Hip fracture - Knowledge

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over a lifespan, and conclude that women are twice as likely to have a hip fracture. The overwhelming majority of hip fractures occur in white individuals, while blacks and Hispanics have a lower rate of them. This may be due to their generally greater bone density and also because whites have longer overall lifespan and higher likelihood of reaching an advanced age where the risk of breaking a hip goes up. Deprivation is also a key factor: in England, it has been found that people in the poorest parts of the country are more likely to fracture a hip and less likely to recover well than those in the least deprived areas.

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bodies such as implants. Bacteria inside the implants are inaccessible to the body's defence system and to antibiotics. The management is to attempt to suppress the infection with drainage and antibiotics until the bone is healed. Then the implant should be removed, following which the infection may clear up. Implant failure may occur; the metal screws and plate can break, back out, or cut out superiorly and enter the joint. This occurs either through inaccurate implant placement or if the fixation does not hold in weak and brittle bone. In the event of failure, the surgery may be redone or changed to a

3769: 1303: 794: 786: 1068: 1263:, canes, or crutches for mobility; all require some sort of mobility assistance throughout the healing process. Most of the recovery of walking ability and activities of daily living occurs within 6 months of the fracture. After the fracture about half of older people recover their pre-fracture level of mobility and ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living, while 40–70% regain their level of independence for basic activities of daily living. 66: 1113: 1203:

delivered by a multidisciplinary team and supervised by an appropriate medical specialist, results in fewer cases of 'poor outcome', like death and deterioration in residential status. There is evidence early mobilisation helps. A UK study analysing data on over 135,000 people who had surgeyy for hip fracture found that people who get out of bed on the day of hip surgery, or the day after, were twice as likely to leave hospital within 30 days.

756: 539: 741: 1011:. Surgical treatment outweighs the risks of nonsurgical treatment which requires extensive bedrest. Prolonged immobilization increases risk of thromboembolism, pneumonia, deconditioning, and decubitus ulcers. Regardless, the surgery is a major stress, particularly in the elderly. Pain is also significant, and can also result in immobilization, so patients are encouraged to become mobile as soon as possible, often with the assistance of 1329:

fractures, which can account for 30% of Americans who were hospitalized that year. Another study found that in 2011, femur neck fractures were among the most expensive conditions seen in US hospitals, with an aggregated cost of nearly $ 4.9 billion for 316,000 inpatient hospitalizations. Rates of hip fractures are declining in the United States, possibly due to increased use of bisphosphonates and risk management.

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available or the patient can not be placed into the scanner a CT may be used as a substitute. MRI sensitivity for radiographically occult fracture is greater than CT. Bone scan is another useful alternative however substantial drawbacks include decreased sensitivity, early false negative results and decreased conspicuity of findings due to age-related metabolic changes in the elderly.

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Nottingham Hip Fracture Score that can provide an estimate of risk based on the factors that are known to place people at higher risk, such as: advanced age; dementia or delirium on admission, anaemia on admission, co-morbidities; not living at home before the fracture; and previous diagnoses of cancer.

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Hip fractures are very dangerous episodes, especially for elderly and frail patients. The risk of dying from the stress of the surgery and the injury in the first thirty days is about 7%. At one year after fracture, this may reach 30%. If the condition is untreated the pain and immobility imposed on

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Deep or superficial wound infection has an approximate incidence of 2%. It is a serious problem as superficial infection may lead to deep infection. This may cause infection of the healing bone and contamination of the implants. It is difficult to eliminate infection in the presence of metal foreign

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A lateral incision over the trochanter is made and a cerclage wire is placed around the fracture for reduction. Once reduction has been achieved a guide canal for the nail is made through the proximal cortex and medullary. The nail is inserted through the canal and is fixated proximally and distally

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Patients with hip fractures are at high risk for future fractures including hip, wrist, shoulder, and spine. After treatment of the acute fracture, the risk of future fractures should be addressed. Currently, only 1 in 4 patients after a hip fracture receives treatment and work up for osteoporosis,

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are all increased by immobility. The prognosis of untreated hip fractures is very poor. However, most people who suffer a hip fracture are of relatively low risk of early mortality as deaths are concentrated in a numerically smaller, higher risk group. There are scoring tools available, such as the

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are useful for pain management in hip fractures. Peripheral nerve blocks may reduce pain on movement and delirium, may improve time to first mobilisation, and may reduce the risk of postoperative lower respiratory tract infection. Surgery can be performed under general anaesthesia or with neuraxial

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as we age, these diseases are not the cause of the fracture alone. Low energy falls from standing are responsible for the majority of fractures in the elderly, but fall direction is also a key factor. Elderly tend to fall to the side as instead of forward, and the lateral hip and strikes the ground

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All populations experience hip fractures but numbers vary with race, gender, and age. Women have three times as many hip fractures as men. In a lifetime, men have an estimated 6% risk whereas postmenopausal women have an estimated 14% risk of having a hip fracture. These statistics provide insight

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is common for people undergoing hip fracture surgery due to the blood loss sustained during surgery and from the injury. The benefits of giving blood when the hemoglobin is less than 10 g/dL versus less than 8 g/dL are not clear. Waiting until the hemoglobin was less than 8 g/dL or the person had

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are taken of the hip from the front (AP view), and side (lateral view). Frog leg views are to be avoided, as they may cause severe pain and further displace the fracture. In situations where a hip fracture is suspected but not obvious on x-ray, an MRI is the next test of choice. If an MRI is not

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A updated Cochrane review (2022) involving over 4000 patients found evidence that gait training, balance and functional tasks training to be particularly effective when compared to conventional care. There is also moderate-certainty evidence that rehabilitation after hip fracture surgery, when

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The latest evidence suggests that there may be little or no difference between screws and fixed angle plates as internal fixation implants for intracapsular hip fractures in older adults. The findings are based on low quality evidence that can't firmly conclude major difference in hip function,

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The majority of hip fractures are the result of a fall, particularly in the elderly. Therefore, identifying why the fall occurred, and implementing treatments or changes, is key to reducing the occurrence of hip fractures. Multiple contributing factors are often identified. These can include

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Age is the most dominant factor in hip fracture injuries, with most cases occurring in people over 75. The increase of age is related to the increase of the incidence of hip fracture, which is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in centenarians, overcoming congestive heart failure and

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Hip fractures are seen globally and are a serious concern at the individual and population level. By 2050, it is estimated that there will be six million cases of hip fractures worldwide. One study published in 2001 found that in the US alone, 310,000 individuals were hospitalized due to hip

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is usually not recommended to avoid unnecessary risk of second operation and the increased risk of re-fracture after implant removal. The most common cause for hip fractures in the elderly is osteoporosis; if this is the case, treatment of the osteoporosis can well reduce the risk of further

420:(PE) occurs when clotted blood from a DVT comes loose from the leg veins and passes up to the lungs. Circulation to parts of the lungs is cut off which can be very dangerous. Fatal PE may have an incidence of 2% after hip fracture and may contribute to illness and mortality in other cases. 579:

lines the circumference of the acetabulum to provide stability and shock absorption. Articular cartilage covers the concave area of acetabulum, providing more stability and shock absorption. Surrounding the entire joint itself is a capsule secured by the tendon of the

416:(DVT) is when the blood in the leg veins clots and causes pain and swelling. This is very common after hip fracture as the circulation is stagnant and the blood is hypercoagulable as a response to injury. DVT can occur without causing symptoms. A 1362:

respiratory infection. Falls are the most common cause of hip fractures; around 30–60% of older adults fall each year. This increases the risk for hip fracture and leads to the increased risk of death in older individuals, the rate of one year

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For low-grade fractures (Garden types 1 and 2), standard treatment is fixation of the fracture in situ with screws or a sliding screw/plate device. This treatment can also be offered for displaced fractures after the fracture has been reduced.

