:Annual Reviews
1949:
1883:
1777:Annual Reviews
1756:
1735:(2): 335–339.
1712:
1675:
1650:
1632:
1595:(2): 335–339.
1569:
1564:Dimensions.com
1551:
1529:
1516:(7): 544–548.
1494:
1443:
1415:
1387:
1362:
1342:
1335:
1310:
1267:
1249:
1228:
1213:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
988:
985:
966:
963:
924:
921:
878:
875:
830:
827:
798:
795:
769:
766:
753:
750:
719:
716:
609:
608:
604:
603:
600:
599:
595:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
582:
581:
577:
576:
573:
572:
568:
567:
564:
563:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
515:
510:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
490:
485:
483:
475:
474:
471:
470:
458:
453:
451:
445:
444:
441:
440:
432:
427:
425:
419:
415:
414:
408:
405:
344:native to the
320:Bactrian camel
314:
313:
311:
310:
300:
290:
280:
270:
253:
252:
251:
248:
247:
241:
240:
232:
231:
222:
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
194:
190:
189:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
104:
103:
98:
95:
94:
89:
86:
85:
79:
78:
70:
69:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7434:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7335:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7130:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7085:
7081:
7076:
7072:
7067:
7061:
7057:
7052:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6973:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6957:Water buffalo
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6823:Detection dog
6821:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6764:
6762:
6757:
6755:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6623:
6621:
6616:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6538:
6536:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6493:
6475:
6473:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6454:C. bactrianus
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6433:
6431:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6361:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6256:
6255:S. verrucosus
6251:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6201:S. domesticus
6197:
6195:
6193:
6192:S. celebensis
6188:
6186:
6184:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6121:Potamochoerus
6117:
6111:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6018:B. celebensis
6014:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5967:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5902:Blue duiker (
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5817:C. nigrifrons
5813:
5811:
5809:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5799:C. natalensis
5795:
5793:
5791:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5745:C. callipygus
5741:
5739:
5737:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5693:
5691:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5672:R. campestris
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5624:O. oreotragus
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5267:G. leptoceros
5263:
5261:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5171:E. albonotata
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5147:A. cervicapra
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5050:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5018:Giant eland (
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4996:T. sylvaticus
4992:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4958:Lesser kudu (
4956:
4954:
4952:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4773:B. domesticus
4771:Bali cattle (
4769:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4585:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4475:O. canadensis
4471:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4422:Nilgiritragus
4418:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4385:O. americanus
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4310:H. jemlahicus
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4206:Nubian ibex (
4204:
4202:
4200:
4197:Alpine ibex (
4195:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4042:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Pantholopinae
3961:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3915:A. buselaphus
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3819:Grey rhebok (
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Aepycerotinae
3760:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3694:Nile lechwe (
3692:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:Hippotraginae
3524:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3504:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3373:B. dichotomus
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3347:Pampas deer (
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3307:M. nemorivaga
3303:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3251:Red brocket (
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3220:H. antisensis
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3060:C. canadensis
3056:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3009:R. timorensis
3005:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2967:E. davidianus
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2934:R. duvaucelii
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2899:Bawean deer (
2897:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2824:Tufted deer (
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2757:M. putaoensis
2753:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2703:M. crinifrons
2699:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2596:T. versicolor
2592:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2403:M. anhuiensis
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2357:G. reticulata
2353:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
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1505:
1498:
1490:
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1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:(1345): 1–6.
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1412:. p. 65.
1411:
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1272:
1263:
1262:arkbiodiv.com
1259:
1253:
1246:. EDGE. 2010.
