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body water freezing while still surviving. Wood frogs in natural hibernation remain frozen for 193 +/- 11 consecutive days and reached an average (October–May) temperature of −6.3 °C (20.7 °F) and an average minimum temperature of −14.6 ± 2.8 °C (5.7 ± 5.0 °F). The wood frogs has evolved various physiological adaptations that allow it to tolerate the freezing of 65–70% of its total body water. When water freezes, ice crystals form in cells and break up the structure, so that when the ice thaws the cells are damaged. Frozen frogs also need to endure the interruption of oxygen delivery to their tissues as well as strong dehydration and shrinkage of their cells when water is drawn out of cells to freeze. The wood frog has evolved traits that prevent their cells from being damaged when frozen and thawed out. The wood frog has developed various adaptations that allow it to effectively combat prolonged
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371:. They are nonarboreal and spend most of their time of the forest floor. Long-distance migration plays an important role in their life history. Individual wood frogs range widely (hundreds of metres) among their breeding pools and neighboring freshwater swamps, cool-moist ravines, and/or upland habitats. Genetic neighborhoods of individual pool breeding populations extend more than a kilometre away from the breeding site. Thus, conservation of this species requires a landscape (multiple habitats at appropriate spatial scales) perspective. They also can be camouflaged with their surroundings.
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of formerly occupied habitats. Another conservation concern is that wood frogs are primarily dependent on smaller, "geographically isolated" wetlands for breeding. At least in the United States, these wetlands are largely unprotected by federal law, leaving it up to states to tackle the problem of conserving pool-breeding amphibians.
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Although the wood frog is not endangered or threatened, in many parts of its range, urbanization is fragmenting populations. Several studies have shown, under certain thresholds of forest cover loss or over certain thresholds of road density, wood frogs and other common amphibians begin to "drop out"
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Following metamorphosis, a small percentage (less than 20%) of juveniles will disperse, permanently leaving the vicinity of their natal pools. The majority of offspring are philopatric, returning to their natal pool to breed. Most frogs breed only once in their lives, although some will breed two or
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Studies on northern subpopulations found that
Alaskan wood frogs had a larger liver glycogen reserve and greater urea production compared to those in more temperate zones of its range. These conspecifics also showed higher glycogen phosphorylase enzymatic activity, which facilitates their adaptation
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to limit the amount of ice that forms and to reduce osmotic shrinkage of cells. Frogs found in southern Canada and the
American midwest can tolerate freezing temperatures of −3 to −6 °C (27 to 21 °F). However, wood frogs in Interior Alaska exhibit even greater tolerance, with some of their
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species, such as the green frog, leopard frog, and bullfrog. The wood frog makes contact with the prey with just the tip of its tongue, much like a toad. A more extensive amount of tongue surface is applied in the feeding strikes of these other frog species, with the result that usually the prey is
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tend to be in the upper organic layers of the soil, under leaf litter. By overwintering in uplands adjacent to breeding pools, adults ensure a short migration to thawed pools in early spring. Wood frogs are mostly diurnal and are rarely seen at night, except maybe in breeding choruses. They are one
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Wood frogs range from 51 to 70 mm (2.0 to 2.8 in) in length. Females are larger than males. Adult wood frogs are usually brown, tan, or rust-colored, and usually have a dark eye mask. Individual frogs are capable of varying their color; Conant (1958) depicts one individual which was light
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Wood frogs are considered explosive breeders; many populations will conduct all mating in the span of a week. Males actively search for mates by swimming around the pool and calling. Females, on the other hand, will stay under the water and rarely surface, most likely to avoid sexual harassment. A
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and found that tadpoles experienced reduced activity and weight, and even displayed physical abnormalities. There was also significantly lower survivorship and decreased time to metamorphosis with increasing salt concentration. De-icing agents may pose a serious conservation concern to wood frog
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primarily breeds in ephemeral pools rather than permanent water bodies such as ponds or lakes. This is believed to provide some protection for the adult frogs and their offspring (eggs and tadpoles) from predation by fish and other predators of permanent water bodies. Adult wood frogs typically
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stage is known to be negatively affected by road salt contaminating freshwater ecosystems. Tadpoles have also been shown to develop abnormalities due to a combination of warmer conditions and toxic metals from pesticides near their habitats. These conditions allow them to be predated upon by
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The larvae undergo two stages of development: fertilization to free-living tadpoles, and free-living tadpoles to juvenile frogs. During the first stage, the larvae are adapted for rapid development, and their growth depends on the temperature of the water. Variable larval survival is a major
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larvae. Another study has found increased tolerance to salt with higher concentrations, though the authors caution against over-extrapolating from short-term, high concentration studies to longer-term, lower concentration conditions, as contradictory outcomes occur.