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which often results in poorer post-surgical outcomes. In such cases enhanced rehabilitation and care models have been shown to have limited positive effects in reducing delirium and hospital length of stay. It is unclear if the use of

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symptoms may increase the risk of heart problems. Intravenous iron is used in some centres to encourage an increase in haemoglobin levels, but it not known whether this makes a significant difference to outcomes that matter to patients.

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techniques (spinal anaesthesia) – choice is based on surgical and patient factors, as outcomes such as mortality and post-procedure complications including pneumonia, MI, stroke or delirium, are not affected by anaesthetic technique.

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Oral supplements with non-protein energy, protein, vitamins and minerals started before or early after surgery may prevent complications during the first year after hip fracture in aged adults; without seemingly effects on mortality.

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then becomes necessary. The use of open reduction has been reported as 8-13% among pertrochanteric fractures, and 52% among intertrochanteric fractures. Both intertrochanteric and pertrochanteric fractures may be treated by a

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Most people will be bedbound for several months. Non-operative treatment is now limited to only the most medically unstable or demented patients or those who are nonambulatory at baseline with minimal pain during transfers.

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About 15% of women break their hip at some point in life; women are more often affected than men. Hip fractures become more common with age. The risk of death in the year following a fracture is about 20% in older people.

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If operative treatment is refused or the risks of surgery are considered to be too high the main emphasis of treatment is on pain relief. Skeletal traction may be considered for long-term treatment. Aggressive chest

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Evans' classification (1949), Ramadier's classification (1956), Boyd and Griffin's classification (1949), Decoulx & Lavarde's classification (1969), Ender's classification (1970), Tronzo's classification (1973),

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is extremely common following a hip fracture. It usually clears completely, but the disorienting experience of pain, immobility, loss of independence, moving to a strange place, surgery, and drugs combine to cause

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Gu WJ, Gu XP, Wu XD, Chen H, Kwong JS, Zhou LY, et al. (April 2018). "Restrictive Versus Liberal Strategy for Red Blood-Cell Transfusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Orthopaedic Patients".

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Radcliff KE, Curry EP, Trimba R, Walker JB, Purtill JJ, Austin MS, et al. (April 2016). "High Incidence of Undiagnosed Cervical Myelopathy in Patients With Hip Fracture Compared With Controls".

370:, and rotational malunion all occur often because the fracture may be unstable and collapse before it heals. This may not be as much of a concern in patients with limited independence and mobility. 755: 728: 362:, healing of the fracture in a distorted position, is very common. The thigh muscles tend to pull on the bone fragments, causing them to overlap and reunite incorrectly. Shortening, 3193: 2277: 2107: 1917:

Nevitt MC, Cummings SR (November 1993). "Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group".

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are a rare kind of hip fracture that may also be the result of a fall but are more commonly caused by more violent incidents such as traffic accidents.) Risk factors include

1225:. Mal-positioning: The fracture can be fixed and subsequently heal in an incorrect position; especially rotation. This may not be a severe problem or may require subsequent 740: 3740:

Sedlář M, Kvasnička J, Krška Z, Tománková T, Linhart A (12 February 2015). "Early and subacute inflammatory response and long-term survival after hip trauma and surgery".

1370:, which is a degenerative disease due to age and decrease in bone mass. The average age for sustaining a hip fracture is 77 years old for women and 72 years old for men. 3225:"The proximal femoral nail (PFN)--a minimal invasive treatment of unstable proximal femoral fractures: a prospective study of 55 patients with a follow-up of 15 months" 963:

involves one of the trochanters without going through the anatomical axis of the femur, and may occur in young individuals due to forceful muscle contraction. Yet, an

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on the sacrum and heels of patients with hip fractures. Whenever possible, early mobilization is advocated; otherwise, alternating pressure mattresses should be used.

3693:"Multiple hospital organisational factors are associated with adverse patient outcomes post-hip fracture in England and Wales: the REDUCE record-linkage cohort study" 1366:

is seen from 12 to 37%. For those remaining patients, half of them need assistance and cannot live independently. Also, older adults sustain hip fractures because of

2005:"Increased risk of hip fracture among older people using antidepressant drugs: data from the Norwegian Prescription Database and the Norwegian Hip Fracture Registry" 777:

As the patients most often require an operation, full pre-operative general investigation is required. This would normally include blood tests, ECG and chest x-ray.

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due to some illness, especially in the elderly. Nevertheless, the stress of the injury, and a likely surgery, increases the risk of medical illness including

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Displaced fractures of the trochanter or femoral neck will classically cause external rotation and shortening of the leg when the patient is laying supine.

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pre-operatively, though this practice is uncommon. It is unclear if any specific type of nail results in different outcomes than any other type of nail.

1072: 1337:. Falling is one of the most common risk factors for hip fractures. Approximately 90% of hip fractures are attributed to falls from standing height. 1837:

Hwang HF, Lee HD, Huang HH, Chen CY, Lin MR (August 2011). "Fall mechanisms, bone strength, and hip fractures in elderly men and women in Taiwan".

628:. When considering the biomechanics of hip fractures, it is important to examine the mechanical loads the hip experiences during low energy falls. 3784:"Risk scoring models for predicting peri-operative morbidity and mortality in people with fragility hip fractures: Qualitative systematic review" 4167: 1700: 1674: 1734: 1097:

may be indicated. Independently mobile older adults with hip fractures may benefit from a total hip replacement instead of hemiarthroplasty.

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Among those affected over the age of 65, 40% are transferred directly to long-term care facilities, long-term rehabilitation facilities, or

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first. During a sideways fall, the chances of hip fracture see a 15-fold and 12-fold increase in elderly males and females, respectively.

352:, failure of the fracture to heal, is common in fractures of the neck of the femur, but much more rare with other types of hip fracture. 2080: 1437: 4022: 1059:

Surgery on the same day or day following the break is estimated to reduce postoperative mortality in people who are medically stable.

2139: 1093:, replacing the broken part of the bone with a metal implant. However, in elderly people who are medically well and still active, a 1762: 4228: 4192:

Lauritzen JB (April 1997). "Hip fractures. Epidemiology, risk factors, falls, energy absorption, hip protectors, and prevention".

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Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with hip fractures and the cost to the health system, in England and Wales, the

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Friedl W, Colombo-Benkmann M, Dockter S, et al. (1994). "Gammanagel-osteosynthes per- und subtrochanterer Femurfrakturen".

1772: 2476: 1478: 3123: 1259:; most of those affected require some sort of living assistance from family or home-care providers. 50% permanently require 3329: 563:

of the pelvis and projects laterally before angling medially and inferiorly to form the knee. Although this joint has three

4543: 3579:"Discharge after hip fracture surgery by mobilisation timing: secondary analysis of the UK National Hip Fracture Database" 4448: 1960:

Cumming RG, Le Couteur DG (2003). "Benzodiazepines and risk of hip fractures in older people: a review of the evidence".

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environmental factors and medical factors (such as postural hypotension or co-existing disabilities from disease such as

5066: 4936: 3065:"Total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for independently mobile older adults with intracapsular hip fractures" 1730: 1696: 2998: 2380: 2351: 2322: 2208: 2170: 1893: 1650: 1617: 1431: 356:

of the femoral head occurs frequently (20%) in intracapsular hip fractures, because the blood supply is interrupted.

