1294:. When they first evaluated the impact of HRT in 1996, the USPSTF assigned a "B" grade to hormone replacement therapy for use in primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women, basing their results on observational studies and short-term trials. A score of "B" carries an official message of, "The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that the net benefit is moderate, or there is moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial." In light of subsequent results from the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) and the WHI trials, the USPSTF downgraded the scoring to a "D," which corresponds to a message of, "The USPSTF recommends against the service. There is moderate or high certainty that the service has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits," and discourages health providers from offering the service or treatment. In 2017, the USPSTF again evaluated the use of HRT, and again assessed a "D" score. The publication of this most recent recommendation against the use of HRT for the treatment of chronic postmenopausal symptoms was accompanied by several companion editorials, lauding the WHI clinical trial's role in preventing patient harm due to HRT administration, noting also the risks inherent to smaller observational studies, which previously had yielded misleading, potentially harmful recommendations to medical practitioners.
1706:, evidence from the WHI trial was weighted less than that of a randomized controlled trial according to the GRADE system criteria because of mitigating factors: large dropout rate; lack of adequate representation of applicable group of women (i.e. those initiating therapy at the time of menopause); and modifying influences from prior hormone use. However, the editor of one of the journals which published the results of the WHI called it a "landmark" study. The double blinding limited validity of study results due to its effects on patient exclusion criteria. The dominant majority of participants were Caucasian, and tended to be slightly overweight and former smokers, with the necessary health risks for which these demographics predispose. Furthermore, the focus of the WHI study was disease prevention. Most women take hormone therapy to treat symptoms of menopause rather than for disease prevention and therefore the risks and benefits of hormone therapy in the general population differ from those of the women included in the WHI. Despite these concerns, the original findings of the WHI trial have been accepted by reputable journals, and have withstood the scrutiny of subsequent reanalysis of the study data.
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intention of collecting additional longitudinal data from subjects involved in all of the original study components. The primary outcomes were the same, although greater emphasis was placed on the investigation of cardiovascular disease and aging. Extension Study 1 enrolled 115,403 of the original WHI participants, or 77% of those eligible from the first study phase. Extension Study 2 was able to enroll 93,540 participants, or 87% of those eligible from
Extension Study 1. Preliminary estimates for Extension Study 3 participation, as of September 30, 2015, estimate that 36,115 of the Clinical Trial participants and 45,271 Observational Study participants remain active in the WHI study, for a total of 81,386 or 87% of those previously enrolled in Extension Study 2.
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versus 94 in the "normal diet" arm; HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.94, P = .02.). After a median 16.1 years of cumulative follow-up (inclusive of the intervention period), further analysis showed that this benefit persisted (234 deaths versus 443 in the "normal diet" arm; HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.96 with P = .01). A more recent update, with 19.6 years of cumulative follow-up, reported the persistent reduction of death (from all-causes) after breast cancer continued (359 v 652 deaths; HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.96; P = .01) and a statistically significant reduction in deaths as a result of breast cancer (breast cancer followed by death directly attributed to the breast cancer) emerged (132 v 251 deaths; HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.97; P = .02).
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in the early post-intervention period, though the hazard ratio remained greater than 1, followed by a sustained risk during the late post-intervention period that was significantly greater than 1. It is hypothesized that the initial decrease was due to the resulting change in the hormone environment, while the subsequent persistent increase in breast cancer incidence may be attributed to the persistence of oncogenic mutations and subsequent expansion of these mutation-harboring cell lineages. The most recent update, published July 28, 2020 in JAMA, reported that increased breast cancer risk has persisted among women randomized to estrogen plus progestin compared with placebo (hazard ratio , 1.28; 95%CI, 1.13 -1.45; P-value < 0.001).
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indicating a benefit in preventing colorectal cancer and fractures. As a consequence, the HT study pills were stopped in July 2002, with an average follow-up period of 5.2 years. The unopposed estrogen trial was halted in
February 2004, after an average follow-up period of 6.8 years, on the basis that unopposed estrogen did not appear to affect the risk of heart disease, the primary outcome, which was in contrast to the findings of previous observational studies. On the other hand, there were indications for an increased risk of stroke. Unopposed estrogen did reduce the risk for osteoporotic fractures and, unlike the estrogen/progestin treatment, showed a decrease in breast cancer risk.
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factors, and quality of life. In addition, more specific information was collected with regard to the participant's geographic residence history, passive (i.e., "second-hand") smoking exposure in childhood and adulthood, early life exposures, details of physical activity, weight and weight-cycling history, and occupational exposures. In addition to the baseline data collected, OS participants received annual questionnaire mailings to update selected exposures and outcomes, and were expected to make an additional clinic visit, to include an additional blood collection, about three years post-enrollment. It was planned that participants would be followed for an average of 9 years.
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intervention period). Participants with existing cardiovascular disease at baseline (n = 1,656) were at higher risk of developing coronary heart disease, both during the intervention and extended follow-up periods (101 versus 116 CHD events, HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.93; and 36 versus 44, HR, 1.61 95% CI 1.02 to 2.55, respectively). The increased among women with prior CVD was likely due to post-randomization confounding, resulting in some difficulty in interpretation. Women in the diet intervention group were more likely to report changes in statin use (either cessation or initiation) post-randomization than women in the comparison group.
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adherence on the basis of both food-intake questionnaires and clinical laboratory findings. The WHT did not proceed with its full-scale trial, as it was not awarded further funding from the NIH on the basis of the potential inability of the study to test the hypothesis in a larger cohort of women. In 1990, however, interest in the impact of diet on cancer and cardiovascular disease in women was renewed, and a joint
National Cancer Institute (NCI)-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) workshop concluded that a full-scale dietary trial, with a focus on these two diseases, was warranted.
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and diastolic blood pressure), there was no significant reduction in the risk of CHD, stroke, or CVD, indicating that a more focused combination of diet and lifestyle interventions may be required to further improve CVD risk factors and reduce overall risk. In addition, no statistically significant reduction in breast cancer risk was identified, although the results approached significance and indicated that longer-term follow-up may yield a more definitive comparison. The trial also did not identify a reduction in colorectal cancer risk attributable to a
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presumably commensurate savings to patients and insurers. More importantly, in subsequent years, studies have shown a decrease in breast cancer rates in postmenopausal women, attributed to the decline in use of HT. In 2014, an analysis was conducted to determine the economic impact of the estrogen-plus-progestin trial findings, which calculated the net economic return on investment to be $ 37.1 billion, owing to a combination of averted health-related expenditures and increased number of
125:, newly appointed as the first female director of the NIH, announced her plan for the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Planning for the WHI CT/OS study began that year. In order to promote cross-institutional collaboration, and to prevent the loss of funding to other women's health-related studies, funding was requested and obtained directly from Congress in the form of a discrete line item, with a projected budget of $ 625 million over the life of the 15-year study.
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blinded, the study required that women not be perimenopausal or have symptoms of menopause. As the average age of menopause is 51, this resulted in an older study population, with an average age of 63. Only 3.5% of the women were 50–54 years of age, the time when women usually decide whether to initiate hormonal therapy. Further analysis of WHI data, however, demonstrated that there is no gained preventive benefit in starting hormone therapy soon after menopause.
1590:, started in 2015 and expected to last four years, seeks to examine the impact of physical activity in older women on certain outcomes such as heart disease and metrics including maintaining an independent lifestyle. The study has enrolled nearly 50,000 participants as of October 2016, whose assigned interventions will include varying physical activity routines, which are monitored by mail and via phone, using an
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1371:(IU) of vitamin D (n = 18176) or a placebo (n = 18106), and were followed for an average of 7 years, with monitoring for bone density, fractures, and pathologically confirmed cancers as the measures of outcomes. Women in the CaD trial were already participating in the HT trial, the DM trial, or both. In addition to the global exclusion criteria, component-specific exclusion criteria
72:
Health Issues issued recommendations that biomedical and behavioral research should be expanded to provide for the inclusion diseases and conditions identified among women of all age groups. In 1986, the NIH issued recommendations that women be included in all research studies. To further promote the study of women, in 1990, the NIH created the Office of
Research on Women's Health.
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37.1 billion for the estrogen-plus-progestin arm of the study's hormone trial alone, providing a strong case for the continued use of this variety of large, publicly funded population study. In the years following the WHI, studies have shown a decrease in breast cancer rates in postmenopausal women, attributed to the decline in use of hormone replacement therapy.
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three years after enrollment. Global exclusion criteria included medical conditions that would be predictive of a survival of less than three years, possessing characteristics or conditions that may diminish study adherence (e.g., substance abuse, mental illness, or cognitive impairment), or concurrent enrollment in another randomized controlled clinical trial.
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populations. In addition, a 20% minority enrollment rate was set for all components, to accurately represent the proportion of minorities within the study demographic (17% at the time of the 1990 U.S. Census). To achieve this, 10 of the 40 WHI clinical centers were designated as minority recruitment centers, with enhanced minority recruitment goals.
1723:- cohort study of 2,512 men, set up in a representative population sample drawn from a small town in South Wales, UK. Study has collected wide-ranging data and has focused on risk factors that predict vascular disease, diabetes, cognitive impairment and dementia — and the benefits of living a healthy lifestyle.(1979–present).
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A subsample of the
Extension Study 2 participants (n = 7875), aged 63–99 and meeting other eligibility criteria, were consented into the Long Life Study (LLS), the purpose of which was to establish new baselines from which new studies in disease and aging can work. In-person visits were conducted to
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The mean follow-up for the DM intervention was 8.1 years. At study years 1 and 6, the dietary fat intake levels for the intervention group were 10.7% and 8.2% less than those of the control group, respectively. The results indicated that, despite some reduction in CVD risk factors (e.g., blood lipids
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Participants in the intervention group underwent a regimen of trainings, group meetings, and consultations which encouraged low-fat eating habits, targeted to 20% of daily caloric intake, along with increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and grains. Those assigned to the control group were
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Of all the WHI study findings, the HT findings could be argued to have yielded the farthest-reaching societal and economic impacts, and received substantial media attention. Large reductions in HT prescriptions ensued, resulting in a substantial loss of revenue in sales of this class of drugs, with a
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The HT component had originally been designed to include a follow-up period of nine years. However, interim monitoring of the combined estrogen/progestin treatment group indicated an increased risk of breast cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, and pulmonary embolism, which outweighed the evidence
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Analysis during the post-intervention period following the estrogen-plus-progestin trial continues to reveal the strong association between estrogen- plus-progestin usage and breast cancer risk. Following the halt of the estrogen-plus-progestin trial, there was a sharp decrease in breast cancer risk
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A large subset of the LLS participants (n ≈ 7400) were further enrolled in the
Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health in Women (OPACH) study, the purpose of which was to assess physical activity in women capable of ambulation. These women were asked to maintain a week-long sleep log,
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Women in the trial were randomly assigned to the dietary intervention group (40%; n = 19541) or the control group (60%; n = 29294). In addition to the global exclusion criteria, component-specific exclusion criteria included prior breast cancer, colorectal cancer, other cancers excluding nonmelanoma
590:
492:
therapy would result in a decrease in coronary heart disease and osteoporosis-related fractures. As such, the primary outcome of interest was coronary heart disease, as this is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women, particularly those over age 65, and because, at the time, no clinical
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The WHI study was composed of four study components, to include three overlapping clinical trial (CT) interventions and one observational study (OS). Component enrollment and the primary findings are summarized in the following two tables, respectively, with additional detail following subsequently:
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Eligibility and exclusion criteria also were defined, both study-wide and component-specific. Global inclusion criteria included postmenopausal women, between 50 and 79 years of age, who were willing and able to provide written consent, and who planned to reside in the study recruitment for a least
92:
It had been generally accepted that postmenopausal estrogen deficiency may play a role in these morbidities, and that dietary, behavioral, and drug interventions may forestall their development. However, these findings were identified on the basis of epidemiologic observational studies alone. Such
75:
In 1990, however, a report was published by the
General Accounting Office (GAO), at the request of the Congressional Caucus on Women's Issues, which stated that this NIH policy was not being adequately applied to research grant applications. As a consequence, beginning in 1991, NIH strengthened the
58:
In its entirety, the WHI enrolled more than 160,000 postmenopausal women aged 50–79 years (at time of study enrollment) over 15 years, making it one of the largest U.S. prevention studies of its kind, with a budget of $ 625 million. A 2014 analysis calculated a net economic return on investment of $
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The WHI trial was limited by low adherence, high attrition, inadequate power to detect risks for some outcomes, and evaluation of few regimens. Subsequent to publication of the WHI, controversy arose regarding the applicability of its findings to women just entering menopause. To be properly double
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Secondary analyses concluded that the dietary intervention did not increase risk of diabetes, but instead slowed progression. During the trial, intervention group women had lower rates of initiation of insulin therapy (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.94; P = 0.01) and through cumulative follow-up (HR,
1420:, and total mortality. Given the size and diversity of the cohort, taken together with the data and specimen collection being undertaken, it was expected that this cohort could yield insights into a variety of hypotheses, as well as generate new hypotheses with respect to disease etiology in women.