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Fitzpatrick, Megan J., et al. “Future
Winters present a complex energetic landscape of decreased costs and reduced risk for a freeze‐tolerant amphibian, the wood frog (lithobates sylvaticus).” Global Change Biology, vol. 26, no. 11, 24 Sept. 2020, pp. 6350–6362,
557:", which is continued until the female deposits the eggs. Females deposit eggs attached to submerged substrate, typically vegetation or downed branches. Most commonly, females deposit eggs adjacent to other egg masses, creating large aggregations of masses.
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In the feeding strike, the tongue is swung forward as though on a hinge, so some portion of the normally dorsal and posterior tongue surface makes contact with the prey. At this point in the feeding strike, the wood frog differs markedly from more aquatic
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contributor to fluctuations in wood frog population size from year to year. The second stage of development features rapid development and growth, and depends on environmental factors including food availability, temperature, and population density.
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brown and dark brown at different times. The underparts of wood frogs are pale with a yellow or green cast; in northern populations, the belly may be faintly mottled. Their body colour may change seasonally; exposure to sunlight causes darkening.
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is from northern
Georgia and northeastern Canada in the east to Alaska and southern British Columbia in the west. They range all throughout the boreal forests of Canada. It is the most widely distributed frog in Alaska. It is also found in the
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A study was done on wood frogs dispersal patterns in 5 ponds at the
Appalachian Mountains where they reported adult wood frogs were 100% faithful to the pond of their first breeding but 18% of juveniles dispersed to breed in other ponds.
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into froglets, they die. This constitutes the risk counterbalancing the antipredator protection of ephemeral pools. By breeding in early spring, however, wood frogs increase their offspring's chances of metamorphosing before pools dry.
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Adult wood frogs spend summer months in moist woodlands, forested swamps, ravines, or bogs. During the fall, they leave summer habitats and migrate to neighboring uplands to overwinter. Some may remain in moist areas to overwinter.
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Wood frogs eat a variety of small, forest-floor invertebrates, with a diet primarily consisting of insects. The tadpoles are omnivorous, feeding on plant detritus and algae along with other tadpoles of their own and other species.
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Some advantage is conferred to pairs first to breed, as clutches closer to the center of the raft absorb heat and develop faster than those on the periphery, and have more protection from predators. If pools dry before tadpoles
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three times, generally with differences according to age. The success of the larvae and tadpoles is important in populations of wood frogs because they affect the gene flow and genetic variation of the following generations.
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262:, with several notable disjunct populations including lowland eastern North Carolina. The wood frog has garnered attention from biologists because of its freeze tolerance, relatively great degree of terrestrialism (for a
1991:
Baldwin R.F.; Calhoun A.J.K.; de
Maynadier P.G. (2006). "Conservation planning for amphibian species with complex habitat requirements: a case study using movements and habitat selection of the wood frog
431:. The ranid tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth near the tip of the jaw, and when the mouth is closed, the tongue lies flat, extended posteriorly from its point of attachment.
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Cardini, F. (1973). Characteristics and
Adaptedness of Feeding Behaviors of North American Anurans, Paper presented at June 1973 meetings of the Animal Behavior Society, Amherst, MA
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hibernate within 65 meters of breeding pools. They emerge from hibernation in early spring and migrate to the nearby pools. There, males chorus, emitting duck-like quacking sounds.
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Frogs can survive many freeze/thaw events during winter if no more than about 65% of the total body water freezes. Wood frogs have a series of seven amino acid substitutions in the
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and conservation of the wood frog has attracted research attention in recent years because they are often considered "obligate" breeders in ephemeral wetlands (sometimes called "
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Similar to other northern frogs that enter dormancy close to the surface in soil and/or leaf litter, wood frogs can tolerate the freezing of their blood and other tissues.