301:. If the person's health allows, surgery is generally recommended within two days. Options for surgery may include a 2877:"Perioperative intravenous iron to treat patients with fractured hip surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 3937:

Kannus P, Parkkari J, Sievänen H, Heinonen A, Vuori I, Järvinen M (January 1996). "Epidemiology of hip fractures".

341:. On examination, the affected extremity is often shortened and externally rotated compared to the unaffected leg. 1266:

Among those affected over the age of 50, approximately 25% die within the next year due to complications such as

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with screws. X-rays are obtained to ensure proper reduction and placement of the nail and screws are achieved.

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Traction is contraindicated in femoral neck fractures due to it affecting blood flow to the head of the femur.

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which cause visual and/or balance impairments). A recent study has identified a high incidence of undiagnosed

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The hip joint is unique in that it experiences combined mechanical loads. An axial load along the shaft of the

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the affected extremity is often shortened and unnaturally, externally rotated compared to the unaffected leg

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Intracapsular, extracapsular (intertrochanteric, subtrochanteric, greater trochanteric, lesser trochanteric)

3331:, Weaver M. Closed Cephalomedullary Nailing of Subtrochanteric Hip Fracture. J Med Ins. 2016;2016(100) doi: 2596:"Regional Nerve Blocks For Hip and Femoral Neck Fractures in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review" 4697: 4012:

Torio CM, Andrews RM. "National Inpatient Hospital Costs: The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer, 2011."

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Handoll HH, Queally JM, Parker MJ (December 2011). "Pre-operative traction for hip fractures in adults".

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This article is about fractures of the proximal femur. For fractures of the nonacetabular portion of the

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Sheehan KJ, Goubar A, Almilaji O, Martin FC, Potter C, Jones GD, Sackley C, Ayis S (26 February 2021).

1183: 939: 869: 769: 479: 279: 133: 4159: 959:. Practically, the difference between these types is minor. The terms are often used synonymously. An 4921: 4687: 4591: 4538: 1290:

the underlying cause of most of the fractures. Current treatment standards include the starting of a

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Dyer SM, Crotty M, Fairhall N, Magaziner J, Beaupre LA, Cameron ID, Sherrington C (September 2016).

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Additionally, there is some evidence to systems designed to offer protection in the case of a fall.

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Elderly individuals are also predisposed to hip fractures due to many factors that can compromise

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Many people are unwell before breaking a hip; it is common for the break to have been caused by a

5061: 4767: 4752: 4441: 3349:"Enhanced rehabilitation and care models for adults with dementia following hip fracture surgery" 2782:

Brunskill SJ, Millette SL, Shokoohi A, Pulford EC, Doree C, Murphy MF, Stanworth S (April 2015).

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The fracture typically takes 3–6 months to heal. As it is only common in elderly, removal of the

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Smith TO, Gilbert AW, Sreekanta A, Sahota O, Griffin XL, Cross JL, et al. (February 2020).

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fracture. Only young patients tend to consider having it removed; the implant may function as a

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cancer deposits in the proximal femur may weaken the bone and cause a pathological hip fracture.

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In elderly patients with displaced or intracapsular fractures surgeons may decide to perform a

1016: 988:(CSM) amongst patients with a hip fracture. This is relatively unrecognised consequent of CSM. 981: 613: 475: 413: 148: 2733:

Neuman MD, Feng R, Carson JL, Gaskins LJ, Dillane D, Sessler DI, et al. (November 2021).

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Sobolev B, Guy P, Sheehan KJ, Kuramoto L, Sutherland JM, Levy AR, et al. (August 2018).

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Patel R, Judge A, Johansen A, Marques EM, Griffin J, Bradshaw M, et al. (August 2022).

1882: 4950: 4916: 4762: 2081:"Prevention and Management of Hip Fracture on Older People. Section 7: Surgical management" 1888:(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1048: 1020: 597: 593: 501: 4111: 4094: 3223:

Boldin C, Seibert FJ, Fankhauser F, Peicha G, Grechenig W, Szyszkowitz R (February 2003).

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Global Orthopedics: Caring for Musculoskeletal Conditions and Injuries in Austere Settings

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Yoon V, Maalouf NM, Sakhaee K (August 2012). "The effects of smoking on bone metabolism".

8: 4806: 4757: 4747: 4601: 4528: 4495: 4485: 4480: 2135: 1163: 461: 247:, particularly with movement, and shortening of the leg. Usually the person cannot walk. 30: 4018: 3307: 3282: 2808: 2783: 2532: 2507: 441:(UTI) can occur. Patients are immobilized and in bed for many days; they are frequently 5035: 5025: 4955: 4721: 4606: 4434: 4220: 4070: 4045: 3911: 3886: 3862: 3835: 3813: 3717: 3692: 3668: 3635: 3611: 3578: 3520: 3495: 3471: 3446: 3422: 3397: 3373: 3348: 3165: 3140: 3091: 3064: 3040: 3015: 2950: 2925: 2901: 2876: 2857: 2764: 2710: 2685: 2661: 2636: 2545: 2458: 2258: 1985: 1942: 1930: 1862: 1819: 1768: 1668: 1573: 1330: 1275: 1139: 1052: 948: 893: 649: 641: 564: 417: 390: 353: 78: 4304: 4926: 4875: 4834: 4791: 4742: 4659: 4654: 4646: 4566: 4475: 4308: 4273: 4268: 4251: 4201: 4116: 4075: 3995: 3954: 3950: 3916: 3887:"A systematic review of hip fracture incidence and probability of fracture worldwide" 3867: 3805: 3757: 3722: 3673: 3616: 3598: 3525: 3476: 3427: 3378: 3312: 3246: 3170: 3119: 3096: 3045: 2994: 2955: 2906: 2849: 2813: 2768: 2756: 2715: 2666: 2617: 2576: 2537: 2450: 2415: 2376: 2347: 2318: 2250: 2204: 2166: 2036: 1977: 1973: 1934: 1899: 1889: 1854: 1811: 1756: 1656: 1646: 1623: 1613: 1565: 1524: 1427: 1146: 1135: 1117: 1027: 952: 897: 678: 625: 609: 576: 409: 271: 124: 117: 3817: 2549: 2484: 2462: 2262: 1989: 1946: 1577: 1123:

A trochanteric fracture, below the neck of the femur, has a good chance of healing.

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of a hip fracture is an elderly patient who sustained a low-energy fall and now has

4984: 4974: 4907: 4897: 4890: 4796: 4707: 4678: 4636: 4523: 4414: 4300: 4263: 4106: 4065: 4057: 3985: 3946: 3906: 3898: 3857: 3847: 3795: 3749: 3712: 3704: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3606: 3590: 3552: 3545:"People who are active after hip surgery are more likely to be home within a month" 3515: 3511: 3507: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3236: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3086: 3076: 3035: 3031: 3027: 2945: 2937: 2896: 2888: 2861: 2841: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2746: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2607: 2572: 2568: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2442: 2405: 2240: 2054: 2026: 2016: 1969: 1926: 1866: 1846: 1823: 1803: 1555: 1470: 1302: 1196: 1090: 1083: 1012: 423: 367: 37: 3753: 2003:

Bakken MS, Engeland A, Engesæter LB, Ranhoff AH, Hunskaar S, Ruths S (July 2013).

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Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR (May 2002). "The epidemiology of falls and syncope".

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Kanis JA, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Wahl DA, Cooper C (September 2012).

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Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))

2446: 2398:"Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention" 2229:"Reliability of the AO/ASIF classification for pertrochanteric femoral fractures" 1560: 1543: 1515:

Brunner LC, Eshilian-Oates L, Kuo TY (February 2003). "Hip fractures in adults".

