711:
40:
293:
884:
727:
940:
429:
299:
655:
352:. Many had to shut down, forcing severe restrictions to cut power consumption, including restricting domestic electricity to nineteen hours per day and cutting some industrial supplies completely. In addition, radio broadcasts were limited, television services were suspended, some magazines were ordered to stop publishing, and newspapers were reduced in size. These measures, on top of the low temperatures, badly affected public morale and the
514:
458:. Shinwell oversaw efforts to increase production, but there were concerns that the coal supply was inadequate. At the start of the winter the coal stockpiles contained enough coal to last for just four weeks, compared to the usual supplies of ten to twelve weeks which existed before the war. However, Shinwell allowed himself to be lulled into a false sense of security by over-optimistic productivity reports from the
130:
629:
also ran low as it was then a product of coal-tar, thousands of chickens in poultry farms died of the cold, and public transport services were cut to save fuel. Shinwell became increasingly unpopular with the general public and received a bomb threat, after which a four-man police guard was stationed
379:
and foreign aid agencies were required to provide humanitarian aid. With the cold spell over and the ground thawing, there were no further weather problems. The winter had severe effects on
British industries, causing the loss of around 10% of the year's industrial production, 10 to 20% of cereal and
842:
The winter had political ramifications and caused the public to lose faith in a Labour government who could not maintain food and electricity supplies. Shinwell never publicly admitted that the crisis had resulted from low coal supplies, instead blaming the climate, the railway system, or capitalism
466:
to ensure a source of heat for their homes. This, in turn, put a greater strain on the supply of electricity – the monthly demand increase caused by electric fires in 1946 was roughly the same as the annual increase in generating capacity. Shinwell was warned in mid-October that a coal shortage
341:. There were massive disruptions of energy supply for homes, offices and factories. Animal herds froze or starved to death. People suffered from the persistent cold, and many businesses shut down temporarily. When warm weather returned, the ice thawed and flooding was severe in most low-lying areas.
915:
was 9.3 inches (240 mm), three times the average. As a result, France experienced both the extreme cold in the north and much rain in the south. The winter caused 150 deaths from the cold and lack of food in Berlin, which was still recovering from its devastation during the final stages of the
835:
The winter had a lasting effect on
Britain's industry; by February 1947 it was already estimated that that year's industrial output would be down by 10 per cent. The effects of the March floods added a further £250–375 million (equivalent to £12.36–18.53 billion in 2023) in damage. Farming was
634:. Despite this, he remained very popular with the miners, which made the government wary of dismissing him in case it caused industrial action. By 27 February sea conditions had improved and more than 100 coal ships had managed to unload their cargoes at the power stations, easing the fuel crisis.
687:
in County Durham at 83 inches (210 cm). On 15 March a deepening depression moved in from the
Atlantic, bringing heavy rain and gales. It was the start of the wettest March for 300 years. By 16 March winds reached 50 knots (90 km/h) with 90-knot (170 km/h) gusts, causing breaches in
525:
there was no recorded temperature above 5 °C (41 °F) for the month and only twice was the overnight temperature above 0 °C (32 °F). No sunshine at all was recorded at Kew for twenty days from 2 February, whilst across
England and Wales the month was the second-dullest February
593:. Although so many people were made redundant there was little unrest and no major public disorders. Television services were suspended completely, radio broadcasts were reduced, some magazines were ordered to suspend publication, and newspapers were cut in size to four pages or one sheet.
588:
Shinwell acted to reduce consumption of coal by cutting the electricity supply to industry completely and reducing the domestic supply to 19 hours per day across the country. In consequence factories across the country were forced to shut down and up to four million people claimed
862:
from $ 4.03 to $ 2.80. This was a major event in
Britain's decline from superpower status. With the country struggling to feed its people at home and those it was responsible for in war-torn Europe, it also caused the US to take a greater interest in Europe and push through the
496:
across the
Atlantic Ocean and forced them to the south of the United Kingdom, resulting in strong easterly winds which brought snow to eastern and south-eastern England before progressing across the entire country. This cold spell continued and by 30 January the
637:
During this period there was a fear that, despite the rationing, food supplies could run out owing to the effects of the cold on vegetables, livestock and delivery vehicles. In response, the government started a largely unsuccessful campaign to popularise
677:
On 10 March milder air of 7–10 °C (45–50 °F) began to move north across the country from the south-west, rapidly thawing the snow lying on low ground. However, after such a long frost the ground stayed frozen. The frozen ground caused much
798:
was also badly affected with 70 per cent of houses being flooded. More than 100,000 properties were affected by the flooding and the Army worked to prevent the spread of the floodwater, particularly at pumping plants and power stations.
