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Women in Poland

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2135: 2338: 2402: 2289: 2165: 2323: 1806:('peasant') is a sign of respect shown towards women. Long before the emancipation movement, women in Poland had an important social role mainly due to the numerous conflicts and threats that kept men away from home. The political and economic situation required women to become self-sufficient and courageous. Polish women's clothing was also quite different in the past. Mid-16th century apparel contained a variety of types of decorations and accessories. Women's headwear included decorative wreaths, veils, and various hatbands. Among the notable elements of women's clothing of the time were "long, satin dresses" decorated with gold and pearls, as well as "aureate slippers". 2353: 2417: 2240: 2180: 2210: 155: 2368: 26: 189: 1695:. Together with the figure of the "Polish Mother", abortion restrictions are used to encourage women to have many children. This ideology reinforces the view that women's place is in the home. The Polish Mother symbol is a stereotype strongly cemented in the Polish consciousness and which was shaped by the turbulent history of the nation. During the long occupation, the responsibility for maintaining national identity fell on mothers, whose main task was the "upbringing of children". Despite the strict legislation and 2304: 2120: 2255: 2383: 2274: 2195: 2225: 2150: 1670:, the first publications discussing feminist ideas appeared in the public sphere, which were sometimes considered cover for the actual social situation. Society mainly perceived feminism as an ideology alien to the Polish culture and mentality. Communist leaders claimed that women in Poland obtained equal rights as a result of socialistic social processes, and used that statement to explain why there was a lack of – and no need for – feminism in Poland. 1856: 1687:. The transition period was especially difficult for women, although men were also negatively affected. As of 2017, the employment rate for women aged 20–64 was 63.6%, compared to men's rate of 78.2%. Although Poland has the image of a conservative country, often depicted as such in Western media, it actually has high numbers of professional women and women in business, and it also has one of the lowest 1662:, as in other communist states. Women saw significant gains under the communist rĂ©gime, such as better access to education and more equal involvement in the workforce. The improvement to women's conditions during the communist era was significantly influenced by the socialist pro-birth position, seeking an increase in the population. Pro- 1682:
meant the shaking up of the country's politics and economy, as well as initial economic and social destabilization. In the post-socialist workforce, women occupied mainly sectors of lower economic priority and light industry, due to factors such as selecting for types of education and training more
1782:) as the object of (very often platonic) love. Knights felt obligated to take a patronage over their ladies. Women in Poland were historically perceived as the soul of the company during social gatherings. Woman traditionally held a preeminent social position. Referring to girls as 1683:
compatible with family life (usually paid less), discrimination and gender stereotypes. This pattern of gender employment inequality was viewed by the majority as the result of women's primary role in the family, as well as deeply rooted Polish culture and the tradition of the
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are considered important female figures in Polish 19th and 20th-century literature. Many notable women contributed to Poland's independence movement at the dawn of the 20th century. These included the activist and military officer
1646:" in Polish society was formed during the interwar period. Women had to compete with men mainly for well-paid, high-prestige positions.However, women's salaries continue to be lower than men in almost all sectors. 2134: 2722: 1702:
The status of women in contemporary Poland must be understood in the context of the political scene and of the role that the church plays in society. This is especially true with regard to
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Old Polish customs differed based on social status. Polish customs derived from other European traditions, however, typically came to Poland later than in other countries. The example of
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The character of Polish women is shaped by Poland's history, culture, and politics. Poland has a long history of feminist activism, and was one of the first nations in Europe to enact
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illustrates the approach of the medieval class towards women. The entire idea of chivalry was based on the almost divine worship of the female, and every knight had to have his "
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illegal. Despite the improvement of the state's policies regarding women's rights, Polish women still faced discrimination on various levels. The concept of the "
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Polish women have earned a special place in the country's sports. The top three places for the most wins in the annual most popular sportsperson contest, the
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was enacted in 1918 after the country regained independence that year, following the 123-year period of partition and foreign rule. In 1932 Poland made
4222: 1590: 3199: 1952:, Queen of Poland, was the first woman to be crowned as monarch of the Kingdom of Poland. She reigned from 16 October 1384 until her death During the 4277: 4227: 2801: 2337: 2893: 2322: 2179: 2703: 3179: 1057: 3418: 1734: 1092: 2720:
Fodor, Eva; Glass, Christy; Kawachi, Janette; Popescu, Livia (2002–2012). "Family policies and gender in Hungary, Poland, and Romania".