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Trochanteric fractures are subdivided into either intertrochanteric (between the

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Fairhall NJ, Dyer SM, Mak JC, Diong J, Kwok WS, Sherrington C (September 2022).

5030: 5020: 4885: 4856: 4811: 4571: 4533: 3836:"A critical review of the long-term disability outcomes following hip fracture" 2245: 2228: 1363: 1291: 992: 722:

A case demonstrating a possible order of imaging in initially subtle findings:

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may not be regarded as a true hip fracture because it is not cross-sectional.

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confirms a fracture, as the surrounding bone marrow has low signal from edema.

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X-ray showing a suspected compressive subcapital fracture as a radiodense line

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pain and is unable to bear weight. Pain may be referred to the supracondylar

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Improved lighting, removal of loose rugs, exercise, treatment of osteoporosis

3141:"Internal fixation implants for intracapsular hip fractures in older adults" 2410: 2397: 2021: 2004: 1344:

is a mandatory nationwide audit of care and treatment of all hip fractures.

4669: 4631: 4312: 4277: 4079: 4061: 3999: 3920: 3871: 3809: 3761: 3726: 3677: 3620: 3529: 3480: 3447:"Interventions for improving mobility after hip fracture surgery in adults" 3431: 3382: 3316: 3250: 3174: 3100: 3049: 2959: 2910: 2853: 2817: 2760: 2719: 2670: 2621: 2580: 2541: 2505: 2454: 2419: 2254: 2040: 1981: 1858: 1815: 1569: 1528: 1367: 1334: 1256: 1151: 851: 833: 657: 581: 483: 468: 378: 374: 263: 259: 240: 236: 113: 4205: 4120: 4016:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. August 2013. 3958: 3494:

Handoll HH, Cameron ID, Mak JC, Panagoda CE, Finnegan TP (November 2021).

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Lewis SR, Macey R, Eardley WG, Dixon JR, Cook J, Griffin XL (March 2021).

2845: 2751: 1938: 1186:. Forty percent of individuals with hip fractures are also diagnosed with 3398:"Anabolic steroids for rehabilitation after hip fracture in older people" 2735:"Spinal Anesthesia or General Anesthesia for Hip Surgery in Older Adults" 805:

Fracture (black arrow, pertrochanteric) versus a skin fold (white arrow).

761: 715: 585: 298: 275: 267: 197: 129: 108: 3636:"Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people" 3556: 3191: 2941: 2612: 2595: 2275: 2105: 1757:"Damage Control Orthopaedics: Patient Stabilization, Early Mobilization" 5040: 4510: 2784:"Red blood cell transfusion for people undergoing hip fracture surgery" 2227:

Schipper IB, Steyerberg EW, Castelein RM, van Vugt AB (February 2001).

1008: 985: 914:(1975), Deburge's classification (1976), Briot's classification (1980) 560: 514: 508: 188: 65: 59:

Proximal femur fracture; femoral neck fracture ; femoral head fracture

4364: 3496:"Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for older people with hip fractures" 3063:

Metcalfe D, Judge A, Perry DC, Gabbe B, Zogg CK, Costa ML (May 2019).

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Non-Invasive Respiratory Support, Third edition: A Practical Handbook

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Prolonged immobilization and difficulty moving make it hard to avoid

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Santesso N, Carrasco-Labra A, Brignardello-Petersen R (March 2014).

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shows the same, atypical for a fracture since the cortex is coherent

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Avenell A, Smith TO, Curtain JP, Mak JC, Myint PK (November 2016).

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Lewis SR, Macey R, Parker MJ, Cook JA, Griffin XL (February 2022).

2926:"Mortality effects of timing alternatives for hip fracture surgery" 2226: 1267: 1239: 1187: 1044: 449: 432: 428: 359: 349: 244: 22: 4044:

Brauer CA, Coca-Perraillon M, Cutler DM, Rosen AB (October 2009).

3396:

Farooqi V, van den Berg ME, Cameron ID, Crotty M (October 2014).

746: 682: 588:, or Y, ligament is located anteriorly and serves to prevent hip 294: 283: 193: 137: 4043: 3395: 3283:"Intramedullary nails for extracapsular hip fractures in adults" 2781: 4376: 4325:

Baumgaertner MR, Higgins TF. (2002) "Femoral Neck Fractures."

4046:"Incidence and mortality of hip fractures in the United States" 3332: 977: 809:

X-rays of the affected hip usually make the diagnosis obvious;

686: 321: 161: 4249: 3936: 3281:

Queally JM, Harris E, Handoll HH, Parker MJ (September 2014).

2684:

Guay J, Parker MJ, Gajendragadkar PR, Kopp S (February 2016).

2002: 1544:"Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Hip Fractures: A Cochrane Review" 3739: 3259: 3222: 2508:"Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people" 1154:, increasing the risk of a break if another accident occurs. 637: 334: 232: 3192:

Raaymakers E, Schipper I, Simmermacher R, van der Werken C.

2874: 2683: 2371:

Pope T, Bloem HL, Beltran J, Morrison WB, Wilson DJ (2014).

2276:

Raaymakers E, Schipper I, Simmermacher R, van der Werken C.

2106:

Raaymakers E, Schipper I, Simmermacher R, van der Werken C.

1612:. Rosemont, Ill.: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 4250:

Rodríguez-Molinero A, Yuste A, Banegas JR (February 2010).

3884: 3833: 3576: 3346: 2875:

Sinclair RC, Bowman MJ, Moppett IK, Gillies MA (May 2022).

1086:

can possibly be treated by percutaneously inserted screws.

412:, blood clots that dislodge and travel in the bloodstream. 338: 4134: 3280: 254:. Such fractures most often occur as a result of a fall. ( 4623: 3690: 3493: 2923: 2432: 2222: 2220: 84: 4252:"High incidence of hip fracture in Spanish centenarians" 2370: 1514: 813:(anteroposterior) and lateral views should be obtained. 498:

may occur in the hip region with metabolic bone disease.

3062: 2732: 1879: 1541: 3633: 3138: 2834:

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume

2217: 1641:

Rabow MW, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA (2 September 2017).

955:) or pertrochanteric (through the trochanters) by the 4092: 3974:"Medical care of elderly patients with hip fractures" 3781: 2637:"Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults" 2594:

Ritcey B, Pageau P, Woo MY, Perry JJ (January 2016).

4354: 3444: 3013: 2593: 2562: 2312: 1640: 1542:

Guay J, Parker MJ, Griffiths R, Kopp SL (May 2018).

290:

may occasionally be required to make the diagnosis.