1050:
Berven, Keith A., and
Thaddeus A. Grudzien. "Dispersal in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica): implications for genetic population structure." Evolution 44.8 (1990): 2047-2056.
3052:
1461:
Berman, D. I.; Meshcheryakova, E. N.; Bulakhova, N. A. (Jan 2016). "The
Japanese tree frog (Hyla japonica), one of the most cold-resistant species of amphibians".
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and extreme cellular dehydration. One crucial mechanism utilized by the wood frog is the accumulation of high amounts of glucose that act as a cryoprotectant.
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Some studies suggest that road-salts, as used in road de-icing, may have toxic effects on wood frog larvae. A study exposed wood frog tadpoles to
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427:. It is triggered by prey movement and consists of a bodily lunge that terminates with the mouth opening and an extension of the tongue onto the
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Kats, L.B., J.W. Petranka, and A. Sih. 1988. Antipredator defenses and the persistence of amphibian larvae with fishes. Ecology 69:1865–1870.
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shows even greater cold tolerance than the wood frog, surviving in temperatures as low as −35 °C (−31 °F) for up to 120 days.
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Bansal, Saumya (2016). "MicroRNA Regulation in Heart and
Skeletal Muscle over the Freeze–thaw Cycle in the Freeze Tolerant Wood Frog".
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1306:"Low temperature molecular adaptation of the skeletal muscle sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase 1 (SERCA 1) in the wood frog (
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Sanzo, Domenico; Hecnar, Stephen J. (March 2006). "Effects of road de-icing salt (NaCl) on larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)".
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281:"), which are themselves more imperiled than the species that breed in them. The wood frog has been proposed to be the official
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1396:"Enzymatic Regulation of Glycogenolysis in a Subarctic Population of the Wood Frog: Implications for Extreme Freeze Tolerance"
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Rittenhouse T.A.G.; Semlitsch R.D. (2007). "Postbreeding habitat use of wood frogs in a Missouri Oak-Hickory forest".
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Hobel, Gerlinde (2013). "Wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) use water surface waves in their reproductive behaviour".
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The wood frog has a complex lifecycle that depends on multiple habitats, damp lowlands, and adjacent woodlands. Their
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male approaches a female and clasps her from behind her forearms before hooking his thumbs together in a hold called "
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ATP binding site that allows this pump to function at lower temperatures relative to less cold-tolerant species (e.g.
1351:"Hibernation physiology, freezing adaptation and extreme freeze tolerance in a northern population of the wood frog"
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Regosin J.V.; Windmiller B.S.; Reed J.M. (2003). "Terrestrial habitat use and winter densities of the wood frog (
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Berven KA (1990). "Factors affecting population fluctuation in larval and adult stages of the wood frog (
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Reeves, Mari K.; Jensen, Peter; Dolph, Christine L.; Holyoak, Marcel; Trust, Kimberly A. (August 2010).
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8:
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254:, is a frog species that has a broad distribution over North America, extending from the
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of the first amphibians to emerge for breeding right when the snow melts, along with
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in response to internal ice formation. Both urea and glucose act as
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The feeding pattern of the wood frog is similar to that of other
363:
Wood frogs are forest-dwelling organisms that breed primarily in
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Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1
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Photographs, video and audio recording of breeding Wood Frogs
1943:"Multiple stressors and the cause of amphibian abnormalities"
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263:
211:
Geographic range of the wood frog in North America (in blue)
1642:
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293:
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dragonfly larvae more easily often causing missing limbs.
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1303:
715:"Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus
1940:
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sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase 1 (SERCA 1) enzyme
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841:
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266:), interesting habitat associations (peat bogs,
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478:is accumulated in tissues in preparation for
2100:
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1090:
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999:
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629:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015).
297:Wood frog demonstrating lighter skin tones,
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411:Picture of a wood frog on the shoreline of
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36:
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329:
318:
312:Showing ground leaf camouflage pattern,
307:
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687:. American Museum of Natural History.