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Poland was represented by 101 women athletes. They won eight out of eleven medals for Poland, including two gold medals.
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has a long history, and has traditionally been divided into seven periods, beginning arguably with the 18th-century
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policies were implemented by "generous maternity leave benefits and state contributions to child rearing". After
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The history of women on the territory of present-day Poland has many roots, and has been strongly influenced by
3027: 2013: 1877: 1658:, women were ostensibly granted equal legal rights, and the official government rhetoric was one of supporting 519: 355: 2957: 2273: 4045: 3633: 3403: 3135: 2367: 1262: 829: 2224: 1497: 732: 650: 625: 558: 2194: 4317: 4130: 3916: 3604: 3545: 3520: 3464: 3289: 3022: 1679: 727: 365: 4155: 3951: 3883: 3766: 3413: 3398: 3323: 2149: 1749: 1522: 1112: 4386: 3986: 3863: 3744: 3694: 3572: 3479: 3454: 2093:
In 2020 Poland's constitutional court ruled that abortion due to fetal defects was unconstitutional.
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was a Polish poet and recipient of the Nobel Prize in 1996. Prominent Polish female artists include
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Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared
3704: 3674: 3582: 3459: 3341: 2640: 1953: 1866: 188: 95: 4355: 3964: 3959: 3903: 3796: 3734: 3550: 3530: 3282: 2764:ƁobodziƄska, Barbara (2000–2001). "Polish women's gender-segregated education and employment". 2475: 1961: 1949: 705: 390: 380: 316: 3251: 2022: 4360: 4322: 3936: 3888: 3719: 3664: 3555: 3204: 2170: 2072: 1933: 1715: 1667: 1542: 1487: 1417: 1397: 1382: 1252: 774: 737: 645: 509: 345: 3132:"Swiatek named Polish Sports Personality of the Year, first tennis player to win since 1937" 2863: 2309: 2052: 4302: 3974: 3838: 3699: 3594: 3535: 1839: 1620: 1612: 1427: 1422: 1367: 1317: 1302: 1187: 1077: 1027: 907: 468: 429: 264: 254: 240: 3043:"In deepest rural Poland, politics is shaped by love of church ... and hatred of Brussels" 2140: 146:. It is also strongly influenced by the conservative social views of the Catholic Church. 8: 4272: 4232: 4192: 4095: 3941: 3931: 3858: 3823: 3729: 3621: 3609: 3589: 3562: 3540: 3432: 2842: 2615: 2569: 1719: 1703: 1691:
in the European Union. One of the obstacles faced by contemporary women in Poland is the
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political discourse, Poland has one of the lowest fertility rates in Europe.
1643: 1562: 1347: 1322: 1257: 1227: 1177: 1172: 1097: 1037: 1007: 882: 717: 587: 548: 536: 514: 496: 311: 1818:, are occupied by women. Among the most prominent Polish women athletes are 154: 3853: 3184: 3047: 2462:"Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) | Data" 2373: 2264: 2026: 1696: 1639: 847: 335: 3221:"Polish Women Hold 'Black Monday' Strike To Protest Proposed Abortion Ban" 2596:
Modernism and feminism. Female characters in Polish and foreign literature
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Lobbying of the Catholic Church: The Clergy's Web of Influence in Poland
3801: 2358: 2215: 1880: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1684: 877: 819: 814: 3200:"Poland: Nationwide protests against further restrictions to abortion" 2959:
Lobbying der katholischen Kirche: Das Einflussnetz des Klerus in Polen
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Modernizm i feminizm. Postacie kobiece w literaturze polskiej i obcej
1941: 3180:"Poland rules- abortion- due- to- foetal- defects- unconstitutional" 1855: 25: 1921: 1769: 1663: 279: 167: 4030: 3274: 1996:-winning scientist who moved to France in the late 19th century. 834: 789: 3305: 2599: 2105: 1631: 350: 2719: 1936:(also known as Catherine Jagiello or Katarrina Jegellonica); 1757: 284: 222: 170:
