235:(usually a tube) in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at or near the end of the resonator. The pitch of the vibration is determined by the length of the tube and by manual modifications of the effective length of the vibrating column of air. In the case of some wind instruments, sound is produced by blowing through a reed; others require buzzing into a metal mouthpiece, while yet others require the player to blow into a hole at an edge, which splits the air column and creates the sound.
619:) that preferentially oscillates at a natural frequency determined by the length of the tube. The instability of the jet acts as an amplifier transferring energy from the steady jet flow at the flue exit to the oscillating flow around the labium. The pipe forms with the jet a feedback loop. These two elements are coupled at the flue exit and at the labium. At the flue exit the transversal acoustic flow of the pipe perturbs the jet. At the labium the jet oscillation results in a generation of acoustic waves, which maintain the pipe oscillation.
612:
induced by the jet flow on the sharp edge (labium). The sound production by the reaction of the wall to an unsteady force of the flow around an object is also producing the aeolian sound of a cylinder placed normal to an air-flow (singing wire phenomenon). In all these cases (flute, edgetone, aeolian tone...) the sound production does not involve a vibration of the wall. Hence the material in which the flute is made is not relevant for the principle of the sound production. There is no essential difference between a golden or a silver flute.
102:
213:
593:-flute) instruments, the thin grazing air sheet (planar jet) flowing across an opening (mouth) in the pipe interacts with a sharp edge (labium) to generate sound. The jet is generated by the player, when blowing through a thin slit (flue). For recorders and flue organ pipes this slit is manufactured by the instrument maker and has a fixed geometry. In a transverse flute or a pan flute the slit is formed by the musicians between their lips.
672:
43:
663:. A change in temperature, and only to a much smaller degree also a change in humidity, influences the air density and thus the speed of sound, and therefore affects the tuning of wind instruments. The effect of thermal expansion of a wind instrument, even of a brass instrument, is negligible compared to the thermal effect on the air.
562:) instruments, the players control the tension in their lips so that they vibrate under the influence of the air flowing through them. They adjust the vibration so that the lips are most closed, and the air flow is lowest, when a low-pressure pulse arrives at the mouthpiece, to reflect a low-pressure pulse back down the tube.
611:
A quantitative demonstration of the nature of this type of sound source has been provided by Alan Powell when studying a planar jet interacting with a sharp edge in the absence of pipe (so called edgetone). The sound radiated from the edgetone can be predicted from a measurement of the unsteady force
705:
as a potential health risk. One 2011 study focused on brass and woodwind instruments observed "temporary and sometimes dramatic elevations and fluctuations in IOP". Another study found that the magnitude of increase in intraocular pressure correlates with the intraoral resistance associated with the
600:
The amplification of perturbations of a jet by its intrinsic instability can be observed when looking at a plume of cigarette smoke. Any small amplitude motion of the hand holding the cigarette results into an oscillation of the plume increasing with distance upwards and eventually a chaotic motion
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Due to acoustic oscillation of the pipe the air in the pipe is alternatively compressed and expanded. This results in an alternating flow of air into and out of the pipe through the pipe mouth. The interaction of this transversal acoustic flow with the planar air jet induces at the flue exit (origin
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of a wind instrument is the round, flared opening opposite the mouthpiece. It is found on clarinets, saxophones, oboes, horns, trumpets and many other kinds of instruments. On brass instruments, the acoustical coupling from the bore to the outside air occurs at the bell for all notes, and the shape
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or reeds at the mouthpiece, forming a pressure-controlled valve. An increase in pressure inside the chamber will decrease the pressure differential across the reed; the reed will open more, increasing the flow of air. The increased flow of air will increase the internal pressure further, so a pulse
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of the instrument. On woodwinds, most notes vent at the uppermost open tone holes; only the lowest notes of each register vent fully or partly at the bell, and the bell's function in this case is to improve the consistency in tone between these notes and the others.
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of the jet) a localised perturbation of the velocity profile of the jet. This perturbation is strongly amplified by the intrinsic instability of the jet as the fluid travels towards the labium. This results into a global transversal motion of the jet at the labium.
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instrument and linked intermittent elevation of intraocular pressure from playing high-resistance wind instruments to incidence of visual field loss. The range of intraoral pressure involved in various classes of ethnic wind instruments, such as
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Woodwind instruments were originally made of wood, just as brass instruments were made of brass, but instruments are categorized based on how the sound is produced, not by the material used to construct them. For example,
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Gunnar
Schmidtmann; Susanne Jahnke; Egbert J. Seidel; Wolfgang Sickenberger; Hans-Jürgen Grein (2011). "Intraocular Pressure Fluctuations in Professional Brass and Woodwind Musicians During Common Playing Conditions".
