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2678:'s discovery of the X-rays was announced at the end of 1895, Lord Kelvin was entirely skeptical, and regarded the announcement as a hoax. The papers had been full of the wonders of Röntgen's rays, about which Lord Kelvin was intensely skeptical until Röntgen himself sent him a copy of his Memoir"; on 17 January 1896, having read the paper and seen the photographs, he wrote Röntgen a letter saying that "I need not tell you that when I read the paper I was very much astonished and delighted. I can say no more now than to congratulate you warmly on the great discovery you have made" Kelvin had his own hand X-rayed in May 1896.
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other hand, portray
Thomson as a man of undoubted talent and enthusiasm, with some genuine knowledge of the sea, who managed to parlay a handful of modest ideas in compass design into a commercial monopoly for his own manufacturing concern, using his reputation as a bludgeon in the law courts to beat down even small claims of originality from others, and persuading the Admiralty and the law to overlook both the deficiencies of his own design and the virtues of his competitors'.
316:
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Association for the
Advancement of Science (1900). There is no evidence that Kelvin said this, and the quote is instead a paraphrase of Albert A. Michelson, who in 1894 stated: "… it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established … An eminent physicist remarked that the future truths of physical science are to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals." Similar statements were given earlier by others, such as
2372:
1564:, maintaining that experimental demonstration of the conversion of heat into work was still outstanding. As soon as Joule read the paper he wrote to Thomson with his comments and questions. Thus began a fruitful, though largely epistolary, collaboration between the two men, Joule conducting experiments, Thomson analysing the results and suggesting further experiments. The collaboration lasted from 1852 to 1856, its discoveries including the
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1777:, but the voyage was dogged by technical problems. The cable was lost after 1,200 miles (1,900 km) had been laid, and the project was abandoned. A further attempt in 1866 laid a new cable in two weeks, and then recovered and completed the 1865 cable. The enterprise was feted as a triumph by the public, and Thomson enjoyed a large share of the adulation. Thomson, along with the other principals of the project, was
2295:
Over the years he refined his arguments and reduced the upper bound by a factor of ten, and in 1897 Thomson, now Lord Kelvin, ultimately settled on an estimate that Earth was 20–40 million years old. In a letter published in
Scientific American Supplement 1895 Kelvin criticized geologists' estimates of the age of rocks and the age of Earth, including the views published by Darwin, as "vaguely vast age".
1465:. Surprisingly, Thomson did not send Joule a copy of his paper, but when Joule eventually read it he wrote to Thomson on 6 October, claiming that his studies had demonstrated conversion of heat into work but that he was planning further experiments. Thomson replied on 27 October, revealing that he was planning his own experiments and hoping for a reconciliation of their two sides.
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2600:. As the subject matter was under active development, Kelvin amended that text and in 1904 it was typeset and published. Kelvin's attempts to provide mechanical models ultimately failed in the electromagnetic regime. Starting from his lecture in 1884, he was the first scientist to formulate the hypothetical concept of
1293:, winning the Colquhoun Sculls in 1843. He took a lively interest in the classics, music, and literature; but the real love of his intellectual life was the pursuit of science. The study of mathematics, physics, and in particular, of electricity, had captivated his imagination. In 1845 Thomson graduated as
1644:. Whitehouse had possibly misinterpreted the results of his own experiments but was doubtless feeling financial pressure as plans for the cable were already well under way. He believed that Thomson's calculations implied that the cable must be "abandoned as being practically and commercially impossible".
3137:
On the dexter side a student of the
University of Glasgow, habited, holding in his dexter hand a marine voltmeter, all proper. On the sinister side a sailor, habited, holding in the dexter hand a coil, the rope passing through the sinister, and suspended therefrom a sinker of a sounding machine, also
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His forecast for practical aviation (i.e., heavier-than-air aircraft) was negative. In 1896 he refused an invitation to join the
Aeronautical Society, writing "I have not the smallest molecule of faith in aerial navigation other than ballooning or of expectation of good results from any of the trials
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Thomson's initial 1864 estimate of Earth's age was from 20 to 400 million years old. These wide limits were due to his uncertainty about the melting temperature of rock, to which he equated Earth's interior temperature, as well as the uncertainty in thermal conductivities and specific heats of rocks.
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I believe the tendency in the material world is for motion to become diffused, and that as a whole the reverse of concentration is gradually going on – I believe that no physical action can ever restore the heat emitted from the Sun, and that this source is not inexhaustible; also that the motions of
1167:, not out of any precociousness; the university provided many of the facilities of an elementary school for able pupils, and this was a typical starting age. In school, he showed a keen interest in the classics along with his natural interest in the sciences. At age 12 he won a prize for translating
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for the relatively short time for which he worked on the subject, around 1859. He developed several instruments for measuring the atmospheric electric field, using some of the electrometers he had initially developed for telegraph work, which he tested at
Glasgow and whilst on holiday on Arran. His
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The board insisted that
Thomson join the 1858 cable-laying expedition, without any financial compensation, and take an active part in the project. In return, Thomson secured a trial for his mirror galvanometer, which the board had been unenthusiastic about, alongside Whitehouse's equipment. Thomson
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In physical science a first essential step in the direction of learning any subject is to find principles of numerical reckoning and practicable methods for measuring some quality connected with it. I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers you know
2685:
A statement falsely attributed to Kelvin is: "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement." This has been widely misattributed to Kelvin since the 1980s, either without citation or stating that it was made in an address to the
British
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On 27 April 1900 he gave a widely reported lecture titled "Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the
Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light" to the Royal Institution. The two "dark clouds" he was alluding to were confusion surrounding how matter moves through the aether (including the puzzling results of the
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Thomson's fears were realised when
Whitehouse's apparatus proved insufficiently sensitive and had to be replaced by Thomson's mirror galvanometer. Whitehouse continued to maintain that it was his equipment that was providing the service and started to engage in desperate measures to remedy some of
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in January 1849, still convinced that the theory was fundamentally sound. However, though Thomson conducted no new experiments, over the next two years he became increasingly dissatisfied with Carnot's theory and convinced of Joule's. In February 1851 he sat down to articulate his new thinking. He
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Scientific biographers of Thomson, if they have paid any attention at all to his compass innovations, have generally taken the matter to be a sorry saga of dim-witted naval administrators resisting marvellous innovations from a superlative scientific mind. Writers sympathetic to the Navy, on the
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in that Thomson was thinking in terms of a unitary continuum theory, whereas Descartes was thinking in terms of three different types of matter, each relating respectively to emission, transmission, and reflection of light. About 60 scientific papers were written by approximately 25 scientists.
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argued for another attempt and prevailed, Thomson insisting that the technical problems were tractable. Though employed in an advisory capacity, Thomson had, during the voyages, developed a real engineer's instincts and skill at practical problem-solving under pressure, often taking the lead in
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The discovery of radioactivity largely invalidated Kelvin's estimate of the age of Earth. Although he eventually paid off a gentleman's bet with Strutt on the importance of radioactivity in Earth's geology, he never publicly acknowledged this because he thought he had a much stronger argument
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Kelvin did pay off gentleman's bet with Strutt on the importance of radioactivity in the Earth. The Kelvin period does exist in the evolution of stars. They shine from gravitational energy for a while (correctly calculated by Kelvin) before fusion and the main sequence begins. Fusion was not
1726:, in 1858. Whitehouse still felt able to ignore Thomson's many suggestions and proposals. It was not until Thomson convinced the board that using purer copper for replacing the lost section of cable would improve data capacity, that he first made a difference to the execution of the project.
1756:. When the cable failed completely Whitehouse was dismissed, though Thomson objected and was reprimanded by the board for his interference. Thomson subsequently regretted that he had acquiesced too readily to many of Whitehouse's proposals and had not challenged him with sufficient vigour.
1006:, and the family moved there in October 1833. The Thomson children were introduced to a broader cosmopolitan experience than their father's rural upbringing, spending mid-1839 in London, and the boys were tutored in French in Paris. Much of Thomson's life during the mid-1840s was spent in
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measurements on Arran were sufficiently rigorous and well-calibrated that they could be used to deduce air pollution from the Glasgow area, through its effects on the atmospheric electric field. Thomson's water dropper electrometer was used for measuring the atmospheric electric field at
1665:. He thought Whitehouse no fool and suspected that he might have the practical skill to make the existing design work. Thomson's work had attracted the attention of the project's undertakers. In December 1856, he was elected to the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company.
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was recognised in the 1930s that Kelvin's age paradox was truly resolved. However, modern cosmology recognizes the Kelvin period in the early life of a star, during which it shines from gravitational energy (correctly calculated by Kelvin) before fusion and the main sequence begins.
2291:. In his response to Huxley's address to the Geological Society of London (1868) he presented his address "Of Geological Dynamics" (1869) which, among his other writings, challenged the geologists' assertion that Earth must be vastly old, perhaps billions of years in age.
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In final publication, Thomson retreated from a radical departure and declared "the whole theory of the motive power of heat is founded on ... two ... propositions, due respectively to Joule, and to Carnot and Clausius." Thomson went on to state a form of the second law:
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near his home at Netherhall and fractured his leg, causing him to miss the 1861 Manchester meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and to limp thereafter. He remained something of a celebrity on both sides of the Atlantic until his death.
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Thomson remained a devout believer in Christianity throughout his life; attendance at chapel was part of his daily routine. He saw his Christian faith as supporting and informing his scientific work, as is evident from his address to the annual meeting of the
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were tutored at home by their father while the younger boys were tutored by their elder sisters. James was intended to benefit from the major share of his father's encouragement, affection and financial support and was prepared for a career in engineering.
1431:." Such a scale would be "quite independent of the physical properties of any specific substance." By employing such a "waterfall", Thomson postulated that a point would be reached at which no further heat (caloric) could be transferred, the point of
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something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind: it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts, advanced to the stage of
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replaces the ordinary hand line. The wire glides so easily to the bottom that "flying soundings" can be taken while the ship is at full speed. Thomson added a pressure gauge to register the depth of the sinker. About the same time he revived the
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was uncertain of how to frame his theory, and the paper went through several drafts before he settled on an attempt to reconcile Carnot and Joule. During his rewriting, he seems to have considered ideas that would subsequently give rise to the
919:. Despite offers of elevated posts from several world-renowned universities, Kelvin refused to leave Glasgow, remaining until his retirement from that post in 1899. Active in industrial research and development, he was recruited around 1899 by
1441:
had speculated in 1702. "Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat", published by Carnot in French in 1824, the year of Lord Kelvin's birth, used −267 as an estimate of the absolute zero temperature. Thomson used data published by Regnault to
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that could be achieved and the economic consequences in terms of the potential revenue of the transatlantic undertaking. In a further 1855 analysis, Thomson stressed the impact that the design of the cable would have on its profitability.
2226:. Given his youthful work on the figure of Earth and his interest in heat conduction, it is no surprise that he chose to investigate Earth's cooling and to make historical inferences of Earth's age from his calculations. Thomson was a
1872:. As he approached the harbour, he signalled to the Blandy residence "Will you marry me?" and Fanny (Blandy's daughter Frances Anna Blandy) signalled back "Yes". Thomson married Fanny, 13 years his junior, on 24 June 1874.
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in the University of Glasgow. At age 22 he found himself wearing the gown of a professor in one of the oldest universities in the country and lecturing to the class of which he was a first year student a few years before.
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1324:, the science which deals with the forces between electrically charged bodies at rest. It was partly in response to his encouragement that Faraday undertook the research in September 1845 that led to the discovery of the
1711:, showing when the line is running out of the ship, at a constant speed in a uniform depth of water, it sinks in a slant or straight incline from the point where it enters the water to that where it touches the bottom.
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restricting the age of the Sun to no more than 20 million years. Without sunlight, there could be no explanation for the sediment record on Earth's surface. At the time, the only known source for solar energy was
1816:
Thomson took part in the laying of the French Atlantic submarine communications cable of 1869, and with Jenkin was engineer of the Western and Brazilian and Platino-Brazilian cables, assisted by vacation student
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in various areas but with constant attention to energy as a unifying principle. A second edition appeared in 1879, expanded to two separately bound parts. The textbook set a standard for early education in
1383:
Thomson was intrigued but sceptical. Though he felt that Joule's results demanded theoretical explanation, he retreated into an even deeper commitment to the Carnot–Clapeyron school. He predicted that the
2054:. Thomson's design was a great improvement on the older instruments, being steadier and less hampered by friction. The deviation caused by the ship's magnetism was corrected by movable iron masses at the
1767:, most of the problems arose from known and avoidable causes. Thomson was appointed one of a five-member committee to recommend a specification for a new cable. The committee reported in October 1863.
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famously made the argument in a 1904 lecture attended by Kelvin that this provided the unknown energy source Kelvin had suggested, but the estimate was not overturned until the development in 1907 of
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and the son of a farmer. James Thomson married Margaret Gardner in 1817 and, of their children, four boys and two girls survived infancy. Margaret Thomson died in 1830 when William was six years old.
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elected Thomson as its first president at its preliminary meeting, held in London on 26–27 June 1906. "On the proposal of the President , secounded by Mr Mailloux the Right Honorable Lord Kelvin,
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Thomson did more than any other electrician up to his time in introducing accurate methods and apparati for measuring electricity. As early as 1845 he pointed out that the experimental results of
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and the Atlantic Telegraph Company. Most of the blame for the cable's failure was found to rest with Whitehouse. The committee found that, though underwater cables were notorious in their lack of
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in August 1857, with Whitehouse confined to land owing to illness, but the voyage ended after 380 miles (610 km) when the cable parted. Thomson contributed to the effort by publishing in the
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for many years, and one was still in use operationally at the Kakioka Observatory in Japan until early 2021. Thomson may have unwittingly observed atmospheric electrical effects caused by the
1552:
It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.