2014. Poland has one of the lowest gender pay gaps in the EU.
3177: 2602:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu M.Curie-SkƂodowskiej. p. 44. 1960:, hostess, writer and philanthropist and her granddaughter, 2097: 1773: 1726: 87: 3018:"CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Urbanization" 2894:"Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table" 2802:"Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table" 1619:. The first four early periods coincided with the foreign 3225: 3107:"Iga Swiatek named Polish Sports Personality of the Year" 2437:
Gender roles in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe
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was among the first nations to grant women legal rights:
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Gender representation on corporate boards of directors
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population: about 40%, which is deeply conservative.
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As of 2023, abortion in Poland is legal in cases of
1845: 4373: 3178:Staff and agencies in Warsaw (22 October 2020). 2763: 1908:Important women in early Polish history include 470:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics 1972:was an early revolutionary associated with the 1948:(Hedwig), the daughter of a Hungarian king and 1788:('ladies'), which derives from the Polish word 2910: 4046: 3290: 2468: 1706:. Poland is a country strongly influenced by 1584: 2665: 2046: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 2994:[The undecided to tip the scales]. 2992:"Unentschlossene als ZĂŒnglein an der Waage" 2861: 4053: 4039: 3297: 3283: 2955: 2949: 2702:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1830:(three times in a row, four times total). 1591: 1577: 24: 3218: 2923: 1896:Learn how and when to remove this message 3078: 2868:Journal of Education Culture and Society 1944:), the daughter of the Duke of Bohemia; 153: 2911:HlouĆĄek, VĂ­t; Kopeček, LubomĂ­r (2010). 2904: 2558: 2297:, Poland's first female Prime Minister 4374: 3170: 2862:Imbierowicz, Agnieszka (1 June 2012). 2824:Grant Thornton International Ltd. Home 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2668:Kobiety w (polskiej) sferze publicznej 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2612: 4034: 3278: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3041:Smith, Alex Duval (24 October 2015). 3040: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2715: 2713: 2606: 2143:, the longest-serving Queen of France 2082: 1976:. In music, the composer and pianist 1836:Polish Sports Personality of the Year 1822:(won the title five times in a row), 1763: 3219:Domonoske, Camila (4 October 2016). 3081:Zwyczaje towarzyskie w dawnej Polsce 2929: 2723:Communist and Post-Communist Studies 2589: 2494:"Human Development Report 2021/2022" 2188:, writer and women's rights activist 1878:adding citations to reliable sources 1849: 1800:('boys'), which comes from the word 743:Gender representation in video games 162:in average gross hourly earnings in 4060: 3304: 2984: 2767:Women's Studies International Forum 2750: 2672:Women in the (Polish) public sphere 2648: 2173:, novelist, playwright and activist 2041:, co-founder of the anti-communist 13: 3212: 3055: 2850: 2710: 1809: 14: 4398: 3355:Partitions, duchies and kingdoms 3263: 3249: 3157:"Women in Poland's Early History" 2956:Hierlemann, Dominik, ed. (2005). 2476:"LFS by sex and age - indicators" 1756:". Poland also has a significant 1673: 3740:Upper Silesian Industrial Region 2820:"Women in business 2015 results" 2415: 2400: 2381: 2366: 2351: 2336: 2321: 2302: 2287: 2272: 2253: 2238: 2223: 2208: 2193: 2178: 2163: 2148: 2133: 2118: 1854: 260:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 187: 3256:Encyclopedia of Women's History 3192: 3149: 3124: 3099: 3087:] (in Polish). Sandomierz. 3034: 3010: 2936:Parties and Elections in Europe 2886: 2830: 2812: 2794: 2519:"Global Gender Gap Report 2022" 1865:needs additional citations for 1846:Notable women in Polish history 1816:Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy 1748:. As such, it is subject to EU 2666:KrzyĆŒanowska, Natalia (2012). 