962:
797:
52:
405:
1987:
805:
conflicts. Again, dispute exists as to whether this was motivated by pragmatism or support of Māori rights. His attempts to reduce conflict with Māori were undermined by
Governor Grey, who had returned for another term, and was a strong believer in the need to confront Māori militarily. Grey's construction of military infrastructure and his deployment of troops reduced Māori trust of any initiatives by the government.
836:. Vogel's extensive plans for the development of New Zealand, involving borrowing money to finance public works, soon became the most prominent feature of Fox's government, but had little to do with Fox himself. Eventually, Fox began to abandon his leadership role within the government, and the resulting disunity allowed Stafford to defeat Fox in 1872.
788:, which broke out when a Māori chief refused to sell his land. Fox was widely believed to have converted to support of the Māori, although many modern historians claim that his opposition to land seizure was due to a pragmatic wish to avoid war, not a change of philosophy. Lack of evidence makes it difficult to tell which was the case.
524:
the matter. While many modern historians believe that he did a good job, Fox himself found that even his best efforts were not good enough for the angry colonists. Fox increasingly spent his time leading parties into the wilderness near Nelson, an activity which he seems to have enjoyed. Fox was physically active all through his life.
523:
In Nelson, Fox met with mixed success. There was little direct conflict with the Māori, and most of Fox's work was related to economic development. Poor planning and inaccurate land surveying had left colonists with considerably less than had been promised them, and Fox was responsible for resolving
888:
He was baptised
William Fox in the presence of William Fox senior, then an MP. The young William was taken to Wellington by coach, probably on 25 January 1869. He was housed at a hostelry where visiting Māori lodged, lived there for three years, and was educated at a private school called Mowbray's
831:
to return to politics, which was once again dominated by Fox's rival Edward
Stafford. Fox was elected to parliament, and relaunched his attack on Stafford's policies on Māori relations and provincial affairs. Fox defeated Stafford in 1869, taking the premiership for the third time. Fox set about
531:
died. As the New
Zealand Company's senior officer in the colony, he was Fox's superior. Fox quickly travelled to Wellington, and managed to secure himself Wakefield's position. He accomplished this mainly because of the short distance between Nelson and Wellington, which enabled him to win the
479:
Fox's legal qualifications were recognised, but there was little work, and so he supplemented his income by writing for local periodicals. Fox lost the right to practice as a lawyer when, in 1843, he refused to swear an oath that he considered "degrading". This event forced him to focus almost
804:
In 1861, Fox successfully proposed a vote of no confidence in
Stafford, and took the premiership again. Among the measures introduced were law changes designed to accommodate Māori political structures, a halt on attempts to acquire Māori land, and a less confrontational attitude in existing
558:
In 1851, Fox travelled to London on behalf of a group of
Wellington settlers. There he met Edward Gibbon Wakefield, elder brother of William and Arthur. He discussed his ideas about a constitution for New Zealand, strongly supporting self-rule, provincial autonomy, and two elected houses of
815:
together with several other senior members of the New
Zealand government. The ship was holed by a rock while steaming from Napier to Wellington and began sinking. Captain Allen Harper deliberately ran the ship aground and thereby saved the lives of all those on board.
874:. The colonial forces were ambushed and retreated. During the retreat, two Māori scouts found two boys who were about six years old. One boy was killed, and the other, Ngatau Omahuru, was given by Māori scout, Pirimona, to Herewini of the Ngāti Te Ūpokoiri Iwi.
900:
where he had a photo taken with the other students and staff on
Inauguration Day 1874. In 1875 The Fox family took William Junior on a world tour to San Francisco by paddle steamer and then across the US and on to Great Britain to visit Fox relatives.
437:), and his work to increase New Zealand's autonomy from Britain. He has been described as determined and intelligent, but also as bitter and "too fond" of personal attacks. Different aspects of his personality are emphasised by different accounts.