642:, an inexpensive South African variety of fish; the public found the fish unpalatable and its stocks were eventually used as cat food. Many winter root vegetables could not be harvested as they were frozen into the ground, and in some areas
462:(NUM). These reports failed to translate into real production as the government feared to take on the NUM, whose members' absentee rates were 2.5 times those of the pre-war period. The risk of a coal shortage caused the public to buy
616:
to work by candlelight. A trade meeting with representatives from Russia and
Iceland was also held without light or heating; one of the items discussed was the purchase of coal from Britain. The public was reduced to queuing at
526:
since records began in 1929, with only 30.8 hours of sunshine or 1.1 per day. In contrast, West
Scotland was near-record dry and unusually sunny, though still extremely cold. On 20 February the ferry service across the
682:
which resulted in widespread flooding. Further heavy snowfalls occurred as the milder air pushed northwards. On 14 March the deepest ever recorded depth of snow lying in an inhabited location of the UK was measured at
773:
breached, resulting in the flooding of some 77 square miles (200 km) of farmland in the Trent valley. The flooding subsided in the west of the country by 20 March but rivers in the east were still rising and the
836:
particularly badly hit with cereal and potato harvests down 10 to 20 per cent on the previous two years. Sheep farmers lost one quarter of their flocks and it was six years before sheep numbers recovered.
364:; he received death threats and had to be placed under police guard. Towards the end of February, there were also fears of a food shortage as supplies were cut off and vegetables were frozen into the ground.
336:
The winter of 1946–1947 was harsh in Europe, and noted for its adverse effects in the United
Kingdom. It caused severe hardships in economic terms and living conditions in a country still recovering from the
843:
generally. But the public blamed the long-time Labour activist, and
Shinwell was forced to resign in October. Shinwell's resignation did not absolve the party: Labour lost a large number of seats to the
1565:
597:, still in use from the Second World War, were cut to levels lower than in the war years. These measures made little difference to the rate of coal consumption but served to reduce public morale.
546:, Bedfordshire, on 25 February. As a result, railways were badly affected by drifts of light powdery snow and three hundred main roads were made unusable. Several hundred villages were cut off.
749:. Large parts of the city and surrounding areas were flooded, in which 9,000 properties and nearly a hundred industrial premises were affected – some to first-floor height. The suburbs of
674:
of the 20th century occurred. Food supplies were again affected by the snow-bound roads and in some places the police requested permission to break into delivery lorries stranded by the snow.
316:
858:
and post-war reconstruction. This made the currency less stable and, coupled with the emergence of the dollar as the currency of choice for foreign reserves, led the government to slash the
480:
The winter began with two periods of cold weather in December 1946 and January 1947, but the coldest period did not begin until 21 January 1947. The main cause of the cold weather was an
505:, Essex, was −20 °C (−4 °F). Throughout January the highest recorded temperature in England and Wales was 14 °C (57 °F) and the minimum was −21 °C (−6 °F).
851:(but retained a slim majority). Youngs et al. conclude that, "Probably more than anything else, the fuel crisis of 1947 led to a loss of public confidence in the Labour government."
2114:
871:. In addition, the winter is cited as the reason for the emigration of thousands of British people, particularly to Australia. The winter as a whole was less cold than the
1160:
854:
The effects of the winter came at a time of heavy government spending with 15 per cent of the GDP being spent on the armed forces and large expenditure on the new
577:
which risked storms, fog and ice to reach their destinations. Despite such expedients, lack of fuel forced many power stations to shut down or reduce their output. The
557:
This cold weather exacerbated the fuel problem. Stockpiles of coal at the pits and depots froze solid and could not be moved. The snow also trapped 750,000 railway
3197:
1557:
Jones, C. A., S. J. Davies, and N. Macdonald. "Examining the social consequences of extreme weather: the outcomes of the 1946/1947 winter in upland Wales, UK."
1562:
2470:
3202:
761:
in Derbyshire, which experienced extensive flooding. Two days later, in the lower tidal reaches of the river, the peak of the flood combined with a high
2248:
2243:
2223:
2107:
2020:
1872:
1860:
911:, resulting in Portugal, Spain, and Southern France having more rain than usual while remaining relatively warm. For example, the February rainfall at
646:
were used to excavate them. Frost destroyed 70,000 long tons (71,000 t) of potatoes and, as a result, potatoes were rationed for the first time.