2628: 2583: 2536: 2511: 2486: 2454: 2014:Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska 1: 2780:10.1016/s0277-5395(99)00090-4 2736:10.1016/s0967-067x(02)00030-2 2442: 3085:Social habits in old Poland. 2620:(Revised ed.). Oxford: 1740:Poland has been part of the 1649: 1626: 711:Portrayal in American comics 302:Heads of state or government 166:member states, according to 7: 3521:Central European Initiative 3332:Prehistory and protohistory 3023:Central Intelligence Agency 2590:Ɓoch, Eugenia, ed. (2001). 2499:. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS 2447: 2430: 1826:(three times in a row) and 1680:fall of communism in Poland 1605:Roman Catholicism in Poland 10: 4403: 3243: 3136:Women's Tennis Association 2674:] (in Polish). ToruƄ. 2111: 2086: 149: 4331: 4068: 3999: 3950: 3902: 3787: 3774: 3765: 3660: 3651: 3511: 3502: 3440: 3431: 3391: 3322: 3313: 3079:Kosinski, Waclaw (1921). 2566:"The situation in the EU" 2033:and the mostly forgotten 1964:, writer and mother of a 1723:political party in Poland 132: 124: 117: 109: 101: 94: 78: 67: 57: 44: 39: 23: 3516:Administrative divisions 1912:(sometimes confused for 1840:2016 Rio Summer Olympics 1725:. With 189 seats in the 1714:, abbreviated PiS, is a 3715:Regional GDP per capita 2641:Encyclopedia Britannica 2613:Davies, Norman (2005). 1956:, two women stand out: 297:Conservatives in the US 270:Explorers and travelers 119:Global Gender Gap Index 96:Gender Inequality Index 4111:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3982:Orders and decorations 2524:. World Economic Forum 2047: 1962:Tekla Teresa Lubienska 1828:StanisƂawa Walasiewicz 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1778: 600:In Shakespeare's works 171: 32:Maria SkƂodowska Curie 3250:Lewis, Jone Johnson. 3205:Amnesty International 2618:: a history of Poland 2171:Klementyna Hoffmanowa 2073:Magdalena Abakanowicz 1934:Katarzyna Jagiellonka 1716:national-conservative 1668:martial law in Poland 356:Nobel Prize laureates 157: 79:Women in labour force 3894:World Heritage Sites 2546:. polishmarriage.org 2233:, socialist activist 1874:improve this article 1720:Christian democratic 1621:partitions of Poland 1513:United Arab Emirates 450:in the United States 265:Economic development 255:Diversity (politics) 241:Female entrepreneurs 34:, Nobel Prize Winner 4332:States with limited 3634:Political prisoners 2966:] (in German). 2930:Nodsieck, Wolfram. 2843:European Commission 2644:. 8 September 2023. 2598:] (in Polish). 2570:European Commission 2023:Aleksandra ZagĂłrska 1924:), the daughter of 1704:reproductive rights 1617:first-wave feminism 1498:Trinidad and Tobago 733:Speculative fiction 626:Theological figures 571:Feminist philosophy 371:Reproductive rights 177:Part of a series on 70:secondary education 68:Women over 25 with 59:Women in parliament 49: (per 100,000) 20: 3208:. 17 January 2018. 2917:Ashgate Publishing 2331:, Olympic champion 2310:WisƂawa Szymborska 2089:Abortion in Poland 2083:Abortion in Poland 2077:Alina Szapocznikow 2065:Tamara de Lempicka 2053:WisƂawa Szymborska 2039:Anna Walentynowicz 1930:Dobrawa of Bohemia 1914:Sigrid the Haughty 1764:Old Polish customs 1685:patriarchal system 1609:Feminism in Poland 1063:Dominican Republic 830:Mixed martial arts 800:Fastpitch softball 381:Violence and abuse 366:Positions of power 172: 46:Maternal mortality 40:General Statistics 18: 4369: 4368: 4028: 4027: 3995: 3994: 3917:Ethnic minorities 3761: 3760: 3647: 3646: 3600:Political parties 3546:Foreign relations 3498: 3497: 3427: 3426: 3383:Poland since 1989 3093:2027/uc1.b5106109 2838:"Gender equality" 2344:Agnieszka Holland 2329:Justyna Kowalczyk 2280:Helena Rubinstein 2201:Gabriela Zapolska 2141:Marie LeszczyƄska 2128:, Queen of Poland 2126:Jadwiga of Poland 2018:Zuzanna Ginczanka 1998:Gabriela Zapolska 1980:won acclaim from 1978:Maria Szymanowska 1974:November Uprising 1958:Barbara Sanguszko 1950:Barbara RadziwiƂƂ 1940:herself (wife of 1926:Mieszko the First 1906: 1905: 1898: 1820:Justyna Kowalczyk 1735:Polish parliament 1708:Roman Catholicism 1693:anti-abortion law 1601: 1600: 805:Football / soccer 728:Fictional pirates 520:Art history field 396:Exchange of women 140: 139: 90:definition, 2019) 4394: 4387:Women by country 4069:Sovereign states 4055: 4048: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4008: 3772: 3771: 3753: 3680:Economic history 