1245:
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1020:
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987:Documentaries
984:
982:
981:United States
977:
973:
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867:
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826:
824:
823:heat capacity
820:
814:
812:
803:
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792:
788:
784:
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765:
763:
759:
749:
745:
738:
734:
732:
724:
715:
713:
709:
706:
705:mitochondrial
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
686:
681:
675:
673:
672:
667:
666:Carl Linnaeus
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
644:ancient Greek
641:
637:
636:C. ferus
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
616:
602:
601:
593:
592:
584:
583:
575:
574:
566:
565:
562:
560:
559:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
542:
541:
540:Camelus ferus
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
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507:
506:
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417:
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404:
402:
398:
395:) species of
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:, is a large
339:
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331:
327:
326:
321:
304:
301:
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274:
271:
266:
261:
258:
257:
249:
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233:
229:
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220:
218:
212:
209:
208:Binomial name
205:
201:
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195:
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188:
187:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
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146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
114:
109:
105:
99:Domesticated
96:
92:
87:
84:
80:
76:
71:
66:
63:
59:
54:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
7407:Pack animals
7402:EDGE species
7372:Desert fauna
7035:
6925:Riding horse
6800:
6649:
6558:
6546:
6535:H. amphibius
6534:
6524:Hippopotamus
6522:
6502:Whippomorpha
6471:
6462:
6453:
6451:
6441:
6429:
6420:
6411:
6402:
6390:
6339:
6327:
6315:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6254:
6245:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6183:S. cebifrons
6182:
6173:
6164:
6152:
6140:
6131:
6119:
6107:
6095:
6084:P. africanus
6083:
6074:
6064:Phacochoerus
6062:
6050:
6038:
6026:
6017:
6009:B. babyrussa
6008:
5996:
5945:
5933:
5921:
5913:P. maxwellii
5912:
5904:P. monticola
5903:
5891:
5879:
5870:
5861:
5852:
5844:C. rufilatus
5843:
5834:
5825:
5816:
5807:
5798:
5789:
5780:
5771:
5762:
5761:Bay duiker (
5754:C. crusalbum
5753:
5744:
5735:
5726:
5714:
5706:Cephalophini
5689:
5681:R. melanotis
5680:
5671:
5659:
5647:
5635:
5623:
5611:
5599:
5591:N. moschatus
5590:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5531:M. guentheri
5530:
5518:
5507:D. megalotis
5506:
5494:
5469:
5457:
5446:P. hodgsonii
5445:
5433:
5410:
5401:
5393:P. gutturosa
5392:
5380:
5368:
5359:
5350:
5341:
5332:
5320:
5308:
5296:
5284:
5275:
5266:
5257:
5249:G. erlangeri
5248:
5239:
5230:
5222:G. bennettii
5221:
5209:
5197:
5189:E. thomsonii
5188:
5180:E. rufifrons
5179:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5110:
5098:
5086:
5028:
5020:T. derbianus
5019:
5007:
4995:
4986:
4977:
4968:
4959:
4951:T. eurycerus
4950:
4941:
4932:
4908:
4900:Tragelaphini
4883:
4871:
4859:
4847:
4835:
4826:
4818:B. javanicus
4817:
4808:
4800:B. grunniens
4799:
4790:
4782:B. frontalis
4781:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4742:
4730:
4721:
4712:
4703:
4694:
4682:
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4568:R. rupicapra
4567:
4559:R. pyrenaica
4558:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4501:
4500:Snow sheep (
4492:
4483:
4482:Dall sheep (
4474:
4465:
4456:
4444:
4433:N. hylocrius
4432:
4420:
4409:O. moschatus
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4321:
4309:
4297:
4285:
4276:
4267:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4233:Walia ibex (
4225:
4217:C. pyrenaica
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4181:C. falconeri
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4141:
4130:B. taxicolor
4129:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4069:
3985:P. hodgsonii
3984:
3972:
3947:
3938:
3928:Connochaetes
3926:
3914:
3913:Hartebeest (
3902:
3890:
3881:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3837:Alcelaphinae
3821:P. capreolus
3820:
3808:
3783:
3771:
3746:
3737:
3729:R. arundinum
3728:
3716:
3704:
3696:K. megaceros
3695:
3686:
3677:
3668:
3656:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3568:
3556:
3547:
3535:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3431:
3418:
3406:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3371:Marsh deer (
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3253:M. americana
3252:
3240:
3228:
3219:
3209:Hippocamelus
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3163:C. capreolus
3162:
3150:
3138:
3137:Water deer (
3126:
3114:
3102:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3008:
3000:R. mariannus
2999:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2941:Eld's deer (
2933:
2932:Barasingha (
2921:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2793:M. vaginalis
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2694:M. atherodes
2693:
2681:
2604:
2595:
2587:T. nigricans
2586:
2577:
2568:
2560:T. javanicus
2559:
2547:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2505:
2494:H. aquaticus
2493:
2481:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2390:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2326:
2315:O. johnstoni
2314:
2302:
2278:A. americana
2277:
2265:
2227:Superorder:
2221:Infraclass:
2192:Artiodactyla
2139:
2134:
2117:the original
2110:
2093:
2087:
2068:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2035:
2026:
2013:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1905:
1899:
1823:
1817:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1732:
1728:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1691:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1592:
1588:Reproduction
1586:
1580:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1497:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1400:
1396:Linnaeus, C.
1390:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1326:
1313:
1288:
1284:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1203:
1199:Wilson, D.E.