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J. S. Schuman; E. C. Massicotte; S. Connolly; E. Hertzmark; B. Mukherji; M. Z. Kunen (January 2000). "Increased
Intraocular Pressure and Visual Field Defects in High Resistance Wind Instrument Players".
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of Newton the labium exerts an opposite reaction force on the flow. One can demonstrate that this reaction force is the source of sound that drives the acoustic oscillation of the pipe.
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In practice, however, obtaining a range of musically useful tones from a wind instrument depends to a great extent on careful instrument design and playing technique.
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A complete manual for the home construction of popular historical wind instruments — baroque flutes and clarinets, shawms, krumhorns, trumpets, racketts, and others.
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Changing the frequency of vibration through opening or closing holes in the side of the tube. This can be done by covering the holes with fingers or pressing a
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which route the air through additional tubing, thereby increasing overall tube length, lowering the fundamental pitch. This method is used on nearly all
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from the open end as a return pulse of low pressure. Under suitable conditions, the valve will reflect the pulse back, with increased energy, until a
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Wind
Instrument Summary CDs are: "Microsoft Musical Instruments" ( now out of production but sometimes available on Amazon ), and "Tuneful Tubes?" (
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is typically a long cylindrical or conical tube, open at the far end. A pulse of high pressure from the valve will travel down the tube at the
601:(turbulence). The same jet oscillation can be triggered by gentle air flow in the room, which can be verified by waving with the other hand.
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The sound production in a flute can be described by a lumped element model in which the pipe acts as an acoustic swing (mass-spring system,
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The oscillation of the jet around the labium results into a fluctuating force of the airflow on the labium. Following the
626:. These waves have a pressure node at the mouth opening and another pressure node at the opposite open pipe termination.
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308:
Almost all wind instruments use the last method, often in combination with one of the others, to extend their register.
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410:, but all of them belong to the family of brass instruments because the vibration is initiated by the player's lips.
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Playing some wind instruments, in particular those involving high breath pressure resistance, produce increases in
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Making the column of air vibrate at different harmonics without changing the length of the column of air (see
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In brass instruments, the player's lips themselves vibrate, causing the air within the instrument to vibrate.
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Changing the length of the vibrating air column by changing the length of the tube through engaging valves
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This article is about musical instruments. For the device used in measuring wind speed and direction, see
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To a rough approximation, a tube of about 40 cm. will exhibit resonances near the following points:
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of high pressure arriving at the mouthpiece will reflect as a higher-pressure pulse back down the tube.
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are typically made of brass, but are woodwind instruments because they produce sound with a vibrating
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Unclear writing, bad formatting, missing details such as physics formulas to calculate frequency, etc.
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Changing the length of the vibrating air column by lengthening and/or shortening the tube using a
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For a reed or lip-reed instrument: 220 Hz (A3), 660 Hz (E5), 1100 Hz (C#6).
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Sound production in all wind instruments depends on the entry of air into a flow-control
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of the bell optimizes this coupling. It also plays a major role in transforming the
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The acoustic flow in the pipe can for a steady oscillation be described in terms of
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For an air-reed instrument: 440 Hz (A4), 880 Hz (A5), 1320 Hz (E6).
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Clinton F. Goss (August 2013). "Intraoral
Pressure in Ethnic Wind Instruments".
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Fabre, Benoit; Gilbert, Joel; Hirschberg, Avraham; Pelorson, Xavier (2012).
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Coltman, John W. (1971). "Effect of material on flute tone quality".
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1197:(revised ed.). Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
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Using different air columns for different tones, such as in the
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at the open end. The reed vibrates at a rate determined by the
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which then closes the hole. This method is used in nearly all
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Graefe's
Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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inside such an open-open tube will be multiples of a half-
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Wind instruments are typically grouped into two families:
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854:"Brass Instrument (Lip Reed) Acoustics: an Introduction"
238:
1023:"Producing a harmonic sequence of notes with a trumpet"
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to vibrate, which agitates the column of air (as in a
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are all made of wood (or sometimes plastic), and the
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inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter-
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inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter-
248:. These instruments can play several notes at once.