298:
710:
323:
542:
off the Belgian coast. In some places snow fell on 26 days out of 28 in the month and a temperature of −21 °C (−6 °F) was recorded at
2030:
1113:
827:, offered to help distribute them personally. The flooding lasted for about a week, with some waters taking an additional ten days to subside.
3207:
2213:
2100:
1829:
974:
459:
2475:
891:
The winter affected many other European countries. Similar cold periods and snowfalls were seen in much of Central Europe and the southern
2946:
2941:
2203:
1819:
1187:
248:
2668:
1328:
1035:
907:
to the north of the United Kingdom, several incoming Atlantic depressions which would otherwise have hit Britain tracked south to the
467:
was possible, but gambled on a mild winter to keep consumption low so that he would not have to risk a confrontation with the miners.
3182:
2228:
1751:
990:
985:
39:
2465:
883:
375:
rapidly ran off the frozen ground into rivers and caused widespread flooding. More than 100,000 properties were affected, and the
2233:
1939:
1834:
1377:
692:
in East Anglia that resulted in the flooding of 100 square miles (260 km) of land, and blowing many trees down. The rivers
2629:
2581:
2304:
2025:
2010:
2003:
1924:
166:
2175:
573:
were put to work clearing snow from the railways by hand, while desperate attempts were made to get fuel to power stations by
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2460:
2448:
2258:
2238:
1974:
1882:
1608:
1244:
182:
1409:
2614:
2609:
2523:
2299:
2294:
2218:
2140:
2015:
848:
389:
284:
273:
263:
202:
177:
3177:
1998:
1728:
17:
3070:
408:
to rebuild war-torn Europe. The effects on the rest of Europe were also severe, with 150 deaths from cold and famine in
3113:
2289:
804:
726:
2485:
2433:
1673:
1535:
3222:
1774:
1166:
253:
3217:
3187:
1887:
1855:
594:
566:
309:
197:
3050:
585:, which used diesel generators aboard submarines to provide supplementary power to coastal towns and dockyards.
446:
which caused coal supplies to become low. The coal and electricity industries had been recently nationalised by
3192:
3055:
2152:
839:
In Wales a disaster fund of £4,575,000 was partly allocated to assist farmers who lost about 4 million sheep.
3103:
3098:
3080:
2604:
2253:
2147:
2135:
2055:
1979:
1969:
1949:
1877:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3015:
2515:
2263:
1944:
1892:
1779:
1502:
Morrison, Richard (3 February 2009), "Eerie, serene and unreal – a shivery vista that stirs old memories",
3075:
3065:
3060:
3045:
3035:
3020:
2794:
2490:
2393:
2370:
1786:
1756:
1355:
968:
521:
The easterly winds continued into February, which developed into one of the coldest months on record. At
223:
2548:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2480:
2438:
2193:
1809:
1766:
1681:
1527:
958:
766:
451:
432:
353:
2683:
1199:
463:
3227:
3212:
1954:
1009:
613:
348:
to the country, blocking roads and railways, which caused problems transporting coal to the electric
1121:
3108:
2858:
2840:
2750:
2722:
2350:
2279:
791:
779:
754:
707:
borough engineer Geoffrey Baker to remark: "We could only cope if we had a spare Thames, or two."
2698:
2619:
2553:
2538:
2443:
1919:
1865:
1850:
1721:
855:
844:
385:
2760:
2599:
2576:
2453:
2284:
1934:
1297:
770:
582:
192:
2385:
916:
Second World War. It caused schools in the Netherlands to be closed, led to a mob attack on a
2741:
2663:
1761:
787:
590:
1698:
3141:
2717:
2707:
2543:
2528:
2375:
2360:
1334:
979:
908:
859:
808:
609:
543:
401:
1384:
8:
3118:
2736:
2731:
2712:
2673:
2658:
2653:
2624:
2428:
2408:
2355:
2340:
2198:
1814:
925:
689:
417:
233:
228:
344:
Beginning on 23 January 1947, the UK experienced several cold spells that brought large
3010:
2678:
2639:
2365:
2092:
1714:
1637:
1597:
1434:
924:, and caused the closure of businesses and the restriction of domestic gas supplies in
868:
820:
704:
684:
667:
489:
243:
218:
92:
2804:
2688:
2533:
2423:
2418:
2309:
2076:
1959:
1669:
1604:
1531:
963:
700:
605:
493:
381:
161:
3125:
2849:
2769:
2403:
2398:
2081:
2050:
1629:
338:
939:
2170:
1663:
1617:
1581:
1569:
1521:
1440:
953:
800:
719:
570:
561:
of coal and made roads unusable, further hampering transport. A force of 100,000
527:
522:
498:
443:
413:
213:
2921:
1633:
2779:
2755:
2345:
2124:
1445:
1441:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
945:
872:
824:
750:
731:
679:
639:
574:
455:
447:
436:
397:
368:
357:
144:
3171:
2822:
2813:
2784:
2693:
2558:
892:
864:
666:
across much of the country with some lying 7 metres (23 ft) deep in the
405:
349:
187:
903:
in the Netherlands, experienced its worst winter since 1790. Because of the
428:
2903:
2876:
2799:
2789:
2774:
2568:
2413:
2318:
1929:
1302:
775:
693:
601:
562:
558:
501:
were under 7 inches (0.18 m) of snow and the overnight temperature at
376:
258:
3146:
2912:
2894:
2867:
2332:
2071:
1964:
1592:
917:
904:
762:
742:
622:
551:
485:
481:
393:
384:
began to lose its popularity, which led to its loss of many seats to the
604:
occurred across large swathes of the country, forcing even the staff at
392:; on top of other factors. That winter is also cited as a factor in the
2885:
1156:
921:
812:
783:
758:
746:
735:
714:
A bulldozer towing a sledge delivers bread to the snowbound village of
643:
578:
268:
1641:
654:
2831:
2645:
2185:
2162:
1737:
1686:
Austerity in Britain: Rationing, Controls, and Consumption, 1939–1955
1010:"Met Office MIDAS Open: UK Land Surface Stations Data (1853-current)"
912:
900:
715:
697:
663:
600:
Despite Shinwell's actions the fuel supply remained insufficient and
547:
513:
361:
345:
1651:(Manchester University Press, 1989), The standard scholarly history.
3090:
2994:
671:
618:
539:
442:
The effects of the cold winter were exacerbated by problems in the
372:
66:
3158:
2999:
2591:
896:
816:
631:
626:
502:
129:
535:
409:
1706:
795:
531:
380:
potato crops, and a quarter of sheep stocks. The governing
2122:
815:. The people of Canada sent food parcels to villages in
1410:"River Trent Catchment Flood Management Plan Chapter 3"
1620:(April 1990), "Review of The Bleak Midwinter, 1947",
935:
1596:
450:'s government and placed under the control of the
367:Mid-March brought warmer air to the country which
1550:Howorth, B., et al. "The spring floods of 1947."
3169:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1036:"Snow Britain: Wrong kind of snow strikes again"
807:handed out milk to families with babies and the
1378:"1947 U.K. River Floods: 60-Year Retrospective"
1029:
1027:
1012:. Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA)
1477:The people's peace: British history, 1945–1990
1333:, WeatherOnline Ltd (archived), archived from
658:Milder air moving over the UK on 10 March
2108:
1722:
1552:Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers
1309:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1058:
1056:
878:
769:. River levels dropped when the floodbank at
404:4.03 to US$ 2.80 and the introduction of the
317:
1427:
1024:
3203:Winter weather events in the United Kingdom
3198:Austerity in the United Kingdom (1939–1954)
1073:
1071:
757:suffered particularly badly, as did nearby
517:Low pressure over the UK on 3 February
2115:
2101:
1729:
1715:
1295:
1276:
1053:
765:to flood villages and 2,000 properties in
324:
310:
38:
1616:
1519:
1437:inflation figures are based on data from
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1188:Monthly ranked England and Wales sunshine
1077:
1062:
986:1987 United Kingdom and Ireland cold wave
975:Winter of 1962–1963 in the United Kingdom
44:Snowbound bus, Castle Hill, Huddersfield.
1501:
1495:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1068:
971:, in what was called a "glorious summer"
887:Women in Germany collecting fuel in 1946
882:
725:
709:
662:On 4–5 March came heavy snow which left
653:
512:
427:
1108:
1106:
33:Winter of 1946-47 in the United Kingdom
14:
3170:
1402:
1348:
1255:
1242:
1155:
1151:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
670:. On 5 March one of the worst British
2096:
1710:
1438:
1205:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
991:Winter of 1990–1991 in Western Europe
3208:1947 disasters in the United Kingdom
1661:
1591:
1326:
1270:
1033:
860:Bretton Woods official exchange rate
1370:
1296:Wainwright, Martin (25 July 2007),
1083:
1002:
371:the snow lying on the ground. This
24:
1655:
1128:
1120:, 24 February 1947, archived from
867:for assistance to Britain and the
25:
3239:
1692:
1520:Burroughs, William James (1997),
730:Flooding from the River Trent in
3183:Cold waves in the United Kingdom
1699:Winter 1947 in the British Isles
1327:Eden, Philip (26 January 2007),
1034:Eden, Philip (2 February 2009).