73:

Intertrochanteric hip fracture in a 17-year-old male

4290: 3782:Marufu TC, Mannings A, Moppett IK (December 2015). 408:Hip fracture patients are at considerable risk for 4456: 3971: 2163:Operative Techniques in Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery 2160: 1881: 1793: 1423:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 1333:, poor vision, weight, and height are all seen as 1019:pending surgery is not supported by the evidence. 464:. The most common causes of weakness in bone are: 3216: 2988: 1959: 1836: 1238:the patient increase that risk. Problems such as 1162:Subtrochanteric fractures may be treated with an 87:particularly with movement, shortening of the leg 5053: 4187: 4185: 2686:"Anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery in adults" 1043:and skilled rehabilitation and nursing to avoid 460:Hip fracture following a fall is likely to be a 3257:This study cites the following primary source: 644:. Bending load at the neck of the femur causes 567:, it is still stable due to the interaction of 1916: 1643:Current medical diagnosis & treatment 2018 1166:or a screw-plate construction and may require 4442: 4182: 3932: 3930: 3646:(11) (published 30 November 2016): CD001880. 1880:Rockwood Jr CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (2010). 1294:to reduce future fracture risk by up to 50%. 1003:Most hip fractures are treated surgically by 616:on the posterior side of the capsule resists 3056: 2198: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 1206: 1157: 4093:Cumming RG, Nevitt MC, Cummings SR (1997). 3829: 3827: 3640:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3500:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3451:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3402:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3353:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3287:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3145:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3020:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3016:"Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults" 2788:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2690:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2641:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2565:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2512:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2085:Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network 1182:Rehabilitation has been proven to increase 4449: 4435: 4327:Rockwood & Green's Fractures in Adults 4256:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 4227:. Nuffield Trust & Health Foundation. 3927: 3113: 2830: 2395: 2375:(2nd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2203:(5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 1919:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1673:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1062: 919:Pertrochanteric (through the trochanters) 797:Subcapital fracture in a 92-year-old woman 596:is located anteriorly just underneath the 209:~20% one year risk of death (older people) 64: 4267: 4191: 4110: 4069: 3989: 3972:Huddleston JM, Whitford KJ (March 2001). 3910: 3861: 3851: 3799: 3716: 3667: 3610: 3519: 3470: 3421: 3372: 3306: 3240: 3186: 3184: 3164: 3090: 3080: 3039: 2949: 2900: 2807: 2750: 2709: 2660: 2611: 2531: 2409: 2313:Gosselin RA, Spiegel DA, Foltz M (2014). 2244: 2181: 2030: 2020: 1559: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1426:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 615. 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1215: 1104:quality of life, and additional surgery. 305:or stabilizing the fracture with screws. 3824: 2972: 2634: 2360: 1884:Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults 1763:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1301: 1111: 1107: 1066: 800: 792: 784: 652:along the lower part of the neck. While 537: 320: 116:, taking many medications, alcohol use, 3542: 2989:Rüedi TP, Buckley RE, Moran CG (2007). 2499: 2341: 1607: 701: 668: 29:. For fractures of the acetabulum, see 5054: 3742:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 3181: 2975:"Fractures of the femoral neck (31-B)" 1493: 1380: 4430: 4112:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017956 3342: 3340: 2165:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1775:from the original on 22 November 2008 1444: 1440:from the original on 13 October 2017. 1419: 957:Müller AO Classification of fractures 648:along the upper part of the neck and 546: 316: 231:that occurs in the upper part of the 4544:Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture 4218: 4135:"The National Hip Fracture Database" 3570: 3190:Subtypes of trochanteric fractures: 2991:OA Principles of Fracture management 2059:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 1737:from the original on 18 January 2008 1703:from the original on 18 January 2008 1645:(Fifty-seventh ed.). New York. 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1306:Age-standardised hip fracture rates. 3118:. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. 2985:from the original on 27 April 2017. 2739:The New England Journal of Medicine 2404:. 35 Suppl 2 (suppl 2): ii37–ii41. 2317:. Springer Science & Business. 2132:Area of subtrochanteric fractures: 13: 4937:Combined tibia and fibula fracture 4351:Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics 4160:"Hip Fractures Among Older Adults" 4025:from the original on 14 March 2017 3337: 2161:Tornetta III P, Wiesel SM (2010). 2142:from the original on 26 April 2017 1931:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb07307.x 1731:Duke University School of Medicine 1727:Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics 1697:Duke University School of Medicine 1693:Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics 1610:Essentials of musculoskeletal care 309:following surgery is recommended. 14: 5078: 4345:Wheeless Textbook of Orthopaedics 4336: 2477:"Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy" 2201:Essential Orthopaedics and Trauma 1584: 1481:from the original on 29 June 2017 1250: 1177: 511:are rare causes of hip fractures. 4269:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02706.x 4231:from the original on 15 May 2015 3767: 2635:Guay J, Kopp S (November 2020). 2396:Rubenstein LZ (September 2006). 2155:Area of femoral neck fractures: 2104:Area of trochanteric fractures: 1974:10.2165/00023210-200317110-00004 1317: Medium (150–250 / 100,000) 1039:is needed to reduce the risk of 754: 739: 727: 523:is a rare cause of hip fracture. 344: 307:Treatment to prevent blood clots 4319: 4284: 4243: 4212: 4170:from the original on 8 May 2015 4152: 4127: 4095:"Epidemiology of hip fractures" 4086: 4037: 4006: 3965: 3878: 3775: 3733: 3684: 3627: 3536: 3487: 3438: 3389: 3323: 3274: 3132: 3107: 3007: 2966: 2917: 2868: 2824: 2775: 2726: 2677: 2628: 2587: 2556: 2469: 2426: 2389: 2331: 2302: 2269: 2136:"Subtrochanteric Hip Fractures" 2133: 2072: 2047: 1996: 1953: 1910: 1873: 1830: 1787: 1689:"Fractures of the Femoral Neck" 1297: 986:cervical spondylotic myelopathy 892:Intertrochanteric (between the 631: 600:and serves primarily to resist 529:(associated with osteoporosis). 504:, a toxic 'natural' amino acid. 502:Elevated levels of homocysteine 455: 373:Hip fractures rarely result in 16:Broken bone in hip joint region 4612:Vertebral compression fracture 3652:10.1002/14651858.CD001880.pub6 3512:10.1002/14651858.cd007125.pub3 3463:10.1002/14651858.CD001704.pub5 3414:10.1002/14651858.CD008887.pub2 3365:10.1002/14651858.CD010569.pub3 3299:10.1002/14651858.CD004961.pub4 3229:Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 3157:10.1002/14651858.cd013409.pub2 3032:10.1002/14651858.CD013410.pub2 2800:10.1002/14651858.CD009699.pub2 2702:10.1002/14651858.CD000521.pub3 2653:10.1002/14651858.CD001159.pub3 2573:10.1002/14651858.CD000168.pub3 2524:10.1002/14651858.CD001255.pub5 2373:Musculoskeletal Imaging E-Book 2233:Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 1749: 1715: 1681: 1634: 1535: 1356: 1342:National Hip Fracture Database 1323: High (>250 / 100,000) 965:isolated trochanteric fracture 961:isolated trochanteric fracture 445:, commonly causing infection. 