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It was also found that the intervention did not have an effect on the incidence of colorectal cancer, possibly owing to the long latency associated with colorectal cancers. Calcium plus vitamin D was not found to affect the incidence of breast cancer. Finally, an increased risk of kidney stones was
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Among the intervention cohort, a small but significant improvement in hip bone density was observed, although a significant reduction in hip fractures was not observed. However, subgroup analysis revealed a possible benefit to older women in terms of a reduced risk of hip fractures, attributable to
547:
In addition to the global exclusion criteria, women were ineligible for the HT component if safety was a concern. Such concerns included a breast cancer diagnosis at any time in the past, other cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) diagnosed within the previous 10 years, or low hematocrit or
62:
However, initial interpretation and communication about the studies' findings have been criticized for failing to clarify that the studies were weighted toward women already 60 or older (average age 63). This meant that women in their 50s, who tend to be healthier and have more menopausal symptoms,
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Of note, mortality is a rather limited summary because it does not include non-fatal CVD and non-fatal cancer events that may have long term consequences on health and quality of life. Post-menopausal women considering initiation of HT and their clinicians should refer to previous WHI publications
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The WHI study recruited postmenopausal women in the 50-79 age range, and sought to be as inclusive as practical. The wide nature of the age range balanced the need to observe the effects of hormone therapy on younger women, while also attempting to capture physical and cognitive outcomes in older
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Given the complexity of the WHI study, both in terms of the number of interventions and outcomes studied, as well as the number and geographic distribution of participants and clinical centers, careful orchestration was required. To this end, the WHI maintained a carefully designed organizational
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Another recent analysis of
Dietary Modification intervention outcomes showed a 30% reduction in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk among women having normal blood pressure (n = 23,248) and partaking in a low-fat dietary pattern (122 versus 256 CHD events; HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.87 during the
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The WHI study has received three extensions; these extensions are referred to as "Extension Study 1" (2005-2010), "Extension Study 2" (2010-2015), and the recently undertaken "Extension Study 3" (2015-2020). Participants from the first phase of the WHI study were consented and enrolled, with the
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In the 1980s, it had become apparent that past biomedical research had focused disproportionately on white men, often neglecting prevention and treatment studies of diseases that are either unique to or more common in women and minorities. In 1985, the Public Health
Service Task Force on Women's
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For the CT, a partial factorial study design was utilized for the investigation of three overlapping interventions (dietary modification, hormone therapy, and calcium/vitamin D supplementation), as this would provide considerable cost efficiencies. Willing study-eligible women were asked to join
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According to a 2013 analysis of extramural clinical trials supported by the NHLBI, the components of the WHI study have been some of the most frequently cited in the literature, with the E+P trial ranking first among all NHLBI-sponsored clinical trials, alone averaging 812.5 citations annually
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The
Dietary Modification intervention has also yielded new findings, after nearly two decades of follow-up. During the dietary intervention period (median, 8.1 years), it was found that a low-fat dietary pattern led to a lower incidence of death (from all causes) after breast cancer (40 deaths
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Public health investigators and biostatisticians can apply to use WHI study data in conjunction with their investigations. As of June 2013, nearly 450 Ancillary Studies have been proposed. Newly generated data from these Ancillary Studies must be submitted to the WHI, which in turn provides a
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Among postmenopausal women, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, as well as impaired quality of life. Among women in all age groups, cancer and cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of mortality. As the incidence of these
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Most fundamentally, the WHI did not address the major indication for MHT use: relief of symptoms. Rather, the stated goal of the HT component was to test the long-term cardiovascular-protective effects (rather than treatment of menopausal symptoms) of HT in postmenopausal women, which had been
162:
The launch of the study was undertaken in two stages. At first, 16 "vanguard" study centers entered active operation, to evaluate the study protocol and procedures. Once this initial portion of the study was underway, the remaining 24 study centers entered the study around a year later, each
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Participants underwent an initial baseline screening, including the collection of physical measurements, blood specimens, an inventory of medications and supplements, and completion of questionnaires pertaining to medical history, family history, reproductive history, lifestyle and behavioral
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In 1984, the NIH provided funding for a feasibility study pertaining to diet adherence, conducted by the Women's Health Trial (WHT). The WHT, which commenced in 1986 and involved 303 women randomized into dietary intervention and control groups, yielded results demonstrating a high degree of
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According to a cumulative 18-year follow-up analysis published in 2017, it was found that, among 27,347 postmenopausal women who had originally participated in the WHI hormone therapy trials, interventions using estrogen-plus-progestin and estrogen-alone were not associated with increased or
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Regarding endometrial cancer, although estrogen-plus-progestin use during the intervention period suggested a reduction in cancer incidence, the difference became statistically significant with additional follow-up from the extension period. These findings highlight the completely different
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The Observational study (OS) study recruited eligible postmenopausal women (n = 93676) who were either ineligible or unwilling to participate in the CT portion of the study, for the purpose of obtaining additional risk factor information, identifying risk-related biomarkers, and serving as a
100:
In 1987, the NIH funded the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Intervention (PEPI). The trial followed 875 women who underwent treatment with estrogen, estrogen and progestin, or placebo, and — even quite early in the study — demonstrated both successful recruitment and participant
1739:- cohort study of approximately 6,000 men and women in six U.S. communities, which started in 2000, with the purpose of identifying the subclinical (i.e., asymptomatic) characteristics of cardiovascular disease, as well as risk factors that predict progression to a clinical disease state.
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In contrast, breast cancer risk was significantly lower for the estrogen-alone group compared to placebo during the post-intervention period. Specifically, the reduction of breast cancer incidence persisted throughout the early post-intervention phase. Lower breast cancer risk among the
1670:(total average annual number of citations for the WHI study interventions, 1233.3). In addition, the WHI study component findings were found to reach publication in a timely manner, despite the study's negative trial findings (see NEJM Supplementary Appendix for detailed findings).
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The dietary modification (DM) trial was conducted with the purpose of identifying the effects of a low-fat eating pattern; the primary outcome measures were the incidence of invasive breast and colorectal cancers, fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and overall
583:
144:
In 1991, working groups were formed to determine the study plan for both the clinical trials (CT) and the observational study (OS). These groups included experts from diverse arenas of medicine, public health, and clinical trial design from both within and outside the NIH.
576:
158:
connectivity, the study centers had to be supplied with computing and networking equipment to connect to the WHI network; WHI-hosted e-mail facilitated the efficient exchange of information among staff and scientists, as well as the transfer of study-related data.
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A decrease in invasive and ductal breast cancer incidences with decreasing estrogen/progestin combination therapy usage among the OS cohort, which served to corroborate the controlled HT CT trial findings. Other cancer surveillance studies have noted the same
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assigned to one of the "vanguard" study centers for purposes of mentorship. Study centers were subdivided into four regions, each under the supervision of a regional center, to further facilitate communication and information exchange among study centers.
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assess and collect physical and functional measurements, as well as blood to replenish the WHI biospecimen repository and determine current CBC parameters for these participants. The LLS completed its in-person visits and blood collections in May 2013.
2201:
Henderson MM, Kushi LH, Thompson DJ, Gorbach SL, Clifford CK, Insull W, et al. (March 1990). "Feasibility of a randomized trial of a low-fat diet for the prevention of breast cancer: dietary compliance in the Women's Health Trial Vanguard Study".
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structure, along with governance- and science-specific committees and communications channels for staff and investigators to resolve study-related questions and exchange information. As the study launched concurrently with the early stages of modern
96:
However, concerns existed about the feasibility of such a complex clinical trial among participants in this demographic of older women, particularly with respect to sufficient recruitment and adherence to the dietary and hormone-treatment regimens.
2618:"Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer"
1689:(AACR), the oldest and largest research society of its kind, awarded the WHI study the 2016 Team Science Award in recognition of its more than 20 years of work, which ultimately "singularly changed the face of women's medicine around the world."
2899:
Howe GR, Benito E, Castelleto R, Cornée J, Estève J, Gallagher RP, et al. (December 1992). "Dietary intake of fiber and decreased risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: evidence from the combined analysis of 13 case-control studies".
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As a consequence of the findings, which indicated that the incurred risks of HT outweigh the identified benefits, the study authors recommended that HT not be prescribed for the purpose of chronic disease prevention in postmenopausal women.
3434:
McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Carolyn J, et al. (February 2003). "Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (United States)".
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estrogen-alone group remained for the most recent update (HR, 0.78; 95%CI, 0.65-0.93; P-value = 0.005). In addition, statistically significantly lower breast cancer mortality was reported (HR, 0.60; 95%CI, 0.37-0.97; P = 0.04).
3097:
Chevalley T, Rizzoli R, Nydegger V, Slosman D, Rapin CH, Michel JP, et al. (September 1994). "Effects of calcium supplements on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-replete elderly patients".
79:
It was these changes in societal attitudes and policy toward women's health research, in addition to the demonstration that such a large study was not only feasible, but could be done economically, that gave rise to the WHI.
93:
interventions would require testing through clinical trials before they, along with their full range of risks and benefits, could be used as the basis for setting public health policy and creating prevention guidelines.
1459:
An inverse correlation between whole grain consumption and type-2 diabetes, which is in agreement with previous studies; however, this study found the benefit of whole grain consumption to be lost with any history of
4786:
Langer RD, White E, Lewis CE, Kotchen JM, Hendrix SL, Trevisan M (October 2003). "The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study: baseline characteristics of participants and reliability of baseline measures".
2131:"Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial".
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skin cancer in the past 10 years, adherence or retention concerns (e.g., a substance abuse history or dementia), or a baseline diet that included a fat intake accounting for less than 32% of total energy intake.
136:. The CCC's responsibilities included the coordination of the 40 study clinics that would eventually recruit women nationwide, as well as ensuring their consistent adherence to the study design and guidelines.
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all continue to recommend it as the most effective therapy for short-term treatment of menopausal symptoms in newly-menopausal women who are under the age of 60 year or within 10 years of entering menopause.
2095:
Barrett-Connor E, Slone S, Greendale G, Kritz-Silverstein D, Espeland M, Johnson SR, et al. (July 1997). "The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Study: primary outcomes in adherent women".
190:
Participants who either did not qualify for or declined to participate in the CT were, if eligible and willing to consent, enrolled in the observational study (OS), which had an enrollment goal of 100,000.
564:
The hypothesized and observed risks of specific clinical outcomes are summarized in the following table. Of particular interest are the contrasts between several of the hypothesized risks and the observed
3260:
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B (May 2005). "Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
5047:"Discovery and preliminary confirmation of novel early detection biomarkers for triple-negative breast cancer using preclinical plasma samples from the Women's Health Initiative observational study"
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These types of analysis, conducted more than a decade after the halt of the intervention trials, serves further to demonstrate the long-term value and return on investment yielded by the WHI study.