843:, Stafford's successor, suddenly resigned, Fox was called upon to assume the premiership as a caretaker until a new leader was found. When Vogel returned to New Zealand from an overseas trip Fox stepped down, and Vogel's premiership began.
819:
After becoming increasingly involved in a dispute with Grey over responsibility for policy towards Māori, Fox lost a vote of confidence in 1862. The following year he returned to government, but only as a minister – the premiership went to
824:. Fox appears to have had little to do with the policies of this government, which involved considerable confiscations of land from the Māori. After his term as a minister ended, Fox and his wife travelled in Australia for several years.
893:, attended the same school. The adopted son then moved in with the Fox family. According to Māori sources, William Junior and Mrs Sarah Fox, who was childless, became very close. He lived with the family until he was about 12.
421:
41:
500:
Initially, Fox was opposed to government negotiations with Māori over land, stating that Māori had a right only to land that they used. He also condemned the colonial government's "weak" response to the killing of
2029:
453:, then part of County Durham, in north-east England, and baptised on 2 September of that year; he was the son of the Rev. George Townshend Fox, deputy lieutenant of co. Durham. He was educated initially at
920:, and decided to live in Taranaki. It appears he was heavily influenced by Te Whiti and Tohu and at some stage had an office in Tohu's meeting house at Parihaka. He set up a Māori school near Parihaka.
2089:
2084:
1990:
1162:
776:
Fox appears to have changed his views somewhat regarding Māori land rights, as he strongly opposed the government's policy on that issue. He blamed
Stafford's administration, along with Governor
769:
of New
Zealand. Fox managed to oust Sewell from the new post in only 13 days, becoming New Zealand's second Premier. Fox, however, lasted only 13 days himself before being ousted by
1004:, about 1849. In 1868 an attempt to subdivide a township of Marsden failed because of a liquor ban. The current Westoe was designed by Charles Tringham and built for Fox in 1874 in
2079:
944:
2104:
2039:
1736:
1117:
832:
reducing military activities, and ceased any major attempts to engage the Māori with force. Increasingly Fox found himself overshadowed by his treasurer,
1348:
978:
520:
eventually played a part in FitzRoy's removal from office. In 1843 Fox was chosen by the New Zealand Company as Wakefield's replacement in Nelson.
532:
position before instructions could be received from other cities. He was not the first choice of the Company's board in London, which preferred
2034:
904:
At 16, William junior joined a law firm as a clerk with Buller, Lewis and Gully, where he received about five years training. On a trip to the
885:, who purchased him a set of European clothes and boots. The boy's picture was taken in these clothes. The Buller family looked after the boy.
547:. Fox gradually became less active in the Company, taking more of an interest in the colonial government. He was a strong opponent of Governor
773:. Fox spent the first years of Stafford's premiership in semi-retirement, but later returned to be Stafford's primary opponent in parliament.
2099:
1195:
Warman, M. (2002) 'The White Swan Incident: The shipwreck that could have sunk a government', Masterton, New Zealand, Wairarapa Archive p 58.
757:. When they returned to New Zealand, the new constitution was in effect, and elections had already been held. In 1855 Fox was elected MP for
2094:
700:
624:
429:
and held that office on four occasions in the 19th century, while New Zealand was still a colony. He was known for his confiscation of
1156:
1009:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2024:
2019:
1729:
761:. He fought on a strong platform of provincial autonomy, and was particularly opposed to the government formed the following year by
555:
to grant self-government to the settlers. He frequently denounced the administration and the judiciary as corrupt and incompetent.
2074:
2069:
1866:
1749:
1305:
1527:
1449:
851:
635:
1856:
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was passed by Britain's parliament the following year, it incorporated some of Fox's ideas but was not satisfactory to him.