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in 1971; in the current issue of banknotes, his image appears on the bank's £100 note. He is shown holding his adjustable compass and in the background is a map of the transatlantic cable.
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William's father was able to make a generous provision for his favourite son's education and, in 1841, installed him, with extensive letters of introduction and ample accommodation, at
942:
at the University of Glasgow has a permanent exhibition on the work of Kelvin, which includes many of his original papers, instruments, and other artefacts, including his smoking pipe.
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1331:
He was elected a fellow of St. Peter's (as Peterhouse was often called at the time) in June 1845. On gaining the fellowship, he spent some time in the laboratory of the celebrated
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Thomson, W. (March 1851). "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam".
2528:). At the same time as the funeral in Westminster Abbey, a service was held in St Columba's Episcopal Church, Largs, attended by a large congregation including burgh dignitaries.
2458:, a distance of about a mile. Large crowds witnessed the passing of the cortege, and shopkeepers closed their premises and dimmed their lights. The coffin was placed in a special
1320:", and not by some incomprehensible "action at a distance". He also devised the mathematical technique of electrical images, which became a powerful agent in solving problems of
9197:
2690:. The attribution to Kelvin in 1900 is presumably a confusion with his "Two clouds" lecture and which on the contrary pointed out areas that would subsequently see revolutions.
2250:, that conditions had remained constant since the indefinite past. He contended that "This earth, certainly a moderate number of millions of years ago, was a red-hot globe … ."
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and others, but contributed little in terms of novel physical thinking. Thomson's energetic lobbying and networking proved effective in gaining acceptance of his instrument by
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Thomson, W. (1852). "On the dynamical theory of heat; with numerical results deduced from Mr. Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit and M. Regnault's observations on steam".
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had to return home following a disastrous storm in June 1858. In London, the board was about to abandon the project and mitigate their losses by selling the cable. Thomson,
2125:. He introduced a chain or series of effective instruments, including the quadrant electrometer, which cover the entire field of electrostatic measurement. He invented the
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In 1898, Kelvin predicted that only 400 years of oxygen supply remained on the planet, due to the rate of burning combustibles. In his calculation, Kelvin assumed that
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and other structures, followed by a gradual "heat death". He developed the view that Earth had once been too hot to support life and contrasted this view with that of
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of the difference between interior temperature and surface temperature, so that the uncertainty in the former leads to an even larger relative uncertainty in the age.
1540:(Kelvin's paradox) in 1862, which uses the second law of thermodynamics to disprove the possibility of an infinitely old universe; this paradox was later extended by
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In November 1907 he caught a chill and his condition deteriorated until he died at his Scottish country seat, Netherhall, in Largs on 17 December. At the request of
1186:
for his "Essay on the figure of the Earth" which showed an early facility for mathematical analysis and creativity. His physics tutor at this time was his namesake,
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Thomson attended the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, where his father was a professor in the university department. In 1834, aged 10, he began studying at the
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Thomson's wife, Margaret, died on 17 June 1870, and he resolved to make changes in his life. Already addicted to seafaring, in September he purchased a 126-ton
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Though eminent in the academic field, Thomson was obscure to the general public. In September 1852, he married childhood sweetheart Margaret Crum, daughter of
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Thomson, W. (1848). "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations".
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Aplin, Karen L. (April 2012). "Smoke emissions from industrial western Scotland in 1859 inferred from Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements".
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sped up by divine guidance. His calculations showed that the Sun could not have possibly existed long enough to allow the slow incremental development by
2454:, the undertakers Wylie & Lochhead prepared an oak coffin lined with lead. In the dark of the winter evening the cortege set off from Netherhall for
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1528:(as Thomson had previously compared universal heat death to a clock running slower and slower, although he was unsure whether it would eventually reach
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4411:"On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam"
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Thomson, W. (1849). "An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat; with Numerical Results deduced from Regnault's Experiments on Steam".
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Thomson published more than 650 scientific papers and applied for 70 patents (not all were issued). Regarding science, Thomson wrote the following:
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Thomson was an enthusiastic yachtsman, his interest in all things relating to the sea perhaps arising from, or fostered by, his experiences on the
1980:, was popular among British physicists and mathematicians. Thomson pioneered the theory, which was distinct from the 17th century vortex theory of
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and used it as a base for entertaining friends and scientific colleagues. His maritime interests continued in 1871 when he was appointed to the
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in 1859, Thomson saw evidence of the relatively short habitable age of Earth as tending to contradict Darwin's gradualist explanation of slow
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was developed. Thomson's initiative in this complex study that continues to inspire new mathematics has led to persistence of the topic in
1556:
In the paper, Thomson supports the theory that heat was a form of motion but admits that he had been influenced only by the thought of Sir
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1568:, sometimes called the Kelvin–Joule effect, and the published results did much to bring about general acceptance of Joule's work and the
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1609:; but her health broke down on their honeymoon, and over the next 17 years Thomson was distracted by her suffering. On 16 October 1854,
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It is believed the "PNP" in his signature stands for "Professor of Natural Philosophy". Kelvin also wrote under the pseudonym "P. Q. R."
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followed, and Thomson became good friends with Charles R. Blandy and his three daughters. On 2 May 1874 he set sail for Madeira on the
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Harrison, R. G. (2003). "Twentieth-century atmospheric electrical measurements at the observatories of Kew, Eskdalemuir and Lerwick".
1229:) and committed himself to study the "continental" mathematics resisted by a British establishment still working in the shadow of Sir
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might break down. Two major physical theories were developed during the 20th century starting from these issues: for the former, the
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Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain with Abstracts of the Discourses
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for the purpose, and urged that the signals should consist of short and long flashes of the light to represent the dots and dashes.
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Faraday had demonstrated how the construction of a cable would limit the rate at which messages could be sent—in modern terms, the
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68:
4656:"Report of the Scientific Committee Appointed to Consider the Best Form of Cable for Submersion Between Europe and America" (1863)
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we hear of." In a 1902 newspaper interview he predicted that "No balloon and no aeroplane will ever be practically successful."
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on 10 November 1866. To exploit his inventions for signalling on long submarine cables, Thomson entered into a partnership with
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Argent, a stag's head caboshed gules, on a chief azure a thunderbolt proper, winged or, between two spur revels of the first.
853:, was known before his work, Kelvin determined its correct value as approximately −273.15 degrees Celsius or −459.67 degrees
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engineer and inventor which propelled him into the public eye and earned him wealth, fame, and honours. For his work on the
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5407:"Natürliche Radioisotope: die "Atomuhr" für die Bestimmung des absoluten Alters von Gesteinen und archäologischen Funden"
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On the uniform motion of heat in homogeneous solid bodies, and its connection with the mathematical theory of electricity
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wrote to Thomson to try to re-interest him in work by asking his opinion on some experiments of Faraday on the proposed
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operated from the birth of the universe and envisaged a dynamic process that saw the organisation and evolution of the
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of that year. Even after Niagara Falls, Thomson still held to his belief that direct current was the superior system.
1309:, one of the examiners, is said to have declared to another examiner "You and I are just about fit to mend his pens."
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might be made to signal a distinctive number by occultations of its light, but Thomson pointed out the merits of the
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may be restored for instance to the earth by heat received from the sun, or by other means, that the loss cannot be
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strategy during times of personal stress. On the title page of this essay Thomson wrote the following lines from
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inside Earth, and thus showing a much greater age, this had little immediate impact. The discovery in 1903 that
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1624:. Thomson jumped at the problem and published his response that month. He expressed his results in terms of the
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Naturphilosophie als Heuristik?: Korrespondenz zwischen Hermann von Helmholtz und Lord Kelvin (William Thomson)
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P.Q.R. (1842). "On the uniform motion of heat and its connection with the mathematical theory of electricity".
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The University of Glasgow held a memorial service for Kelvin in the Bute Hall. Kelvin had been a member of the
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with 2,500 miles (4,020 km) of cable when the cable developed a fault. An unscheduled 16-day stop-over in
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of the length of the cable. Thomson's results were disputed at a meeting of the British Association in 1856 by
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4647:"Board of Trade Committee to Inquire into … Submarine Telegraph Cables', Parl. papers (1860), 52.591, no. 2744
2524:, attached to St Columba's Episcopal Church in Largs, and when in Glasgow to St Mary's Episcopal Church (now,
2196:, was unanimously elected first President of the Commission", minutes of the Preliminary Meeting Report read.
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By 1847, Thomson had already gained a reputation as a precocious and maverick scientist when he attended the
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Volume V. Thermodynamics, cosmical and geological physics, molecular and crystalline theory, electrodynamics
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dealing with emergencies and being unafraid to assist in manual work. A cable was completed on 5 August.
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William Thomson's telegraphic syphon recorder, on display at Porthcurno Telegraph Museum, in January 2019
912:
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2655:'s discovery of energy quanta which was the foundation of quantum mechanics, another of which described
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6907:"Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics; Historical and Philosophical Perspectives"
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1494:
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1202:". These lines inspired Thomson to understand the natural world using the power and method of science:
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Thomson developed a complete system for operating a submarine telegraph that was capable of sending a
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Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics: historical and philosophical perspectives
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1963:
1529:
1187:
643:
603:
7544:
6302:
5906:"Lord Kelvin, Nineteenth Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light", reproduced in
5271:"John Perry's neglected critique of Kelvin's age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics"
5135:
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2477:
Kelvin's funeral was on 23 December 1907. The Abbey was crowded, including representatives from the
2435:(OM). He received the order from the King on 8 August 1902 and was sworn a member of the council at
2069:
1632:
Thomson contended that the signalling speed through a given cable was inversely proportional to the
8376:
8114:
7267:
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The Correspondence Between Sir George Gabriel Stokes and Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs
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3266:
2565:
2259:
2027:
1658:
1565:
995:
964:
896:
858:
826:, which was then in its infancy of development as an emerging academic discipline. He received the
369:
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7520:
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Kargon, Robert; Achinstein, Peter; Brown, Laurie M. (1987). Kargon, R. H.; Achinstein, P. (eds.).
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on 11 August 1902. In his later years he often travelled to his town house at 15 Eaton Place, off
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science. He was soon drawn into public disagreement with geologists and with Darwin's supporters
2010:
1947:
1938:
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638:
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The discoveries: great breakthroughs in twentieth-century science, including the original papers
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5242:
884:, becoming Sir William Thomson. He had extensive maritime interests and worked on the mariner's
9172:
9064:
8141:
8098:
7728:
7504:
6744:
Buchwald, J. Z. (1977). "William Thomson and the mathematization of Faraday's electrostatics".
5923:
5828:
3081:, is 26 June. It was chosen to celebrate his birth date and has been held annually, since 2019.
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2337:
2239:
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as chief engineer, but Whitehouse had his way with the specification, supported by Faraday and
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1406:
819:
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210:
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1401:
In 1848, he extended the Carnot–Clapeyron theory further through his dissatisfaction that the
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7672:
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6324:
5870:"Petr Nikolaevich Lebedev and his school (On the 120th anniversary of the year of his birth)"
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1943:
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to serve as vice-chairman of the board of the British company Kodak Limited, affiliated with
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7143:
6250:
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6175:
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Thomson, W. (1865). "On the forces concerned in the laying and lifting of deep-sea cables".
3329:
His first wife was Margaret Crum and he married secondly Frances Blandy but had no children.
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6195:
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Silliman, Robert H. (1963). "William Thomson: Smoke Rings and Nineteenth-Century Atomism".
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4780:
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3679:
3649:
3629:
3599:
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3539:
3509:
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2785:
2710:—which accounts for more than half of marine photosynthesis—was not discovered until 1986.
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in terms of statistical mechanics, providing a strong argument for the existence of atoms.
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A cubit arm erect, vested azure, cuffed argent, the hand grasping five ears of rye proper.
1461:—But a footnote signalled his first doubts about the caloric theory, referring to Joule's
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8:
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Volume VI. Voltaic theory, radioactivity, electrions, navigation and tides, miscellaneous
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John William Strutt-- the 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1842–1919): Recently studied correspondence
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Like many scientists, Thomson made some mistakes in predicting the future of technology.
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of finding a ship's position, and calculated a set of tables for its ready application.
1977:
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Thomson became scientific adviser to a team with Whitehouse as chief electrician and Sir
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Joule, J. P.; Thomson, W. (30 June 2011). "On the thermal effects of fluids in motion".
3902:
2724:
A variety of physical phenomena and concepts with which Thomson is associated are named
2058:. Thomson's innovations involved much detailed work to develop principles identified by
1468:
Thomson returned to critique Carnot's original publication and read his analysis to the
1328:, which established that light and magnetic (and thus electric) phenomena were related.
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1994:
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in 1892 in recognition of his achievements in thermodynamics, and of his opposition to
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The eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolution theories in the decades around 1900
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on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centenary of the birth of mathematician
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2701:. He could not even have known all of the sources of photosynthesis: for example the
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1981:
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6857:
Green, G. & Lloyd, J. T. (1970). "Kelvin's instruments and the Kelvin Museum".
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6753:
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3943:
3934:
Trainer, Matthew (2008). "Lord Kelvin, Recipient of The John Fritz Medal in 1905".
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3832:
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3625:
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2977:. His title died with him, as he was survived by neither heirs nor close relations.
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In 1893, Thomson headed an international commission to decide on the design of the
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1951:
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1262:. In the paper he made remarkable connections between the mathematical theories of
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authoring a critical book. The book motivated Thomson to write his first published
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5221:(paperback ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 23–24.