1137:
1065:Chuya Steppe
1038:Nubra Valley
1005:
1002:Military use
992:
976:US Civil War
968:
959:Tang dynasty
952:
926:
910:
898:
890:
863:
840:
829:Reproduction
815:
808:
785:speed, they
779:
768:Life history
755:
746:
742:
728:
708:cytochrome b
690:
683:
676:
669:
661:
655:
646:philosopher
635:
627:
617:
612:
557:
556:
555:
538:
537:
521:
517:
498:(dromedary)
493:
492:
478:
464:
460:
434:
369:pack animals
366:
358:domesticated
350:Central Asia
337:
333:
329:
324:
323:
319:
317:
302:
292:
282:
272:
259:
216:
214:
198:
197:
185:
165:Artiodactyla
83:Shanghai Zoo
62:
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
7186:iNaturalist
7060:Wikispecies
7011:Pack animal
6930:Stock horse
6910:Guide horse
6905:Draft horse
6883:Therapy dog
6873:Service dog
6848:Hunting dog
6843:Herding dog
6828:Draught dog
6791:Bali cattle
6690:Chilihueque
6412:L. guanicoe
6271:Tayassuidae
6235:Wild boar (
6174:S. barbatus
6132:P. larvatus
6108:P. salvania
6106:Pygmy hog (
6040:Hylochoerus
5893:Philantomba
5781:C. jentinki
5763:C. dorsalis
5716:Cephalophus
5600:N. pygmaeus
5558:M. saltiana
5496:Dorcatragus
5470:S. tatarica
5360:N. petersii
5298:Litocranius
5198:E. tilonura
5145:Blackbuck (
5121:Springbok (
5064:Antilopinae
5062:(subfamily
5009:Taurotragus
4976:Sitatunga (
4969:T. scriptus
4960:T. imberbis
4917:(including
4910:Tragelaphus
4731:B. quarlesi
4613:Boselaphini
4597:(subfamily
4502:O. nivicola
4343:N. caudatus
4332:Red goral (
4323:Naemorhedus
4286:C. swinhoei
4266:Red serow (
4248:Capricornis
4226:C. sibirica
4163:C. caucasia
4154:C. aegagrus
4152:Wild goat (
4106:A. jayakari
4095:Arabitragus
4054:(subfamily
4025:Antilopinae
3948:C. taurinus
3891:D. pygargus
3784:A. melampus
3705:K. vardonii
3667:Waterbuck (
3608:O. leucoryx
3537:Hippotragus
3465:O. hemionus
3463:Mule deer (
3362:Blastocerus
3271:M. bricenii
3229:H. bisulcus
3196:R. tarandus
3172:C. pygargus
3094:Capreolinae
3076:Sika deer (
3018:R. unicolor
3007:Rusa deer (
2910:A. porcinus
2730:M. montanus
2527:M. kathygre
2276:Pronghorn (
2267:Antilocapra
2069:India Today
1971:: 329–351.
1912:: 905–913.
1426:The camel (
1122:Tallinn Zoo
1008:Indian Army
961:(618–907).
955:Tarim Basin
917:bottlenecks
897:provides a
855:spermatozoa
819:latent heat
776:Petroglyphs
762:Gobi Desert
718:Description
7351:Categories
6915:Pack horse
6863:Police dog
6548:Choeropsis
6430:L. vicugna
6316:C. wagneri
6219:S. oliveri
6210:S. heureni
5946:S. grimmia
5935:Sylvicapra
5922:P. walteri
5835:C. rubidis
5826:C. ogilbyi
5772:C. harveyi
5736:C. brookei
5690:R. sharpei
5670:Steenbok (
5661:Raphicerus
5613:Oreotragus
5486:Neotragini
5435:Pantholops
5351:N. notatus
5309:L. walleri
5258:G. gazella
5231:G. cuvieri
5220:Chinkara (
5112:Antidorcas
5099:A. clarkei
5088:Ammodorcas
5078:Antilopini
4978:T. spekeii
4942:T. buxtoni
4933:T. angasii
4825:Wild yak (
4809:B. indicus
4764:B. bonasus
4704:B. bubalis
4647:Boselaphus
4623:Tetracerus
4493:O. gmelini
4361:N. griseus
4334:N. baileyi
4299:Hemitragus
4268:C. rubidus
4259:C. crispus
4208:C. nubiana
4071:Ammotragus
3974:Pantholops
3904:Alcelaphus
3889:Bontebok (
3882:D. lunatus
3871:Damaliscus
3858:B. hunteri
3747:R. redunca
3648:Reduncinae
3599:O. gazella
3548:H. equinus
3474:O. pandora
3454:Odocoileus
3338:Ozotoceros
3194:Reindeer (
3139:H. inermis
3128:Hydropotes
3051:C. elaphus
3049:Red deer (
2991:R. alfredi
2908:Hog deer (
2766:M. reevesi
2739:M. muntjak
2569:T. kanchil
2536:M. meminna
2483:Hyemoschus
2473:Tragulidae
2430:M. cupreus
2348:G. giraffa
2294:Giraffidae
2245:Ruminantia
2140:flickr.com
2048:9 February
1705:9 February
1380:. p.