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either the hormone therapy (HT trial), the dietary modification (DM) trial, or both. After one year, willing and eligible CT participants were also asked to join the calcium/vitamin D trial (CaD).
39:(NIH) in 1991, to address major health issues causing morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women. It consisted of three clinical trials (CT) and an observational study (OS). In particular,
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supported by previous observational studies in terms of how it reduces atherosclerotic diseases by lowering serum lipid levels and promoting vasodilation. In an expert consensus statement from
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for a week, and keep track of falls on a month basis for one year. The goal was to establish a stronger correlation between physical activity and cardiovascular disease and total mortality.
6314:
4232:"Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group"
2582:
Steinberg KK, Thacker SB, Smith SJ, Stroup DF, Zack MM, Flanders WD, Berkelman RL (April 1991). "A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer".
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It is important to note that this evidence primarily concerns longer-term HRT use for prevention of chronic disease in older women. The USPSTF did not evaluate HRT's use for alleviation of
5658:
2829:
Prentice RL, Sheppard L (July 1990). "Dietary fat and cancer: consistency of the epidemiologic data, and disease prevention that may follow from a practical reduction in fat consumption".
1290:, though initially endorsing hormone replacement, in their most recent published recommendation in 2017 discouraged its use for the prevention of chronic diseases such as osteoporosis or
3013:
Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG, Iscovich JM, Yuan JM, Katsouyanni K, et al. (April 1990). "Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control studies".
1717:- cohort study of 15,792 men and women in four U.S. communities, which began in 1987, and seeks to identify the underlying causes of atherosclerosis and the resulting clinical outcomes.
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retention/adherence in a hormone therapy (HT) setting. Many of the operational procedures from PEPI, including the study drug dosing, were retained in the larger WHI-HT clinical trial.
3338:"Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial"
5689:"Effect of cocoa flavanol supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease events: the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) randomized clinical trial"
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6393:
1682:(ACTS), "given in recognition of the WHI team's success in the translation of research discoveries into clinical applications and, eventually, widespread clinical practice."
5845:"Association of Menopausal Hormone Therapy With Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality During Long-term Follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials"
4920:
Luo J, Cochrane BB, Wactawski-Wende J, Hunt JR, Ockene JK, Margolis KL (February 2013). "Effects of menopausal hormone therapy on ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast".
2237:
White E, Shattuck AL, Kristal AR, Urban N, Prentice RL, Henderson MM, et al. (May–June 1992). "Maintenance of a low-fat diet: follow-up of the Women's Health Trial".
2986:
Freedman LS, Clifford C, Messina M (September 1990). "Analysis of dietary fat, calories, body weight, and the development of mammary tumors in rats and mice: a review".
2512:
Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, et al. (December 1992). "Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women".
450:
Subgroup analyses suggested that the dietary intervention significantly lowered risk of breast cancer among women with a higher baseline percentage of energy from fat.
3826:
3478:
Terry P, Baron JA, Bergkvist L, Holmberg L, Wolk A (2002). "Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective cohort study in women".
2166:
Johnson S, Mebane-Sims I, Hogan PE, Stoy DB (August 1995). "Recruitment of postmenopausal women in the PEPI Trial. Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions".
1439:
Recognition that postmenopausal women are less active than they were during their pre-menopausal years, suggesting a possible benefit for interventions at or around
6816:"Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: a systematic review to update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations"
1947:
3616:"Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial"
2011:
Rossouw JE, Finnegan LP, Harlan WR, Pinn VW, Clifford C, McGowan JA (Mar–Apr 1995). "The evolution of the Women's Health Initiative: perspectives from the NIH".
5738:"Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease: the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) randomized clinical trial"
3186:"Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis"
7063:"Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials"
3225:
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, Staehelin HB, Bazemore MG, Zee RY, Wong JB (April 2004). "Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis".
2436:
Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA (January 1991). "Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence".
183:
Recruitment goals for the HT, DM, and CaD components of the CT were 27,500, 48,000, and 45,000, respectively, each obtained on the basis of calculations of
1436:
Identification of putative molecular markers which may predispose (and/or aid early detection) certain populations of women to diabetes and breast cancer.
6444:
3708:
1306:
6491:
4209:
2052:
Black DM, Cummings SR, Genant HK, Nevitt MC, Palermo L, Browner W (June 1992). "Axial and appendicular bone density predict fractures in older women".
4134:"Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
1456:
Identification of a potential positive relationship between alcohol use and the risk of developing certain types of hormone-responsive breast cancers.
5897:"Breast Cancer After Use of Estrogen Plus Progestin and Estrogen Alone: Analyses of Data From 2 Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials"
3857:
6470:
6310:
5235:"Laxative use and incident falls, fractures and change in bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative"
532:), at a dosage of 0.625 mg/day ("E-alone," n = 5310; placebo, n = 5429). Women with an intact uterus were treated by a combined estrogen plus
6555:"Invited Commentary: Hormone therapy risks and benefits--The Women's Health Initiative findings and the postmenopausal estrogen timing hypothesis"
1453:
Identification of a positive correlation between active smoking or extensive exposure to second-hand smoke and an increased risk of breast cancer.
5666:
4273:"Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women: recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"
1463:
Insomnia, in combination with a long- (≥10 hours) or short-duration (≤5 hours) sleep pattern, can substantially augment the risk of CVD and CHD.
6528:
540:(MPA; Prempro, also manufactured by Wyeth). The addition of progestin has been linked to a marked reduction in the risk for the development of
4353:
Grady D (February 2018). "Evidence for Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy to Prevent Chronic Conditions: Success, Failure, and Lessons Learned".
2943:
Steinmetz KA, Potter JD (March 1993). "Food-group consumption and colon cancer in the Adelaide Case-Control Study. I. Vegetables and fruit".
2268:
1570:(incidences of heart disease and cancer), but they did show an effect on secondary endpoints with a reduction in heart disease mortality for
569:, which are instructive in demonstrating the distinct differences between the HT trial findings and those of previous observational studies.
7028:"Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial"
4495:"Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial"
4454:"Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial"
4107:
3762:
3660:"Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial"
1790:
1287:
3795:
5186:"Relationship of sedentary behavior and physical activity to incident cardiovascular disease: results from the Women's Health Initiative"
2473:"Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study"
1416:
The major outcomes of interest for the OS were coronary heart disease, stroke, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, osteoporotic fractures,
493:
trial had been undertaken to prove the cardioprotective effects of HT. Due to the concern over the relationship between HT and elevated
4536:"Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of colorectal cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial"
536:
regimen ("E+P," n = 8506; placebo, n = 8102), specifically the aforementioned estrogen regimen with the addition of 2.5 mg/day of
6042:
3888:
1367:
Women participating in this intervention were randomly assigned to receive a regimen of 1000 mg calcium in combination with 400
76:
policy to require, rather than recommend, the inclusion of women in clinical research (when appropriate) in order to obtain funding.
6423:
6385:
5793:
520:
Two regimens were selected, in addition to a placebo group. Women assigned to the intervention group who had previously undergone a
3739:
1686:
5995:"Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials"
5626:
63:
were underrepresented. Systemic hormone therapy has decreased dramatically among U.S. women since the WHI results were published.
4690:"Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study"
1745:- cohort (three cohorts: 1976 and 1989, with a third cohort currently under recruitment) study focusing on the health of female
1539:
129:
1236:
recipients, which were about half of patients. "Global index" is defined for each woman as the time to earliest diagnosis for
6997:"Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group".
5384:"The association of whole grain consumption with incident type 2 diabetes: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study"
5286:"Association of active and passive smoking with risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study"
3818:
6220:"A Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis From the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial"
6171:"Low-fat dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease: results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial"
5335:"Alcohol consumption and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by subtype: the women's health initiative observational study"
2872:
McMichael AJ, Giles GG (February 1988). "Cancer in migrants to Australia: extending the descriptive epidemiological data".
5006:"Genetic variants in the UCP2-UCP3 gene cluster and risk of diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study"
4315:(February 2018). "Menopausal Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions: Unfulfilled Expectations".
6122:"Dietary Modification and Breast Cancer Mortality: Long-Term Follow-Up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial"
4180:
3387:"Calcium from diet and supplements is associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of women"
2297:
1939:
1714:
1428:
The WHI OS has and continues to yield many findings and new hypotheses, a small sampling of which are highlighted below:
4873:"Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study"
4667:
1473:
An analysis of outcomes, approximate participant location, and local air quality data found that long-term exposure to
6906:"Healthy lifestyles reduce the incidence of chronic diseases and dementia: evidence from the Caerphilly cohort study"
5946:"Continuous Combined Estrogen Plus Progestin and Endometrial Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial"
1968:
Manson, JoAnn E.; Kaunitz, Andrew M. (March 3, 2016). "Menopause Management — Getting Clinical Care Back on Track".
2667:"Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up of the nurses' health study"
2353:, Limacher M, Allen C, Rossouw JE (October 2003). "The Women's Health Initiative recruitment methods and results".
1356:
The calcium/vitamin D (CaD) trial component was designed to test the hypothesis that women taking a combination of
1302:
6073:"Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Breast Cancer Mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial"
5433:"Sleep duration, insomnia, and coronary heart disease among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative"
1607:
1535:
5480:
Neuhouser ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Thomson C, Aragaki A, Anderson GL, Manson JE, et al. (February 2009).
5145:"Vigorous leisure activity through women's adult life: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Cohort Study"
4688:
Prentice RL, Pettinger MB, Jackson RD, Wactawski-Wende J, Lacroix AZ, Anderson GL, et al. (February 2013).
1443:. Furthermore, this decrease in activity (e.g., prolonged sedentary activity) can lead to an increased CVD risk.
5822:
4737:
Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, Pettinger M, Wactawski-Wende J, Rohan T, et al. (November 2008).
4431:
4082:
4002:
Hing E, Brett KM (July 2006). "Changes in U.S. prescribing patterns of menopausal hormone therapy, 2001-2003".
3700:
1720:
6452:
4388:
Lewis CE, Wellons MF (December 2017). "Menopausal Hormone Therapy for Primary Prevention of Chronic Disease".
83:
1825:"Economic return from the Women's Health Initiative estrogen plus progestin clinical trial: a modeling study"
36:
4452:
Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, et al. (February 2006).
4201:
3849:
7061:
Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, et al. (October 2013).
5482:"Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women's Health Initiative cohorts"
4534:
Beresford SA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, Lasser NL, Snetselaar LG, Black HR, et al. (February 2006).
1543:
1280:
1202:
631:
537:
40:
7200:
6643:
Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH (June 1999). "The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system".
6466:
5570:
1562:
affects the risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and cancer. First results showed no effect on the
497:
risk, breast cancer was selected as the primary adverse outcome. Additional outcomes monitored included
6071:
Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, Anderson GL, Thomson CA, Manson JE, Simon MS, et al. (September 2017).
5993:
Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, et al. (September 2017).
5529:
Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson GL, Kaufman JD (February 2007).
3614:
Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. (July 2002).
1591:
4871:
Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, Anderson GL, Cauley JA, Aragaki AK, Stefanick ML, et al. (April 2013).
599:
Results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) menopausal hormone therapy randomized controlled trials
4822:
Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, Gass M, et al. (February 2009).
1730:
1563:
1546:
trial with more than 21,000 women and men, recruited from across the U.S. The study was supported by
1141:
6520:
6169:
Prentice RL, Aragaki AK, Van Horn L, Thomson CA, Beresford SA, Robinson J, et al. (July 2017).
4493:
Prentice RL, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Patterson R, Kuller LH, Ockene JK, et al. (February 2006).
2471:
Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan LD, Criqui MH, Wallace RB, Suchindran CM, et al. (June 1987).
1364:
will experience a reduced risk of hip and other fractures, as well as breast and colorectal cancer.
113:
7190:
2708:"Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses' Health Study"
1484:
was associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease and death among postmenopausal women.