1: 4343:Fractures of the Femoral Neck 4305:10.1016/S0749-0690(02)00002-2 4293:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 3754:10.1016/j.archger.2015.02.002 3069:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2993:. Thieme Medical Publishers. 2435:Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 2199:Dandy DJ, Edwards DJ (2009). 1723:"Intertrochanteric Fractures" 1373: 1347: 1311: Low (<150 / 100,000) 998: 970: 158:avascular necrosis of the hip 3951:10.1016/8756-3282(95)00381-9 3801:10.1016/j.injury.2015.10.025 3333:https://jomi.com/article/100 2887:(3) (published 2022): e633. 2447:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000485 1561:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002489 1232: 1129:may not be satisfactory and 789:Hip fracture classification. 696: 559:. The femur connects at the 542:X-ray of a normal hip joint. 533: 507:Benign or malignant primary 293:Pain management may involve 274:. Diagnosis is generally by 250:A hip fracture is usually a 7: 4349:Intertrochanteric Fractures 4014:HCUP Statistical Brief #160 2101:Last modified 15 July 2002 1761:74th Annual Meeting of the 912:Evans-Jensen classification 431:or accentuate pre-existing 217:~15% of women at some point 10: 5083: 4587:Craniocervical instability 3891:Osteoporosis International 2246:10.1080/000164701753606662 1839:Osteoporosis International 1796:Osteoporosis International 1028:Red blood cell transfusion 940:Seinsheimer classification 709: 384: 280:Magnetic resonance imaging 35: 20: 5067:Injuries of hip and thigh 5006: 4983: 4964: 4935: 4922:Le Fort fracture of ankle 4906: 4855: 4848: 4825: 4782: 4706: 4677: 4668: 4645: 4622: 4592:Flexion teardrop fracture 4557: 4539:Le Fort fracture of skull 4509: 4468: 4402: 4358: 3903:10.1007/s00198-012-1964-3 3853:10.1186/s12877-016-0332-0 3242:10.1080/00016470310013662 3082:10.1186/s12891-019-2590-4 1851:10.1007/s00198-010-1446-4 1808:10.1007/s00198-012-1940-y 1517:American Family Physician 1207:Nutrition supplementation 1192:mild cognitive impairment 1158:Subtrochanteric fractures 929: 908: 888: 885: 864: 858: 850: 832: 829: 824: 821: 681:, including medications, 584:and three ligaments. The 213: 203: 187: 179: 171: 147: 123: 107: 99: 91: 77: 72: 63: 55: 50: 4221:"Focus on: Hip fracture" 4019:"Statistical Brief #160" 3543:Beeston A (7 May 2021). 1548:Anesthesia and Analgesia 1229:surgery for correction. 780: 36:Not to be confused with 4768:Essex-Lopresti fracture 4698:Holstein–Lewis fracture 4194:Danish Medical Bulletin 3978:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1184:daily functional status 1063:Intracapsular fractures 870:Pauwel's classification 492:osteogenesis imperfecta 476:metabolic bone diseases 439:Urinary tract infection 264:taking many medications 243:. Symptoms may include 4582:Clay-shoveler fracture 4519:Basilar skull fracture 4062:10.1001/jama.2009.1462 3709:10.1093/ageing/afac183 3595:10.1093/ageing/afaa204 3114:Tintinalli JE (2010). 2881:Health Science Reports 1325: 1272:deep venous thrombosis 1216:Surgical complications 1120: 1116:Fracture supported by 1075: 1071:Fracture treated with 806: 798: 790: 614:ischiofemoral ligament 543: 414:Deep venous thrombosis 326: 256:Femoral head fractures 149:Differential diagnosis 4946:Trimalleolar fracture 4099:Epidemiologic Reviews 2973:Hoffmann R, Haas NP. 2846:10.2106/JBJS.17.00375 2752:10.1056/NEJMoa2113514 2411:10.1093/ageing/afl084 2022:10.1093/ageing/aft009 1305: 1223:total hip replacement 1115: 1108:Trochanteric fracture 1095:total hip replacement 1082:Fractures managed by 1070: 1021:Regional nerve blocks 866:Garden classification 845:Pipkin classification 804: 796: 788: 691:peripheral neuropathy 557:ball-and-socket joint 541: 521:Infection in the bone 462:pathological fracture 331:clinical presentation 324: 303:total hip replacement 252:femoral neck fracture 235:(thigh bone), at the 166:trochanteric bursitis 103:Trauma such as a fall 4951:Bimalleolar fracture 4917:Maisonneuve fracture 3945:(1 Suppl): 57S–63S. 2152:Updated: 22 Jun 2016 1771:. 18 February 2007. 702:Physical examination 669:Neurological factors 660:are associated with 598:iliofemoral ligament 594:pubofemoral ligament 4602:Holdsworth fracture 4529:Mandibular fracture 4496:Pathologic fracture 4486:Greenstick fracture 4481:Chalkstick fracture 3557:10.3310/alert_46123 2942:10.1503/cmaj.171512 2613:10.1017/cem.2015.75 2487:on 18 November 2015 2342:Simonds AK (2007). 1608:Sarwark JF (2010). 1164:intramedullary nail 982:Parkinson's disease 245:pain around the hip 31:Acetabular fracture 4881:Toddler's fracture 4722:Monteggia fracture 4607:Jefferson fracture 4597:Hangman's fracture 4403:External resources 1769:Medical News Today 1326: 1276:pulmonary embolism 1199:affects recovery. 1140:intramedullary rod 1121: 1076: 1053:pulmonary embolism 807: 799: 791: 650:compressive stress 642:compressive stress 565:degrees of freedom 547:Functional anatomy 544: 418:pulmonary embolism 354:Avascular necrosis 327: 317:Signs and symptoms 5049: 5048: 5002: 5001: 4927:Bosworth fracture 4876:Gosselin fracture 4835:Duverney fracture 4778: 4777: 4647:Shoulder fracture 4567:Cervical fracture 4476:Avulsion fracture 4424: 4423: 4056:(14): 1573–1579. 3794:(12): 2325–2334. 3125:978-0-07-148480-0 2936:(31): E923–E932. 2745:(22): 2025–2035. 1925:(11): 1226–1234. 1420:Ferri FF (2017). 1197:anabolic steroids 1147:dynamic hip screw 1138:and plate, or an 1136:dynamic hip screw 1118:dynamic hip screw 1073:cannulated screws 1017:Skeletal traction 953:lesser trochanter 945: 944: 898:lesser trochanter 626:internal rotation 610:external rotation 272:metastatic cancer 221: 220: 125:Diagnostic method 118:metastatic cancer 45:Medical condition 5074: 4985:Femoral fracture 4975:Patella fracture 4908:Fibular fracture 4898:Tillaux fracture 4891:Plafond fracture 4853: 4852: 4708:Forearm fracture 4679:Humerus fracture 4675: 4674: 4637:Sternal fracture 4524:Blowout fracture 4462:cartilage damage 4451: 4444: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4356: 4355: 4330: 4329:. pp. 1579-1586. 4323: 4317: 4316: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4271: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4114: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4073: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3993: 3991:10.4065/76.3.295 3969: 3963: 3962: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3914: 3897:(9): 2239–2256. 3882: 3876: 3875: 3865: 3855: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3803: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3614: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3506:(11): CD007125. 3491: 3485: 3484: 3474: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3425: 3408:(10): CD008887. 3393: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3344: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3310: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3254: 3244: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3204:on 24 April 2017 3200:. Archived from 3194:"Proximal femur" 3188: 3179: 3178: 3168: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3084: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2986: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2953: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2893:10.1002/hsr2.633 2872: 2866: 2865: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2811: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2754: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2713: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2664: 2647:(11): CD001159. 2632: 2626: 2625: 2615: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2567:(12): CD000168. 