314:. This experience caused him to write "Terrible!" in his diary entry of 6 June 1941. He might have written more, but unfortunately during this time of upheaval, he was worried what would happen if others read his diary. On 22 June 1941, Germany declared war on Russia. Soon after, Graf was transferred to Russia, where he would stay until he was allowed to return to Munich to continue his studies in April 1942. During these deployments, he saw terrible things that traumatized him and began to destroy his faith in humanity. As he later wrote to a friend while stationed in Russia, "A war has started that I can't compare to anything else, even here in this land that has always been a mystery to us." In his army medic files it was observed that his care of the ill was "exemplary". Dr. Webel, the Chief Medical Officer, said that Graf "showed himself to be an intrepid medic who never thought about his own safety." Graf was granted the
410:
her. After this rejection, he threw himself back into the White Rose activities with vigor. During this time, two more leaflets were written, and efforts were made to expand the reaches of the White Rose group. Graf was a recruiter for the group: from 20 to 24 January 1943, he traveled to
Cologne, Bonn, SaarbrĂĽcken, Freiburg, and Ulm, armed with copies of the fifth leaflet and a hectograph machine. With the end goal in mind to recruit some of his Graue Orden friends, he asks forty people to join. Only four of his friends agreed to help. Two of the friends who agreed to help, brothers Willi and Heinz Bollinger, forged travel papers for him. While they agreed with the decision to resist National Socialism, they told Graf that they believed that he and his friends had only a 2% chance of success.
487:
I ask you, Father and Mother, from the bottom of my heart, to forgive me for the anguish and the disappointment I've brought you. I have often regretted what I've done to you, especially here in prison. Forgive me and always pray for me! Hold on to the good memories.... I could never say to you while alive how much I loved you, but now in the last hours I want to tell you, unfortunately only on this dry paper, that I love all of you deeply and that I have respected you. For everything that you gave me and everything you made possible for me with your care and love. Hold each other and stand together with love and trust.... God's blessing on us, in Him we are and we live.... I am, with love always, your Willi.
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388:, believing that these people would be easily convinced by the same arguments that also motivated the authors themselves. These leaflets were left in telephone books in public phone booths, mailed to professors and students, and taken by courier to other universities for distribution. Graf was not part of the group at first. He was officially brought in to the group on 10 July 1942.
211:, one of the leading figures of the liturgical revival of the Catholic Church in Germany. He conducted an in-depth study of Christian authors in his teenage years, with a special focus on works by Romano Guardini. He also enjoyed reading poetry, foreign works, and works banned by the Nazis. Throughout his life, books were a lifeline for him: When he was serving on the
486:
On this day I'm leaving this life and entering eternity. What hurts me most of all is that I am causing such pain to those of you who go on living. But strength and comfort you'll find with God and that is what I am praying for till the last moment. I know that it will be harder for you than for me.
422:
was broadcast to the German public. Later that day, Graf, Schmorell, and Scholl snuck out at night and graffitied public buildings with slogans such as "down with Hitler" and "Hitler, the mass murderer". During the campaign, Schmorell would hold up the stencils while Graf painted the slogans on with
275:
After his release, Graf was allowed to return to the
University of Bonn to continue his medical studies. While there, Graf was required to report for military duty in August 1939. The next month, September 1939, the war officially began. At this time, the University of Bonn was closed for the course
409:
Soon after returning to Munich in
November 1942, Graf travelled to Bonn, officially to arrange a fencing tournament, unofficially to ask Marianne Thoeren to marry him. While there, she told him that she was already engaged to another man. After some deliberation, he decided to still be friends with
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A few weeks later, Scholl, Schmorell, and Graf were deployed to the
Russian Front over the Summer of 1942. Graf had already been deployed to Russia, but it was Scholl and Schmorell's first time being deployed on the Eastern Front. On the train ride to Russia, the train passed through Poland. While
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In Russia, Scholl, Schmorell, and Graf would sneak away at night and go to the homes of
Russian natives. Schmorell, who had been born in Russia and spoke fluent Russian, introduced Graf and Scholl to Russian culture. Graf and his friends were allowed to return to Munich in November 1942.
276:
of the war. Graf had chosen the
University of Bonn because his aunt and uncle lived in Bonn and offered to let him live with them, as well as the fact that many of his friends (including his then girlfriend Marianne Thoeren) went to that University. After it closed, Graf transferred to
446:, a custodian at the university who was also a Gestapo informer. At around midnight on 18 February, Gestapo agents arrested Graf when he returned to his apartment after meeting with his cousins. When he was captured, he asked to be allowed to go to his bedroom and change into his
206:
While his parents never placed much emphasis on literature and written works (the only books the family owned were religious books), Graf was a voracious reader. Serious and intelligently minded, he enjoyed reading
Christian works, with one of his favorite Christian authors being
423:
tar paint. Scholl stood guard, armed with a pistol in case anyone walked in on their graffiting. On 8 February 1943, Graf and Scholl graffitied again. This time, they used green oil-based paint. On 15 February 1943, Scholl, Schmorell, and Graf snuck out and graffitied the
478:
used psychological torture to try to extract information from Graf about other White Rose members and other anti-Nazi movements. Graf never gave up any names, taking on blame for the White Rose activities in order to protect others who had not yet been arrested.