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was the only source of free oxygen; he did not know all of the components of the
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510:
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No Mean Society: 200 years of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow. 2nd Ed
3105:
2005:
849:
in Lord Kelvin's honour. While the existence of a coldest possible temperature,
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from 1890 to 1895. In 1892, he became the first scientist to be elevated to the
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8432:
8157:
7856:
7824:
7696:
7608:
7600:
7348:
7313:
7104:
6796:
Gooding, D. (1980). "Faraday, Thomson, and the concept of the magnetic field".
5924:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
5598:
4041:
P.Q.R. (1841). "On Fourier's expansions of functions in trigonometric series".
3769:
3421:
2702:
2694:
2593:
2572:
describing sound as waves of pressure in air and attempted to describe also an
2510:
2432:
2254:
2193:
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2150:
1843:
1760:
1398:. Experimental confirmation in his laboratory did much to bolster his beliefs.
1361:
1325:
1321:
1316:'s idea that electric induction takes place through an intervening medium, or "
1267:
1234:
1233:. Unsurprisingly, Fourier's work had been attacked by domestic mathematicians,
1219:
1195:
976:
975:, another Glasgow professor, who worked to form one of the founding schools of
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865:
839:
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563:
505:
475:
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379:
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5352:
5163:
The Bible, rocks, and time : geological evidence for the age of the earth
5022:
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3947:
3375:
2839:
1190:. Throughout his life, he would work on the problems raised in the essay as a
802:(26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907) was a British mathematician,
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7171:
6325:"Lord Kelvin biography – Science Hall of Fame – National Library of Scotland"
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magazine, pitching himself into the public eye. Thomson recommended a larger
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528:
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3694:
Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson; 1824–1907) British physicist, born in Belfast
1274:
was ultimately to describe as one of the most valuable science-forming ideas
818:
of electricity, was instrumental in the formulation of the first and second
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8807:
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8708:
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8106:
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7991:
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7483:
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4713:
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2502:
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2440:
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2284:
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2118:
1782:
1557:
1230:
1148:
908:
831:
716:
558:
548:
6773:
Cardoso Dias, D.M. (1996). "William Thomson and the Heritage of Caloric".
5321:. pp. 243–251. In Thomson's theory the Earth's age is proportional to the
3554:
Kelvin, Lord (1824–1907) The British mathematician, physicist and engineer
2539:; a society of which he was president in the periods 1856–58 and 1874–77.
9024:
8994:
8974:
8773:
8622:
8058:
7983:
7760:
7337:
6085:"Papers Past—Evening Post—30 July 1898—A Startling Scientific Prediction"
5583:
5556:
5295:
5270:
4875:
4850:
2884:
2854:
2790:
2601:
2592:, which found no luminiferous aether. Kelvin did not provide a text, but
2353:
2298:
His exploration of this estimate can be found in his 1897 address to the
2227:
2209:
1990:
1606:
1598:
To understand the technical issues in which Thomson became involved, see
1443:
1365:
1360:
making yet another of his, so far, ineffective attempts to discredit the
1011:
955:
698:
692:
633:
568:
425:
7026:
Knudsen, O. (1972). "From Lord Kelvin's notebook: aether speculations".
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1875:
1718:
every 3.5 seconds. He patented the key elements of his system, the
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8728:
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4827:
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2467:
2380:
2094:
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2082:
The truth, inevitably, seems to lie somewhere between the two extremes.
2031:
1913:
1826:
1457:) into mechanical effect is probably impossible, certainly undiscovered
1317:
1152:
1059: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
854:
6930:
6878:
6652:—— (1912). "Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering".
5758:
4988:
1968:
Between 1870 and 1890 the vortex atom theory, which purported that an
8668:
8582:
7378:
7367:
7010:
6969:
6825:
Gossick, B. R. (1976). "Heaviside and Kelvin: a study in contrasts".
6757:
6681:
6607:
Baltimore Lectures on Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light
5808:
5621:
The Finality of this Globe, Hampshire Telegraph, 15 June 1889, p. 11.
4851:"Initial effect of the Fukushima accident on atmospheric electricity"
4535:
Thomson, W. (1855). "On Peristaltic Induction of Electric Currents".
3530:
Clapham, Christopher; Nicholson, James, eds. (2014), "Kelvin, Lord",
3314:"William Thomson, Lord Kelvin. Scientist, Mathematician and Engineer"
2843:
Bronze bust of Lord Kelvin by A. McFarlane Shannan, Glasgow, Scotland
2605:
2444:
2371:
2276:
1909:
1416:
in which "a unit of heat descending from a body A at the temperature
1183:
648:
7282:
6986:
5498:
5449:
5336:
4277:
3470:
Martin, Elizabeth, ed. (2009), "Kelvin, Sir William Thomson, Lord",
3359:
2547:
1647:
Thomson attacked Whitehouse's contention in a letter to the popular
1034:
8767:
7286:
4980:
4899:
4666:
Gurney, Alan (2005). "Chapter 19: Thomson's Compass and Binnacle".
3819:
Flood, Raymond; McCartney, Mark; Whitaker, Andrew (28 April 2009).
2966:
2604:; he then attempted to define and locate some "dark bodies" in the
2189:
2055:
1986:
1833:
1778:
1770:
In July 1865, Thomson sailed on the cable-laying expedition of the
1504:
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1389:
1290:
916:
892:
573:
395:
187:
4730:
2279:—unless it was heated by an energy source beyond the knowledge of
2184:
Acknowledging his contribution to electrical standardisation, the
1822:
1485:
irrecoverably; but not lost in the material world". Moreover, his
1289:. While at Cambridge, Thomson was active in sports, athletics and
1251:
by his father. A second P.Q.R. paper followed almost immediately.
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8702:
8602:
8592:
5714:
5712:
2404:
2364:
2316:
published a paper in 1895 challenging Kelvin's assumption of low
2043:
1865:
1516:
compensated and I think it probable that it is under-compensated.
1255:
1144:
1003:
911:, which flows near his laboratory at the University of Glasgow's
885:
823:
593:
163:
6623:
5268:
4328:"Literature and Science in the Nineteenth Century: An Anthology"
2535:. The family grave has a second modern memorial, erected by the
8561:
8551:
7190:
Lord Kelvin: His Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units
6898:
Circuits in the Sea: the men, the ships, and the Atlantic cable
5851:"A History of Dark Matter- Gianfranco Bertone & Dan Hooper"
4502:
Thomson, W. (1855). "On the theory of the electric telegraph".
3524:
Lord Kelvin 1824–1907 British physicist and natural philosopher
2820:
2490:
2142:
1973:
1861:
1353:
1302:
1191:
1182:
In the academic year 1839/1840, Thomson won the class prize in
1168:
1159:, to which the university moved in the 1870s (photograph 1890s)
846:
5709:
1392:, otherwise its expansion on freezing could be exploited in a
1002:
In 1832, his father was appointed professor of mathematics at
9028:
8777:
8652:
8642:
8612:
3996:"Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783–2002"
3709:"BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, The Second Law of Thermodynamics"
3670:
Law, Jonathan; Rennie, Richard, eds. (2020), "Kelvin, Lord",
3640:
Rennie, Richard; Law, Jonathan, eds. (2019), "Kelvin, Lord",
3614:
Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson) (1824–1907) Scottish physicist
2958:
2324:
releases heat led to Kelvin's estimate being challenged, and
1917:
1753:
1752:
the problems. He fatally damaged the cable by applying 2,000
938:, which he built in the 1870s and where he died in 1907. The
935:
900:
183:
8534:
6736:
3472:
The New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors
1155:
Gilmorehill campus of the University of Glasgow designed by
9263:
People educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution
9068:
8897:
8732:
8722:
7374:
Kelvin Building Opening – The Leys School, Cambridge (1893)
7218:
Kelvin and Stokes: A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics
6286:"Honorary doctorates from the University of Oslo 1902–1910"
5472:
5423:
3664:
Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson; 1824–1907) British physicist
3064:
Lord Kelvin was commemorated on the £20 note issued by the
2531:
Lord Kelvin is memorialised on the Thomson family grave in
2494:
2489:, Russia, the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and
2153:
2149:. From around 1880 he was aided by the electrical engineer
2042:
During the 1880s, Thomson worked to perfect the adjustable
1969:
1954:(a significant geomagnetic storm) in early September 1859.
5140:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 40.
4558:
Thomson, W. (1856). "Letters on "telegraphs to America"".
4220:
Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress
2666:
2485:, along with representatives from France, Italy, Germany,
814:
for 53 years, where he undertook significant research and
8672:
7341:
7054:
4848:
2470:, where the van was attached to the overnight express to
2403:
In the winter of 1860–61 Kelvin slipped on the ice while
1376:. Joule argued for the mutual convertibility of heat and
1258:
in 1841, he wrote a third, more substantial P.Q.R. paper
27:
British physicist, engineer and mathematician (1824–1907)
4849:
Takeda, M.; Yamauchi, M.; Makino, M.; Owada, T. (2011).
4692:"Lord Kelvin's sailing yacht 'Lalla Rookh', c 1860–1900"
2564:
on "Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light" at
2423:
list published on 26 June 1902 (the original day of the
2117:
for 1857 he published a description of his divided ring
1904:
Over the period 1855 to 1867, Thomson collaborated with
7325:
Measuring the Absolute: William Thomson and Temperature
6849:
Lord Kelvin: An Account of His Scientific Life and Work
6372:
Degrees Kelvin: A Tale of Genius, Invention and Tragedy
6355:. Vol. 2. MacMillan and Co., Limited. p. 914.
5768:. Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow. p. 138.
4444:
2816:
1312:
In 1845, he gave the first mathematical development of
9198:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
7145:
Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin
7116:
Lord Kelvin as Professor in the Old College of Glasgow
6274:. No. 36867. London. 8 September 1902. p. 4.
4174:. Vol. 1. MacMillan and Co., Limited. p. 98.
3818:
2674:
His biographer Silvanus P. Thompson writes that "When
2623:
Michelson–Morley experiment) and indications that the
1985:
Following the lead of Thomson and Tait, the branch of
1730:
found the access he was given unsatisfactory, and the
1493:
the second law to the cosmos, originating the idea of
1017:
His sister, Anna Thomson, was the mother of physicist
987:, was a teacher of mathematics and engineering at the
9253:
Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria
9089:
People whose names are used in chemical element names
9085:
Scientists whose names are used in physical constants
6904:
6856:
5269:
England, P.; Molnar, P.; Righter, F. (January 2007).
5262:
5260:
2910:
Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
2222:
Kelvin made an early physics-based estimation of the
1789:. In conjunction with the latter, he also devised an
1508:
which is converted into heat; and that although some
7141:
4714:"Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements"
4112:
The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, 2 vols
3156:
2302:, given at the request of the institute's president
1759:
A joint committee of inquiry was established by the
934:
Kelvin resided in Netherhall, a redstone mansion in
7931:
5650:. No. 36842. London. 9 August 1902. p. 6.
4966:
4900:"The Vortex Atom: A Victorian Theory of Everything"
2580:susceptible to vibration. The study group included
1856:In June 1873, Thomson and Jenkin were on board the
1207:Go, wondrous creature! mount where Science guides;
9233:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
7370:—This collection includes sources for many quotes.
7074:May, W. E. (1979). "Lord Kelvin and his compass".
6772:
6352:The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs
5940:The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs
5635:. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5.
5257:
5015:The life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs
4712:Aplin, K. L.; Harrison, R. G. (3 September 2013).
4171:The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs
3289:"Significant Scots. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)"
3264:
2831:was named after him by botanist William Trownson.
1600:Submarine communications cable: Bandwidth problems
1350:British Association for the Advancement of Science
1209:Go measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides;
967:, and William Thomson, were all professors at the
7482:
7349:Reprint of papers on electrostatics and magnetism
7251:
7209:William Thomson, Lord Kelvin: His Way of Teaching
6895:
5165:. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. p. 99.
5049:"Maclean, Magnus, 1857–1937, electrical engineer"
2983:The memorial of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin in
1891:
1522:a creative act or an act possessing similar power
1420:° of this scale, to a body B at the temperature (
864:Kelvin worked closely with mathematics professor
9243:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
9218:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
9099:
9081:List of scientists whose names are used as units
6239:. No. 36760. London. 6 May 1902. p. 5.
5213:
4595:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–167.
4449:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 333–455.
4368:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–332.
4282:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–164.
4247:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–106.
3529:
3260:
3258:
2901:Hon. Member of the Royal College of Preceptors (
2367:" as Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow
1424:−1)°, would give out the same mechanical effect
1335:, at Paris; but in 1846 he was appointed to the
971:, the latter two through their association with
7169:
6743:
6566:Volume III. Elasticity, heat, electro-magnetism
6107:"The Evening News – Google News Archive Search"
5759:Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (2008).
5597:McCartney & Whitaker (2002), reproduced on
5134:Imbrie, John; Imbrie, Katherine Palmer (1986).
4562:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–102.
4539:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–91 .
4309:
4307:
2611:He was skeptical about Maxwell's prediction of
2375:Lord Kelvin and Lady Kelvin hosting Norwegians
1829:section of the Brazilian coast cables in 1873.
9298:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
7173:Life of William Thomson: Baron Kelvin of Largs
6824:
6270:"Foreign degrees for British men of Science".
6063:. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada. p. 8.
5731:. London: Roger & Robert Nicholson. p. 62.
5521:Perry, John (1895) "On the age of the earth,"
5341:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
4668:Compass: A Story of Exploration and Innovation
4506:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–76.