1319:Groves, C.
1175:References
1036:Riding in
697:phenotypic
630:) and the
424:Camelidae
373:inner Asia
7397:Livestock
7001:Livestock
6853:Mercy dog
6838:Guide dog
6833:Guard dog
6806:Dromedary
6655:Dromedary
6634:Camelidae
6500:Suborder
6410:Guanaco (
6382:Camelidae
6368:Suborder
6340:D. tajacu
6329:Dicotyles
6305:Catagonus
6292:T. pecari
6237:S. scrofa
6141:P. porcus
6130:Bushpig (
5998:Babyrousa
5974:Suborder
5871:C. weynsi
5862:C. spadix
5727:C. adersi
5648:O. ourebi
5582:N. batesi
5571:Neotragus
5540:M. kirkii
5342:N. granti
5307:Gerenuk (
5276:G. spekei
5240:G. dorcas
5097:Dibatag (
4884:S. caffer
4849:Pseudoryx
4836:B. taurus
4816:Banteng (
4791:B. gaurus
4720:Tamaraw (
4566:Chamois (
4548:Rupicapra
4535:P. nayaur
4511:O. vignei
4491:Mouflon (
4190:C. hircus
4179:Markhor (
4082:A. lervia
3847:Beatragus
3773:Aepyceros
3597:Gemsbok (
3590:O. dammah
3432:P. carlae
3325:M. temama
3316:M. rufina
3280:M. chunyi
3262:M. bororo
3152:Capreolus
3078:C. nippon
3069:C. hanglu
2956:Elaphurus
2901:A. kuhlii
2815:Elaphodus
2683:Muntiacus
2518:M. indica
2507:Moschiola
2439:M. fuscus
2382:Moschidae
2243:Suborder
2203:Kingdom:
2142:(images).
1985:2165-8102
1926:0049-4747
1852:2041-1723
1793:2165-8102
1779:: 65–84.
1611:0022-4251
1323:Grubb, P.
1191:Grubb, P.
1129:Footnotes
1016:Rajasthan
933:Silk Road
871:precocial
731:dromedary
712:sequences
648:Aristotle
640:Camelidae
624:dromedary
622:with the
438:(llamas)
401:Old World
381:Silk Road
354:dromedary
193:Species:
175:Camelidae
131:Kingdom:
125:Eukaryota
7243:14200112
7204:11348142
7087:BioLib:
7045:Wikidata
6952:Reindeer
6920:Pit pony
6878:Sled dog
6472:C. ferus
6428:Vicuña (
6421:L. pacos
6419:Alpaca (
6403:L. glama
6370:Tylopoda
5880:C. zebra
5808:C. niger
5382:Procapra
5160:Eudorcas
5136:Antilope
4873:Syncerus
4834:Cattle (
4827:B. mutus
4755:B. bison
4695:B. arnee
4656:Nilgai (
4533:Bharal (
4524:Pseudois
4484:O. dalli
4466:O. aries
4457:O. ammon
4455:Argali (
4407:Muskox (
4374:Oreamnos
4352:N. goral
4235:C. walie
4119:Budorcas
4056:Caprinae
4001:Caprinae
3856:Hirola (
3800:Peleinae
3782:Impala (
3687:K. leche
3685:Lechwe (
3581:O. beisa
3557:H. niger
3218:Taruca (
3185:Rangifer
3115:A. alces
3016:Sambar (
2943:R. eldii
2923:Rucervus
2881:Chital (
2673:Cervinae
2660:Cervidae
2621:Cervidae
2549:Tragulus
2223:Eutheria
2217:Mammalia
2211:Chordata
2209:Phylum:
2205:Animalia
1993:27813680
1944:27048619
1878:13218949
1870:23149746
1830:: 1202.
1812:(2012).
1801:25384135
1489:40857282
1398:(1758).
1353:(1791).
1325:(2011).
1305:38754423
1223:62265494
1193:(2005).