450:
uniform. The agents agreed to his request. While changing, he was able to hide his diary under his many books. The diary was later found by his sister
Anneliese, who was also arrested by the Gestapo at the same time. She was released a few months later.
364:, having learned about mass murder in Poland and the Soviet Union, Scholl and Schmorell felt compelled to take action. From end of June until mid of July 1942, they wrote the first four leaflets. Quoting extensively from the
191:, Graf never did so. Moreover, in his address book he crossed out the names of friends who had joined the Hitler Youth, refusing to associate with them. In 1935, at the age of 17, Graf and a few friends marched in an annual
519:
in Munich and SaarbrĂĽcken-St. Johann; a student residence in Munich also honours Graf by bearing his name. Graf's diary from 1942 to 1943, as well as his letters from that time, were published in 1988 under the title:
1323:
Moll, Helmut (ed.), im
Auftrag der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz (2015): Zeugen für Christus. Das deutsche Martyrologium des 20. Jahrhunderts. 6th edition, Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. pp. 486-488
547:, initiated the first step in the process of beatification, a preliminary investigation in which theologians and historians will analyse the life and writings of Graf. In October 2020, the
1627:
318:, 2nd class with swords, for his actions. In April 1942, Graf was temporarily relieved of duty and sent to the University of Munich to continue his studies. While there, he met
353:
with Graf. When Scholl met Graf, he remarked, "he is one of us." Around this time, Graf began to take part in discussions with Scholl, Schmorell, Probst, and their friends.
176:("Grey Order"), another Catholic movement which became known for its anti-Nazi rhetoric. It, too, was banned and for this reason, it formed many splinter youth groups.
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On 18 February 1943, Sophie and Hans Scholl went to the Ludwig
Maximilian University to leave flyers out for the students to read. They were seen by
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859:
199:." However, Graf and his friends marched under their tattered school flag, making great effort to stand out from their peers. They did not don any
774:
Willi Graf, in Barbara Stambolis, Jugendbewegt geprägt: Essays zu autobiographischen Texten von Werner Heisenberg, Robert Jungk und vielen anderen
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183:, even when he was threatened with becoming ineligible to go to University unless he joined the Hitler Youth. While other future members of the
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153:, where his father ran a wine wholesaler and managed the Johannishof, the second largest banquet hall in the city. Graf attended school at the
267:. The detention had lasted three weeks. His time in jail did not weaken his decision to participate in anti-Nazi activities or organizations.
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215:, he would write to his friends to see if they could send him more books. In the last year of his life alone he read forty books.
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Graf showed conviction in his beliefs from a young age. Although compulsory at the time, he refused to associate with the
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726:"Conscience before Conformity: Hans and Sophie Scholl and the White Rose Resistance in Nazi Germany by Paul Shrimpton"
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Graf met Hans Scholl and Alexander Schmorell soon after transferring back to Munich. He was introduced to them by
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in September 1940. After serving in France for a few months, he was then transferred to a heavy artillery unit in
1180:"We Will Not Be Silent: The White Rose Student Resistance Movement That Defied Adolf Hitler by Russell Freedman"
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470:(undermining the troops' spirit), and furthering the enemy's cause. Graf was beheaded on 12 October 1943 at
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youth movement for young men in schools of higher learning, which was banned after Hitler and the Nazis
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377:
195:. The parade was dominated by swastikas, brown-shirted Hitler Youth troops marching in formation, and "
118:
608:
Willi Graf of the White Rose : the role of Bildung in his decision to resist National Socialism
551:
made it known that they are in the middle of preparing the process of beatification for Willi Graf.
1154:"FoC 089: Willi Graf: Heroic Catholic Resistance in Nazi Germany with Dr. Stephani Richards-Wilson"
561:
1551:
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Den Widerstand mit dem blutigen Tod bezahlt. Katholiken unter Hitlers Terror im Euskirchener Raum
1503:
Willi Graf of the White Rose: The Role of Bildung in His Decision to Resist National Socialism.