617:
6594:
Prentice RL, Manson JE, Langer RD, Anderson GL, Pettinger M, Jackson RD, et al. (July 2009).
5944:
Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Sarto GE, Haque R, Runowicz CD, Aragaki AK, et al. (March 2016).
5895:
Chlebowski RT, Rohan TE, Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Kaunitz A, Stefanick ML, et al. (June 2015).
5786:"Women's Health Initiative Strong and Healthy Study — Tabular View — ClinicalTrials.gov"
5431:
Sands-Lincoln M, Loucks EB, Lu B, Carskadon MA, Sharkey K, Stefanick ML, et al. (June 2013).
5284:
Luo J, Margolis KL, Wactawski-Wende J, Horn K, Messina C, Stefanick ML, et al. (March 2011).
5233:
Haring B, Pettinger M, Bea JW, Wactawski-Wende J, Carnahan RM, Ockene JK, et al. (May 2013).
4103:
3141:
Cumming RG (October 1990). "Calcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence".
2264:
1782:
5843:
Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Aragaki AK, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Pan K, et al. (July 2020).
5736:
Sesso HD, Rist PM, Aragaki AK, Rautiainen S, Johnson LG, Friedenberg G, et al. (June 2022).
5184:
Chomistek AK, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Lu B, Sands-Lincoln M, Going SB, et al. (June 2013).
4132:
Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. (December 2017).
1742:
7151:
7134:
7104:
Nabel EG (October 2013). "The Women's Health Initiative--a victory for women and their health".
7026:
Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, et al. (April 2004).
6596:"Benefits and risks of postmenopausal hormone therapy when it is initiated soon after menopause"
6120:
Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, Anderson GL, Pan K, Neuhouser ML, Manson JE, et al. (May 2020).
5601:
2547:
Dupont WD, Page DL (January 1991). "Menopausal estrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer".
2413:
2396:
7195:
3963:"National use of postmenopausal hormone therapy: annual trends and response to recent evidence"
3787:
2039:
National Center for Health Statistics: Vital Statistics of the United States, volume II, Part B
1726:
1559:
1466:
A combined analysis of the OS and CT cohorts found no convincing evidence for the influence of
1324:
1291:
1237:
813:
729:
89:
diseases increases according to age, women over the age of 50 bear much of the disease burden.
44:
6971:
6218:
Howard BV, Aragaki AK, Tinker LF, Allison M, Hingle MD, Johnson KC, et al. (April 2018).
5687:
Sesso HD, Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rist PM, Johnson LG, Friedenberg G, et al. (June 2022).
5333:
Li CI, Chlebowski RT, Freiberg M, Johnson KC, Kuller L, Lane D, et al. (September 2010).
4963:
Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlader N, Berg CD, Chlebowski RT, Feuer EJ, et al. (April 2007).
4575:
Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, et al. (February 2006).
439:
Non-significant trend indicated that a longer intervention may yield more definitive results.
6753:
we have published important articles such as ... the landmark Women's Health Initiative study
5096:"Discovery and validation of breast cancer early detection biomarkers in preclinical samples"
4289:
4272:
1877:"Exceptional opportunities in medical science: a view from the National Institutes of Health"
1703:
1663:
644:
613:
6832:
6815:
6678:
Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, Archer DF, Boyd N, Braunstein GD, et al. (July 2010).
6917:
3880:
3050:"Dietary fat and breast cancer risk revisited: a meta-analysis of the published literature"
2706:
Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Rimm E, Manson JE, et al. (September 1999).
1631:
long-term influences estrogen plus progestin have on endometrial cancer and breast cancer.
1198:
650:
622:
525:
84:
WHI study antecedents and demonstration of feasibility for a large-scale intervention study
5045:
Li CI, Mirus JE, Zhang Y, Ramirez AB, Ladd JJ, Prentice RL, et al. (September 2012).
4230:
Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, Vittinghoff E (August 1998).
3523:"The association of calcium and vitamin D, and colon and rectal cancer in Wisconsin women"
3295:
Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, et al. (December 1992).
3184:
Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Griffith L, et al. (August 2002).
8:
6767:"Lessons learned from the Women's Health Initiative trials of menopausal hormone therapy"
6415:
5785:
5627:"Participant News — COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) Trial"
3731:
2749:"Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Study"
1368:
1222:
1089:
1063:
707:
676:
133:
6921:
6336:
Gordon D, Taddei-Peters W, Mascette A, Antman M, Kaufmann PG, Lauer MS (November 2013).
5382:
Parker ED, Liu S, Van Horn L, Tinker LF, Shikany JM, Eaton CB, Margolis KL (June 2013).
1298:
7087:
7062:
6940:
6905:
6904:
Elwood P, Galante J, Pickering J, Palmer S, Bayer A, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. (2013).
6881:
6856:
6791:
6766:
6704:
6679:
6620:
6595:
6362:
6337:
6246:
6219:
6195:
6170:
6146:
6121:
6097:
6072:
6019:
5994:
5970:
5945:
5921:
5896:
5869:
5844:
5762:
5737:
5713:
5688:
5634:
5506:
5481:
5457:
5432:
5408:
5383:
5359:
5334:
5310:
5285:
5261:
5234:
5210:
5185:
5120:
5095:
5071:
5046:
4945:
4897:
4872:
4848:
4823:
4763:
4738:
4714:
4689:
4659:
4606:
4074:
4027:
4015:
3591:
3566:
3503:
3460:
3416:
3166:
3123:
3074:
3049:
2968:
2925:
2854:
2806:
2789:
2747:
Liu S, Manson JE, Lee IM, Cole SR, Hennekens CH, Willett WC, Buring JE (October 2000).
2647:
2077:
1901:
1876:
1849:
1824:
1547:
1257:
1245:
897:
785:
541:
506:
502:
7010:
4800:
3362:
3337:
2634:
2617:
2366:
2109:
7156:
7121:
7092:
7049:
7014:
6945:
6886:
6837:
6796:
6744:
6709:
6660:
6625:
6576:
6367:
6292:
6251:
6200:
6151:
6102:
6024:
5975:
5926:
5874:
5767:
5718:
5552:
5531:"Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women"
5511:
5462:
5413:
5364:
5315:
5266:
5215:
5166:
5125:
5076:
5027:
4986:
4937:
4902:
4853:
4804:
4768:
4719:
4651:
4598:
4557:
4516:
4475:
4405:
4370:
4332:
4294:
4253:
4155:
4066:
4019:
3984:
3943:
3681:
3658:, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, et al. (April 2004).
3637:
3596:
3562:
3544:
3495:
3452:
3408:
3367:
3318:
3277:
3242:
3207:
3170:
3158:
3115:
3079:
3030:
2995:
2960:
2917:
2881:
2846:
2811:
2770:
2729:
2688:
2639:
2599:
2595:
2564:
2529:
2494:
2453:
2449:
2418:
2370:
2331:
2246:
2219:
2215:
2183:
2179:
2148:
2113:
2069:
2020:
1993:
1985:
1906:
1854:
1746:
1567:
1310:
1253:
1214:
1115:
869:
717:
686:
566:
510:
488:
The design of the hormone therapy trial (HT) was approached with the hypothesis that
184:
5399:
5143:
Evenson KR, Wilcox S, Pettinger M, Brunner R, King AC, McTiernan A (November 2002).
4663:
4610:
4366:
4078:
4031:
3507:
3464:
3420:
3127:
2972:
2929:
2858:
2651:
7146:
7113:
7082:
7074:
7039:
7006:
6935:
6925:
6876:
6868:
6827:
6786:
6778:
6736:
6699:
6691:
6652:
6615:
6607:
6566:
6416:"Association for Clinical and Translational Science : Previous Meeting Awards"
6357:
6349:
6282:
6241:
6231:
6190:
6182:
6141:
6133:
6092:
6084:
6014:
6006:
5965:
5957:
5916:
5908:
5864:
5856:
5757:
5749:
5708:
5700:
5542:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5452:
5444:
5403:
5395:
5354:
5346:
5305:
5297:
5256:
5246:
5205:
5197:
5156:
5115:
5107:
5066:
5058:
5017:
4976:
4949:
4929:
4892:
4884:
4843:
4835:
4796:
4758:
4750:
4709:
4701:
4641:
4588:
4547:
4506:
4465:
4397:
4362:
4324:
4284:
4243:
4145:
4058:
4011:
3974:
3933:
3923:
3671:
3627:
3586:
3578:
3534:
3487:
3444:
3398:
3385:
Flood A, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Lacey JV, Schairer C, Schatzkin A (January 2005).
3357:
3349:
3308:
3269:
3234:
3197:
3150:
3107:
3069:
3061:
3022:
2952:
2909:
2838:
2801:
2760:
2719:
2678:
2629:
2591:
2556:
2521:
2484:
2445:
2408:
2362:
2211:
2175:
2140:
2105:
2081:
2061:
1977:
1896:
1888:
1844:
1836:
1218:
6271:"Progesterone Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk: Understanding the Biological Roots"
3912:"Significant fall in hormone replacement therapy prescription in general practice"
2525:
6930:
6782:
4625:
4328:
3655:
2788:
Fung TT, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rexrode KM, Willett WC, Hu FB (September 2004).
2392:
2350:
1820:
1816:
1758:
122:
6854:
6656:
6287:
6270:
5912:
3582:
3313:
3296:
6338:"Publication of trials funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"
5201:
4629:
4312:
4174:
3403:
3386:
1380:
983:
5111:
5062:
4933:
4705:
3448:
2913:
2560:
2290:
466:
A small, but significant, improvement in bone mineral density was identified.
7184:
7117:
7078:
7044:
7027:
6550:
6088:
3676:
3659:
3491:
3353:
3273:
3238:
3224:
3048:
Boyd NF, Stone J, Vogt KN, Connelly BS, Martin LJ, Minkin S (November 2003).
2489:
2472:
2388:
2335:
2094:
1989:
1662:
As of September 2018, the WHI has reviewed 3,154 writing proposals, of which
1519:
1481:
1450:
use and an increased risk of falls, for both extrinsic and intrinsic reasons.
1440:
1376:
1372:
1249:
954:
841:
544:
in women receiving estrogen treatment who have not undergone a hysterectomy.
494:
6186:
6043:"Big study finds no rise in death risk among women who took hormone therapy"
6010:
5251:
4824:"Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women"
4401:
4150:
4133:
3928:
3911:
3026:
2765:
2748:
2724:
2707:
2065:
1892:
1525:
477:
Study notes that a longer-duration study may yield more definitive results.
7160:
7125:
7096:
7053:
6949:
6841:
6800:
6748:
6713:
6680:"Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement"
6664:
6629:
6580:
6371:
6296:
6255:
6204:
6155:
6106:
6028:
5979:
5930:
5878:
5860:
5771:
5753:
5722:
5704:
5556:
5515:
5466:
5417:
5368:
5319:
5270:
5219:
5170:
5129:
5080:
5031:
4990:
4941:
4906:
4857:
4808:
4772:
4723:
4655:
4602:
4561:
4552:
4535:
4520:
4511:
4494:
4479:
4470:
4453:
4409:
4374:
4336:
4298:
4248:
4231:
4159:
4070:
4023:
3988:
3947:
3685:
3641:
3632:
3615:
3600:
3539:
3522:
3499:
3456:
3412:
3371:
3281:
3246:
3211:
3083:
3065:
2956:
2815:
2774:
2733:
2692:
2643:
2422:
2374:
2323:
2144:
1997:
1910:
1858:
1474:
1467:
1345:
1261:
1210:
925:
696:
665:
521:
514:
52:
7018:
6890:
6872:
6740:
6353:
5961:
5479:
5448:
5350:
4888:
4839:
4754:
4630:"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer"
4257:
4047:"Use of menopausal hormones in the United States, 1992 through June, 2003"
3979:
3962:
3548:
3322:
3162:
3119:
3034:
2999:
2964:
2921:
2885:
2850:
2603:
2568:
2533:
2498:
2457:
2250:
2223:
2187:
2152:
2117:
2073:
2024:
6695:
6611:
6571:
6554:
6137:
5547:
5530:
5161:
5144:
4981:
4964:
4646:
4593:
4576:
3202:
3185:
2683:
2666:
1981:
1736:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1555:
1229:
1678:
In 2015, the WHI study was awarded the 2015 Team Science Award from the
1635:
decreased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, or total cancer mortality.