1153:See also
1143:mnemonic
1105:Farm in
1090:Farm in
1052:Mongolia
911:Several
791:trotting
652:describe
466:Camelops
449:Camelini
407:Taxonomy
377:caravans
265:Kolenati
245:Synonyms
224:Linnaeus
171:Family:
155:Mammalia
145:Chordata
141:Phylum:
135:Animalia
121:Domain:
35:reviewed
7412:Bactria
7329:ZooBank
7230:1006382
7178:2441238
7051:Q132922
6733:Huarizo
6715:Hybrids
6695:Guanaco
6584:Cetacea
6575:Cetacea
6443:Camelus
6401:Llama (
6281:Tayassu
6097:Porcula
5646:Oribi (
5637:Ourebia
5520:Madoqua
5505:Beira (
5426:Saigini
5333:N. dama
5211:Gazella
5060:Bovidae
5058:Family
5029:T. oryx
4949:Bongo (
4931:Nyala (
4858:Saola (
4780:Gayal (
4684:Bubalus
4599:Bovinae
4595:Bovidae
4593:Family
4509:Urial (
4199:C. ibex
4128:Takin (
4052:Bovidae
4050:Family
4013:Bovinae
3939:C. gnou
3718:Redunca
3630:Addax (
3514:Bovidae
3512:Family
3420:Pudella
3407:P. pudu
3298:M. nana
3113:Moose (
2883:A. axis
2850:D. dama
2712:M. feae
2658:Family
2633:Bovidae
2578:T. napu
2392:Moschus
2328:Giraffa
2313:Okapi (
2215:Class:
2194:species
2190:Extant
1935:4884201
1861:3514880
1832:Bibcode
1751:3900379
1668:15 July
1627:2219773
1619:3900379
1548:. 2020.
1481:8008753
1461:Bibcode
1264:. 2021.
1159:Bactria
1107:Vermont
1040:, India
1023:Gallery
847:ovulate
845:– they
811:diurnal
783:walking
693:fertile
619:Camelus
480:Camelus
399:in the
397:camelid
379:on the
362:Bactria
346:steppes
186:Camelus
181:Genus:
161:Order:
151:Class:
7362:Camels
7308:104241
7295:510768
7217:625026
7191:524409
7165:CMELBA
7152:344581
7136:ECOS:
7103:103527
6890:Donkey
6705:Vicuña
6685:Alpaca
5988:Suidae
5589:Suni (
5322:Nanger
4807:Zebu (
4789:Gaur (
4674:Bovini
4398:Ovibos
3703:Puku (
3678:K. kob
3242:Mazama
3031:Cervus
2304:Okapia
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1487:
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1012:Ladakh
929:Arabia
904:using
902:genome
877:Genome
851:vagina
758:steppe
701:hybrid
642:. The
436:Lamini
267:(1847)
7282:82239
7199:IRMNG
7090:33502
6937:Llama
6900:Horse
6895:Gayal
6796:Camel
6728:Bukht
6700:Llama
5976:Suina
5459:Saiga
5400:Goa (
4919:kudus
4143:Capra
3810:Pelea
3676:Kob (
3658:Kobus
3621:Addax
3104:Alces
3058:Elk (
2023:(PDF)
1967:(1).
1908:(5).
1874:S2CID
1826:(1).
1775:(1).
1725:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1688:(PDF)
1623:S2CID
1485:S2CID
1434:(PDF)
1197:. In
1164:Camel
937:Sindh
859:semen
805:Skull
615:genus
393:feral
342:camel
7321:3284
7269:9837
7264:NCBI
7212:ITIS
7173:GBIF
7160:EPPO
7139:6754
7116:Q9XC
7098:BOLD
6942:Mule
6723:Cama
6582:see
6392:Lama
4446:Ovis
3570:Oryx
3386:Pudu
2980:Rusa
2872:Axis
2839:Dama
2050:2017
1989:PMID
1981:ISSN
1940:PMID
1922:ISSN
1866:PMID
1848:ISSN
1797:PMID
1789:ISSN
1747:PMID
1707:2017
1670:2022
1615:PMID
1607:ISSN
1477:PMID
1406:10th
1331:ISBN
1301:PMID
1219:OCLC
1209:ISBN
1109:, US
1006:The
891:The
797:Diet
787:pace
389:wild
318:The
254:List
228:1758
7316:TSA
7251:NBN
7238:MSW
7225:MDD
7147:EoL
7124:CMS
7111:CoL
7075:ADW
6962:Yak
6813:Dog
6154:Sus
4744:Bos
2152:BBC
1973:doi
1930:PMC
1914:doi
1856:PMC
1840:doi
1781:doi
1737:doi
1597:doi
1546:PBS
1518:doi
1469:doi
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