624:
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620:
618:
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2620:
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2104:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2065:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1568:
899:
769:"Senate backs the wood frog — barely"
706:
1297:
712:
668:
486:is converted in large quantities to
3018:IUCN Red List least concern species
2234:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1263:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
1112:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
790:"Sexual size dimorphism in anurans"
640:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
615:
341:
334:Depicting a pinkish-tan skin tone,
13:
3068:Taxa named by John Eatton Le Conte
1984:
1589:
1138:
1099:
1053:
933:
914:
794:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
14:
3079:
3058:Extant Pliocene first appearances
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878:
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445:
2600:
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367:, freshwater wetlands: woodland
80:
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1934:
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1553:
1454:
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1342:
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761:
288:
1:
1189:10.1016/s0300-9629(96)00270-8
864:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80130-8
609:
601:Wood frog development in the
3063:Amphibians described in 1825
2162:, new species, p. 282).
1816:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.07.013
1421:10.1371/journal.pone.0079169
915:Jr, C. Kenneth Dodd (2013).
353:Medicine Bow National Forest
7:
2125:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001
2086:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007
2031:American Midland Naturalist
1463:Doklady Biological Sciences
325:Mer Bleue Conservation Area
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3084:
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463:
402:
358:
256:boreal forest of the north
21:Wood frog (disambiguation)
18:
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2628:
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2335:
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1475:10.1134/s0012496616060065
1275:10.1007/s00360-015-0951-3
675:Frost, Darrel R. (2022).
346:The contiguous wood frog
323:Showing dark skin tones,
222:
215:
210:
201:
182:
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77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
35:
30:
250:, commonly known as the
1796:Environmental Pollution
314:Darien Lakes State Park
299:New Jersey Pine Barrens
3033:Frogs of North America
2201:Journal of Herpetology
2172:Journal of Herpetology
1998:Journal of Herpetology
1327:10.1074/jbc.m007719200
1010:Journal of Herpetology
806:10.1098/rspb.2002.2170
542:
461:
416:
382:
338:
327:
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2842:Lithobates-sylvaticus
2828:Lithobates sylvaticus
2798:Lithobates sylvaticus
2659:Lithobates_sylvaticus
1947:Ecological Monographs
1843:Ecology and Evolution
736:10.1093/sysbio/syw055
679:Lithobates sylvaticus
647:: e.T58728A78907321.
633:Lithobates sylvaticus
538:
455:Lithobates sylvaticus
453:
410:
380:
333:
322:
311:
296:
241:Lithobates sylvaticus
186:Lithobates sylvaticus
3038:Amphibians of Canada
1600:, in Pennsylvania".
596:habitat conservation
513:Lithobates clamitans
19:For other uses, see
16:Species of amphibian
3048:Arctic land animals
2117:2007MolPE..42..331H
2078:2005MolPE..34..299H
1959:2010EcoM...80..423R
1855:2024EcoEv..1411069R
1808:2006EPoll.140..247S
1762:1990Ecol...71.1599B
1712:1967Ecol...48..579H
1412:2013PLoSO...879169D
958:1977Ecol...58..206W
800:(1507): 2301–2307.
586:Conservation status
381:Spring mating calls
47:Conservation status
2246:10.1007/bf00299681
1863:10.1002/ece3.11069
1367:10.1242/jeb.089342
1124:10.1007/BF00688788
723:Systematic Biology
693:10.5531/db.vz.0001
543:
525:Japanese tree frog
462:
457:found in southern
417:
383:
339:
328:
317:
302:
168:L. sylvaticus
3005:
3004:
2990:Open Tree of Life
2771:Open Tree of Life
2622:Taxon identifiers
2613:
2612:
1967:10.1890/09-0879.1
1361:(18): 3461–3473.
1217:The FASEB Journal
1173:Kenneth B. Storey
926:978-1-4214-1038-8
378:
237:
236:
70:
3075:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2789:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2713:
2701:
2700:
2688:
2687:
2675:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2617:
2616:
2607:Frogs portal
2605:
2604:
2603:
2537:R. t. temporaria
2319:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2257:
2224:
2213:10.1670/07-015.1
2195:
2157:
2136:
2097:
2054:
2021:
1979:
1978:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1756:(4): 1599–1608.