938:
554:, causing a hazard to shipping.
550:were also seen off the coast of
423:
297:
291:
128:
2051:1995 "White Earthquake" (Chile)
1545:Great British weather disasters
1523:Does the Weather Really Matter?
1513:
1482:
1469:
1460:
1243:Simons, Paul (1 October 2008),
2153:United Kingdom weather records
1736:
1488:Frederic A. Youngs Jr, et al.
1200:Symon's British rainfall, 1947
1192:
1180:
13:
1:
2148:Drought in the United Kingdom
2136:Climate of the United Kingdom
1622:The English Historical Review
1490:The English Heritage – Vol. 2
1356:"Nottingham Left Bank Scheme"
1245:"Heavy Weather – Winter 1947"
996:
790:all burst their banks in the
625:for use as fuel. Supplies of
460:National Union of Mineworkers
416:and business closures in the
65:−21.3 °C (−6.3 °F)
2559:North Sea and Irish Sea 2013
1586:Austerity Britain, 1945–1951
875:but more snow was recorded.
7:
1682:Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina
1599:A History of Modern Britain
1504:The Times, Times 2 Magazine
1249:The Times, Times 2 Magazine
969:1947 English cricket season
931:
508:
492:blocked the progression of
470:
10:
3244:
3178:1947 in the United Kingdom
2577:Widecombe-in-the-Moor 1638
2404:Holmfirth 1738, 1777, 1944
1662:Rowe, Christopher (2003),
1578:(Scarborough House, 1974).
1528:Cambridge University Press
1298:"The great floods of 1947"
959:1947 in the United Kingdom
879:Outside the United Kingdom
475:
452:Minister of Fuel and Power
433:Minister of Fuel and Power
354:Minister of Fuel and Power
115:United Kingdom and Ireland
3155:
3134:
3089:
2990:
2934:
2638:
2590:
2567:
2514:
2384:
2331:
2272:
2184:
2176:Buachaille Etive Mòr 2009
2161:
2131:
2064:
2043:
1988:
1912:
1905:
1843:
1802:
1795:
1744:
1649:The Bleak Midwinter, 1947
1634:10.1093/ehr/CV.CCCCXV.548
1383:. rms.com. Archived from
1114:"Panorama by Candlelight"
830:
614:Central Electricity Board
111:
107:
103:
99:
91:83 in (210 cm)
85:
81:
77:
73:
61:
57:
53:
49:
37:
792:West Riding of Yorkshire
745:overtopped its banks in
649:
183:1935 leadership election
137:This article is part of
3223:20th-century cold waves
2471:Somerset Levels 2013–14
2409:North East England 1771
1873:2010–11 (GB & Ire.)
1466:Jones (2012) pp 46, 48.
1439:Clark, Gregory (2017).
856:National Health Service
254:National Health Service
27:Severe winter in the UK
3218:1946 natural disasters
3188:1947 natural disasters
2449:November–December 2009
2123:Weather events in the
1330:The big freeze of 1947
888:
849:the following election
738:
723:
659:
583:Operation Blackcurrant
518:
488:from 20 January. This
439:
249:Partition of Palestine
193:Churchill war ministry
3193:Winter weather events
1576:Cold Winter, Cold War
1568:9 August 2016 at the
1561:113.1 (2012): 35–53.
1162:The winter of 1946/47
886:
729:
713:
657:
591:unemployment benefits
538:was suspended due to
516:
431:
390:1950 general election
285:1955 general election
274:1951 general election
264:1950 general election
203:1945 general election
178:1935 general election
2491:Yorkshire Dales 2019
2394:Bristol Channel 1607
2371:Yorkshire Dales 2019
1893:2018 (GB & Ire.)
1415:. Environment Agency
1358:. Environment Agency
1251:, London, p. 11
980:Winter of Discontent
909:Mediterranean region
809:Australian Red Cross
610:Houses of Parliament
412:, civil disorder in
2264:February–March 2018
1752:2009–10 (East Asia)
1647:Robertson, Alex J.
1475:Kenneth O. Morgan,
1337:on 13 February 2012
1169:on 10 December 2009
741:On 17–18 March the
722:, on 15 March 1947.
575:coal-carrying ships
418:Republic of Ireland
280:Post-Prime Minister
234:Anglo-American loan
229:National Coal Board
34:
18:Winter of 1946-1947
2605:Great Malvern 1761
2524:South England 1287
2429:South England 1968
1965:1982 "Cold Sunday"
1767:2013 (Middle East)
1588:(2008) pp 185–205.