4399:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
3797:National Institute of Standards and Technology
3494:British theoretical and experimental physicist
3364:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2615:, but admitted that it did exist after seeing
2555:
1916:, the description of motion without regard to
1692:Thomson sailed on board the cable-laying ship
9223:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
8520:
7917:
7468:
7215:
7187:
6576:Volume IV. Hydrodynamics and general dynamics
6317:
5557:"Kelvin's age of the Earth paradox revisited"
5184:
5182:
5160:
4942:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
4711:
3859:
3560:Schaschke, Carl, ed. (2014), "Kelvin, Lord",
3334:
3255:
3221:Creators of Mathematics: The Irish Connection
2619:'s experimental proof of radiation pressure.
845:Absolute temperatures are stated in units of
9278:Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
7057:Physicists of Ireland: Passion and Precision
6533:
6494:. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black. 1880.
6305:. The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers
5803:Kargon, Robert and Achinstein, Peter (1987)
5473:Thompson, Silvanus Phillips (January 1977).
5424:Thompson, Silvanus Phillips (January 1977).
5267:understood until well after Kelvin's time.
5161:Young, Davis A.; Stearley, Ralph F. (2008).
5133:
4665:
4304:
4187:"William Thomson: king of Victorian physics"
4178:
4114:. Vol. 2. New York: Dover. p. 301.
3764:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3532:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Mathematics
3416:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2935:Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1889.
2271:. Thomson's own views favoured a version of
1957:
1593:
1446:his scale against established measurements.
1245:, defending Fourier, which was submitted to
1014:. Language study was given a high priority.
888:, which previously had limited reliability.
822:, and contributed significantly to unifying
30:For other people named William Thomson, see
9313:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame inductees
9238:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
9153:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
7122:
7025:
6984:
6947:
6795:
6746:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences
6509:
6464:
6416:
5193:. University of Chicago Press. p. 43.
5087:"1906 Preliminary Meeting Report, pp 46–48"
4590:
4557:
4534:
4501:
4363:
4275:
4242:
4109:
4028:"David Thomson 17 Nov 1817 – 31st Jan 1880"
3502:Lord Kelvin Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
2866:President, 1873–1878, 1886–1890, 1895–1907.
2166:. Despite his belief in the superiority of
2089:had been among the first to suggest that a
168:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
113:1 December 1890 – 30 November 1895
8527:
8513:
7924:
7910:
7475:
7461:
7314:William Thomson: king of Victorian physics
7206:
7113:
7073:
7055:McCartney, M.; Whitaker, A., eds. (2002).
6798:British Journal for the History of Science
6303:"Current Banknotes : Clydesdale Bank"
6295:
6031:
6029:
5943:. Vol. 2. MacMillan and Co., Limited.
5679:
5677:
5404:
5188:
5179:
3590:Ridpath, Ian, ed. (2018), "Kelvin, Lord",
2306:, as recorded in that institute's journal
2177:system which had been demonstrated at the
2123:Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger
1937:Thomson made significant contributions to
1932:
1211:Instruct the planets in what orbs to run,
806:and engineer. Born in Belfast, he was the
266: 1874–1907)
77:
7102:
6737:Biography, history of ideas and criticism
5611:Address to the Christian Evidence Society
5582:
5294:
4874:
4747:
4729:
4217:
4184:
3972:. Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Archived from
3910:
3884:
3836:
3674:(8th ed.), Oxford University Press,
3669:
3644:(8th ed.), Oxford University Press,
3639:
3624:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
3619:
3594:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press,
3559:
3534:(5th ed.), Oxford University Press,
3504:(8th ed.), Oxford University Press,
3474:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press,
3351:
2993:Knight Grand Cross of the Victorian Order
2186:International Electrotechnical Commission
1119:Learn how and when to remove this message
9178:Chancellors of the University of Glasgow
8535:Scientists whose names are used as units
6845:
6701:. (2 vols), Cambridge University Press.
6452:Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Part II)
6348:
6249:
6214:
6194:
6174:
6058:
5936:
5683:
5660:
5380:. Macmillan Publishing Company. p.
5009:
4805:
4167:
3864:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 162.
3734:"Thermodynamics - Entropy, Heat, Energy"
3216:
2978:
2849:Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2838:
2546:
2431:and one of the first members of the new
2391:
2383:visiting at their house in February 1897
2370:
2347:
2203:
2141:), for the precise specification of the
2115:Memoirs of the Roman Academy of Sciences
2068:
2004:
1908:on a textbook that founded the study of
1874:
1804:
1683:
1668:
1213:Correct old Time, and regulate the sun;
1138:
1130:
954:
868:in his work. He also had a career as an
8894:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
7435:Chancellor of the University of Glasgow
7387:Professional and academic associations
7263:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
6651:
6603:
6498:
6440:Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Part I)
6394:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
6026:
5992:Davies, Paul and Brown, Julian. (1988)
5965:Letter from Lord Kelvin to Baden Powell
5927:, Series 6, volume 2, pages 1–40 (1901)
5867:
5749:Glasgow Evening Times, 23 December 1907
5674:
5373:
5334:
4935:
4467:
4408:
4396:
4344:
4149:
4062:"Note on a passage in Fourier's 'Heat'"
3970:"Biography of William Thomson's father"
3933:
3761:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3634:Lord Kelvin 1824–1907 British scientist
3622:Lord Kelvin Oxford Essential Quotations
3589:
3499:
3413:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3357:
3340:
3194:List of presidents of the Royal Society
2667:Pronouncements later proven to be false
2387:
2100:
1746:
1502:the Earth and other planets are losing
929:chancellor of the University of Glasgow
242: 1852; died 1870)
14:
9138:Academics of the University of Glasgow
9100:
7769:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
6948:King, A. G. (1925). "Kelvin the Man".
6696:
6156:. Institution of Engineers in Scotland
5554:
4471:Popular Lectures and Addresses, Vol. I
4082:
4059:
4040:
3469:
2720:List of things named after Lord Kelvin
2596:took notes and duplicated them with a
2537:Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow
2466:van. The train set off at 8:30 pm for
2425:coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra
2050:owing to the increased use of iron in
1886:
1821:. He was present at the laying of the
1588:
1380:and for their mechanical equivalence.
945:
8508:
7905:
7456:
5337:"On the Secular Cooling of the Earth"
4897:
4891:
4770:
4707:
4705:
4124:
3891:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
3825:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
2238:by the 1840s.) He contended that the
2028:new method of deep-sea depth sounding
7142:Smith, C. & Wise, M. N. (1989).
6715:
6502:Shakespeare and Bacon on Vivisection
5996:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
5994:Superstring: A theory of everything?
5191:Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth
4325:
3680:10.1093/acref/9780198841227.001.0001
3650:10.1093/acref/9780198821472.001.0001
3630:10.1093/acref/9780191866692.001.0001
3600:10.1093/acref/9780191851193.001.0001
3570:10.1093/acref/9780199651450.001.0001
3562:A Dictionary of Chemical Engineering
3540:10.1093/acref/9780199679591.001.0001
3510:10.1093/acref/9780199668700.001.0001
3480:10.1093/acref/9780199545155.001.0001
3410:Smith, Crosbie. "Thomson, William".
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
2551:Kelvin in 1906 by Russell & Sons
2230:in a broad sense, but he was not a '
2109:were in accordance with the laws of
1800:
1477:. In Carnot's theory, lost heat was
1254:While on holiday with his family in
1057:adding citations to reliable sources
1028:
989:Royal Belfast Academical Institution
334:Royal Belfast Academical Institution
9268:People of the Industrial Revolution
9148:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
9133:20th-century British mathematicians
9123:19th-century British mathematicians
7118:. Glasgow: Maclehose & Jackson.
7059:. Institute of Physics Publishing.
6510:——; Tait, P. G (1872).
6465:——; Tait, P. G (1872).
5829:"How dark matter became a particle"
5243:""Of Geological Dynamics" excerpts"
4185:McCartney, Mark (1 December 2002).
4129:. Peterhouse Boat Club. p. 5.
3119:The arms of Lord Kelvin consist of:
2973:, which runs by the grounds of the
2969:, 1892. The title derives from the
2647:papers, one of which explained the
2352:Kelvin on a pleasure cruise on the
1481:but Thomson contended that it was "
1449:In his publication, Thomson wrote:
370:Joule-Thomson ideal gas coefficient
24:
9273:Presidents of the Physical Society
9258:People associated with electricity
7357:The Molecular Tactics of a Crystal
7309:"Horses on Mars", from Lord Kelvin
7109:. London: Religious Tract Society.
7048:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1972.tb00164.x
6392:Lord Kelvin: The Dynamic Victorian
5868:Khramov, Yu A (31 December 1986).
5377:The Earth's Dynamic Systems 5th ed
5094:The minutes from our first meeting
5053:University of Strathclyde Archives
5017:. London: Macmillan. p. 723.
4718:History of Geo- and Space Sciences
4702:
3887:"Lord Kelvin and Liberal Unionism"
3758:"Thomson, William, Baron Kelvin".
3104:
3097:
2659:, and the last of which explained
2236:lost mainstream scientific support
1305:, is a test of original research.
1248:The Cambridge Mathematical Journal
25:
9339:
9293:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
9108:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
9035:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
7236:
6900:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
6417:Thomson, W.; Tait, P. G. (1867).
6409:
6259:. 2 September 1902. p. 5679.
6184:. 16 November 1866. p. 6062.
6125:"Place name detail: Mount Kelvin"
5670:. 2 September 1902. p. 5679.
4916:10.1034/j.1600-0498.2002.440102.x
4474:. London: MacMillan. p. 80.
3584:A Belfast-born Scottish scientist
3409:
3390:
3073:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame
3039:First international recipient of
2987:next to the University of Glasgow
2873:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2464:Glasgow and South Western Railway
2396:The grave of the Thomson family,
1797:for sending messages on a cable.
1560:and the experiments of Joule and
1343:
800:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
90:, by T. & R. Annan & Sons
9188:Elders of the Church of Scotland
7290:
7211:. Glasgow: John Smith & Son.
6537:Mathematical and Physical Papers
6423:2nd edition, 1883. (reissued by
6362:
6342:
6278:
6263:
6243:
6228:
6208:
6204:. 23 February 1892. p. 991.
6188:
6168:
6146:
6117:
6099:
6077:
6052:
6016:. Simon & Schuster. p. 575.
6006:
5986:
5740:Glasgow Herald, 24 December 1907
4593:Mathematical and Physical Papers
4560:Mathematical and Physical Papers
4537:Mathematical and Physical Papers
4504:Mathematical and Physical Papers
4447:Mathematical and Physical Papers
4366:Mathematical and Physical Papers
4353:. Vol. 5. pp. 388–393.
4279:Mathematical and Physical Papers
4245:Mathematical and Physical Papers
3500:Knowles, Elizabeth, ed. (2014),
3341:Ranford, Paul (September 2019).
3173:
3159:
3046:Order of the First Class of the
3011:One of the first members of the
2312:. Although his former assistant
1223:Théorie analytique de la chaleur
1033:
314:
32:William Thomson (disambiguation)
9283:Presidents of the Royal Society
9143:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
9128:19th-century British physicists
7129:. London: T. C. & E. C.Jack
6014:Einstein: His Life and Universe
5970:
5958:
5947:
5930:
5916:
5900:
5886:10.1070/PU1986v029n12ABEH003609
5861:
5843:
5821:
5797:
5752:
5743:
5734:
5721:
5697:
5693:. 12 August 1902. p. 5173.
5654:
5639:
5624:
5615:
5603:
5591:
5562:Journal of Geophysical Research
5548:
5515:
5466:
5417:
5398:
5367:
5328:
5311:Topics in Mathematical Modeling
5303:
5235:
5207:
5154:
5127:
5115:
5084:
5078:
5066:
5041:
5029:
5003:
4960:
4929:
4842:
4799:
4764:
4684:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4629:
4617:
4584:
4551:
4528:
4495:
4461:
4438:
4425:
4390:
4357:
4338:
4319:
4269:
4236:
4211:
4161:
4143:
4118:
4103:
4076:
4053:
4034:
4020:
3988:
3962:
3927:
3878:
3853:
3812:
3784:
3751:
3726:
3701:
3267:"William Thomson, Baron Kelvin"
3071:In 2011 he was inducted to the
2588:who subsequently performed the
2517:, was one of the pall-bearers.
2199:
2156:in his electrical experiments.
2121:, based on the electroscope of
2046:to correct errors arising from
1536:). Thomson also formulated the
1453:... The conversion of heat (or
1409:of temperature. He proposed an
1044:needs additional citations for
874:transatlantic telegraph project
808:professor of Natural Philosophy
461:Kelvin's minimum energy theorem
263:
239:
9288:Recipients of the Copley Medal
9183:Creators of temperature scales
8884:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
7403:President of the Royal Society
7148:. Cambridge University Press.
7126:Lord Kelvin: His Life and Work
6852:. London: J. M. Dent & Co.
6513:Elements of Natural Philosophy
6468:Elements of Natural Philosophy
6419:Treatise on Natural Philosophy
6154:"Honorary Members and Fellows"
5718:The Scotsman, 23 December 1907
5313:. Princeton University Press.
4793:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.053
4670:. W. W. Norton & Company.
4347:"On the Age of the Sun's Heat"
4334:. Vol. 1. pp. 60–67.
4127:Peterhouse Boat Club 1828–1978
4085:Cambridge Mathematical Journal
4066:Cambridge Mathematical Journal
4043:Cambridge Mathematical Journal
3912:10.1088/1742-6596/158/1/012004
3838:10.1088/1742-6596/158/1/011001
3620:Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2018).