1741:
1732:
1731:
1691:
1680:
1679:
1654:(8): 2047–2056.
1639:
1626:
1625:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1510:
1495:
1494:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1433:
1423:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1233:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1153:(8): 2279–2302.
1142:
1136:
1135:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:Rana catesbeiana
1081:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1001:
992:
984:
978:
977:
937:
931:
930:
912:
906:
903:
897:
882:
876:
875:
852:Animal Behaviour
843:
828:
827:
817:
785:
779:
778:
765:
759:
758:
748:
738:
710:
704:
703:
701:
699:
681:(LeConte, 1825)"
672:
666:
665:
663:
661:
656:
626:
379:
342:Geographic range
336:White Clay Creek
258:to the southern
231:
206:
188:
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
40:
28:
27:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2977:Observation.org
2975:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2758:Observation.org
2756:
2748:
2743:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2581:R. zhenhaiensis
2331:
2323:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2264:
2043:10.2307/2423030
1987:
1985:Further reading
1982:
1939:
1935:
1920:10.2307/1445378
1900:
1896:
1835:
1831:
1792:
1785:
1770:10.2307/1938295
1742:
1735:
1720:10.2307/1936502
1692:
1683:
1660:10.2307/2409614
1640:
1629:
1614:10.2307/1444663
1594:
1590:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1531:10.2307/2408242
1511:
1498:
1459:
1455:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1347:
1343:
1302:
1298:
1259:
1255:
1208:
1204:
1170:
1166:
1143:
1139:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1075:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1002:
995:
985:
981:
966:10.2307/1935124
938:
934:
927:
913:
909:
904:
900:
883:
879:
844:
831:
786:
782:
777:. 17 June 2015.
767:
766:
762:
711:
707:
697:
695:
673:
669:
659:
657:
627:
616:
612:
588:
533:
492:cryoprotectants
472:
448:
405:
374:
361:
344:
291:
283:state amphibian
229:
228:
226:Rana sylvatica
197:
190:
184:
171:
79:
71:
60:
56:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2986:
2973:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2846:
2833:
2818:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2634:
2632:
2630:Rana sylvatica
2626:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2567:R. weinigensis
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2262:External links
2260:
2259:
2258:
2240:(3): 169–172.
2230:Rana sylvatica
2225:
2207:(4): 645–653.
2196:
2178:(2): 390–394.
2168:Rana sylvatica
2163:
2160:Rana sylvatica
2137:
2111:(2): 331–338.
2098:
2072:(2): 299–314.
2055:
2037:(2): 301–313.
2027:Rana sylvatica
2022:
2004:(4): 443–454.
1994:Rana sylvatica
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1953:(3): 423–440.
1933:
1914:(3): 605–615.
1904:Rana sylvatica
1894:
1829:
1802:(2): 247–256.
1783:
1746:Rana sylvatica
1733:
1706:(4): 579–590.
1698:, in Alaska".
1696:Rana sylvatica
1681:
1644:Rana sylvatica
1627:
1608:(3): 627–635.
1598:Rana sylvatica
1588:
1577:(5): 471–483.
1561:
1552:
1525:(4): 707–722.
1515:Rana sylvatica
1496:
1469:(1): 276–279.
1453:
1406:(11): e79169.
1386:
1341:
1308:Rana sylvatica
1296:
1253:
1224:(5): 351–358.
1202:
1183:(3): 319–326.
1164:
1137:
1108:Rana sylvatica
1098:
1089:
1073:
1052:
1043:
1016:(2): 390–394.
993:
979:
952:(1): 206–209.
942:Rana sylvatica
932:
925:
907:
898:
877:
858:(3): 705–716.
848:Rana sylvatica
829:
780:
760:
705:
667:
613:
611:
608:
587:
584:
532:
529:
447:
446:Cold tolerance
444:
404:
401:
397:spring peepers
360:
357:
343:
340:
290:
287:
247:Rana sylvatica
235:
234:
233:
232:
220:
219:
213:
212:
208:
207:
199:
198:
191:
180:
179:
173:
172:
165:
163:
159:
158:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3080:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:R. temporaria
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2425:R. grandocula
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:(3): e11069.
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1320:(6): 3911–9.