5890:
5888:
4687:
3154:
3111:
2842:
1488:
1384:
6236:
5301:
5022:
5005:
4965:"The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States"
4739:"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer"
3938:
3259:
2790:"Prospective study of major dietary patterns and stroke risk in women"
128:
The NIH awarded the role of Clinical Coordinating Center (CCC) to the
66:
2041:. Washington, DC: DHSS Public Health Service. 1990. pp. 90–1102.
1840:
1361:
533:
5885:
4736:
4628:, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O'Sullivan MJ, et al. (February 2006).
4423:
4062:
4046:
3909:
6855:
The Caerphilly and Speedwell Collaborative Group (September 1984).
5814:
4623:
4270:
3910:
Lagro-Janssen A, Knufing MW, Schreurs L, van Weel C (August 2010).
2291:"Press Release — U.S. Department of Health and Human Services"
1610:(GWAS) conducted on participant DNA is available on the NIH-hosted
1447:
1417:
1206:
1168:
1037:
489:
155:
4577:"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures"
3433:
3297:"Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women"
6335:
5659:"COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) Trial"
5232:
4821:
4172:
1357:
1233:
379:
Based on previous observational, pilot, and/or laboratory studies
7175:
7060:
6070:
5004:
Hsu YH, Niu T, Song Y, Tinker L, Kuller LH, Liu S (April 2008).
4533:
1639:
for a complete summary of risks for fatal and non-fatal events.
422:
Reduces risks of CHD, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
6765:
Rossouw JE, Manson JE, Kaunitz AM, Anderson GL (January 2013).
5842:
5528:
4492:
3788:"On second thoughts, let's just go easy on the hormone therapy"
3096:
1554:. The objective of the study was to investigate whether either
1551:
1241:
757:
498:
139:
48:
6857:"Caerphilly and Speedwell collaborative heart disease studies"
6445:"AACR Team Science Award: 2016 Women's Health Initiative Team"
6168:
5430:
5283:
4919:
4870:
2665:
Oh K, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC (April 2005).
1961:
1729:- long-term, ongoing cardiovascular study on the residents of
1692:
1587:
1531:
1409:
comparative observational assessment to the CT interventions.
7025:
5142:
3654:
2470:
1679:
1265:
529:
19:
6903:
6764:
6593:
6521:"Women's Health Initiative receives AACR Team Science Award"
6119:
5992:
5943:
5894:
1470:
supplement usage on common cancers, CVD, or total mortality.
187:
with regard to the outcomes of interest for each component.
5818:
5332:
3567:"Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of endometrial cancer"
3477:
2581:
2165:
551:
414:
Estrogen-alone therapy showed a possible decrease in risk.
6813:
6217:
5735:
5183:
3012:
2898:
1814:
1709:
1588:
Women's Health Initiative Strong and Healthy Study (WHISH)
428:
Modest, but non-significant, effects on CVD risk factors.
108:
4574:
3571:
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2787:
2051:
2010:
1934:
1932:
1532:
COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS)
1526:
COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS)
35:) was a series of clinical studies initiated by the U.S.
6677:
4962:
4451:
4424:"Menopausal hormone therapy: where are we now? - bpacnz"
2705:
194:
148:
6963:
6814:
Nelson HD, Walker M, Zakher B, Mitchell J (July 2012).
5381:
4785:
4202:"Grade Definitions - US Preventive Services Task Force"
4131:
2985:
2348:
1617:
412:
Estrogen-progestin combination therapy increased risk.
7176:
National Health Lung and Blood Institute's WHI website
5686:
4229:
3960:
3294:
2330:. Arizona State University, Arizona Board of Regents.
1929:
1582:
Women's Health Initiative Strong & Healthy (WHISH)
3047:
6684:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3961:
Hersh AL, Stefanick ML, Stafford RS (January 2004).
2511:
1783:"The Women's Health Initiative and the Body Politic"
1489:
Study extensions, new trials, and the WHI at present
1400:
observed among those taking calcium plus vitamin D.
1327:(CVD), calculated as a composite of CHD and stroke.
5044:
2013:
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association
1307:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
641:(n = 16,608, with uterus, 5.2–5.6 years follow up)
632:
524:were treated with unopposed estrogen, specifically
67:
Motivation for the expanded study of women's health
6268:
4127:
4125:
3763:"Pfizer Paid $ 896 Million in Prempro Settlements"
2664:
1680:Association for Clinical and Translational Science
4044:
3819:"Drug Agency Weighs Role Of Hormone Replacements"
1335:not asked to adopt any specific dietary changes.
660:(n = 10,739, no uterus, 6.8–7.1 years follow up)
401:Increased risk of stroke. No effect on CHD risk.
7182:
7135:"The women's health initiative: lessons learned"
7132:
5003:
4271:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (May 2005).
3391:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
2828:
2746:
2397:"The women's health initiative: lessons learned"
2387:
2296:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
2239:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
1715:Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study
1664:1,725 have been published in scientific journals
6642:
4122:
3335:
2942:
2435:
2200:
2871:
395:Reduces risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
5190:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
3520:
1976:(9). Massachusetts Medical Society: 803–806.
1967:
1657:
1603:richer data resource for subsequent studies.
584:
166:
6861:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
6548:
6269:Joshi PA, Goodwin PJ, Khokha R (June 2015).
4387:
4106:. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
3881:"Breast Cancer Seen as Riskier With Hormone"
3561:
1815:Roth JA, Etzioni R, Waters TM, Pettinger M,
1737:Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
1288:United States Preventive Services Task Force
651:
623:
433:Reduces risk of invasive colorectal cancer.
353:: combined estrogen plus progestin therapy.
140:Design overview, eligibility, and enrollment
23:Logo for the Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
7152:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090947
5633:. Women's Health Initiative. Archived from
4104:"Wyeth Annual Report to Shareholders: 2005"
3732:"Wyeth faces thousands of Prempro lawsuits"
3384:
2414:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090947
2236:
1780:
1693:Criticisms of the WHI's design and findings
708:
677:
6175:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
5742:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
5693:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
5665:. Women's Health Institute. Archived from
4173:US Preventive Services Task Force (1996).
3336:Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT (March 2003).
3183:
2753:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2712:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2546:
1597:
591:
577:
7150:
7086:
7043:
6939:
6929:
6880:
6831:
6790:
6726:
6703:
6619:
6570:
6361:
6286:
6245:
6235:
6194:
6145:
6096:
6018:
5969:
5920:
5868:
5761:
5712:
5546:
5505:
5456:
5407:
5358:
5309:
5260:
5250:
5209:
5160:
5119:
5070:
5021:
4980:
4896:
4847:
4762:
4713:
4645:
4592:
4551:
4510:
4469:
4288:
4247:
4149:
4001:
3978:
3937:
3927:
3675:
3631:
3590:
3538:
3402:
3361:
3312:
3201:
3073:
2805:
2764:
2723:
2682:
2633:
2488:
2412:
1900:
1848:
1606:In addition to the study data, data from
1390:
718:
687:
458:Reduces risk of hip and other fractures.
6449:American Association for Cancer Research
5950:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
5339:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
4877:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
4743:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
4290:10.7326/0003-4819-142-10-200505170-00011
4045:Wysowski DK, Governale LA (March 2005).
3847:
3698:
3015:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
2902:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1940:"Women Have Been Misled About Menopause"
1926:see details and references in OS section
1687:American Association for Cancer Research
1497:
1423:
1396:calcium plus vitamin D supplementation.
1338:
1260:(estrogen plus progestogen group only),
552:HT component findings and ensuing events
444:Reduces risk of invasive breast cancer.
112:
43:were designed and funded that addressed
18:
6833:10.7326/0003-4819-157-2-201207170-00466
3140:
2265:"NIH Almanac — Past NIH Directors"
1874:
1870:
1868:
1810:
1808:
1710:Other large-scale public health studies
1673:
1317:
109:WHI study announced and planning begins
7183:
5653:
5651:
4311:
3816:
3760:
3521:Marcus PM, Newcomb PA (October 1998).
2303:from the original on 16 September 2012
1922:
1920:
1776:
1774:
1651:0.88; 95% CI 0.78 to 0.99; P = 0.04).
1540:Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
1403:
375:Hypothesized Impact on Primary Outcome
130:Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
7103:
6974:from the original on 19 December 2017
6807:
5621:
5619:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4206:www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org
3878:
3850:"Landmarks From Two Decades of Study"
3798:from the original on 13 November 2012
3729:
3527:International Journal of Epidemiology
2321:
1950:from the original on February 4, 2023
195:Study components and primary findings
149:Study organization and implementation
6727:Deangelis CD (June 2011). "Onward".
6317:from the original on 13 October 2018
5051:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
4922:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
4051:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
3701:"Wyeth Stock Falls 24% After Report"
2054:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
1865:
1805:
1793:from the original on 30 January 2012
1618:Significant extension study findings
1612:Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes
1351:
697:
666:
6645:The New England Journal of Medicine
6342:The New England Journal of Medicine
5648:
5535:The New England Journal of Medicine
4969:The New England Journal of Medicine
4828:The New England Journal of Medicine
4634:The New England Journal of Medicine
4581:The New England Journal of Medicine
3613:
3301:The New England Journal of Medicine
1917:
1771:
637:Tooltip medroxyprogesterone acetate
471:Reduces risk of colorectal cancer.
117:Former NIH Director Bernadine Healy
13:
6989:
5616:
5093:
4343:
4176:Postmenopausal Hormone Prophylaxis
4016:10.1097/01.AOG.0000220502.77153.5a
3891:from the original on 12 March 2013
3829:from the original on 8 August 2014
3711:from the original on 8 August 2014
2807:10.1161/01.STR.0000135762.89154.92
483:
14:
7212:
7169:
7133:Prentice RL, Anderson GL (2008).
6396:from the original on 23 June 2016
3860:from the original on 9 March 2014
3742:from the original on 29 July 2014
2628:(9084): 1047–1059. October 1997.
2267:. National Institutes of Health.
517:, and death due to other causes.
406:Increases risk of breast cancer.
6956:
6897:
6848:
6758:
6720:
6671:
6636:
6600:American Journal of Epidemiology
6587:
6559:American Journal of Epidemiology
6542:
6513:
6484:
6459:
6437:
6408:
6378:
6329:
6303:
6262:
6211:
6162:
6113:
6064:
6035:
5986:
5937:
5836:
5807:
5778:
5729:
5680:
5149:American Journal of Epidemiology
2671:American Journal of Epidemiology
2596:10.1001/jama.1991.03460150089030
2271:from the original on 1 June 2013
1303:North American Menopause Society
6964:"Nurse's Health Study, Phase 3"
6531:from the original on 2016-04-24
6502:from the original on 2016-06-23
6473:from the original on 2016-06-16
6426:from the original on 2016-05-13
6053:from the original on 2017-10-17
5825:from the original on 2020-02-18
5796:from the original on 2016-11-30
5594:
5585:
5563:
5522:
5473:
5424:
5400:10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.03.010
5375:
5326:
5277:
5226:
5177:
5136:
5087:
5038:
4997:
4956:
4913:
4864:
4815:
4779:
4730:
4681:
4670:from the original on 2021-08-28
4624:Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM,
4617:
4568:
4527:
4486:
4445:
4434:from the original on 2020-09-25
4416:
4381:
4367:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.7861
4305:
4264:
4223:
4212:from the original on 2018-01-27
4194:
4183:from the original on 2023-01-20
4166:
4110:from the original on 2013-06-16
4096:
4085:from the original on 2022-08-30
4038:
3995:
3954:
3903:
3872:
3841:
3810:
3780:
3754:
3723:
3692:
3648:
3607:
3555:
3514:
3471:
3427:
3378:
3329:
3288:
3253:
3218:
3177:
3134:
3090:
3041:
3006:
2979:
2945:International Journal of Cancer
2936:
2892:
2865:
2837:(1): 81–97, discussion 99–109.