3460:
3436:
3306:
3281:
3210:
2861:Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize
2827:Mount Kelvin in New Zealand's
2736:(also known as Thomson bridge)
1900:Treatise on Natural Philosophy
1893:Treatise on Natural Philosophy
1709:submarine communications cable
1584:, whatever the matter may be.
1364:of heat and the theory of the
1218:Thomson became intrigued with
994:William and his elder brother
629:Stationary phase approximation
101:President of the Royal Society
13:
1:
9228:Members of the Order of Merit
8944:William John Macquorn Rankine
8874:Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille
7274:Works by or about Lord Kelvin
6540:. Cambridge University Press.
6224:. 14 July 1896. p. 4026.
5831:. CERN Courier. 13 April 2017
5137:Ice ages: solving the mystery
4409:Thomson, W. (December 1852).
3897:(1). IOP Publishing: 012004.
3444:"You are being redirected..."
3204:
2940:Knight of the Prussian Order
2574:electromagnetic wave equation
2501:, and close to the graves of
2173:, he endorsed Westinghouse's
1615:transatlantic telegraph cable
1227:The Analytical Theory of Heat
961:James Thomson (mathematician)
861:is also named in his honour.
534:Kelvin probe force microscope
84:
9193:Fellows of the Royal Society
9168:Burials at Westminster Abbey
7192:. Peter Peregrinus: London.
6534:—— (1882–1911).
6389:
6368:
6133:New Zealand Geographic Board
5599:Institute of Physics website
5374:Hamblin, W. Kenneth (1989).
5121:
5072:
5035:
4855:Geophysical Research Letters
4635:
4623:
4601:10.1017/cbo9780511996016.020
4568:10.1017/cbo9780511996016.012
4545:10.1017/cbo9780511996016.011
4512:10.1017/cbo9780511996016.009
4455:10.1017/cbo9780511996009.050
4405:(part II): 261–268, 289–298.
4374:10.1017/cbo9780511996009.049
4313:
4288:10.1017/cbo9780511996009.042
4253:10.1017/cbo9780511996009.040
4151:"Thomson, William (THN841W)"
4097:10.1017/CBO9780511996009.004
3778:UK public library membership
3430:UK public library membership
3189:People on Scottish banknotes
3091:Coat of arms of Lord Kelvin
2801:Kelvin's circulation theorem
2745:Kelvin–Helmholtz instability
2526:St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow
1912:first on the mathematics of
1809:Lord Kelvin's sailing yacht
1707:involved in the laying of a
1475:second law of thermodynamics
1356:. At that meeting, he heard
1280:
899:, becoming Baron Kelvin, of
589:Second law of thermodynamics
491:Kelvin's circulation theorem
431:Kelvin–Helmholtz instability
411:Kelvin's mirror galvanometer
18:William Thomson, Lord Kelvin
7:
9208:John Fritz Medal recipients
8599:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
7289:(public domain audiobooks)
6859:American Journal of Physics
6697:Wilson, D. B., ed. (1990).
6349:Thompson, Silvanus (1910).
6087:. Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
5937:Thompson, Silvanus (1910).
5727:Hall, Alfred Rupert (1966)
5479:American Journal of Physics
5430:American Journal of Physics
5189:Burchfield, Joe D. (1990).
5011:Thompson, Silvanus Phillips
4222:. Oxford University Press.
4168:Thompson, Silvanus (1910).
4155:A Cambridge Alumni Database
3564:, Oxford University Press,
3265:Sharlin, Harold I. (2019).
3152:
2879:Fellow of the Royal Society
2796:Kelvin's heat death paradox
2750:Kelvin–Helmholtz luminosity
2590:Michelson–Morley experiment
2560:In 1884, Lord Kelvin led a
2556:Limits of classical physics
2493:. Kelvin's grave is in the
2171:electric power transmission
1520:Compensation would require
1463:very remarkable discoveries
1337:chair of natural philosophy
584:First law of thermodynamics
456:Kelvin–Helmholtz time scale
451:Kelvin's heat death paradox
441:Kelvin-Helmholtz luminosity
10:
9344:
7713:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
7689:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
6987:"Lord Kelvin's Early Home"
6896:Hearn, Chester G. (2004).
6638:Cambridge University Press
6520:Cambridge University Press
6516:. At the University press.
6475:Cambridge University Press
6471:. At the University press.
6425:Cambridge University Press
6059:Lightman, Alan P. (2005).
5631:"The Coronation Honours".
5405:Heuel-Fabianek, Burkhard.
4157:. University of Cambridge.
3030:Royal Frederick University
2949:Order of Leopold (Belgium)
2921:Commander of the Imperial
2834:
2755:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
2717:
2713:
2472:St Pancras railway station
2427:), Kelvin was appointed a
2414:Christian Evidence Society
1961:
1897:
1642:Atlantic Telegraph Company
1597:
1470:Royal Society of Edinburgh
907:. The title refers to the
834:in 1883 and served as its
599:Heat death of the universe
436:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
29:
9158:British fluid dynamicists
9078:
8957:
8924:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
8907:
8752:
8571:
8540:
8451:
8337:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
8321:Charles Scott Sherrington
8272:
8133:
8042:
7943:
7491:
7441:
7432:
7424:
7419:
7409:
7399:
7391:
7386:
7088:10.1017/S037346330003318X
6839:10.1080/00033797600200561
6810:10.1017/S0007087400017726
6789:10.1080/00033799600200361
6042:. Broadway Books. p. 19.
5954:The Royal Society, London
5555:Stacey, Frank D. (2000).
5475:"The life of Lord Kelvin"
5426:"The life of Lord Kelvin"
5353:10.1017/s0080456800018512
5335:Thomson, William (1862).
4954:10.1017/S0370164600045430
4345:Thomson, William (1862).
4110:Niven, W.D., ed. (1965).
3948:10.1007/s00016-007-0344-4
3672:A Dictionary of Chemistry
3592:A Dictionary of Astronomy
3376:10.1017/s0080456800022481
3358:Thomson, William (1849).
3269:. Encyclopædia Britannica
2568:. Kelvin referred to the
2542:
2522:Scottish Episcopal Church
2253:After the publication of
2000:
1964:Vortex theory of the atom
1958:Vortex theory of the atom
1640:, the electrician of the
1594:Calculations on data rate
1530:thermodynamic equilibrium
1427:, whatever be the number
959:The Thomson family tree:
950:
793:
788:
784:
780:
759:
749:
739:
732:
678:
644:Vortex theory of the atom
604:Magnetic vector potential
352:
326:
322:
310:
299:
282:
274:
217:
201:
193:
173:
150:
145:
141:
129:
117:
106:
99:
95:
76:
41:
8377:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
7268:University of St Andrews
7170:Thompson, S. P. (1910).
6505:. Sands & McDougall.
6012:Isaacson, Walter (2007)
5703:"Death of Lord Kelvin".
3885:Hutchison, Iain (2009).
3242:10.33232/BIMS.0048.65.68
3048:Sacred Treasure of Japan
2643:published the so-called
2566:Johns Hopkins University
2260:On the Origin of Species
2073:Kelvin Mariner's Compass
1703:the whole theory of the
1297:. He also won the first
1135:William Thomson, aged 22
1024:
965:James Thomson (engineer)
401:Kelvin cat's eye pattern
9308:Scientists from Belfast
8934:Johann Heinrich Lambert
8834:Johann Heinrich Lambert
8699:Rolf Maximilian Sievert
8198:Benjamin Collins Brodie
8174:Marquess of Northampton
7657:Julius Robert von Mayer
7299:Heroes of the Telegraph
7106:Heroes of the Telegraph
6604:—— (1904).
6390:Sharlin, H. I. (1979).
4773:Atmospheric Environment
4218:Chang, H. (2004). "4".
3738:Encyclopedia Britannica
3642:A Dictionary of Physics
3217:Grabiner, Judy (2002).
3085:
3079:World Refrigeration Day
2483:University of Cambridge
2421:1902 Coronation Honours
2145:, the standard unit of
2026:. Thomson introduced a
2011:tide-predicting machine
1948:Eskdalemuir Observatory
1939:atmospheric electricity
1933:Atmospheric electricity
1562:Julius Robert von Mayer
1489:beliefs led Thomson to
1019:James Thomson Bottomley
639:Tide-predicting machine
446:Kelvin-Planck statement
9323:Theistic evolutionists
9065:Evangelista Torricelli
8142:William Hyde Wollaston
7729:James Joseph Sylvester
7545:Michel Eugène Chevreul
7505:Alexander von Humboldt
7216:Wilson, D. B. (1987).
7188:Tunbridge, P. (1992).
6375:. Joseph Henry Press.
5874:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
4749:10.5194/hgss-4-83-2013
4125:Mayer, Roland (1978).
4030:. Aberdeen University.
3936:Physics in Perspective
3860:Randall, Lisa (2005).
3770:10.1093/ref:odnb/36507
3422:10.1093/ref:odnb/36507
3109:
3102:
2988:
2871:Foreign member of the
2844:
2570:acoustic wave equation
2552:
2400:
2384:
2368:
2363:for his 17 June 1896 "
2338:gravitational collapse
2240:laws of thermodynamics
2219:
2208:Kelvin caricatured by
2084:
2074:
2013:
1883:
1813:
1689:
1675:Charles Tilston Bright
1586:
1554:
1518:
1459:
1407:operational definition
1388:of ice must fall with
1216:
1160:
1136:
980:
820:laws of thermodynamics
804:mathematical physicist
554:Dark night sky paradox
8965:Alexander Graham Bell
8864:Hans Christian Ørsted
8764:Anders Jonas Ångström
8246:George Gabriel Stokes
7833:George Gabriel Stokes
7737:Charles Adolphe Wurtz
7673:Hermann von Helmholtz
7641:Henri Victor Regnault
7521:Johannes Peter Müller
7513:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
7304:The Online Books Page
7076:Journal of Navigation
6720:. Basilisken-Presse.
6129:New Zealand Gazetteer
5533:, 341–342, 582–585. (
4936:Thomson, Wm. (1867).
4898:Kragh, Helge (2002).
3230:Irish Math. Soc. Bull
3167:United Kingdom portal
3144:Honesty without fear.
3108:
3101:
2982:
2975:University of Glasgow
2896:President, 1890–1895.
2842:
2819:unit of temperature,
2811:Kelvin–Varley divider
2806:Kelvin–Stokes theorem
2718:Further information:
2629:statistical mechanics
2625:equipartition theorem
2550:
2479:University of Glasgow
2456:Largs railway station
2395:
2374:
2351:
2207:
2076:
2072:
2008:
1920:. The text developed
1878:
1808:
1791:automatic curb sender
1687:
1669:Scientist to engineer
1611:George Gabriel Stokes
1577:
1550:
1526:rejuvenating universe
1499:
1451:
1333:Henri Victor Regnault
1287:Peterhouse, Cambridge
1204:
1173:Dialogues of the Gods
1165:University of Glasgow
1142:
1134:
969:University of Glasgow
958:
816:mathematical analysis
812:University of Glasgow
772:William Edward Ayrton
744:University of Glasgow
619:Piezoresistive effect
544:Automatic curb sender
539:Kelvin scanning probe
516:Kelvin-Varley divider
496:Kelvin–Stokes theorem
344:Peterhouse, Cambridge
8958:Non-systematic units
8804:Carl Friedrich Gauss
8739:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
8649:James Prescott Joule
8230:William Spottiswoode
8222:Joseph Dalton Hooker
8075:Earl of Macclesfield
7817:Stanislao Cannizzaro
7785:Joseph Dalton Hooker
7649:James Prescott Joule
7561:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
7445:The Earl of Rosebery
7318:Institute of Physics
7283:Works by Lord Kelvin
7254:Robertson, Edmund F.
7243:Works by Lord Kelvin
7176:. London: Macmillan.
7123:Russell, A. (1912).
6985:King, E. T. (1909).
6556:Volume II. 1853–1856
6530:) 2nd edition, 1879.
6499:Thomson, W. (1881).
6485:) 2nd edition, 1879.
6369:Lindley, D. (2004).
5855:ned.ipac.caltech.edu
5729:The Abbey Scientists
5584:10.1029/2000JB900028
5545:at Internet Archive)
5411:StrahlenschutzPraxis
5296:10.1130/GSAT01701A.1
4876:10.1029/2011GL048511
4468:Thomson, W. (1891).
4351:Macmillan's Magazine
4326:Otis, Laura (2002).
4008:on 19 September 2015
3821:"Kelvin and Ireland"
2786:Kelvin water dropper
2649:photoelectric effect
2633:theory of relativity
2513:. Darwin's son, Sir
2388:Later life and death
2342:thermonuclear fusion
2318:thermal conductivity
2269:biological diversity
2179:Chicago World's Fair
2129:, also known as the
2101:Electrical standards
1927:mathematical physics
1846:into the sinking of
1747:Disaster and triumph
1566:Joule–Thomson effect
1495:universal heat death
1412:absolute temperature
1358:James Prescott Joule
1301:, which, unlike the
1241:under the pseudonym
1157:George Gilbert Scott
1053:improve this article
927:. In 1904 he became
870:electrical telegraph
859:Joule–Thomson effect
421:Kelvin water dropper
365:Joule–Thomson effect
44:The Right Honourable
9328:Ulster Scots people
9303:Royal Medal winners
8854:James Clerk Maxwell
8345:William Henry Bragg
8238:Thomas Henry Huxley
8214:George Biddell Airy
7889:Marcellin Berthelot
7881:John William Strutt
7865:Albert von Kölliker
7793:Thomas Henry Huxley
7777:Franz Ernst Neumann
7625:Karl Ernst von Baer
7537:Henri Milne-Edwards
7252:O'Connor, John J.;
7220:. Bristol: Hilger.