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458:blows across the edge of an open hole (as in a
447:, across an open hole against an edge (as in a
27:Class of musical instruments with air resonator
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1233:
1133:Intraoral Pressure in Ethnic Wind Instruments
115:Petite Symphonie pour neuf instruments à vent
989:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
952:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
417:In woodwind instruments, the player either:
118:(Little Symphony for Nine Wind Instruments)
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1187:http://sites.google.com/site/tunefultubes
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86:Learn how and when to remove this message
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735:Shorthand for orchestra instrumentation
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876:"Aeroacoustics of Musical Instruments"
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274:mechanism. This method is used on the
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792:"Clarinet Acoustics: an Introduction"
239:Methods for obtaining different notes
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759:Musical Instruments Through the Ages
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903:10.1146/annurev-fluid-120710-101031
24:
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926:"Flute Acoustics: an Introduction"
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574:at the mouthpiece, and a pressure
543:at the mouthpiece, and a pressure
476:, wind instruments are classed as
203:Problems playing these files? See
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1195:The Amateur Wind Instrument Maker
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851:
839:Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics
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777:Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics
474:musical instrument classification
883:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
492:attached to a resonant chamber (
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928:. University of New South Wales
856:. University of New South Wales
819:. University of New South Wales
794:. University of New South Wales
779:. New York: Dover. p. 491.
159:III: Scherzo (Allegro moderato)
1741:part relation with additional
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219:, wind instrument of Argentina
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1625:Dynamic intonation adjustment
1109:10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00015-9
1027:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
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675:The bell of a B-flat clarinet
394:(not to be confused with the
1739:Physical just-intoned string
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701:, which has been linked to
484:Physics of sound production
231:that contains some type of
61:. The specific problem is:
10:
1803:
1651:Just intonation in one key
1591:Fretless string instrument
837:Benade, Arthur H. (1990).
659:in air, which varies with
193:Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet
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1193:Robinson, Trevor (1980).
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761:. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
386:. On the other hand, the
518:instruments such as the
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1687:Retunable to a just key
817:"Open vs. Closed Pipes"
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177:IV: Finale (Allegretto)
1673:Long-string instrument
1315:412.2. Non-idiophonic
708:Native American flutes
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220:
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946:Powell, Alan (1961).
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651:The frequency of the
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141:II: Andante cantabile
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1694:Keyboard instruments
699:intraocular pressure
347:Woodwind instruments
291:woodwind instruments
68:improve this article
57:to meet Knowledge's
1310:412.14. Band/ribbon
1159:2013arXiv1308.5214G
1001:1971ASAJ...49..520C
964:1961ASAJ...33..395P
895:2012AnRFM..44....1F
512:forms in the tube.
1787:Circular breathing
1596:Pedal steel guitar
1384:421.1. Non-fipple
1301:412.12. Percussion
1298:412.11. Concussion
1295:412.1. Idiophonic
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570:, with a pressure
539:, with a pressure
229:musical instrument
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123:I. Adagio, allegro
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973:10.1121/1.1908677
948:"On the Edgetone"
773:Benade, Arthur H.
653:vibrational modes
578:at the open end.
321:Brass instruments
265:brass instruments
191:Performed by the
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59:quality standards
50:This article may
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1444:422.12. Multiple
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1699:Split sharp
1616:Synthesizer
1611:Human voice
1572:Instrument
1451:Single reed
1437:Double reed
1276:Sword blade
889:(1): 1–25.
661:air density
398:), and the
70:if you can.
1782:Aerophones
1776:Categories
1743:3rd bridge
1584:in any key
1574:intonation
1395:Side-blown
1368:(enclosed)
1250:Aerophones
1141:Flutopedia
932:2010-12-12
860:2010-12-12
823:2010-12-12
798:2010-12-12
741:References
686:resonances
632:wavelength
568:wavelength
537:wavelength
478:aerophones
472:scheme of
388:didgeridoo
380:saxophones
367:saxophones
337:euphoniums
205:media help
76:March 2014
32:Anemometer
1756:Pencilina
1751:Monochord
1678:Harmonica
1507:Chromatic
1389:End-blown
1306:Free reed
1150:1308.5214
725:Aerophone
617:resonator
606:third law
572:anti-node
549:resonator
541:anti-node
506:reflected
498:resonator
494:resonator
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420:causes a
363:clarinets
351:recorders
333:trombones
246:pan flute
233:resonator
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1658:Bagpipes
1601:Trombone
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1517:423.22.
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1387:421.11.
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911:55500335
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757:(1961).
714:See also
703:glaucoma
583:Air Reed
556:Lip Reed
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329:trumpets
278:and the
276:trombone
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1730:Đàn bầu
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1435:422.1.
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997:Bibcode
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496:). The
468:In the
453:ocarina
404:olifant
400:serpent
392:cornett
272:sliding
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560:brass
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460:flute
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438:duduk
408:ivory
359:oboes
341:tubas
325:horns
312:Types
253:(see
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