1574:Kaiser, Robert G.
1554:2.1 (1948): 12–35.
1547:(Continuum, 2009).
1435:Retail Price Index
1390:on 18 January 2013
1124:on 8 February 2011
889:
845:Conservative Party
821:Premier of Ontario
739:
724:
685:Forest-in-Teesdale
668:Scottish Highlands
660:
519:
490:high-pressure area
440:
386:Conservative Party
244:Partition of India
224:National Insurance
219:Potsdam Conference
198:War cabinet crisis
93:Forest-in-Teesdale
62:Lowest temperature
32:
3165:
3164:
3114:April–August 2022
3104:February–May 2019
2935:Windstorm seasons
2090:
2089:
2077:List of blizzards
2039:
2038:
1901:
1900:
1610:978-0-330-43983-1
964:1947 Thames flood
920:carrying coal in
701:flooded in London
606:Buckingham Palace
334:
333:
239:Winter of 1946-47
154:
153:
119:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3235:
3228:1947 meteorology
3213:1946 meteorology
3147:Great Stink 1858
2886:September 2020 (
2761:September 2011 (
2699:September 1961 (
2117:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2082:Siberian Express
1910:
1909:
1800:
1799:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1678:
1644:
1628:(415): 548–549,
1618:Middlemas, Keith
1613:
1602:
1540:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1479:(1992) pp 68–69.
1473:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1324:
1307:
1306:
1293:
1274:
1268:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1165:, archived from
1153:
1126:
1125:
1110:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1006:
948:
943:
942:
805:national service
644:pneumatic drills
630:at his house in
571:prisoners of war
437:Emanuel Shinwell
358:Emanuel Shinwell
339:Second World War
326:
319:
312:
301:
295:
294:
167:MP for Limehouse
150:
149:
147:
140:
132:
125:
124:
121:
120:
88:or ice accretion
86:Maximum snowfall
42:
35:
31:
21:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3142:Great Smog 1952
3130:
3119:Wennington 2022
3085:
3004:
2986:
2930:
2922:November 2023 (
2904:February 2022 (
2895:December 2021 (
2877:February 2020 (
2868:February 2020 (
2832:December 2015 (
2823:December 2015 (
2814:November 2015 (
2643:
2634:
2620:Birmingham 2005
2586:
2563:
2510:
2454:Workington 2009
2414:Strathspey 1829
2380:
2351:Chew Stoke 1968
2327:
2268:
2180:
2157:
2127:
2121:
2091:
2086:
2060:
2035:
1984:
1897:
1839:
1791:
1740:
1735:
1695:
1676:
1665:Britain 1929–98
1658:
1656:Further reading
1611:
1582:Kynaston, David
1570:Wayback Machine
1559:Climatic change
1538:
1516:
1511:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1325:
1310:
1294:
1277:
1269:
1256:
1241:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1154:
1129:
1112:
1111:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1003:
999:
954:Weather of 1946
944:
937:
934:
881:
833:
801:Royal Engineers
720:Montgomeryshire
652:
528:English Channel
523:Kew Observatory
511:
499:Isles of Scilly
484:which sat over
478:
473:
426:
414:the Netherlands
330:
292:
289:
281:
278:
210:
207:
174:
171:
145:
143:
142:
141:
138:
136:
95:, County Durham
87:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2919:
2913:October 2023 (
2910:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2859:October 2019 (
2856:
2850:January 2018 (
2847:
2841:October 2017 (
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2805:October 2014 (
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Christmas 2013
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:October 1996 (
2739:
2734:
2729:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:North Sea 2007
2551:
2549:North Sea 1978
2546:
2544:North Sea 1976
2541:
2539:North Sea 1953
2536:
2531:
2529:North Sea 1287
2526:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Winter 2019–20
2483:
2478:
2476:Winter 2015–16
2473:
2468:
2466:Winter 2013–14
2463:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:Boscastle 2004
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:climate change
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:United Kingdom
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:1894–95 freeze
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1701:, George Booth
1694:
1693:External links
1691:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1674:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1614:
1609:
1589:
1579:
1572:
1555:
1548:
1543:Eden, Philip.
1541:
1536:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1459:
1446:MeasuringWorth
1426:
1401:
1369:
1347:
1308:
1275:
1254:
1204:
1191:
1179:
1127:
1082:
1080:, p. 548.