1722:
2109:
1934:
1079:
404:
1423:
1306:"PORIRUA KI MANAWATŪ INQUIRY: HISTORICAL ISSUES - SCOPING REPORT FOR HAPŪ AND IWI BROADLY ASSOCIATED WITH NGĀTI RAUKAWA"
839:
After this, Fox decided that he would not seek further office. His role in politics, however, was not quite over – when
2064:
1816:
1476:
855:
711:
610:
1403:
1084:
758:
673:
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564:
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20:
2114:
1433:
1155:
854:
in the third, fourth and fifth parliaments (1861–1865, when he resigned; 1868–1870; 1871–1875, when he resigned),
472:
in 1842. Shortly after that he married Sarah Halcomb. The couple decided that they would emigrate to New Zealand.
1036:
858:
in the sixth parliament (1876–1879, when he was defeated), and Rangitikei again (1880–81, when he was defeated).
514:
1791:
1680:
1655:
897:
840:
753:
Before returning to New Zealand, Fox and his wife spent some time travelling in Canada, the United States, and
110:
866:
In 1868 at Te Ngutu O Te Manu (Beak of the bird), a battle took place between the forces of the Hah Hau rebel
461:
in 1828, graduating B.A. 1832 and M.A. 1839. His activities for several years after graduating are a mystery.
1745:
1599:
1005:
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426:
67:
1929:
1771:
1615:
770:
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222:
165:
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706:
679:
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605:
1454:
1714:
1001:
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area in 1878 he met members of his tribe and a young Māori woman, Hinemoa. He met the Māori leaders
560:
434:
1422:
1041:
958:(for the Abolition of the Liquor Traffic), of which he was the first president, from 1887 to 1893.
828:
1322:
982:
847:
540:
1393:
1463:
745:
718:
689:
666:
642:
617:
576:
458:
393:
1000:
Fox bought 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of the controversially acquired Rangitīkei block, near
1871:
1569:
1495:
1108:
2014:
2009:
931:
teaching the Māori language. He never married. He corresponded with old soldiers about the
32:
8:
989:
961:
932:
909:
510:
506:
489:
485:
1836:
1781:
1673:
951:
821:
781:
777:
265:
206:
890:
536:, but his quick action managed to gain him enough support to receive the appointment.
1974:
1551:
1399:
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528:
465:
1846:
1279:
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871:
544:
502:
481:
1134:
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923:
Later after the closure of Parihaka he worked as a translator and interpreter in
433:
land rights, his contributions to the education system (such as establishing the
376:
977:
in 1892, aged 80. He died in Auckland on 23 June 1893 aged 81. He was buried at
430:
1964:
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1776:
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1074:
947:(KCMG). He was appointed a commissioner to inquire into Native Land Titles.
867:
1959:
1914:
1876:
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He continued to undertake considerable physical exercise and, guided by
1939:
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near the hostelry. Three other Māori students, two of them the sons of
476:
388:
2030:
New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
1744:
480:
entirely on writing and journalism. That year, following the death of
1907:
1163:
Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886
924:
878:
563:, the Secretary of State for the Colonies but was refused. When the
1954:
1233:
1209:(4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. p. 197.
917:
905:
334:
2090:
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1881 New Zealand general election
2085:
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1879 New Zealand general election
928:
446:
1349:"Happy ending: Howards' 1870s Westoe homestead to be restored"
1395:
The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General
754:
1221:
945:
Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
827:
Upon returning to New Zealand, Fox was encouraged by the
509:
official who had attempted to expand the settlement at
1179:
1177:
950:
Fox was involved in the temperance movement against
539:
The Company was in decline after the deaths of both
2080:
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
1174:
1303:
1037:"Sir William Fox | prime minister of New Zealand"
2001:
992:, founded in 1885, was named after Sir William.