2822:
2781:
2740:
2699:
2658:
2610:
2575:
2540:
2505:
2464:
2429:
2381:
2342:
2315:
2283:
2257:
2230:
2194:
2159:
2124:
2088:
1970:New England Journal of Medicine
1781:Parker-Pope T (April 9, 2011).
1608:genome-wide association studies
7139:Annual Review of Public Health
5591:Internal e-mail communication.
5498:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.540
3143:Calcified Tissue International
2401:Annual Review of Public Health
2045:
2031:
2004:
1721:Caerphilly Heart Disease Study
1558:(600 mg/day) or a common
1542:(Seattle, WA) was a four-year
384:Supported by WHI CT Findings?
1:
7011:10.1016/S0197-2456(97)00078-0
6313:. Women's Health Initiative.
5486:Archives of Internal Medicine
4801:10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00047-4
3817:Kolata G (October 25, 2002).
2635:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)08233-0
2549:Archives of Internal Medicine
2526:10.7326/0003-4819-117-12-1016
2367:10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00042-5
2349:Hays J, Hunt JR, Hubbell FA,
2324:"Bernadine Healy (1944–2011)"
2110:10.1016/s0378-5122(97)00041-8
1765:
37:National Institutes of Health
7005:(1): 61–109. February 1998.
6968:Brigham and Women's Hospital
6931:10.1371/journal.pone.0081877
6783:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31827a08c8
6126:Journal of Clinical Oncology
6077:Journal of Clinical Oncology
4329:10.1001/jamacardio.2017.4575
3879:Grady D (October 19, 2010).
3848:Christie B (April 9, 2011).
3699:Petersen M (July 10, 2002).
2450:10.1016/0091-7435(91)90006-p
2216:10.1016/0091-7435(90)90014-B
2180:10.1016/0197-2456(95)91155-4
2139:(3): 199–208. January 1995.
1536:Brigham and Women's Hospital
656:Tooltip Conjugated estrogens
628:Tooltip conjugated estrogens
41:randomized controlled trials
7:
6820:Annals of Internal Medicine
6657:10.1056/NEJM199906103402306
6288:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0512
5913:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0494
5604:. Women's Health Initiative
5573:. Women's Health Initiative
4277:Annals of Internal Medicine
3583:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.001
3437:Cancer Causes & Control
3314:10.1056/NEJM199212033272305
2831:Cancer Causes & Control
2514:Annals of Internal Medicine
2328:Embryo Project Encyclopedia
2322:Darby A (8 November 2017).
1875:Collins FS (January 2015).
1829:Annals of Internal Medicine
1752:
1281:quality-adjusted life years
1203:medroxyprogesterone acetate
716:
713:Tooltip Confidence interval
705:
695:
685:
682:Tooltip Confidence interval
674:
664:
538:medroxyprogesterone acetate
528:(Premarin, manufactured by
16:Long-term U.S. health study
10:
7217:
6999:Controlled Clinical Trials
5202:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.031
4694:Osteoporosis International
4179:. Williams & Wilkins.
3761:Feeley J (June 19, 2012).
3730:Smith A (April 27, 2006).
3404:10.1158/1055-9965.126.14.1
3100:Osteoporosis International
2168:Controlled Clinical Trials
1823:, et al. (May 2014).
1658:Publications and citations
1592:interactive voice response
167:Eligibility and enrollment
6771:Obstetrics and Gynecology
6492:"Good News at Fred Hutch"
6467:"AACR Team Science Award"
6386:"Good news at Fred Hutch"
5437:Journal of Women's Health
5112:10.1007/s12672-010-0061-3
5063:10.1007/s10549-012-2204-4
4934:10.1007/s10549-012-2402-0
4706:10.1007/s00198-012-2224-2
4004:Obstetrics and Gynecology
3792:The Sydney Morning Herald
3054:British Journal of Cancer
2561:10.1001/archinte.151.1.67
1731:Framingham, Massachusetts
1193:
1142:Peripheral artery disease
723:Tooltip Attributable risk
692:Tooltip Attributable risk
643:
630:0.625 mg/day p.o. +
612:
607:
604:
454:
418:
391:
345:
210:
29:Women's Health Initiative
7118:10.1001/jama.2013.278042
7079:10.1001/jama.2013.278040
7045:10.1001/jama.291.14.1701
6089:10.1200/JCO.2016.72.0326
3677:10.1001/jama.291.14.1701
3565:, Felix AS (July 2014).
3492:10.1207/S15327914NC431_4
3354:10.1136/bmj.326.7387.469
3274:10.1001/jama.293.18.2257
3239:10.1001/jama.291.16.1999
2490:10.1161/01.cir.75.6.1102
1761:, former head of the WHI
1578:risk for multivitamins.
6311:"WHI Bibliography Site"
6187:10.3945/ajcn.117.153270
6011:10.1001/jama.2017.11217
5252:10.1186/1471-2318-13-38
4402:10.1001/jama.2017.16974
4151:10.1001/jama.2017.18261
3449:10.1023/A:1022591007673
2914:10.1093/jnci/84.24.1887
2066:10.1002/jbmr.5650070607
1893:10.1001/jama.2014.16736
1598:Other ancillary studies
658:0.625 mg/day p.o.)
455:Calcium plus Vitamin D
357:: estrogen monotherapy.
121:On April 19, 1991, Dr.
5861:10.1001/jama.2020.9482
5388:Annals of Epidemiology
4795:(9 Suppl): S107–S121.
4789:Annals of Epidemiology
4553:10.1001/jama.295.6.643
4512:10.1001/jama.295.6.629
4471:10.1001/jama.295.6.655
4355:JAMA Internal Medicine
4249:10.1001/jama.280.7.605
3633:10.1001/jama.288.3.321
3066:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601314
2957:10.1002/ijc.2910530502
2355:Annals of Epidemiology
2145:10.1001/jama.273.3.199
1727:Framingham Heart Study
1446:A correlation between
1391:CaD component findings
1325:cardiovascular disease
1292:cardiovascular disease
1238:coronary heart disease
814:Venous thromboembolism
730:Coronary heart disease
118:
45:cardiovascular disease
24:
6873:10.1136/jech.38.3.259
6741:10.1001/jama.2011.876
6690:(7 Suppl 1): s1–s66.
6354:10.1056/NEJMsa1300237
5449:10.1089/jwh.2012.3918
5100:Hormones & Cancer
4840:10.1056/NEJMoa0807684
3980:10.1001/jama.291.1.47
3929:10.1093/fampra/cmq018
3027:10.1093/jnci/82.7.561
2766:10.1093/ajcn/72.4.922
2725:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.412
1704:The Endocrine Society
1498:Long Life Study (LLS)
1424:OS component findings
1339:DM component findings
1299:symptoms of menopause
639:2.5 mg/day p.o.)
419:Dietary Modification
116:
22:
6696:10.1210/jc.2009-2509
6138:10.1200/JCO.19.00435
5754:10.1093/ajcn/nqac056
5705:10.1093/ajcn/nqac055
5669:on November 29, 2016
5637:on November 29, 2016
5548:10.1056/nejmoa054409
5094:Li CI (April 2011).
4982:10.1056/NEJMsr070105
4647:10.1056/NEJMoa055222
4594:10.1056/NEJMoa055218
3540:10.1093/ije/27.5.788
3480:Nutrition and Cancer
3203:10.1210/er.2001-7002
2361:(9 Suppl): S18–S77.
2174:(4 Suppl): 20S–35S.
1982:10.1056/nejmp1514242
1946:. February 1, 2023.
1743:Nurses' Health Study
1674:Awards and accolades
1475:fine particulate (PM
1318:Dietary modification
1199:conjugated estrogens
702:Tooltip Hazard ratio
671:Tooltip Hazard ratio
526:conjugated estrogens
365:Summary of findings
132:(FHCRC), located in
6922:2013PLoSO...881877E
6455:on 3 December 2016.
5962:10.1093/jnci/djv350
5571:"Extension Study 2"
5351:10.1093/jnci/djq316
4889:10.1093/jnci/djt043
4755:10.1093/jnci/djn360
2438:Preventive Medicine
2204:Preventive Medicine
1685:In April 2016, the
1574:and a reduction of
1404:Observational study
1369:International Units
1268:from other causes.
1223:confidence interval
1090:Stress incontinence
1064:Gallbladder disease
601:
366:
205:
204:Enrollment summary
134:Seattle, Washington
6612:10.1093/aje/kwp115
6572:10.1093/aje/kwp113
6420:www.actscience.org
5790:clinicaltrials.gov
5162:10.1093/aje/kwf132
3885:The New York Times
3823:The New York Times
3705:The New York Times
3155:10.1007/bf02555919
3112:10.1007/bf01623348
2843:10.1007/bf00053187
2684:10.1093/aje/kwi085
1944:The New York Times
1787:The New York Times
1258:endometrial cancer
1246:pulmonary embolism
898:Endometrial cancer
786:Pulmonary embolism
572:
567:attributable risks
542:endometrial cancer
507:endometrial cancer
503:pulmonary embolism
409:Varies by regimen
364:
203:
119:
25:
7112:(13): 1349–1350.
7073:(13): 1353–1368.
7038:(14): 1701–1712.
6735:(24): 2575–2576.
6651:(23): 1801–1811.
6392:. 16 April 2015.
6348:(20): 1926–1934.
6237:10.2337/dc17-0534
6132:(13): 1419–1428.
6083:(25): 2919–2926.
5602:"Long Life Study"
5345:(18): 1422–1431.
5302:10.1136/bmj.d1016
5196:(23): 2346–2354.
5023:10.2337/db07-1269
4975:(16): 1670–1674.
4749:(22): 1581–1591.
4396:(22): 2187–2189.
4144:(22): 2224–2233.
3794:. July 11, 2002.
3670:(14): 1701–1712.
3307:(23): 1637–1642.
3268:(18): 2257–2264.
3233:(16): 1999–2006.
3190:Endocrine Reviews
2994:(18): 5710–5719.
2908:(24): 1887–1896.
2590:(15): 1985–1990.
2520:(12): 1016–1037.
1747:registered nurses
1352:Calcium/vitamin D
1311:Endocrine Society
1276:
1275:
1254:colorectal cancer
1215:attributable risk
1116:Urge incontinence
1023:+19 / 10,000 PYs
977:−53 / 10,000 PYs
968:−47 / 10,000 PYs
870:Colorectal cancer
827:+18 / 10,000 PYs
799:+10 / 10,000 PYs
780:+12 / 10,000 PYs
605:Clinical outcome
548:platelet counts.
511:colorectal cancer
481:
480:
362:
361:
185:statistical power
7208:
7164:
7154:
7129:
7100:
7090:
7057:
7047:
7022:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6943:
6933:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6884:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6835:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6794:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6707:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6623:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6574:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6451:. Archived from
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6365:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6290:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6249:
6239:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6198:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6149:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6100:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6022:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5924:
5892:
5883:
5882:
5872:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5765:
5748:(6): 1501–1510.
5733:
5727:
5726:
5716:
5699:(6): 1490–1500.
5684:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5623:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5550:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5460:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5411:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5254:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5123:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5074:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5025:
5016:(4): 1101–1107.
5001:
4995:
4994:
4984:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4766:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4649:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4596:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4473:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4042:
4036:
4035:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3931:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3406:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3060:(9): 1672–1685.
3045:
3039:
3038:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2800:(9): 2014–2019.