3670:Balcerowicz Plan 3658: 3657: 3509: 3508: 3445:Cities and towns 3438: 3437: 3378:Communist Poland 3358: 3350: 3320: 3319: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3259: 3252:"Poland - Women" 3237: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3076: 3053: 3052: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3026:. Archived from 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2859: 2848: 2847: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2693: 2663: 2646: 2645: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2616:God's Playground 2610: 2604: 2603: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2523: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2498: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2419: 2404: 2385: 2370: 2355: 2340: 2325: 2306: 2291: 2276: 2257: 2242: 2227: 2212: 2197: 2186:Maria Konopnicka 2182: 2167: 2152: 2137: 2122: 2108:is in jeopardy. 2069:Zofia StryjeƄska 2050: 2031:Krystyna Skarbek 2002:Eliza Orzeszkowa 1990:Marie Sklodowska 1982:Saint Petersburg 1920:; also known as 1901: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1858: 1850: 1838:in 2023. In the 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1636:women's suffrage 1593: 1586: 1579: 1263:Marshall Islands 840:Paralympic Games 471: 248: 213: 191: 182:Women in society 174: 173: 144:women's suffrage 50: 28: 21: 17: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4382:Women in Poland 4372: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4351:Northern Cyprus 4333: 4327: 4243:North Macedonia 4064: 4062:Women in Europe 4059: 4029: 4024: 4011: 4004: 3991: 3946: 3898: 3864:Public holidays 3783: 3757: 3751: 3745:Venture capital 3643: 3573:Law enforcement 3494: 3480:Protected areas 3423: 3387: 3356: 3348: 3309: 3303: 3266: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3231: 3229: 3217: 3213: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3141: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3116: 3114: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3077: 3056: 3039: 3035: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2970:. p. 131. 2968:Springer-Verlag 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2928: 2924: 2909: 2905: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2860: 2851: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2800: 2799: 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749: 701: 700:Popular culture 693: 692: 621: 620: 605: 604: 559:Science fiction 505: 504: 486: 485: 469: 420: 419: 401: 400: 376:Venture capital 341:Law enforcement 246: 231:Animal advocacy 227: 207: 204:Women's history 199: 152: 136:77th out of 146 113:31st out of 191 86: 84:employment rate 48: 35: 19:Women in Poland 12: 11: 5: 4400: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4318:United Kingdom 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4131:Czech Republic 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4009: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3967: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3720:Stock exchange 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3639:VisegrĂĄd Group 3636: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3622:Prime Minister 3619: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3583:Prison Service 3580: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3526:Climate change 3523: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3475:Poland A and B 3472: 3470:National parks 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3368:Interwar years 3365: 3360: 3352: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: articles 3302: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3264:External links 3262: 3261: 3260: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3211: 3191: 3169: 3148: 3123: 3098: 3054: 3033: 3030:on 2009-02-11. 3009: 2983: 2977:978-3531146607 2976: 2948: 2922: 2919:. p. 196. 2903: 2885: 2849: 2829: 2811: 2793: 2749: 2730:(4): 475–490. 