1078:Middlemas 1990
1067:
1063:Burroughs 1997
1052:
1023:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
977:
972:
966:
961:
956:
950:
949:
946:Weather portal
933:
930:
880:
877:
873:winter of 1963
832:
829:
825:George A. Drew
751:West Bridgford
732:West Bridgford
703:, causing the
680:surface runoff
651:
648:
510:
507:
477:
474:
472:
469:
464:electric fires
456:Manny Shinwell
448:Clement Attlee
425:
422:
350:power stations
346:drifts of snow
332:
331:
329:
328:
321:
314:
306:
303:
302:
288:
287:
279:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
209:Prime Minister
208:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
172:
170:
169:
164:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:Clement Attlee
139:a series about
135:
133:
117:
116:
113:
112:Areas affected
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
89:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
70:
63:
59:
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3240:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2800:February 2014
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:December 2013
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:December 2011
2768:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:December 1998
2749:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2723:August 1986 (
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:February 1962
2706:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2694:February 1903
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:December 1879
2682:
2680:
2679:February 1871
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:November 1824
2657:
2655:
2654:December 1703
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:November 1981
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2569:Thunderstorms
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Lynmouth 1952
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:February 2009
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:February 2012
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:South America
2042:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:1899 blizzard
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:North America
1904:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:GB & Ire.
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1675:0-435-32738-0
1671:
1668:, Heinemann,
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:0-521-56126-4
1533:
1529:
1526:, Cambridge:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1505:
1498:
1492:(1999) 2:425.
1491:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1411:
1405:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1357:
1351:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1273:, p. 34.
1272:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1118:Time Magazine
1115:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1065:, p. 58.
1064:
1059:
1057:
1041:
1040:The Telegraph
1037:
1030:
1028:
1011:
1005:
1001:
992:
989:
987:
984:
981:
978:
976:
973:
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965:
962:
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951:
947:
941:
936:
929:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:Baltic region
885:
876:
874:
870:
866:
865:Marshall Plan
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
840:
837:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
737:
733:
728:
721:
717:
712:
708:
706:
702:
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695:
691:
686:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
656:
647:
645:
641:
635:
633:
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:and London's
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:Polish troops
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
515:
506:
504:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:energy sector
438:
434:
430:
424:Fuel shortage
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:Marshall Plan
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
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347:
342:
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327:
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308:
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220:
217:
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212:
211:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
188:Norway Debate
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:Labour Leader
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
148:
134:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3126:Cannich 2023
3109:Wareham 2020
2923:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2795:January 2014
2780:October 2013
2775:January 2012
2762:
2756:January 2007
2743:
2737:January 1990
2732:October 1987
2724:
2718:January 1976
2713:January 1968
2700:
2689:October 1881
2674:October 1859
2664:January 1839
2630:October 2022
2610:October 1913