2560: 2554: 2553: 2535: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2483:. Archived from 2473: 2467: 2466: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2290:on 24 April 2017 2286:. Archived from 2278:"Proximal femur" 2273: 2267: 2266: 2248: 2224: 2215: 2214: 2192: 2179: 2176: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2120:on 24 April 2017 2116:. Archived from 2108:"Proximal femur" 2100: 2098: 2096: 2091:on 24 April 2017 2087:. Archived from 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2034: 2024: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1887: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1845:(8): 2385–2393. 1834: 1828: 1827: 1802:(8): 2081–2092. 1791: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1664: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1605: 1582: 1581: 1563: 1554:(5): 1695–1704. 1539: 1533: 1532: 1512: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1475:OrthoInfo - AAOS 1467: 1442: 1441: 1417: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1244:chest infections 1127:Closed reduction 1091:hemiarthroplasty 1084:closed reduction 1013:physical therapy 930:Subtrochanteric 816: 815: 758: 743: 731: 496:Stress fractures 424:Mental confusion 368:valgus deformity 239:or (rarely) the 83:Pain around the 68: 48: 47: 38:femoral fracture 5082: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5045: 4998: 4979: 4960: 4956:Pott's fracture 4931: 4902: 4871:Segond fracture 4866:Bumper fracture 4844: 4840:Pipkin fracture 4827:Pelvic fracture 4821: 4774: 4734:Radius fracture 4702: 4664: 4641: 4618: 4577:Chance fracture 4559:Spinal fracture 4553: 4549:Zygoma fracture 4505: 4501:Spiral fracture 4464: 4455: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4398: 4397: 4367: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4324: 4320: 4289: 4285: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4217: 4213: 4190: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4091: 4087: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4017: 4011: 4007: 3970: 3966: 3935: 3928: 3883: 3879: 3832: 3825: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3738: 3734: 3689: 3685: 3632: 3628: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3541: 3537: 3492: 3488: 3457:(9): CD001704. 3443: 3439: 3394: 3390: 3359:(2): CD010569. 3345: 3338: 3328: 3324: 3293:(9): CD004961. 3279: 3275: 3258: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3189: 3182: 3151:(3): CD013409. 3137: 3133: 3126: 3112: 3108: 3061: 3057: 3026:(2): CD013410. 3012: 3008: 3001: 2971: 2967: 2922: 2918: 2873: 2869: 2829: 2825: 2794:(4): CD009699. 2780: 2776: 2731: 2727: 2696:(2): CD000521. 2682: 2678: 2633: 2629: 2592: 2588: 2561: 2557: 2518:(3): CD001255. 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2431: 2427: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2274: 2270: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2193: 2182: 2173: 2145: 2143: 2123: 2121: 2094: 2092: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2055:"Hip Fractures" 2053: 2052: 2048: 2001: 1997: 1968:(11): 825–837. 1958: 1954: 1915: 1911: 1896: 1878: 1874: 1835: 1831: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1666: 1665: 1653: 1639: 1635: 1620: 1606: 1585: 1540: 1536: 1513: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1471:"Hip Fractures" 1469: 1468: 1445: 1434: 1418: 1381: 1376: 1359: 1350: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1300: 1253: 1235: 1218: 1209: 1180: 1160: 1110: 1065: 1001: 973: 825:Classification 783: 773: 766:turbo spin echo 759: 750: 744: 735: 732: 712: 704: 699: 671: 634: 549: 536: 527:Tobacco smoking 480:Paget's disease 458: 410:thromboemoblism 403:chest infection 387: 364:varus deformity 347: 319: 46: 41: 34: 27:Pelvic fracture 17: 12: 11: 5: 5080: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5062:Bone fractures 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4971: 4969: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4886:Pilon fracture 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4857:Tibia fracture 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4713: 4711: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4572:Burst fracture 4563: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4534:Nasal fracture 4531: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4384: 4368: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359:Classification 4353: 4352: 4346: 4338: 4337:External links 4335: 4332: 4331: 4318: 4299:(2): 141–158. 4283: 4262:(2): 403–405. 4242: 4211: 4200:(2): 155–168. 4181: 4151: 4139:www.nhfd.co.uk 4126: 4105:(2): 244–257. 4085: 4036: 4005: 3984:(3): 295–298. 3964: 3926: 3877: 3840:BMC Geriatrics 3823: 3774: 3748:(3): 431–436. 3732: 3697:Age and Ageing 3683: 3626: 3589:(2): 415–422. 3583:Age and Ageing 3569: 3535: 3486: 3437: 3388: 3336: 3322: 3273: 3271: 3270: 3215: 3180: 3131: 3124: 3106: 3055: 3006: 2999: 2965: 2916: 2867: 2840:(8): 686–695. 2823: 2774: 2725: 2676: 2627: 2586: 2555: 2498: 2481:Myelopathy.org 2468: 2441:(4): 189–193. 2425: 2402:Age and Ageing 2388: 2381: 2359: 2352: 2330: 2323: 2301: 2268: 2216: 2209: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2153: 2130: 2071: 2046: 2015:(4): 514–520. 2009:Age and Ageing 1995: 1952: 1909: 1894: 1872: 1829: 1786: 1748: 1714: 1680: 1651: 1633: 1618: 1583: 1534: 1523:(3): 537–542. 1492: 1477:. April 2009. 1443: 1432: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1299: 1296: 1292:bisphosphonate 1252: 1251:Post operation 1249: 1240:pressure sores 1234: 1231: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1179: 1178:Rehabilitation 1176: 1159: 1156: 1131:open reduction 1109: 1106: 1064: 1061: 1045:pressure sores 1000: 997: 993:Hip protectors 972: 969: 943: 942: 937: 931: 927: 926: 920: 916: 915: 907: 906:31-A1 – 31-A2 901: 890: 887: 886:Extracapsular 883: 882: 878: 877: 876:Transcervical 873: 872: 863: 862:31-B1 – 31-B3 857: 854: 848: 847: 842: 841:31-C1 – 31-C3 836: 831: 830:Intracapsular 827: 826: 823: 820: 782: 779: 775: 774: 760: 753: 751: 745: 738: 736: 733: 726: 711: 708: 703: 700: 698: 695: 675:proprioception 670: 667: 654:osteoarthritis 646:tensile stress 633: 630: 612:. Finally the 590:hyperextension 548: 545: 535: 532: 531: 530: 524: 518: 512: 505: 499: 472: 457: 454: 450:pressure sores 386: 383: 346: 343: 318: 315: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 207: 201: 200: 191: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 154:Osteoarthritis 151: 145: 144: 127: 121: 120: 111: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 81: 75: 74: 70: 69: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5079: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5008:Foot fracture 5005: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966:Crus fracture 4963: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4817:Broken finger 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4784:Hand fracture 4781: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738:Distal radius 4735: 4732: 4728: 4727:Hume fracture 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4717:Ulna fracture 4715: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693:Supracondylar 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4491:Open fracture 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4328: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4186: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3828: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3549:NIHR Evidence 3546: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3203: 3199: 3198:OA Foundation 3195: 3187: 3185: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002: 3000:9781588905567 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2979:OA Foundation 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2384: 2382:9780323278188 2378: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2355: 2353:9780340809846 2349: 2346:. CRC Press. 