2785:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2637:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2483:(6): 1102–1109.
2468:
2462:
2461:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1936:
1927:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1841:10.7326/M13-2348
1812:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1778:
1733:(1948–present).
1510:
1509:
1505:
1309:(ACOG), and the
1032:+2 / 10,000 PYs
1006:+3 / 10,000 PYs
997:−1 / 10,000 PYs
948:−7 / 10,000 PYs
939:−5 / 10,000 PYs
911:−1 / 10,000 PYs
892:+1 / 10,000 PYs
883:−7 / 10,000 PYs
864:−6 / 10,000 PYs
855:+8 / 10,000 PYs
836:+8 / 10,000 PYs
808:+4 / 10,000 PYs
771:+8 / 10,000 PYs
752:−3 / 10,000 PYs
743:+6 / 10,000 PYs
724:
720:
714:
710:
703:
699:
693:
689:
683:
679:
672:
668:
657:
653:
638:
634:
629:
625:
602:
600:
593:
586:
579:
571:
392:Hormone Therapy
381:
367:
363:
206:
202:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7191:Clinical trials
7181:
7180:
7172:
7167:
6996:
6992:
6990:Further reading
6987:
6977:
6975:
6962:
6961:
6957:
6902:
6898:
6853:
6849:
6812:
6808:
6763:
6759:
6725:
6721:
6676:
6672:
6641:
6637:
6592:
6588:
6547:
6543:
6534:
6532:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6505:
6503:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6476:
6474:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6429:
6427:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6334:
6330:
6320:
6318:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6267:
6263:
6216:
6212:
6167:
6163:
6118:
6114:
6069:
6065:
6056:
6054:
6041:
6040:
6036:
6005:(10): 927–938.
5991:
5987:
5942:
5938:
5893:
5886:
5841:
5837:
5828:
5826:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5799:
5797:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5734:
5730:
5685:
5681:
5672:
5670:
5657:
5656:
5649:
5640:
5638:
5625:
5624:
5617:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5527:
5523:
5478:
5474:
5429:
5425:
5380:
5376:
5331:
5327:
5282:
5278:
5231:
5227:
5182:
5178:
5155:(10): 945–953.
5141:
5137:
5092:
5088:
5043:
5039:
5002:
4998:
4961:
4957:
4918:
4914:
4869:
4865:
4820:
4816:
4784:
4780:
4735:
4731:
4686:
4682:
4673:
4671:
4622:
4618:
4573:
4569:
4532:
4528:
4491:
4487:
4450:
4446:
4437:
4435:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4386:
4382:
4351:
4344:
4317:JAMA Cardiology
4310:
4306:
4283:(10): 855–860.
4269:
4265:
4228:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4171:
4167:
4130:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4088:
4086:
4063:10.1002/pds.985
4043:
4039:
4000:
3996:
3959:
3955:
3916:Family Practice
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3697:
3693:
3653:
3649:
3612:
3608:
3560:
3556:
3519:
3515:
3476:
3472:
3432:
3428:
3383:
3379:
3334:
3330:
3293:
3289:
3258:
3254:
3223:
3219:
3182:
3178:
3139:
3135:
3095:
3091:
3046:
3042:
3011:
3007:
2988:Cancer Research
2984:
2980:
2941:
2937:
2897:
2893:
2874:Cancer Research
2870:
2866:
2827:
2823:
2786:
2782:
2745:
2741:
2704:
2700:
2663:
2659:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2580:
2576:
2545:
2541:
2510:
2506:
2469:
2465:
2434:
2430:
2386:
2382:
2347:
2343:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2235:
2231:
2199:
2195:
2164:
2160:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2093:
2089:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2009:
2005:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1873:
1866:
1813:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1779:
1772:
1768:
1759:Jacques Rossouw
1755:
1712:
1695:
1676:
1660:
1620:
1600:
1584:
1572:cocoa flavanols
1556:cocoa flavanols
1528:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1491:
1478:
1426:
1406:
1393:
1354:
1346:low-fat dietary
1341:
1320:
722:
712:
701:
691:
681:
670:
659:
655:
648:
640:
636:
627:
620:
610:effect on risk
609:
598:
597:
554:
486:
484:Hormone therapy
413:
377:
376:
371:
197:
169:
151:
142:
123:Bernadine Healy
111:
86:
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7214:
7204:
7203:
7201:Women's health
7198:
7193:
7179:
7178:
7171:
7170:External links
7168:
7166:
7165:
7130:
7101:
7058:
7023:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6955:
6916:(12): e81877.
6896:
6867:(3): 259–262.
6847:
6826:(2): 104–113.
6806:
6777:(1): 172–176.
6757:
6719:
6670:
6635:
6586:
6541:
6512:
6483:
6458:
6436:
6407:
6377:
6328:
6302:
6281:(3): 283–285.
6261:
6230:(4): 680–687.
6210:
6161:
6112:
6063:
6034:
5985:
5936:
5907:(3): 296–305.
5884:
5855:(4): 369–380.
5835:
5806:
5777:
5728:
5679:
5647:
5615:
5593:
5584:
5562:
5541:(5): 447–458.
5521:
5492:(3): 294–304.
5472:
5443:(6): 477–486.
5423:
5394:(6): 321–327.
5374:
5325:
5276:
5239:BMC Geriatrics
5225:
5176:
5135:
5106:(2): 125–131.
5086:
5057:(2): 611–618.
5037:
4996:
4955:
4928:(3): 915–925.
4912:
4883:(8): 526–535.
4863:
4834:(6): 573–587.
4814:
4778:
4729:
4700:(2): 567–580.
4680:
4640:(7): 684–696.
4616:
4587:(7): 669–683.
4567:
4546:(6): 643–654.
4526:
4505:(6): 629–642.
4485:
4464:(6): 655–666.
4444:
4415:
4380:
4361:(2): 185–186.
4342:
4304:
4263:
4242:(7): 605–613.
4222:
4193:
4165:
4121:
4095:
4057:(3): 171–176.
4037:
3994:
3953:
3922:(4): 424–429.
3902:
3871:
3854:New York Times
3840:
3809:
3779:
3753:
3722:
3691:
3647:
3626:(3): 321–333.
3606:
3554:
3533:(5): 788–793.
3513:
3470:
3426:
3397:(1): 126–132.
3377:
3328:
3287:
3252:
3217:
3196:(4): 552–559.
3176:
3149:(4): 194–201.
3133:
3106:(5): 245–252.
3089:
3040:
3021:(7): 561–569.
3005:
2978:
2951:(5): 711–719.
2935:
2891:
2880:(3): 751–756.
2864:
2821:
2780:
2759:(4): 922–928.
2739:
2718:(3): 412–419.
2698:
2677:(7): 672–679.
2657:
2609:
2574:
2539:
2504:
2463:
2428:
2380:
2341:
2314:
2282:
2256:
2245:(4): 315–323.
2229:
2210:(2): 115–133.
2193:
2158:
2123:
2104:(3): 261–274.
2087:
2060:(6): 633–638.
2044:
2030:
2003:
1960:
1928:
1916:
1887:(2): 131–132.
1864:
1835:(9): 594–602.
1804:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1711:
1708:
1694:
1691:
1675:
1672:
1659:
1656:
1619:
1616:
1599:
1596:
1594:(IVR) system.
1583:
1580:
1564:pre-registered
1527:
1524:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1405:
1402:
1392:
1389:
1381:corticosteroid
1353:
1350:
1340:
1337:
1319:
1316:
1301:, whereas the
1274:
1273:
1272:See template.
1195:Abbreviations:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
866:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
754:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
726:
725:
715:
704:
694:
684:
673:
662:
661:
642:
611:
606:
596:
595:
588:
581:
573:
553:
550:
485:
482:
479:
478:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
461:
456:
452:
451:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
434:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
416:
415:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
389:
388:
385:
382:
373:
360:
359:
347:Abbreviations:
343:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
321:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
196:
193:
168:
165:
150:
147:
141:
138:
110:
107:
85:
82:
68:
65:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7213:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7196:Endocrinology
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7162:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6995:
6994:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6951:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6900:
6892:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6851:
6843:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6674:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6553:(July 2009).
6552:
6545:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6298:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6275:JAMA Oncology
6272:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6224:Diabetes Care
6221:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5956:(3): djv350.
5955:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5901:JAMA Oncology
5898:
5891:
5889:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5683:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5603:
5597:
5588:
5572:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4323:(2): 99–101.
4322:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:(7387): 469.
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1520:accelerometer
1515:
1506:
1495:
1483:
1482:air pollution
1480:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:perimenopause
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:renal calculi
1374:
1373:hypercalcemia
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:hip fractures
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:breast cancer
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1011:Global index
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
985:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
956:
952:
951:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
927:
926:Hip fractures
924:
923:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
843:
842:Breast cancer
840:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
721:
711:
700:
690:
680:
669:
663:
654:
646:
635:
626:
619:
615:
608:Hypothesized
603:
594:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
574:
570:
568:
562:
558:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:breast cancer
491:
476:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
460:
457:
453:
449:
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
432:
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427:
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421:
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369:
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265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
227:
225:HT w/ E-alone
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:Intervention
208:
207:
201:
192:
188:
186:
181:
177:
173:
164:
160:
157:
146:
137:
135:
131:
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115:
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98:
94:
90:
81:
77:
73:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
7142:
7138:
7109:
7105:
7070:
7066:
7035:
7031:
7002:
6998:
6976:. Retrieved
6967:
6958:
6913:
6909:
6899:
6864:
6860:
6850:
6823:
6819:
6809:
6774:
6770:
6760:
6752:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6687:
6683:
6673:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6606:(1): 12–23.
6603:
6599:
6589:
6565:(1): 24–28.
6562:
6558:
6544:
6533:. Retrieved
6524:
6515:
6504:. Retrieved
6495:
6486:
6475:. Retrieved
6461:
6453:the original
6448:
6439:
6428:. Retrieved
6419:
6410:
6398:. Retrieved
6389:
6380:
6345:
6341:
6331:
6321:12 September
6319:. Retrieved
6305:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6227:
6223:
6213:
6181:(1): 35–43.
6178:
6174:
6164:
6129:
6125:
6115:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6055:. Retrieved
6046:
6037:
6002:
5998:
5988:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5904:
5900:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5827:. Retrieved
5809:
5798:. Retrieved
5789:
5780:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5696:
5692:
5682:
5671:. Retrieved
5667:the original
5662:
5639:. Retrieved
5635:the original
5630:
5606:. Retrieved
5596:
5587:
5575:. Retrieved
5565:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5440:
5436:
5426:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5193:
5189:
5179:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4746:
4742:
4732:
4697:
4693:
4683:
4672:. Retrieved
4637:
4633:
4619:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4436:. Retrieved
4427:
4418:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4358:
4354:
4320:
4316:
4307:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4214:. Retrieved
4205:
4196:
4185:. Retrieved
4175:
4168:
4141:
4137:
4112:. Retrieved
4098:
4087:. Retrieved
4054:
4050:
4040:
4010:(1): 33–40.
4007:
4003:
3997:
3973:(1): 47–53.
3970:
3966:
3956:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3884:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3853:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3822:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3791:
3782:
3770:. Retrieved
3766:
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3735:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3704:
3694:
3667:
3663:
3650:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3574:
3570:
3557:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3486:(1): 39–46.
3483:
3479:
3473:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2555:(1): 67–72.
2552:
2548:
2542:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2444:(1): 47–63.
2441:
2437:
2431:
2404:
2400:
2383:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2327:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2259:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2033:
2019:(2): 50–55.