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772:
576:
1445:
Gedenkschrift zum 50. Jahrestag der Hinrichtung des Saarbrücker Widerstandskämpfer Willi Graf
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in Munich, after around six months of solitary confinement. During this 6-month period the
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384:, the iconic poets of German bourgeoisie, they appealed to what they considered the German
874:"Willi Graf: Heroic Catholic Resistance in Nazi Germany with Dr. Stephani Richards-Wilson"
8:
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Graf's trial was set for 19 April 1943. At his trial, Graf was sentenced to death at the
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323:
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1360:"Avviato il processo di beatificazione per Willi Graf, giovane martire sotto il nazismo"
524:. In 2003, Graf was posthumously awarded the status of honorary citizen of SaarbrĂĽcken.
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302:. In March 1940, he was transferred to the Eastern Front, having medic duties in both
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Willi Graf, ein Lebensbild. Zum 40. Jahrestag seiner Hinrichtung am 12. Oktober 1943
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There have been two films about the White Rose that portray Graf. In the 1982 film
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The Catholic martyrs of the twentieth century : a comprehensive world history
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294:(medic). After completing preliminary medical training, he was shipped out to
150:
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The Catholic Martyrs of the Twentieth Century: A comprehensive World History.
1387:"Willi Graf, Mitglied der WeiĂźen Rose: Erzbistum bereitet Seligsprechung vor"
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1062:"The White Rose Resistance Movement & The Analysis of Their Six Leaflets"
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there, Graf, Scholl, and Schmorell saw the Evacuation of the Warsaw Ghetto.
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Gewalt und Gewissen. Willi Graf und die "Weisse Rose". Eine Dokumentation
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799:"Romano Guardini, Beloved Theologian of Two Popes — and Potential Saint"
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In 1946, his remains were transferred to the St. Johann Cemetery in
1227:"A Noble Treason: The Revolt of the Munich Students against Hitler"
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In einem Gedenkbuch zusammeln: Bilder deutscher Widerstandskämpfer
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Willi Grafs Jugend im Nationalsozialismus im Spiegel von Briefen
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then a monument to the Nazis who were killed during the failed
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first started in the June 1942. After their experiences at the
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having been banned–in relation with his unlawful field trips,
160:. It was not long before he joined, at the age of eleven, the
106:(2 January 1918 – 12 October 1943) was a German member of the
1434:
Traitors or Patriots? A story of German Anti-Nazi Resistance.
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280:. He had completed four semesters at the University of Bonn.
1628:
People from North Rhine-Westphalia executed by Nazi Germany
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LONG LIVE FREEDOM! : traute lafrenz and the white rose
827:
LONG LIVE FREEDOM! : traute lafrenz and the white rose
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239:. In 1938, he was arrested along with other members of the
1526:, Gruppe Willi Graf im Bund Neudeutschland, MĂĽnchen 1984.
1419:
Willi Graf und die weiĂźe Rose. Eine Rezeptionsgeschichte
434:. The graffiti campaigns put the Gestapo on high alert.
259:. The charges were later dismissed as part of a general
1478:
Willi Graf, Mitglied der Widerstandsgruppe "WeiĂźe Rose"
413:
329:
1498:, Stadtverwaltung, Euskirchen 2002, p. 239–260.
1335:. website of the Erzbistum MĂĽnchen, 27 December 2017
270:
203:, or participate in any of the "Sieg Heil" salutes.
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Alexander Schmorell, Saint of the German resistance
897:. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. pp. 121–126.
405:Work in the White Rose, November 1942–January 1943
288:In January 1940, Graf was officially drafted as a
1333:Erzbistum prĂĽft Seligsprechung fĂĽr NS-Gegner Graf
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1441:Konsequent – von der Schulbank bis zum Schaffott
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235:and afterwards began his medical studies at the
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1447:, Stadtverwaltung, Saarbrücken, p. 28–37.
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418:On 3 February 1943, the news of the defeat of
1603:People executed by Nazi Germany by guillotine
1531:Willi Graf. Von den Wurzeln der "WeiĂźen Rose"
1456:Zeitschrift fĂĽr die Geschichte der Saargegend
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858:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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482:In his last letter to his family, he wrote:
133:, the first step toward possible sainthood.
125:of the 20th century. In 2017, his cause for
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1184:Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books
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942:Willi Graf : Briefe und Aufzeichnungen
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310:. While in Poland in June 1941, he saw the
1288:. Röhrig Universitätsverlag. p. 175.
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515:have been named after him, among them the
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247:with illegal youth league activities–the
1648:Roman Catholics in the German Resistance
1348:, Frankfurter Allgemeine, 2 January 2018
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392:Deployment to Russia, July–November 1942
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1588:German civilians killed in World War II
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1120:The White Rose : Munich, 1942-1943
1028:The White Rose : Munich, 1942-1943
670:SaarbrĂĽcker Zeitung (1. January 2018),
255:excursions and other meetings with the
1593:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
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1286:Willi Graf - ein Weg in den Widerstand
1225:Stern, Fritz; Hanser, Richard (1979).
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777:. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 298.