7207:Wilson, D. (1910).
7114:Murray, D. (1924).
7040:1972Cent...16...41K
7003:1910Natur..82..331J
6962:1926Natur.117R..79.
6923:1989PhT....42a..82K
6871:1972AmJPh..40..496G
6674:1913Natur..90..563P
6616:2010blmd.book.....T
6546:Volume I. 1841–1853
6491:Elasticity and heat
5785:on 24 November 2020
5609:Thomson, W. (1889)
5575:2000JGR...10513155S
5569:(B6): 13155–13158.
5491:1977AmJPh..45.1010T
5442:1977AmJPh..45.1010T
5309:Tung, K. K. (2007)
5287:2007GSAT...17R...4E
4867:2011GeoRL..3815811T
4820:2003Wthr...58...11H
4785:2012AtmEn..50..373A
4740:2013HGSS....4...83A
4431:Thomson, W. (1851)
3903:2009JPhCS.158a2004H
3092:
3026:Doctor mathematicae
2908:Hon. Member of the
2903:College of Teachers
2781:Kelvin wake pattern
2777:in potential theory
2765:Joule–Kelvin effect
2582:Albert A. Michelson
2578:luminiferous aether
2340:. It was only when
2234:' (a view that had
2175:alternating current
2107:William Snow Harris
2060:George Biddell Airy
2030:, in which a steel
1887:Other contributions
1881:Hubert von Herkomer
1720:mirror galvanometer
1589:Transatlantic cable
1307:Robert Leslie Ellis
1272:James Clerk Maxwell
946:Early life and work
559:Earth's age paradox
521:Kelvin wake pattern
9163:British physicists
8689:Werner von Siemens
8548:André-Marie Ampère
8484:Venki Ramakrishnan
8433:Sir Michael Atiyah
8401:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
8353:Henry Hallett Dale
7952:Viscount Brouncker
7633:Charles Wheatstone
7379:The Kelvin Library
7340:and Sang Wook Yi (
7332:2 May 2019 at the
7103:Munro, J. (1891).
6256:The London Gazette
6235:"Court Circular".
6221:The London Gazette
6201:The London Gazette
6181:The London Gazette
6040:The End of Science
5690:The London Gazette
5667:The London Gazette
5646:"Court Circular".
4828:10.1256/wea.239.01
4407:Also published in
3466:Multiple sources:
3110:
3103:
3090:
2989:
2845:
2657:special relativity
2635:; for the second,
2613:radiation pressure
2553:
2533:Glasgow Necropolis
2401:
2398:Glasgow Necropolis
2385:
2369:
2330:radiometric dating
2300:Victoria Institute
2273:theistic evolution
2220:
2075:
2052:naval architecture
2048:magnetic deviation
2014:
1995:history of science
1906:Peter Guthrie Tait
1884:
1819:James Alfred Ewing
1814:
1690:
1679:Samuel F. B. Morse
1638:Wildman Whitehouse
1538:heat death paradox
1439:Guillaume Amontons
1352:annual meeting in
1270:, an analogy that
1264:thermal conduction
1161:
1137:
983:Thomson's father,
981:
339:Glasgow University
9095:
9094:
8619:Louis Harold Gray
8502:
8501:
8329:Ernest Rutherford
7960:Joseph Williamson
7899:
7898:
7705:James Dwight Dana
7484:Copley Medallists
7451:
7450:
7442:Succeeded by
7428:The Earl of Stair
7420:Academic offices
7410:Succeeded by
7247:Project Gutenberg
7227:978-0-85274-526-7
7199:978-0-86341-237-0
7155:978-0-521-26173-9
7066:978-0-7503-0866-3
6997:(2099): 331–333.
6940:978-0-262-11117-1
6931:10.1063/1.2810888
6888:978-0-85261-016-9
6879:10.1119/1.1986598
6846:Gray, A. (1908).
6827:Annals of Science
6776:Annals of Science
6727:978-3-925347-56-6
6716:Hörz, H. (2000).
6708:978-0-521-32831-9
6660:(2256): 563–565.
6646:978-1-108-00767-2
6528:978-1-108-01448-9
6483:978-1-108-01448-9
6433:978-1-108-00537-1
6401:978-0-271-00203-3
6382:978-0-309-09073-5
6070:978-0-676-97789-9
5880:(12): 1127–1134.
5775:978-0-9544965-0-0
5508:978-0-8284-0292-7
5459:978-0-8284-0292-7
5391:978-0-02-349381-2
5228:978-0-8018-4391-4
5200:978-0-226-08043-7
5172:978-0-8308-2876-0
5147:978-0-674-44075-3
4938:"On Vortex Atoms"
4677:978-0-393-60883-0
4610:978-1-108-02899-8
4577:978-1-108-02899-8
4521:978-1-108-02899-8
4481:978-0-598-77599-3
4383:978-1-108-02898-1
4297:978-1-108-02898-1
4262:978-1-108-02898-1
4229:978-0-19-517127-3
3792:"Kelvin: History"
3776:(Subscription or
3689:978-0-19-884122-7
3659:978-0-19-882147-2
3609:978-0-19-185119-3
3579:978-0-19-965145-0
3549:978-0-19-967959-1
3519:978-0-19-966870-0
3489:978-0-19-954515-5
3428:(Subscription or
3318:Westminster Abbey
3293:Electric Scotland
3150:
3149:
3057:, London next to
3055:Westminster Abbey
3034:Niels Henrik Abel
3021:, 11 August 1902.
2947:Commander of the
2928:Commander of the
2923:Order of the Rose
2688:Philipp von Jolly
2637:quantum mechanics
2452:Westminster Abbey
2437:Buckingham Palace
2326:Ernest Rutherford
2322:radioactive decay
2265:natural selection
2248:uniformitarianism
1801:Later expeditions
1740:Curtis M. Lampson
1524:, resulting in a
1405:provided only an
1368:built upon it by
1129:
1128:
1121:
1103:
797:
796:
750:Academic advisors
734:Scientific career
665:Coining the term
657:Coining the term
649:Coining the term
609:Magnetoresistance
466:Kelvin conjecture
386:Thomson relations
375:Voigt–Thomson law
124:Sir George Stokes
16:(Redirected from
9335:
9318:Second Wranglers
9213:Knights Bachelor
9203:Irish physicists
8719:Alessandro Volta
8572:SI derived units
8529:
8522:
8515:
8506:
8505:
8495:
8487:
8479:
8471:
8463:
8444:
8436:
8428:
8420:
8412:
8404:
8396:
8393:Patrick Blackett
8388:
8380:
8372:
8364:
8356:
8348:
8340:
8332:
8324:
8316:
8308:
8300:
8297:Archibald Geikie
8292:
8284:
8265:
8257:
8249:
8241:
8233:
8225:
8217:
8209:
8201:
8193:
8185:
8177:
8169:
8161:
8153:
8145:
8126:
8118:
8110:
8102:
8094:
8086:
8078:
8070:
8062:
8054:
8035:
8027:
8019:
8016:Robert Southwell
8011:
8008:Earl of Pembroke
8003:
7995:
7987:
7979:
7971:
7968:Christopher Wren
7963:
7955:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7903:
7902:
7892:
7884:
7876:
7868:
7860:
7852:
7849:Karl Weierstrass
7844:
7841:Edward Frankland
7836:
7828:
7820:
7812:
7804:
7796:
7788:
7780:
7772:
7764:
7756:
7748:
7740:
7732:
7724:
7716:
7708:
7700:
7692:
7684:
7676:
7668:
7665:Friedrich Wöhler
7660:
7652:
7644:
7636:
7628:
7620:
7612:
7604:
7596:
7588:
7580:
7572:
7564:
7556:
7548:
7540:
7532:
7524:
7516:
7508:
7500:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7454:
7453:
7425:Preceded by
7392:Preceded by
7384:
7383:
7362:Internet Archive
7294:
7293:
7278:Internet Archive
7270:
7231:
7212:
7203:
7177:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7119:
7110:
7099:
7070:
7051:
7022:
7011:10.1038/082331a0
6981:
6970:10.1038/117079b0
6944:
6901:
6892:
6853:
6842:
6821:
6792:
6769:
6758:10.2307/27757369
6731:
6712:
6693:
6682:10.1038/090563a0
6635:
6596:Internet Archive
6586:Internet Archive
6570:Internet Archive
6560:Internet Archive
6550:Internet Archive
6541:
6517:
6506:
6495:
6472:
6457:Internet Archive
6445:Internet Archive
6422:
6405:
6386:
6357:
6356:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6299:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6113:on 12 July 2012.
6109:. Archived from
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6056:
6050:
6033:
6024:
6010:
6004:
5990:
5984:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5934:
5928:
5920:
5914:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5825:
5819:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5784:
5778:. Archived from
5767:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5732:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5552:
5546:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5413:. 1/2017: 31–42.
5402:
5396:
5395:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5332:
5326:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5264:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5215:Bowler, Peter J.
5211:
5205:
5204:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5102:
5096:. Archived from
5091:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4733:
4709:
4700:
4699:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4442:
4436:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4406:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4195:. Archived from
4182:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4007:
4001:. Archived from
4000:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3666:
3636:
3616:
3586:
3556:
3526:
3496:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3407:
3388:
3387:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3227:
3214:
3183:
3181:Biography portal
3178:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3093:
3089:
3053:He is buried in
3041:John Fritz Medal
3024:Honorary degree
3019:Privy Counsellor
2998:Honorary degree
2985:Kelvingrove Park
2932:(France), 1881.
2930:Legion of Honour
2775:Kelvin transform
2740:Kelvin functions
2586:Edward W. Morley
2429:Privy Councillor
2416:on 23 May 1889.
2147:electric current
1952:Carrington event
1844:Board of Enquiry
1736:Cyrus West Field
1479:absolutely lost,
1395:perpetuum mobile
1239:scientific paper
1220:Joseph Fourier's
1124:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1061:
1037:
1029:
940:Hunterian Museum
760:Notable students
723:John Fritz Medal
486:Kelvin transform
481:Kelvin functions
471:Kelvin structure
382:(thermoelectric)
318:
267:
265:
243:
241:
211:Liberal Unionist
180:
177:17 December 1907
160:
158:
146:Personal details
132:
120:
111:
89:
86:
81:
71:
39:
38:
21:
9343:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9098:
9097:
9096:
9091:
9074:
9045:Wilhelm Röntgen
9005:Michael Faraday
8953:
8914:
8903:
8824:Heinrich Kayser
8814:William Gilbert
8794:Galileo Galilei
8753:Non-SI metric (
8748:
8609:Michael Faraday
8579:Henri Becquerel
8567:
8536:
8533:
8503:
8498:
8490:
8482:
8474:
8466:
8458:
8447:
8439:
8431:
8423:
8415:
8407:
8399:
8391:
8383:
8375:
8367:
8361:Robert Robinson
8359:
8351:
8343:
8335:
8327:
8319:
8311:
8305:William Crookes
8303:
8295:
8287:
8281:William Huggins
8279:
8268:
8260:
8252:
8244:
8236:
8228:
8220:
8212:
8204:
8196:
8190:Lord Wrottesley
8188:
8180:
8172:
8164:
8156:
8148:
8140:
8129:
8121:
8113:
8105:
8097:
8089:
8081:
8073:
8065:
8057:
8049:
8038:
8030:
8024:Charles Montagu
8022:
8014:
8006:
8000:Earl of Carbery
7998:
7990:
7982:
7974:
7966:
7958:
7950:
7939:
7930:
7900:
7895:
7887:
7879:
7873:William Huggins
7871:
7863:
7855:
7847:
7839:
7831:
7823:
7815:
7807:
7799:
7791:
7783:
7775:
7767:
7759:
7753:William Thomson
7751:
7743:
7735:
7727:
7721:Rudolf Clausius
7719:
7711:
7703:
7695:
7687:
7679:
7671:
7663:
7655:
7647:
7639:
7631:
7623:
7615:
7607:
7599:
7591:
7583:
7575:
7567:
7559:
7551:
7543:
7535:
7527:
7519:
7511:
7503:
7495:
7487:
7481:
7447:
7438:
7430:
7415:
7406:
7397:
7334:Wayback Machine
7291:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7200:
7178:In two volumes
7160:
7158:
7156:
7132:
7130:
7067:
6941:
6889:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6709:
6488:
6412:
6402:
6383:
6365:
6360:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6308:
6306:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6248:
6244:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6213:
6209:
6193:
6189:
6173:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6137:
6135:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6057:
6053:
6034:
6027:
6011:
6007:
5991:
5987:
5981:Newark Advocate
5975:
5971:
5967:8 December 1896
5963:
5959:
5952:
5948:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5917:
5905:
5901:
5866:
5862:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5834:
5832:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5765:
5757:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5682:
5675:
5659:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5608:
5604:
5596:
5592:
5553:
5549:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5499:10.1119/1.10735
5471:
5467:
5460:
5450:10.1119/1.10735
5422:
5418:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5372:
5368:
5333:
5329:
5308:
5304:
5265:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5008:
5004:
4965:
4961:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4910:(1–2): 32–114.
4896:
4892:
4847:
4843:
4804:
4800:
4769:
4765:
4710:
4703:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4556:
4552:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4466:
4462:
4443:
4439:
4430:
4426:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4362:
4358:
4343:
4339:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4199:on 15 July 2008
4183:
4179:
4166:
4162:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4123:
4119:
4108:
4104:
4081:
4077:
4060:P.Q.R. (1841).