2016:
2012:
2006:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1943:
1884:
1880:
1832:
1828:
1795:. Retrieved
1786:
1741:
1735:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1605:
1601:
1585:
1560:multivitamin
1529:
1516:
1512:
1492:
1468:multivitamin
1427:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1366:
1355:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1296:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1232:(n) include
1230:Sample sizes
1226:
1219:person–years
1211:hazard ratio
1194:
563:
559:
555:
546:
522:hysterectomy
519:
515:hip fracture
487:
459:
378:
354:
350:
349:
346:
324:
319:22773 (26%)
302:
297:41196 (49%)
280:
275:17321 (20%)
258:
253:12386 (15%)
236:
198:
189:
182:
178:
174:
170:
161:
152:
143:
127:
120:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
78:
74:
70:
61:
57:
53:osteoporosis
32:
28:
26:
7145:: 131–150.
6525:EurekAlert!
5663:www.whi.org
5631:www.whi.org
4626:Anderson GL
4428:bpac.org.nz
3656:Anderson GL
3443:(1): 1–12.
2477:Circulation
2407:: 131–150.
2393:Anderson GL
2389:Prentice RL
2351:Anderson GL
1821:Anderson GL
1576:lung cancer
618:progestogen
303:70–79 years
294:16520 (51%)
285:22713 (52%)
281:60–69 years
263:11043 (25%)
259:55–59 years
237:50–54 years
7185:Categories
6535:2016-04-22
6506:2016-04-22
6496:Fred Hutch
6477:2016-04-22
6430:2016-04-22
6390:Fred Hutch
6057:2017-10-18
6047:Fred Hutch
5829:2020-02-18
5800:2016-11-29
5673:2016-11-28
5641:2016-11-28
4674:2022-08-30
4438:2020-09-27
4216:2017-12-13
4187:2017-12-13
4089:2019-12-11
3939:2066/89245
3563:Brinton LA
1954:2023-02-04
1817:Rossouw JE
1766:References
1385:calcitriol
1187:0.83–2.66
1179:1.21–3.48
1173:Decreased
1160:0.99–1.77
1152:0.63–1.25
1134:1.10–1.58
1126:0.99–1.34
1108:1.77–2.82
1100:1.61–2.18
1082:1.35–2.06
1074:1.28–1.97
1068:Increased
1056:0.77–1.01
1048:0.67–0.93
1029:1.09–1.12
1020:1.03–1.28
1003:0.91–1.12
994:0.82–1.18
988:Decreased
974:0.64–0.80
965:0.69–0.83
959:Decreased
945:0.45–0.94
936:0.47–0.96
930:Decreased
908:0.48–1.36
889:0.75–1.55
880:0.38–0.81
874:Decreased
861:0.62–1.04
852:1.02–1.50
846:Increased
833:0.99–1.75
824:1.57–2.70
818:Increased
805:0.90–2.07
796:1.45–3.11
790:Increased
777:1.09–1.73
768:1.02–1.68
762:Decreased
749:0.79–1.15
740:1.00–1.54
734:Decreased
372:Component
316:6340 (19%)
313:2575 (26%)
310:3574 (24%)
307:8118 (19%)
291:4852 (50%)
288:7512 (50%)
272:8265 (25%)
269:1916 (20%)
266:3492 (23%)
250:5157 (16%)
247:1396 (15%)
244:2029 (14%)
241:6961 (16%)
6551:Canfell K
6549:Banks E,
5296:: d1016.
5245:(1): 38.
4313:Wenger NK
3767:Bloomberg
3736:CNN Money
3577:: 83–89.
3171:189914090
2336:1940-5030
2098:Maturitas
1990:0028-4793
1614:(dbGaP).
1568:endpoints
1383:use, and
1362:vitamin D
1348:pattern.
1283:(QALYs).
1205:. p.o. =
1167:Probable
984:mortality
955:fractures
534:progestin
222:HT w/ E+P
216:Age group
7161:18348708
7126:24084919
7097:24084921
7054:15082697
6972:Archived
6950:24349147
6910:PLOS ONE
6842:22786830
6801:23262943
6749:21693750
6714:20566620
6665:10362825
6630:19468079
6581:19468078
6529:Archived
6500:Archived
6471:Archived
6424:Archived
6400:22 April
6394:Archived
6372:24224625
6315:Archived
6297:26181171
6256:29282203
6205:28515068
6156:32031879
6107:28654363
6051:Archived
6029:28898378
5980:26668177
5931:26181174
5879:32721007
5823:Archived
5794:Archived
5772:35294969
5723:35294962
5557:17267905
5516:19204221
5467:23651054
5418:23608304
5369:20733117
5320:21363864
5271:23635086
5220:23583242
5171:12419767
5130:21761335
5081:22903690
5032:18223008
5010:Diabetes
4991:17442911
4942:23315265
4907:23543779
4858:19196674
4809:14575943
4773:19001601
4724:23208074
4668:Archived
4664:20826870
4656:16481636
4611:23195632
4603:16481635
4562:16467233
4521:16467232
4480:16467234
4432:Archived
4410:29234792
4375:29234779
4337:29234780
4299:15897536
4210:Archived
4181:Archived
4160:29234814
4108:Archived
4083:Archived
4079:40103990
4071:15386701
4032:36112529
4024:16816053
3989:14709575
3948:20406789
3889:Archived
3858:Archived
3827:Archived
3796:Archived
3740:Archived
3709:Archived
3686:15082697
3642:12117397
3601:23680641
3508:45003595
3500:12467133
3465:11682517
3457:12708719
3421:28435636
3413:15668485
3372:12609940
3282:15886381
3247:15113819
3212:12202470
3128:25980969
3084:14583769
2973:41556761
2930:24292694
2859:23968699
2816:15232120
2775:11010932
2734:10479204
2693:15781956
2652:54389746
2644:10213546
2423:18348708
2395:(2008).
2375:14575939
2298:Archived
2269:Archived
1998:26962899
1948:Archived
1911:25585318
1859:24798522
1791:Archived
1753:See also
1566:primary
1544:clinical
1538:and the
1518:wear an
1460:smoking.
1448:laxative
1418:diabetes
1270:Sources:
1217:. PYs =
1207:per oral
1201:. MPA =
1169:dementia
1038:Diabetes
645:Estrogen
614:Estrogen
490:estrogen
156:Internet
7088:3963523
7019:9492970
6941:3857242
6918:Bibcode
6891:6332166
6882:1052363
6792:3547645
6705:6287288
6621:2733042
6363:3928673
6247:5860839
6196:5486201
6147:7193750
6098:5578391
6020:5728370
5971:5072373
5922:6871651
5870:7388026
5815:"dbGaP"
5763:9170475
5714:9170467
5608:17 June
5577:17 June
5507:3868488
5458:3678565
5409:3662533
5360:2943525
5311:3047002
5262:3645973
5211:3676694
5121:3228358
5072:3439142
4950:5861369
4898:3691942
4849:3963492
4764:2673920
4715:3557387
4258:9718051
3592:3775978
3549:9839734
3323:1331788
3163:2146986
3120:7812072
3075:2394401
3035:2156081
3000:2203521
2965:8449594
2922:1334153
2886:3335035
2851:2102280
2604:1826136
2569:1824675
2534:1443971
2499:3568321
2458:1826173
2251:1338896
2224:2193306
2188:7587217
2153:7807658
2118:9288699
2082:3007572
2074:1414481
2025:7722207
1902:5101937
1850:4157355
1358:calcium
1234:placebo
1221:. CI =
1213:. AR =
1209:. HR =
355:E-alone
7159:
7124:
7095:
7085:
7052:
7017:
6978:29 May
6948:
6938:
6889:
6879:
6840:
6799:
6789:
6747:
6712:
6702:
6663:
6628:
6618:
6579:
6370:
6360:
6295:
6254:
6244:
6203:
6193:
6154:
6144:
6105:
6095:
6027:
6017:
5978:
5968:
5929:
5919:
5877:
5867:
5770:
5760:
5721:
5711:
5555:
5514:
5504:
5465:
5455:
5416:
5406:
5367:
5357:
5318:
5308:
5269:
5259:
5218:
5208:
5169:
5128:
5118:
5079:
5069:
5030:
4989:
4948:
4940:
4905:
4895:
4856:
4846:
4807:
4771:
4761:
4722:
4712:
4662:
4654:
4609:
4601:
4560:
4519:
4478:
4408:
4373:
4335:
4297:
4256:
4158:
4114:6 June
4077:
4069:
4030:
4022:
3987:
3946:
3895:6 June
3864:6 June
3833:6 June
3802:6 June
3772:6 June
3746:6 June
3715:6 June
3684:
3640:
3599:
3589:
3547:
3506:
3498:
3463:
3455:
3419:
3411:
3370:
3363:150177
3360:
3321:
3280:
3245:
3210:
3169:
3161:
3126:
3118:
3082:
3072:
3033:
2998:
2971:
2963:
2928:
2920:
2884:
2857:
2849:
2814:
2794:Stroke
2773:
2732:
2691:
2650:
2642:
2622:Lancet
2602:
2567:
2532:
2497:
2456:
2421:
2373:
2334:
2307:3 June
2275:3 June
2249:
2222:
2186:
2151:
2116:
2080:
2072:
2023:
1996:
1988:
1909:
1899:
1857:
1847:
1797:6 June
1552:Pfizer
1502:": -->
1433:trend.
1305:, the
1264:, and
1242:stroke
1227:Notes:
1197:CEs =
982:Total
953:Total
758:Stroke
505:(PE),
499:stroke
387:Notes
341:93676
51:, and
49:cancer
4946:S2CID
4660:S2CID
4607:S2CID
4075:S2CID
4028:S2CID
3504:S2CID
3461:S2CID
3417:S2CID
3167:S2CID
3124:S2CID
2969:S2CID
2926:S2CID
2855:S2CID
2648:S2CID
2301:(PDF)
2294:(PDF)
2078:S2CID
1387:use.
1266:death
1184:1.49
1176:2.05
1157:1.32
1149:0.89
1131:1.32
1123:1.15
1105:2.15
1097:1.87
1079:1.67
1071:1.59
1053:0.88
1045:0.79
1026:1.01
1017:1.15
1000:1.04
991:0.98
971:0.71
962:0.76
942:0.65
933:0.67
905:0.81
886:1.08
877:0.56
858:0.80
849:1.24
830:1.32
821:2.06
802:1.37
793:2.13
774:1.37
765:1.31
746:0.95
737:1.24
647:alone
530:Wyeth
338:36282
335:10739
332:16608
329:48835
325:Total
7157:PMID
7122:PMID
7106:JAMA
7093:PMID
7067:JAMA
7050:PMID
7032:JAMA
7015:PMID
6980:2013
6946:PMID
6887:PMID
6838:PMID
6797:PMID
6745:PMID
6729:JAMA
6710:PMID
6661:PMID
6626:PMID
6577:PMID
6402:2016
6368:PMID
6323:2018
6293:PMID
6252:PMID
6201:PMID
6152:PMID
6103:PMID
6025:PMID
5999:JAMA
5976:PMID
5927:PMID
5875:PMID
5849:JAMA
5819:NCBI
5768:PMID
5719:PMID
5610:2013
5579:2013
5553:PMID
5512:PMID
5463:PMID
5414:PMID
5365:PMID
5316:PMID
5267:PMID
5216:PMID
5167:PMID
5126:PMID
5077:PMID
5028:PMID
4987:PMID
4938:PMID
4903:PMID
4854:PMID
4805:PMID
4769:PMID
4720:PMID
4652:PMID
4599:PMID
4558:PMID
4540:JAMA
4517:PMID
4499:JAMA
4476:PMID
4458:JAMA
4406:PMID
4390:JAMA
4371:PMID
4333:PMID
4295:PMID
4254:PMID
4236:JAMA
4156:PMID
4138:JAMA
4116:2013
4067:PMID
4020:PMID
3985:PMID
3967:JAMA
3944:PMID
3897:2013
3866:2013
3835:2013
3804:2013
3774:2013
3748:2013
3717:2013
3682:PMID
3664:JAMA
3638:PMID
3620:JAMA
3597:PMID
3545:PMID
3496:PMID
3453:PMID
3409:PMID
3368:PMID
3319:PMID
3278:PMID
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