881:the boy came to the attention of the magistrate
425:(20 January 1812 – 23 June 1893) was the second
1008:style. It was sold in 1885 and was listed as a
2105:Attorneys-general of the Colony of New Zealand
965:Westoe house was built for William Fox in 1874
19:For other politicians called William Fox, see
1730:
2040:New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
1378:
1239:
1227:
1121:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1031:
1029:
21:William Fox (disambiguation) § Politics
1746:Premiers and prime ministers of New Zealand
1207:New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984
1150:
1065:
1012:on 29 November 1985. The gardens include a
495:
1737:
1723:
1061:
1059:
513:into Māori-held lands. Fox's criticism of
365: 1842–1893)
50:
1381:Temperance and Prohibition in New Zealand
1107:
1026:
464:In 1838 he studied law in London. He was
135:28 June 1869 – 10 September 1872
960:
795:
484:, Fox was appointed local agent for the
1118:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1056:
765:, who took the newly created office of
2002:
1420:
1388:
1204:
1183:
1146:
1144:
1103:
1101:
850:in the second parliament (1855–1860),
800:Sir William Fox, between 1880 and 1893
570:
559:parliament. He also attempted to meet
2035:Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
1718:
1304:Dr Robyn Anderson (9 December 2014).
1274:
1272:
1270:
1198:
593:
590:
445:Fox was born on 20 January 1812 at 5
188:12 July 1861 – 6 August 1862
2100:19th-century New Zealand politicians
1379:Cocker, J; Murray, J Malton (1930).
1166:. Oxford: Parker and Co – via
846:He was the Member of Parliament for
808:In 1862, Fox was a passenger on the
724:
695:
648:
80:3 March 1873 – 8 April 1873
2095:Colonial Secretaries of New Zealand
1528:Member of Parliament for Rangitikei
1398:. Dunedin: Otago University Press.
1385:(authors from New Zealand Alliance)
1141:
1098:
1080:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
896:In 1874 he was enrolled in the new
870:and the Colonial army commanded by
13:
1414:
1267:
1115:. "Fox, Sir William (1812–1893)".
861:
247:20 May 1856 – 2 June 1856
14:
2126:
1477:Member of Parliament for Wanganui
1443:
1085:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
565:New Zealand Constitution Act 1852
553:New Zealand Constitution Act 1846
2060:People educated at Durham School
2055:New Zealand temperance activists
2050:British emigrants to New Zealand
2045:19th-century New Zealand lawyers
2025:Attorneys-general of New Zealand
2020:Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
1986:
1985:
1438:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1434:Dictionary of National Biography
1424:"Fox, William (1812-1893)"
403:
1421:Reeves, William Pember (1901).
1371:
1341:
1315:
1297:
1245:
995:
791:
362:
2075:Prime ministers of New Zealand
2070:Politicians from Tyne and Wear
1205:Wilson, James Oakley (1985) .
1189:
927:and then set up a business in
1:
1019:
943:In 1879, Fox was appointed a
938:
440:
1135:UK public library membership
379:, renamed William Fox (Jr.)
7:
10:
2131:
2110:Burials at Purewa Cemetery
1157:"Fox, (Sir) William"
981:in the Auckland suburb of
954:. He was a founder of the
18:
2065:People from South Shields
1983:
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1502:
1492:
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1462:
1327:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1010:Category 1 Historic Place
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710:
683:
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435:University of New Zealand
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1450:Paintings by William Fox
1383:. London: Epworth Press.
1323:"WELLINGTON INDEPENDENT"
1242:, pp. 223–224, 264.
1240:Cocker & Murray 1930
1228:Cocker & Murray 1930
1042:Encyclopaedia Britannica
496:Early political activity
2115:Sheriffs of New Zealand
848:Wanganui and Rangitikei
1600:Premier of New Zealand
1464:New Zealand Parliament
1127:10.1093/ref:odnb/10046
966:
801:
578:New Zealand Parliament
459:Wadham College, Oxford
427:premier of New Zealand
394:Wadham College, Oxford
68:Premier of New Zealand
16:Premier of New Zealand
1570:William Jarvis Willis
1496:Henry Shafto Harrison
964:
799:
457:. He matriculated at
1255:. Purewa Trust Board
956:New Zealand Alliance
551:, had suspended the
475:Upon his arrival in
33:The Right Honourable
1585:Government offices
1485:(serving alongside
1284:www.heritage.org.nz
581:
571:Entry to Parliament
507:New Zealand Company
486:New Zealand Company
1700:Frederick Whitaker
1692:Frederick Whitaker
1674:Frederick Whitaker
967:
935:and died in 1918.