4058:
4054:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3932:
3928:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3862:Warped Passages
3858:
3854:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3690:
3660:
3610:
3580:
3550:
3520:
3490:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3408:
3391:
3356:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3225:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3111:
3088:
3066:Clydesdale Bank
3006:Yale University
2925:(Brazil), 1873.
2837:
2825:
2760:Kelvin material
2722:
2716:
2707:Prochlorococcus
2669:
2661:Brownian motion
2645:annus mirabilis
2641:Albert Einstein
2558:
2545:
2487:Austria-Hungary
2390:
2377:Fridtjof Nansen
2267:bringing about
2232:flood geologist
2202:
2127:current balance
2103:
2087:Charles Babbage
2003:
1966:
1960:
1944:Kew Observatory
1935:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1879:Lord Kelvin by
1803:
1787:Fleeming Jenkin
1749:
1724:siphon recorder
1671:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1542:William Rankine
1403:gas thermometer
1378:mechanical work
1374:Émile Clapeyron
1346:
1314:Michael Faraday
1295:second wrangler
1283:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1200:An Essay on Man
1151:containing the
1125:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1038:
1027:
973:William Rankine
953:
948:
897:Irish Home Rule
776:
754:William Hopkins
728:
705:Matteucci Medal
674:
673:
672:
624:Siphon recorder
614:Maxwell's demon
511:Kelvin equation
416:Kelvin material
406:Kelvin coupling
359:
348:
327:Alma mater
295:
270:
269:
261:
257:
254:
253:
245:
237:
233:
230:
229:
209:
202:Political party
182:
178:
162:
156:
154:
136:The Lord Lister
130:
118:
112:
107:
91:
87:
72:
51:
49:
48:The Lord Kelvin
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9341:
9331:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9248:Ordained peers
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9093:
9092:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9062:
9052:
9042:
9039:degree Réaumur
9032:
9022:
9015:Heinrich Mache
9012:
9002:
8992:
8982:
8972:
8961:
8959:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8951:
8948:degree Rankine
8941:
8931:
8920:
8918:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8891:
8881:
8871:
8861:
8851:
8844:Samuel Langley
8841:
8831:
8821:
8811:
8801:
8791:
8781:
8771:
8760:
8758:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8736:
8726:
8716:
8706:
8696:
8686:
8676:
8666:
8656:
8646:
8639:Heinrich Hertz
8636:
8626:
8616:
8606:
8596:
8589:Anders Celsius
8586:
8575:
8573:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8565:
8555:
8544:
8542:
8538:
8537:
8532:
8531:
8524:
8517:
8509:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8496:
8488:
8480:
8476:Sir Paul Nurse
8472:
8464:
8455:
8453:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8441:Sir Aaron Klug
8437:
8429:
8421:
8413:
8405:
8397:
8389:
8381:
8373:
8365:
8357:
8349:
8341:
8333:
8325:
8317:
8309:
8301:
8293:
8285:
8276:
8274:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8258:
8250:
8242:
8234:
8226:
8218:
8210:
8202:
8194:
8186:
8178:
8170:
8166:Duke of Sussex
8162:
8158:Davies Gilbert
8154:
8146:
8137:
8135:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8119:
8111:
8103:
8095:
8087:
8083:Earl of Morton
8079:
8071:
8063:
8055:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8028:
8020:
8012:
8004:
7996:
7988:
7980:
7972:
7964:
7956:
7947:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7929:
7928:
7921:
7914:
7906:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7885:
7877:
7869:
7861:
7857:Carl Gegenbaur
7853:
7845:
7837:
7829:
7825:Rudolf Virchow
7821:
7813:
7805:
7797:
7789:
7781:
7773:
7765:
7757:
7749:
7741:
7733:
7725:
7717:
7709:
7701:
7697:Claude Bernard
7693:
7685:
7677:
7669:
7661:
7653:
7645:
7637:
7629:
7621:
7617:Julius Plücker
7613:
7609:Michel Chasles
7605:
7601:Charles Darwin
7597:
7589:
7581:
7573:
7565:
7557:
7549:
7541:
7533:
7525:
7517:
7509:
7501:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7480:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7440:
7431:
7426:
7422:
7421:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7408:
7398:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7365:
7353:
7345:
7321:
7311:
7306:
7295:
7280:
7271:
7249:
7238:
7237:External links
7235:
7233:
7232:
7226:
7213:
7204:
7198:
7185:
7167:
7154:
7139:
7120:
7111:
7100:
7071:
7065:
7052:
7023:
6982:
6945:
6939:
6902:
6893:
6887:
6854:
6843:
6833:(3): 275–287.
6822:
6793:
6783:(5): 511–520.
6770:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6726:
6713:
6707:
6694:
6649:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6589:
6579:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6531:
6507:
6496:
6486:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6448:
6413:
6411:
6410:Kelvin's works
6408:
6407:
6406:
6400:
6387:
6381:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6341:
6329:digital.nls.uk
6316:
6294:
6291:(in Norwegian)
6277:
6262:
6242:
6227:
6207:
6187:
6167:
6145:
6116:
6098:
6076:
6069:
6051:
6025:
6005:
5985:
5969:
5957:
5946:
5929:
5915:
5899:
5860:
5842:
5820:
5796:
5774:
5751:
5742:
5733:
5720:
5708:
5696:
5673:
5653:
5638:
5623:
5614:
5602:
5590:
5547:
5514:
5507:
5465:
5458:
5416:
5397:
5390:
5366:
5327:
5302:
5256:
5245:. Zapatopi.net
5234:
5227:
5206:
5199:
5178:
5171:
5153:
5146:
5126:
5114:
5077:
5065:
5040:
5028:
5002:
4981:10.1086/349764
4975:(4): 461–474.
4959:
4928:
4890:
4841:
4798:
4763:
4701:
4683:
4676:
4658:
4649:
4640:
4628:
4616:
4609:
4583:
4576:
4550:
4527:
4520:
4494:
4480:
4460:
4437:
4424:
4389:
4382:
4356:
4337:
4318:
4303:
4296:
4268:
4261:
4235:
4228:
4210:
4177:
4160:
4142:
4135:
4117:
4102:
4075:
4052:
4033:
4019:
3987:
3961:
3926:
3877:
3870:
3852:
3811:
3783:
3750:
3725:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3688:
3667:
3658:
3637:
3617:
3608:
3587:
3578:
3557:
3548:
3527:
3518:
3497:
3488:
3459:
3435:
3389:
3370:(5): 541–574.
3350:
3333:
3305:
3280:
3254:
3223:(book review)"
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3170:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3096:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3022:
3016:
3013:Order of Merit
3009:
2996:
2990:
2952:
2945:
2942:Pour le Mérite
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2836:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:Kelvin sensing
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2715:
2712:
2703:cyanobacterium
2695:photosynthesis
2668:
2665:
2594:A. S. Hathaway
2576:, presuming a
2557:
2554:
2544:
2541:
2511:Charles Darwin
2433:Order of Merit
2389:
2386:
2255:Charles Darwin
2201:
2198:
2168:direct current
2151:Magnus Maclean
2135:Ampere balance
2131:Kelvin balance
2102:
2099:
2002:
1999:
1982:René Descartes
1962:Main article:
1959:
1956:
1934:
1931:
1898:Main article:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1802:
1799:
1761:Board of Trade
1748:
1745:
1670:
1667:
1657:with a larger
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1570:kinetic theory
1362:caloric theory
1345:
1344:Thermodynamics
1342:
1326:Faraday effect
1322:electrostatics
1282:
1279:
1268:electrostatics
1235:Philip Kelland
1205:
1196:Alexander Pope
1171:of Samosata's
1127:
1126:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1023:
977:thermodynamics
952:
949:
947:
944:
921:George Eastman
882:Queen Victoria
866:Hugh Blackburn
840:House of Lords
795:
794:
791:
790:
786:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
775:
774:
769:
763:
761:
757:
756:
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
736:
730:
729:
727:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
682:
680:
676:
675:
671:
670:
667:kinetic energy
662:
659:thermodynamics
654:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
579:Law of squares
576:
571:
566:
564:Depth sounding
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
523:
518:
513:
508:
506:Kelvin sensing
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
396:Kelvin's balls
393:
391:Kelvin balance
388:
383:
380:Thomson effect
377:
372:
367:
361:
360:
357:
356:
354:
353:Known for
350:
349:
347:
346:
341:
336:
330:
328:
324:
323:
320:
319:
312:
308:
307:
301:
297:
296:
294:
293:
286:
284:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
259:
255:
252:Frances Blandy
251:
250:
249:
248:
235:
231:
227:
226:
225:
224:
221:
219:
215:
214:
203:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
181:(aged 83)
175:
171:
170:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
104:
103:
97:
96:
93:
92:
82:
74:
73:
50:
47:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9340:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9173:Catastrophism
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9077:
9070:
9066:
9063:
9060:
9056:
9055:J. J. Thomson
9053:
9050:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9030:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8966:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8956:
8949:
8945:
8942:
8939:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8910:
8906:
8899:
8895:
8892:
8889:
8885:
8882:
8879:
8875:
8872:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8859:
8855:
8852:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8825:
8822:
8819:
8815:
8812:
8809:
8805:
8802:
8799:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8784:Loránd Eötvös
8782:
8779:
8775:
8772:
8769:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8751:
8744:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8724:
8720:
8717:
8714:
8710:
8707:
8704:
8700:
8697:
8694:
8690:
8687:
8684:
8680:
8679:Blaise Pascal
8677:
8674:
8670:
8667:
8664:
8660:
8657:
8654:
8650:
8647:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8634:
8630:
8627:
8624:
8620:
8617:
8614:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8600:
8597:
8594:
8590:
8587:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8570:
8563:
8559:
8556:
8553:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8541:SI base units
8539:
8530:
8525:
8523:
8518:
8516:
8511:
8510:
8507:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8450:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8425:George Porter
8422:
8418:
8417:Andrew Huxley
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8385:Howard Florey
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8313:J. J. Thomson
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8289:Lord Rayleigh
8286:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8271:
8263:
8262:Joseph Lister
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8206:Edward Sabine
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8182:Earl of Rosse
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8132:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8067:Martin Folkes
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7937:Royal Society
7934:
7927:
7922:
7920:
7915:
7913:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7809:Simon Newcomb
7806:
7802:
7801:George Salmon
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7745:Arthur Cayley
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7681:Louis Pasteur
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7593:Adam Sedgwick
7590:
7586:
7585:Thomas Graham
7582:
7578:
7577:Louis Agassiz
7574:
7570:
7569:Robert Bunsen
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7553:Charles Lyell
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7529:Léon Foucault
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7485:
7478:
7473:
7471:
7466:
7464:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7446:
7437:
7436:
7429:
7423:
7418:
7414:
7413:Joseph Lister
7405:
7404:
7396:
7395:George Stokes
7390:
7385:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7258:"Lord Kelvin"
7255:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7229:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7168:
7157:
7151:
7147:
7146:
7140:
7128:
7127:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6911:Physics Today
6908:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6804:(2): 91–120.
6803:
6799:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6729:
6723:
6719:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6636:(reissued by
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6602:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6518:(reissued by
6515:
6514:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6497:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6473:(reissued by
6470:
6469:
6463:
6458:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6415:
6414:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6363:Cited sources
6354:
6353:
6345:
6330:
6326:
6320:
6304:
6298:
6292:
6287:
6281:
6273:
6266:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6238:
6231:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6211:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6155:
6149:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6120:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6086:
6080:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6049:
6048:9780553061741
6045:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6030:
6023:
6022:9781416586913
6019:
6015:
6009:
6003:
6002:9780521437752
5999:
5995:
5989:
5983:26 April 1902
5982:
5978:
5973:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5950:
5942:
5941:
5933:
5926:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5910:, Volume 16,
5909:
5903:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5817:0-262-11117-9
5814:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5764:
5763:
5755:
5746:
5737:
5730:
5724:
5715:
5713:
5706:
5700:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5657:
5649:
5642:
5634:
5627:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5510:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5320:
5319:9780691116426
5316:
5312:
5306:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5263:
5261:
5244:
5238:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5202:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5149:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5130:
5123:
5118:
5103:on 2 May 2019
5099:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4706:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4299:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4231:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4192:Physics World
4188:
4181:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4138:
4136:0-9506181-0-1
4132:
4128:
4121:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4023:
4004:
3997:
3991:
3976:on 2 May 2019
3975:
3971:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3871:0-06-053109-6
3867:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3800:. 14 May 2018
3799:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3448:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3347:. p. 25.
3346:
3345:
3337:
3330:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3199:Taylor column
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3171:
3168:
3157:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3008:, 5 May 1902.
3007:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2829:Paparoa Range
2822:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:Kelvin bridge
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:, including:
2727:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2617:Pyotr Lebedev
2614:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2515:George Darwin
2512:
2508:
2507:John Herschel
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2304:George Stokes
2301:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:Victorian era
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:power station
2162:
2161:Niagara Falls
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2064:The Admiralty
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2037:Sumner method
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2023:Great Eastern
2019:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1795:telegraph key
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1774:Great Eastern
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:cross section
1656:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:stop for ever
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1434:absolute zero
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1386:melting point
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Smith's Prize
1296:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1214:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:David Thomson
1185:
1180:
1179:to English.