1463:Willi Graf. Briefe und Aufzeichnungen
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701:Bundeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung
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522:Willi Graf:Briefe und Aufzeichnungen
338:Grave in the St. Johann Cemetery in
129:was opened. He was given the title
16:German resistance member (1918–1943)
1658:20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
1578:20th-century executions for treason
1385:Nachrichtenredaktion, CNA Deutsch.
1311:"Der Widerstandskämpfer Willi Graf"
1274:, Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand
414:Graffiti Campaigns of February 1943
13:
1583:Executed German Resistance members
1473:. (NOTE: only available in German)
1411:
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549:Archdiocese of Munich and Freising
535:of the 20th century. In 2017, the
330:Work in the White Rose Summer 1942
172:in 1933. In 1934, Graf joined the
14:
1669:
1623:People from Euskirchen (district)
1541:
1313:. Deutschlandfunk 2 January 2018.
1152:Isinger, Christy (12 June 2018).
1082:Perekrestov, Elena (March 2017).
1059:
704:
623:
589:
271:Studies at the University of Bonn
1512:ISBN 9780824518462 (p. 159)
229:in 1937, Graf did his six-month
37:
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1358:Wanda Massa (15 October 2020).
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824:NORMANN., WAAGE, PETER (2018).
672:So lebte Willi Graf im Saarland
531:included Graf in their list of
149:. In 1922, his family moved to
121:included Graf in their list of
1653:People executed by Nazi courts
1633:20th-century German physicians
1608:People from the Rhine Province
1522:Vieregg, Hildegard (editor):
1486:, Euskirchen 1984, p. 153–163.
1465:, Fischer, Frankfurt/M. 1994,
939:Knoop-Graf, Anneliese (1988).
817:
791:
676:
575:(2005), Graf was portrayed by
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1:
1496:Euskirchen im 20. Jahrhundert
1123:. Wesleyan University Press.
1088:. Holy Trinity Publications.
1031:. Wesleyan University Press.
981:Waage, Peter Normann (2018).
582:
572:Sophie Scholl: The Final Days
500:Graf memorial, Mandlstrasse,
136:
1643:Reich Labour Service members
7:
1519:, Herder, Freiburg/B. 1964.
1515:Vielhaber, Klaus (editor):
1501:Richards-Wilson, Stephani.
639:. New York: Crossroad Pub.
605:Richards-Wilson, Stephani.
10:
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1364:Il blog di Sabino Paciolla
771:Schäfer, Bernhard (2013).
554:
529:Catholic Church in Germany
263:declared to celebrate the
243:and charged by a court in
119:Catholic Church in Germany
1613:University of Bonn alumni
917:Schäfers 2013, pp.295-296
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218:
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1482:Gerd G. Koenig (Hrsg.):
1178:Bush, Elizabeth (2016).
565:, Graf was portrayed by
1598:German military doctors
1552:German National Library
1284:Goergen, Peter (2009).
187:initially embraced the
141:Willi Graf was born in
1436:ISBN 978-1-5320-4676-6
1421:, Saur, MĂĽnchen 2003,
891:Huch, Ricarda (1997).
730:Newman Studies Journal
633:Royal, Robert (2000).
545:Cardinal Reinhard Marx
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356:The activities of the
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1346:Schweigen bis zum Tod
1196:10.1353/bcc.2016.0312
1117:Scholl, Inge (2011).
1025:Scholl, Inge (2011).
742:10.1353/nsj.2019.0012
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438:Capture and Execution
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1484:Cuchenheim 1084–1984
1450:Gebel, Hans-Joseph.
1439:Gebel, Hans-Joseph.
1392:Catholic News Agency
1158:Fountains of Carrots
926:Schäfers 2013, p.299
878:Fountains of Carrots
682:Schäfers 2013, p.295
517:Willi-Graf-Gymnasium
104:Wilhelm "Willi" Graf
724:Frey, Reed (2019).
577:Maximilian BrĂĽckner
541:Munich and Freising
511:. Eight schools in
467:Wehrkraftzersetzung
349:, who took part in
324:Alexander Schmorell
232:Reichsarbeitsdienst
162:Bund Neudeutschland
1618:White Rose members
1529:Vielhaber, Klaus.
1432:Eltcher, Louis R.
1344:Bahners, Patrick,
805:. 15 December 2017
505:
343:
237:University of Bonn
1471:978-3-596-12367-4
1427:978-3-598-11654-4
1417:Blaha, Tatjana:
1295:978-3-86110-458-2
1130:978-0-8195-7272-1
1095:978-0-88465-456-8
1038:978-0-8195-7272-1
994:978-1-944453-06-0
904:978-3-931922-80-1
837:978-1-944453-06-0
784:978-3-8471-0004-1
472:Stadelheim Prison
278:Munich University
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87:Stadelheim Prison
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1476:Heinrichs,Theo.
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880:. 12 June 2018.
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555:In film
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