898:Wellington College
822:Frederick Whitaker
802:
778:Thomas Gore Browne
575:
266:Thomas Gore Browne
207:Thomas Gore Browne
1997:
1996:
1713:
1712:
1704:Succeeded by
1690:Succeeded by
1661:Succeeded by
1656:George Waterhouse
1645:Succeeded by
1629:Succeeded by
1613:Succeeded by
1575:Succeeded by
1557:Succeeded by
1552:William Hogg Watt
1539:Succeeded by
1511:Succeeded by
1493:Succeeded by
1490:
1355:. 1 November 2018
1133:(Subscription or
841:George Waterhouse
751:
750:
529:William Wakefield
466:called to the bar
415:
414:
383:
111:George Waterhouse
2122:
1989:
1988:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1698:Preceded by
1681:Attorney-General
1671:Preceded by
1653:Preceded by
1639:Preceded by
1623:Preceded by
1590:Preceded by
1567:Preceded by
1549:Preceded by
1522:New constituency
1503:Preceded by
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1471:New constituency
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1459:
1439:
1436:(1st supplement)
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1253:"Notable graves"
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1016:planted by Fox.
1014:cedar of Lebanon
872:Thomas McDonnell
868:Riwha Tītokowaru
653:1868–1870
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579:
574:
545:Arthur Wakefield
503:Arthur Wakefield
482:Arthur Wakefield
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300:Personal details
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154:Sir George Bowen
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99:Sir George Bowen
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1647:Edward Stafford
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1641:Edward Stafford
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1625:Edward Stafford
1618:
1616:Edward Stafford
1609:
1607:
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979:Purewa Cemetery
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862:William Fox Jr.
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771:Edward Stafford
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418:Sir William Fox
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377:Ngataua Omahuru
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342:Political party
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315:20 January 1812
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166:Edward Stafford
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37:Sir William Fox
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1444:External links
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1140:
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1075:"Fox, William"
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975:Mount Taranaki
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1154:(1888–1892).
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1109:Reeves, W. P.
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318:South Shields
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29:
26:
22:
1906:
1766:
1707:Henry Sewell
1679:
1664:Julius Vogel
1598:
1593:Henry Sewell
1578:John Stevens
1526:
1521:
1506:Julius Vogel
1475:
1470:
1432:
1394:
1380:
1372:Bibliography
1357:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1326:
1317:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1257:. Retrieved
1247:
1235:
1223:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1161:
1116:
1088:. Retrieved
1078:
1046:. Retrieved
1040:
999:
996:Westoe house
988:The town of
987:
971:Harry Peters
968:
955:
949:
942:
933:Taranaki War
922:
903:
895:
887:
876:
865:
845:
838:
834:Julius Vogel
826:
818:
811:
807:
803:
792:Premierships
775:
763:Henry Sewell
752:
732:–1881
703:–1879
676:–1875
627:–1865
602:–1860
557:
538:
526:
522:
499:
474:
470:Inner Temple
463:
444:
417:
416:
330:(1893-06-23)
328:23 June 1893
285:Succeeded by
278:Henry Sewell
242:
230:Succeeded by
183:
173:Succeeded by
130:
123:Julius Vogel
118:Succeeded by
75:
25:
2015:1893 deaths
2010:1812 births
1429:Lee, Sidney
1259:15 February
1184:McLean 2006
914:Tohu Kākahi
746:Independent
740:Rangitikei
719:Independent
690:Independent
684:Rangitikei
667:Independent
661:Rangitikei
643:Independent
618:Independent
591:Electorate
549:George Grey
534:Dillon Bell
449:Village in
273:Preceded by
218:Preceded by
161:Preceded by
106:Preceded by
56:Fox in 1890
2004:Categories
1837:Hall-Jones
1792:Waterhouse
1610:1880–1881
1608:1868–1875
1606:1861–1862
1536:1880–1881
1534:1868–1875
1532:1861–1865
1487:John Bryce
1483:1876–1879
1359:26 January
1333:26 January
1289:26 January
1168:Wikisource
1137:required.)