2516:Storm surges
2366:Morpeth 2008
2356:Glasgow 2002
2333:Flash floods
2320:
2319:March 2023 (
2311:
2310:March 2018 (
2295:January 1995
2280:January 1881
2239:October 2008
2208:
1989:2000–present
1844:2000–present
1830:1962–63 (UK)
1825:1946–47 (UK)
1824:
1820:1894–95 (UK)
1787:2017 (India)
1780:Saudi Arabia
1762:2012 (India)
1757:2011 (India)
1704:
1685:
1664:
1648:
1625:
1621:
1598:
1593:Marr, Andrew
1585:
1575:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1522:
1514:Bibliography
1503:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1444:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1385:the original
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1350:
1339:, retrieved
1335:the original
1329:
1303:The Guardian
1301:
1248:
1198:Met Office;
1194:
1186:Met Office;
1182:
1171:, retrieved
1167:the original
1161:
1122:the original
1117:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
1014:. Retrieved
1004:
890:
853:
841:
838:
834:
811:assisted in
767:Gainsborough
740:
676:
661:
636:
599:
595:Food rations
587:
556:
520:
479:
441:
382:Labour Party
377:British Army
366:
343:
335:
290:
259:British Rail
238:
162:Labour Party
29:
3099:Summer 2018
2669:August 1848
2625:London 2006
2600:London 1091
2534:Thames 1928
2496:Summer 2022
2444:August 2008
2439:Summer 2007
2434:Autumn 2000
2424:Thames 1947
2419:Thames 1928
2376:London 2021
2273:Snow events
2259:Spring 2013
2072:Hypothermia
1913:Before 2000
1803:Before 2000
1506:, p. 3
982:, 1978–1979
918:goods train
905:anticyclone
763:spring tide
743:River Trent
621:to collect
569:and German
552:East Anglia
494:depressions
486:Scandinavia
482:anticyclone
394:devaluation
360:, became a
3172:Categories
2646:hurricanes
2640:Windstorms
2399:Trent 1683
2341:Louth 1920
2305:March 2013
2290:April 1981
2285:March 1891
2186:Cold snaps
2171:Lewes 1836
2163:Avalanches
1738:Cold waves
1341:9 November
1157:Met Office
997:References
922:Copenhagen
813:Gloucester
759:Long Eaton
747:Nottingham
736:Nottingham
579:Royal Navy
269:Korean War
3157:Disputed
3091:Wildfires
2995:Heatwaves
2592:Tornadoes
2582:July 1968
2481:June 2016
1883:2013 (UK)
1775:East Asia
1271:Marr 2007
913:Gibraltar
901:Amsterdam
869:continent
716:Llanwddyn
672:blizzards
602:blackouts
581:launched
548:Ice floes
398:the pound
362:scapegoat
3000:Droughts
1595:(2007),
1566:Archived
1419:11 April
1394:11 April
1362:11 April
932:See also
819:and the
619:gasworks
540:pack ice
530:between
509:February
471:Timeline
373:snowmelt
67:Elmstone
3159:tsunami
2982:2023–24
2977:2022–23
2972:2021–22
2967:2020–21
2962:2019–20
2957:2018–19
2952:2017–18
2947:2016–17
2942:2015–16
2861:Lorenzo
2852:Eleanor
2843:Ophelia
2825:Desmond
2816:Abigail
2807:Gonzalo
2725:Charley
2644:former
2461:2012–13
2249:2010–11
2244:2009–10
2234:1990–91
2224:1985–86
2219:1981–82
2214:1962–63
2209:1946–47
2204:1894–95
2194:1683–84
2065:Related
2016:2017–18
1920:1886–87
1856:2009–10
1835:1990–91
1810:1683–84
1688:(2002).
1603:, Pan,
1202:, p. 48
1173:11 June
1016:5 March
926:Ireland
899:, near
897:De Bilt
817:Suffolk
780:Derwent
755:Beeston
705:Windsor
632:Tooting
627:aspirin
563:British
503:Writtle
476:January
388:in the
214:Cabinet
2924:Ciarán
2906:Eunice
2879:Dennis
2701:Debbie
2386:Floods
2321:Larisa
1866:Sweden
1796:Europe
1672:
1642:571001
1640:
1607:
1563:online
1534:
831:Legacy
776:Wharfe
771:Morton
694:Thames
664:drifts
608:, the
559:wagons
544:Woburn
536:Ostend
410:Berlin
369:thawed
69:, Kent
3135:Other
2915:Babet
2897:Barra
2870:Ciara
2763:Katia
1999:early
1995:2014
1771:2016
1638:JSTOR
1452:7 May
1413:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1045:3 May
796:Selby
734:near
690:dykes
650:March
640:snoek
532:Dover
400:from
3081:2022
3076:2021
3071:2019
3066:2018
3061:2013
3056:2006
3051:2003
3046:1995
3041:1990
3036:1976
3031:1955
3026:1911
3021:1906
3016:1808
3011:1757
2888:Alex
2744:Lili
2506:2024
2501:2023
2312:Emma
2229:1987
2199:1709
2056:2022
2031:2022
2026:2021
2021:2019
2011:2015
2004:late
1980:1994
1975:1989
1970:1985
1960:1978
1955:1977
1950:1936
1945:1912
1940:1911
1925:1888
1888:2017
1878:2012
1851:2006
1815:1709
1745:Asia
1670:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1454:2024
1421:2013
1396:2013
1364:2013
1343:2008
1175:2013
1047:2018
1018:2022
788:Ouse
786:and
784:Aire
753:and
696:and
623:coke
565:and
534:and
402:US$
2834:Eva
2642:and
1630:doi
1626:105
1433:UK
847:in
803:on
698:Lea
396:of
3174::
1684:.
1636:,
1624:,
1584:.
1530:,
1443:.
1311:^
1300:,
1278:^
1257:^
1247:,
1207:^
1159:,
1130:^
1116:,
1085:^
1070:^
1055:^
1038:.
1026:^
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895:.
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794:.
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2836:)
2827:)
2818:)
2809:)
2765:)
2746:)
2727:)
2703:)
2323:)
2314:)
2116:e
2109:t
2102:v
1730:e
1723:t
1716:v
1632::
1456:.
1423:.
1398:.
1366:.
1049:.
1020:.
325:e
318:t
311:v
20:)
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