2345: 2339: 2334: 2326: 2324:9781461415787 2320: 2316: 2310: 2305: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2283:AO Foundation 2279: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2212: 2210:9780702042096 2206: 2202: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2174: 2172:9781451102604 2168: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2113:AO Foundation 2109: 2103: 2102: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1895:9781605476773 1891: 1886: 1885: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1676: 1670: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1652:9781259861482 1648: 1644: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1619:9780892035793 1615: 1611: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1439: 1435: 1433:9780323529570 1429: 1425: 1424: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1354: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1257:nursing homes 1248: 1245: 1241: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1213: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1069: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037:physiotherapy 1032: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 996: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 941: 938: 935: 932: 928: 924: 921: 918: 917: 913: 905: 902: 899: 895: 891: 889:Trochanteric 884: 881:Basicervical 880: 879: 875: 874: 871: 867: 861: 855: 853: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 835: 828: 818: 817: 814: 812: 803: 795: 787: 778: 771: 767: 763: 757: 752: 748: 742: 737: 730: 725: 724: 723: 720: 717: 707: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 666: 663: 662:bone fracture 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 540: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 506: 503: 500: 497: 493: 489: 488:osteopetrosis 485: 481: 477: 473: 470: 467: 466: 465: 463: 453: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 434: 430: 425: 421: 419: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 382: 380: 376: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 355: 351: 345:Complications 342: 340: 336: 332: 323: 314: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 216: 212: 208: 206: 202: 199: 195: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 150: 146: 143: 139: 135: 131: 128: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 80: 76: 71: 67: 62: 58: 54: 49: 43: 39: 32: 28: 24: 19: 4994:Hip fracture 4993: 4670:Arm fracture 4632:Rib fracture 4410: 4386: 4371: 4326: 4321: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4233:. Retrieved 4225:QualityWatch 4224: 4219:Bardsley M. 4214: 4197: 4193: 4172:. Retrieved 4163: 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4138: 4129: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4027:. Retrieved 4013: 4008: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3942: 3938: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3843: 3839: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3560:. Retrieved 3548: 3538: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3356: 3352: 3325: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3265: 3261: 3235:(1): 53–58. 3232: 3228: 3218: 3206:. Retrieved 3202:the original 3197: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3115: 3109: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3023: 3019: 3009: 2990: 2978: 2968: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2606:(1): 37–47. 2603: 2599: 2589: 2564: 2558: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2489:. Retrieved 2485:the original 2480: 2471: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2401: 2391: 2372: 2362: 2343: 2333: 2314: 2304: 2292:. Retrieved 2288:the original 2281: 2271: 2239:(1): 36–41. 2236: 2232: 2200: 2162: 2144:. Retrieved 2122:. Retrieved 2118:the original 2111: 2093:. Retrieved 2089:the original 2084: 2074: 2062:. Retrieved 2058: 2049: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1883: 1875: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1777:. Retrieved 1760: 1751: 1739:. Retrieved 1726: 1717: 1705:. Retrieved 1692: 1683: 1642: 1636: 1609: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1520: 1516: 1485:27 September 1483:. Retrieved 1474: 1422: 1368:osteoporosis 1360: 1351: 1339: 1335:risk factors 1327: 1298:Epidemiology 1288: 1265: 1254: 1236: 1219: 1210: 1201: 1181: 1172: 1161: 1152:stress riser 1144: 1125: 1122: 1102: 1099: 1088: 1081: 1077: 1058: 1033: 1026: 1002: 990: 974: 964: 960: 946: 852:femoral neck 834:femoral head 808: 776: 721: 713: 705: 672: 658:osteoporosis 635: 632:Biomechanics 582:psoas muscle 550: 484:osteomalacia 469:Osteoporosis 459: 456:Risk factors 447: 443:catheterised 437: 422: 407: 395:heart attack 388: 375:neurological 372: 358: 348: 329:The classic 328: 311: 292: 260:osteoporosis 251: 249: 241:femoral head 237:femoral neck 225:hip fracture 224: 222: 114:Osteoporosis 109:Risk factors 51:Hip fracture 42: 18: 4753:Chauffeur's 1357:Age related 1268:blood clots 856:Subcapital 762:T1-weighted 716:radiographs 714:Typically, 640:results in 608:, and some 586:iliofemoral 509:bone tumors 299:nerve block 268:alcohol use 198:nerve block 56:Other names 5056:Categories 5041:Broken toe 3846:(1): 158. 3075:(1): 226. 2987:, citing: 2032:1956/10482 1779:27 January 1741:27 January 1707:27 January 1374:References 1348:Population 1280:infections 1009:prosthesis 1005:implanting 999:Management 971:Prevention 561:acetabulum 515:Metastatic 189:Medication 172:Prevention 5036:Calcaneal 5026:Cuneiform 4802:Bennett's 4458:Fractures 4411:OrthoInfo 3660:2164/9672 3603:0002-0729 2769:238474267 1962:CNS Drugs 1904:444336477 1669:cite book 1661:959649794 1628:706805938 1364:mortality 1284:pneumonia 1233:Prognosis 1227:osteotomy 1041:pneumonia 697:Diagnosis 622:adduction 618:extension 606:extension 602:abduction 573:cartilage 569:ligaments 553:hip joint 534:Mechanism 288:bone scan 214:Frequency 205:Prognosis 180:Treatment 142:bone scan 5016:Lisfranc 4792:Scaphoid 4763:Barton's 4743:Galeazzi 4688:Proximal 4660:Scapular 4655:Clavicle 4313:12180240 4278:20370877 4229:Archived 4168:Archived 4080:19826027 4023:Archived 4000:11243276 3921:22419370 3872:27590604 3818:26579231 3810:26553425 3762:25704919 3727:36041740 3678:27898998 3621:33098414 3530:34766330 3481:36070134 3432:25284341 3383:32031676 3317:25212485 3308:10835205 3251:12635794 3208:23 April 3175:33687067 3101:31101041 3050:35156194 2983:Archived 2960:30087128 2911:35620535 2854:29664857 2818:25897628 2809:11065123 2761:34623788 2720:26899415 2671:33238043 2622:26330019 2581:22161361 2550:27652715 2542:24687239 2533:10754476 2463:33628708 2455:26562581 2420:16926202 2367:Page 303 2338:Page 365 2309:Page 190 2294:23 April 2263:13405033 2255:11327411 2195:Page 245 2157:Page 333 2146:25 April 2140:Archived 2134:Lee MA. 2124:23 April 2095:23 April 2041:23438446 1990:26038041 1982:12921493 1947:41806696 1859:20963399 1816:22349964 1773:Archived 1765:briefing 1735:Archived 1701:Archived 1578:37497179 1570:28991122 1529:12588076 1479:Archived 1438:Archived 1188:dementia 1168:traction 819:Capsule 478:such as 433:dementia 429:delirium 381:injury. 379:vascular 360:Malunion 350:Nonunion 79:Symptoms 23:hip bone 4812:Busch's 4807:Boxer's 4797:Rolando 4758:Smith's 4748:Colles' 4469:General 4393:D006620 4206:9151010 4121:9494786 4071:4410861 3959:8717549 3912:3421108 3863:5010762 3718:9427326 3669:6464805 3612:7936027 3521:8586844 3472:9451000 3423:6669256 3374:7006792 3262:Chirurg 3166:8092427 3092:6525472 3041:8841979 2951:6078777 2902:9125168 2862:4940514 2711:6464323 2662:8130997 2491:9 March 2064:24 July 1939:8227898 1867:2199032 1824:7420853 1331:Falling 1261:walkers 949:greater 894:greater 747:CT scan 710:Imaging 683:vertigo 679:balance 385:Medical 295:opioids 286:, or a 284:CT scan 194:Opioids 183:Surgery 138:CT scan 4415:A00392 4311: 4276: 4235:13 May 4204: 4174:13 May 4144:1 July 4119: 4078: 4068: 3998: 3957: 3919: 3909: 3870: 3860: 3816: 3808: 3788:Injury 3760: 3725: 3715: 3676: 3666: 3619: 3609: 3601: 3562:31 May 3528: 3518: 3479: 3469: 3430: 3420: 3381: 3371: 3315: 3305: 3249: 3173: 3163: 3122: 3099: 3089: 3048: 3038: 2997: 2958: 2948: 2909: 2899: 2860: 2852: 2816: 2806: 2767: 2759: 2718: 2708: 2669: 2659: 2620: 2579: 2548: 2540: 2530: 2461: 2453: 2418: 2379: 2350: 2321: 2261: 2253: 2207: 2169: 2039: 1988: 1980: 1945: 1937: 1902: 1892: 1865: 1857: 1822: 1814: 1659: 1649: 1626: 1616: 1576: 1568: 1527: 1430: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1282:, and 978:Stroke 925:31-A3 689:, and 687:stroke 624:, and 592:. The 577:labrum 575:. 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