1020:References
1006:Italianate
983:Meadowbank
973:, climbed
939:Later life
852:Rangitikei
829:Opposition
812:White Swan
780:, for the
636:Rangitikei
477:Wellington
441:Early life
389:Alma mater
311:1812-01-20
1847:Mackenzie
1481:1855–1860
1455:Biography
1215:154283103
1048:5 October
1002:Greatford
925:Whanganui
879:Whanganui
877:While in
561:Earl Grey
527:In 1848,
400:Signature
382:(adopted)
320:, England
243:In office
184:In office
131:In office
76:In office
1991:Category
1910:(acting)
1897:Marshall
1887:Holyoake
1827:Ballance
1807:Atkinson
1782:Whitaker
1772:Stafford
1392:(2006).
1280:"Westoe"
1090:27 April
918:Parihaka
910:Te Whiti
906:Taranaki
856:Wanganui
786:Taranaki
759:Wanganui
712:Wanganui
611:Wanganui
515:Governor
373:Children
335:Auckland
262:Governor
256:Victoria
203:Governor
197:Victoria
150:Governor
144:Victoria
95:Governor
89:Victoria
1970:Hipkins
1960:English
1945:Shipley
1920:Muldoon
1915:Rowling
1882:Holland
1431:(ed.).
952:alcohol
767:Premier
468:at the
367:
359:
252:Monarch
193:Monarch
140:Monarch
85:Monarch
1965:Ardern
1940:Bolger
1930:Palmer
1877:Fraser
1872:Savage
1867:Forbes
1862:Coates
1852:Massey
1832:Seddon
1802:Pollen
1777:Domett
1762:Sewell
1402:
1213:
1131:
990:Foxton
929:Hawera
594:Party
585:Years
541:Edward
511:Nelson
490:Nelson
447:Westoe
350:Spouse
1975:Luxon
1950:Clark
1935:Moore
1925:Lange
1822:Stout
1797:Vogel
1687:1861
1604:1856
1427:. In
1353:Stuff
1309:(PDF)
588:Term
431:Māori
361:(
357:
1908:Watt
1902:Kirk
1892:Nash
1857:Bell
1842:Ward
1817:Hall
1812:Grey
1787:Weld
1750:list
1685:1856
1400:ISBN
1361:2021
1335:2021
1291:2021
1261:2021
1211:OCLC
1092:2020
1050:2019
912:and
782:wars
755:Cuba
730:1880
701:1876
674:1871
625:1861
600:1855
543:and
505:, a
422:KCMG
345:None
325:Died
305:Born
66:2nd
42:KCMG
1955:Key
1767:Fox
1123:doi
916:at
810:SS
784:in
736:7th
707:6th
680:5th
657:4th
631:3rd
606:2nd
488:at
2006::
1351:.
1325:.
1282:.
1269:^
1176:^
1160:.
1143:^
1111:;
1100:^
1083:.
1077:.
1073:.
1069:;
1058:^
1039:.
1028:^
985:.
492:.
363:m.
1752:)
1748:(
1738:e
1731:t
1724:v
1489:)
1408:.
1363:.
1337:.
1311:.
1293:.
1263:.
1217:.
1170:.
1129:.
1125::
1094:.
1052:.
313:)
309:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