1178:
1177:Ancient Greek
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1123:
1120:
1112:
1109:December 2017
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070: –
1069:
1068:"Lord Kelvin"
1065:
1064:Find sources:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1042:This section
1040:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
992:
990:
986:
985:James Thomson
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
943:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
925:Eastman Kodak
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:County of Ayr
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
851:absolute zero
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:Royal Society
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
792:
787:
783:
779:
773:
770:
768:
767:Lord Rayleigh
765:
764:
762:
758:
755:
752:
748:
745:
742:
738:
735:
731:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
687:Smith's Prize
684:
683:
681:
677:
669:
668:
663:
661:
660:
655:
653:
652:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:Kelvin bridge
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
355:
351:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:James Thomson
302:
298:
291:
290:James Thomson
288:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
247:
246:
228:Margaret Crum
223:
222:
220:
216:
212:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
176:
172:
169:
165:
153:
149:
144:
140:
137:
134:
128:
125:
122:
116:
110:
105:
102:
98:
94:
80:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8985:Pierre Curie
8938:foot-lambert
8709:Nikola Tesla
8659:Isaac Newton
8629:Joseph Henry
8557:
8492:Adrian Smith
8452:21st century
8273:20th century
8253:
8150:Humphry Davy
8134:19th century
8123:Joseph Banks
8115:John Pringle
8107:James Burrow
8091:James Burrow
8051:Isaac Newton
8043:18th century
7992:Samuel Pepys
7976:John Hoskyns
7944:17th century
7752:
7497:Richard Owen
7433:
7400:
7355:
7347:
7323:
7298:
7261:
7217:
7208:
7189:
7172:
7159:. Retrieved
7144:
7131:. Retrieved
7125:
7115:
7105:
7079:
7075:
7056:
7034:(1): 41–53.
7031:
7027:
6994:
6990:
6956:(2933): 79.
6953:
6949:
6917:(1): 82–84.
6914:
6910:
6897:
6862:
6858:
6848:
6830:
6826:
6801:
6797:
6780:
6774:
6749:
6745:
6717:
6698:
6657:
6653:
6606:
6578:(Hathitrust)
6542:(6 volumes)
6536:
6512:
6501:
6490:
6467:
6450:
6438:
6418:
6391:
6371:
6351:
6344:
6332:. Retrieved
6328:
6319:
6307:. Retrieved
6297:
6290:
6280:
6271:
6265:
6254:
6245:
6236:
6230:
6219:
6210:
6199:
6190:
6179:
6170:
6158:. Retrieved
6148:
6136:. Retrieved
6128:
6119:
6111:the original
6101:
6089:. Retrieved
6079:
6060:
6054:
6039:
6036:Horgan, John
6013:
6008:
5993:
5988:
5980:
5972:
5960:
5949:
5939:
5932:
5922:
5918:
5907:
5902:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5854:
5845:
5833:. Retrieved
5823:
5804:
5799:
5787:. Retrieved
5780:the original
5761:
5754:
5745:
5736:
5728:
5723:
5704:
5699:
5688:
5665:
5656:
5647:
5641:
5632:
5626:
5617:
5605:
5593:
5566:
5560:
5550:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5482:
5478:
5468:
5436:(10): 1095.
5433:
5429:
5419:
5410:
5400:
5376:
5369:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5322:
5310:
5305:
5278:
5274:
5247:. Retrieved
5237:
5218:
5209:
5190:
5162:
5156:
5136:
5129:
5117:
5105:. Retrieved
5098:the original
5093:
5080:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5052:
5043:
5031:
5014:
5005:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4945:
4941:
4931:
4919:. Retrieved
4907:
4903:
4893:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4814:(1): 11–19.
4811:
4807:
4801:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4724:(2): 83–95.
4721:
4717:
4696:stock images
4695:
4686:
4667:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4592:
4586:
4559:
4553:
4536:
4530:
4503:
4497:
4485:. Retrieved
4470:
4463:
4446:
4440:
4432:
4427:
4418:
4414:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4365:
4359:
4350:
4340:
4331:
4321:
4278:
4271:
4244:
4238:
4219:
4213:
4201:. Retrieved
4197:the original
4190:
4180:
4170:
4163:
4154:
4145:
4126:
4120:
4111:
4105:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4022:
4010:. Retrieved
4003:the original
3990:
3978:. Retrieved
3974:the original
3964:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3861:
3855:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3795:
3786:
3759:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3737:
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3712:
3703:
3693:
3671:
3663:
3641:
3633:
3621:
3613:
3591:
3583:
3561:
3553:
3531:
3523:
3501:
3493:
3471:
3462:
3452:16 September
3450:. Retrieved
3446:
3438:
3411:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3321:. Retrieved
3317:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3292:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3245:. Retrieved
3233:
3229:
3220:
3212:
3059:Isaac Newton
3025:
3001:Legum doctor
2999:
2971:River Kelvin
2955:Baron Kelvin
2954:
2891:Copley Medal
2826:
2725:
2723:
2705:
2699:oxygen cycle
2692:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2644:
2621:
2610:
2562:master class
2559:
2530:
2519:
2503:Isaac Newton
2499:choir screen
2476:
2449:
2443:in London's
2441:Eaton Square
2418:
2410:
2402:
2360:
2334:
2309:Transactions
2307:
2297:
2293:
2289:T. H. Huxley
2285:John Tyndall
2258:
2252:
2244:Solar System
2224:age of Earth
2221:
2213:
2200:Age of Earth
2183:
2158:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2119:electrometer
2114:
2104:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2041:
2021:
2017:
2015:
1967:
1936:
1903:
1892:
1869:
1860:, bound for
1857:
1855:
1849:
1837:
1831:
1815:
1810:
1793:, a kind of
1783:C. F. Varley
1773:
1769:
1758:
1750:
1731:
1728:
1713:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1672:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1619:
1604:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1558:Humphry Davy
1555:
1551:
1546:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1437:about which
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1400:
1393:
1382:
1347:
1330:
1311:
1284:
1275:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1231:Isaac Newton
1226:
1222:
1217:
1206:
1181:
1172:
1162:
1149:River Kelvin
1115:
1106:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1063:
1051:Please help
1046:verification
1043:
1016:
1001:
993:
982:
933:
909:River Kelvin
890:
863:
844:
832:Copley Medal
799:
798:
740:Institutions
733:
717:Copley Medal
711:Albert Medal
666:
658:
650:
549:Cable theory
525:Kelvin angle
179:(1907-12-17)
161:26 June 1824
131:Succeeded by
108:
36:
9118:1907 deaths
9113:1824 births
9025:John Napier
8995:John Dalton
8975:Marie Curie
8774:Peter Debye
8558:Lord Kelvin
8369:Lord Adrian
8254:Lord Kelvin
8059:Hans Sloane
8032:Lord Somers
7984:Cyril Wyche
7761:Carl Ludwig
7486:(1851–1900)
7338:Hasok Chang
7082:: 122–134.
6752:: 101–136.
6251:"No. 27470"
6216:"No. 26758"
6196:"No. 26260"
6176:"No. 23185"
6091:4 September
5685:"No. 27464"
5662:"No. 27470"
5485:(10): 998.
5347:: 160–161.
4779:: 373–376.
4421:(22): 8–21.
3942:: 212–223.
3138:all proper.
2885:Royal Medal
2855:Keith Medal
2791:Kelvin wave
2602:dark matter
2598:papyrograph
2497:, near the
2474:in London.
2361:Glen Sannox
2356:aboard the
2354:River Clyde
2228:creationist
2215:Vanity Fair
1991:knot theory
1870:Lalla Rookh
1839:Lalla Rookh
1811:Lalla Rookh
1765:reliability
1607:Walter Crum
1491:extrapolate
1487:theological
1483:lost to man
1370:Sadi Carnot
1366:heat engine
1012:Netherlands
913:Gilmorehill
891:Kelvin was
880:in 1866 by
699:Keith Medal
693:Royal Medal
634:Dark matter
569:Dissipation
529:Zero Kelvin
476:Kelvin foam
426:Kelvin wave
213:(from 1886)
208:(1865–1886)
194:Nationality
119:Preceded by
88: 1900
9102:Categories
8928:Fahrenheit
8729:James Watt
8099:James West
7933:Presidents
7439:1904–1907
7407:1890–1895
7368:Quotations
6865:(3): 496.
6666:B0000EFOL8
6632:1041059646
6309:15 October
5912:p. 363–397
5281:(1): 4–9.
5249:29 October
5107:21 October
5058:19 January
5023:5894345318
4948:: 94–105.
4332:OUP Oxford
4049:: 258–262.
3980:29 October
3831:: 011001.
3780:required.)
3447:www.dib.ie
3432:required.)
3273:24 January
3205:References
3134:Supporters
3128:Escutcheon
2653:Max Planck
2639:. In 1905
2468:Kilmarnock
2381:Eva Nansen
2332:of rocks.
2314:John Perry
2095:Morse code
2091:lighthouse
2032:piano wire
2009:Thomson's
1914:kinematics
1827:Pernambuco
1663:insulation
1318:dielectric
1153:Neo-Gothic
1079:newspapers
855:Fahrenheit
157:1824-06-26
8915:customary
8669:Georg Ohm
8583:becquerel
8468:Lord Rees
8409:Lord Todd
7352:(gallica)
7096:122538244
7028:Centaurus
6818:145573114
6421:. Oxford.
6272:The Times
6237:The Times
6160:6 October
6138:21 August
5977:Interview
5894:0038-5670
5809:MIT Press
5648:The Times
5633:The Times
5361:126038615
5275:GSA Today
5124:, p. 169.
4997:144988108
4904:Centaurus
4836:122673748
4731:1305.5347
4638:, p. 144.
4626:, p. 141.
4415:Phil. Mag
4316:, p. 112.
4091:: 71–84.
3956:124435108
3921:250693895
3847:250690809
3384:120335729
3028:from the
3004:(LL.D.),
2651:based on
2606:Milky Way
2445:Belgravia
2277:evolution
2113:. In the
2018:Agamemnon
1910:mechanics
1848:HMS
1732:Agamemnon
1716:character
1696:Agamemnon
1694:HMS
1655:conductor
1650:Athenaeum
1626:data rate
1622:bandwidth
1514:precisely
1444:calibrate
1281:Cambridge
1184:astronomy
876:, he was
836:president
651:chirality
311:Signature
306:(brother)
300:Relatives
109:In office
9049:roentgen
8926:(degree
8909:Imperial
8768:angstrom
8591:(degree
8460:Lord May
7330:Archived
7287:LibriVox
7183:Volume 2
7180:Volume 1
7161:25 March
7133:25 March
6766:27757369
6640:, 2010.
6624:04015391
6522:, 2010.
6477:, 2010.
6427:, 2009.
6334:16 April
5835:16 March
5529: :
5217:(1983).
5075:, p. 293
5038:, p. 259
5013:(1910).
4885:73530372
4072:: 25–27.
4012:30 April
3153:See also
2916:Knighted
2905:), 1858.
2881:, 1851.
2851:, 1847.
2481:and the
2190:G.C.V.O.
2056:binnacle
2020:and the
1987:topology
1922:dynamics
1834:schooner
1779:knighted
1772:SS
1722:and the
1705:stresses
1701:Engineer
1510:vis viva
1505:vis viva
1390:pressure
1291:sculling
1010:and the
917:Hillhead
915:home at
893:ennobled
878:knighted
574:Gyrostat
292:(father)
275:Children
188:Scotland
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9059:thomson
9009:faraday
8868:oersted
8858:maxwell
8848:langley
8838:lambert
8818:gilbert
8757:) units
8703:sievert
8693:siemens
8603:coulomb
8593:Celsius
7935:of the
7320:website
7276:at the
7036:Bibcode
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6999:Bibcode
6978:4094894
6958:Bibcode
6919:Bibcode
6867:Bibcode
6690:3957852
6670:Bibcode
6612:Bibcode
6038:(1996)
5979:in the
5789:2 April
5571:Bibcode
5531:224–227
5487:Bibcode
5438:Bibcode
5283:Bibcode
5122:Sharlin
5073:Lindley
5036:Lindley
4921:9 March
4863:Bibcode
4816:Bibcode
4808:Weather
4781:Bibcode
4758:9783512
4736:Bibcode
4636:Sharlin
4624:Sharlin
4487:25 June
4314:Sharlin
4203:16 July
3899:Bibcode
3804:12 June
3743:12 June
3718:12 June
3323:23 July
3298:23 July
3247:27 June
3050:, 1901.
3043:, 1905.
3015:, 1902.
2995:, 1896.
2961:in the
2951:, 1890.
2944:, 1884.
2912:, 1859.
2893:, 1883.
2887:, 1856.
2875:, 1851.
2863:, 1887.
2857:, 1864.
2835:Honours
2714:Eponyms
2676:Röntgen
2460:Midland
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2358:steamer
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1989:called
1976:in the
1866:Madeira
1850:Captain
1582:science
1455:caloric
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1008:Germany
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810:at the
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197:British
164:Belfast
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8828:kayser
8788:eotvos
8683:pascal
8663:newton
8562:kelvin
8552:ampere
8494:(2020)
8486:(2015)
8478:(2010)
8470:(2005)
8462:(2000)
8443:(1995)
8435:(1990)
8427:(1985)
8419:(1980)
8411:(1975)
8403:(1970)
8395:(1965)
8387:(1960)
8379:(1955)
8371:(1950)
8363:(1945)
8355:(1940)
8347:(1935)
8339:(1930)
8331:(1925)
8323:(1920)
8315:(1915)
8307:(1913)
8299:(1908)
8291:(1905)
8283:(1900)
8264:(1895)
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8232:(1878)
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5060:2018
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