2709: 2680: 2647: 2627: 2605: 2582: 2557: 2544:"Polish women" 2535: 2510: 2485: 2480:stats.oecd.org 2467: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2397: 2389:Olga Tokarczuk 2387: 2380: 2378: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2295:Hanna Suchocka 2293: 2286: 2284: 2282:, entrepreneur 2278: 2271: 2269: 2259: 2252: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2231:Rosa Luxemburg 2229: 2222: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2205: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2087:Main article: 2084: 2081: 2057:Olga BoznaƄska 1904: 1903: 1862: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1834:was voted the 1811: 1808: 1765: 1762: 1754:Poland A and B 1742:European Union 1729:and 34 in the 1675: 1674:Post-communism 1672: 1651: 1648: 1628: 1625: 1615:, followed by 1599: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1581: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1518:United Kingdom 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 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225: 219: 218: 215: 214: 200: 197: 196: 193: 192: 184: 183: 179: 178: 160:gender pay gap 151: 148: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 92: 91: 80: 76: 75: 72: 65: 64: 61: 55: 54: 51: 42: 41: 37: 36: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4399: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4356:South Ossetia 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4203:Liechtenstein 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 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2157: 2156:Emilia Plater 2151: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2100:and when the 2099: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:Anna BiliƄska 2058: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2037:, as well as 2036: 2032: 2029:secret agent 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:Emilia Plater 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:Enlightenment 1951: 1947: 1946:Queen Jadwiga 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1900: 1897: 1889: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1863:This section 1861: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656:communist era 1647: 1645: 1644:glass ceiling 1641: 1637: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613:Enlightenment 1610: 1606: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1523:United States 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093:FS Micronesia 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 902: 897: 896: 891: 884: 883:Winter sports 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 759: 754: 753: 744: 741: 740: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 718:Film industry 716: 712: 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Retrieved 2488: 2479: 2470: 2456: 2374:Joanna Kulig 2265:World War II 2203:, playwright 2102:woman's life 2095: 2092: 2027:World War II 1907: 1892: 1883: 1872:Please help 1867:verification 1864: 1813: 1767: 1739: 1701: 1697:conservative 1677: 1653: 1640:marital rape 1630: 1602: 1543:Vatican City 1488:Turkmenistan 1418:South Africa 1398:Sierra Leone 1383:Saudi Arabia 1357: 848:Roller derby 646:Christianity 631:BahĂĄÊŒĂ­ Faith 510:Architecture 210:legal rights 141: 128:0.709 (2022) 105:0.109 (2021) 74:79.4% (2012) 15: 4334:recognition 4303:Switzerland 4238:Netherlands 3937:Health care 3889:Video games 3829:Folk dances 3665:Agriculture 3605:Politicians 3404:Demographic 3363:World War I 3357:(1795–1918) 3349:(1569–1795) 3337:Middle Ages 2998:(in German) 2528:23 February 2503:11 November 2408:Iga ƚwiątek 2393:Nobel Prize 2314:Nobel Prize 2048:Solidarnoƛć 2035:Wanda Gertz 1994:Nobel Prize 1910:Swietoslava 1886:August 2022 1832:Iga ƚwiątek 1654:During the 1428:South Sudan 1423:South Korea 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Index

Polnische Frauen, Polnische Frau, femmes polonaises, Polish women,mujeres polacas, polskie kobiety
Maria SkƂodowska Curie
Maternal mortality
Women in parliament
secondary education
employment rate
OECD
Gender Inequality Index
Global Gender Gap Index
women's suffrage
Bar graph showing the gender pay gap in European countries
gender pay gap
EU
Eurostat
Venus symbol
Women's history
legal rights
Woman
Animal advocacy
Business
Female entrepreneurs
Gender representation on corporate boards of directors
Diversity (politics)
Diversity, equity, and inclusion
Economic development
Explorers and travelers
Education
Feminism
Womyn
Government

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