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
990:
983:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
928:
922:
919:. JHU Press.
918:
911:
902:
895:
891:
887:
881:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
825:
821:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
776:
775:
770:
764:
756:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
729:(5): 824–42.
728:
724:
720:
718:
709:
694:
690:
686:
682:
680:
671:
655:
650:
646:
642:
641:
636:
634:
625:
623:
621:
619:
614:
607:
604:
599:
597:
592:
583:
579:
576:
571:
567:
564:
558:
556:
550:
547:
546:L. sylvaticus
541:
537:
528:
526:
521:
520:to freezing.
517:
515:
514:
509:
504:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:overwintering
477:
471:
467:
460:
456:
452:
443:
440:
439:
432:
430:
426:
421:
414:
413:Kabekona Lake
409:
400:
398:
393:
387:
372:
370:
366:
356:
354:
349:
337:
332:
326:
321:
315:
310:
306:
300:
295:
286:
285:of New York.
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
242:
230:LeConte, 1825
227:
224:
223:
221:
218:
214:
209:
205:
200:
195:
189:
187:
181:
178:
177:Binomial name
174:
170:
169:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
78:
74:
68:
63:
62:Least Concern
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2797:
2629:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2560:R. vibicaria
2558:
2553:R. vaillanti
2551:
2544:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2509:R. sylvatica
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2481:R. palustris
2479:
2472:
2465:
2460:R. longicrus
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2397:R. dybowskii
2395:
2388:
2383:R. dalmatina
2381:
2376:R. draytonii
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2341:R. amurensis
2339:
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260:Appalachians
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2951:NatureServe
2899:iNaturalist
2822:Wikispecies
2667:AmphibiaWeb
2588:R. zweifeli
2488:R. pretiosa
2453:R. lessonae
2369:R. cascadae
2029:Le Conte".
660:19 February
470:Cryobiology
392:Hibernacula
289:Description
3023:Lithobates
3012:Categories
2523:R. taylori
2502:R. sierrae
2495:R. sauteri
2467:R. muscosa
2446:R. iriodes
2439:R. italica
2432:R. iberica
2411:R. forreri
2404:R. fisheri
2348:R. arvalis
2156:: 278–282.
1448:1458261108
1380:2024-03-29
1069:0520235924
894:0395904528
746:2292/43460
610:References
464:See also:
438:Lithobates
155:Lithobates
31:Wood frog
2574:R. zhengi
2418:R. graeca
2362:R. boylii
2355:R. blairi
1975:0012-9615
1871:2045-7758
1648:Evolution
1571:Behaviour
1519:Evolution
1491:254413388
1118:: 29–36.
1030:0022-1511
466:Moor frog
365:ephemeral
252:wood frog
162:Species:
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
2956:2.100332
2849:BioLib:
2813:Q4666317
2807:Wikidata
2737:10195899
2639:Wikidata
2546:R. uenoi
2516:R. tagoi
2390:R. dunni
2254:35527688
2221:86284247
2192:85981524
2133:16997582
2094:15619443
2018:85111873
1889:38481759
1880:10933534
1824:16159689
1676:28564421
1547:28563133
1483:28058600
1444:ProQuest
1440:24236105
1400:PLOS ONE
1375:23966588
1336:11044449
1291:16490101
1283:26660652
1248:13484261
1132:29760226
872:53167679
824:12495496
774:Politico
755:27288482
698:10 March
555:amplexus
497:ischemia
484:glycogen
217:Synonyms
140:Family:
124:Amphibia
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
3028:Cryozoa
2995:4133610
2878:2427072
2776:4133610
2724:2427077
2474:R. onca
2113:Bibcode
2074:Bibcode
2051:2423030
1955:Bibcode
1928:1445378
1851:Bibcode
1804:Bibcode
1778:1938295
1758:Bibcode
1750:Ecology
1728:1936502
1708:Bibcode
1700:Ecology
1668:2409614
1622:1444663
1539:2408242
1431:3827335
1408:Bibcode
1240:7896003
1197:9172388
1147:Ecology
1038:1566158
974:1935124
954:Bibcode
946:Ecology
815:1691160
603:tadpole
540:Tadpole
488:glucose
403:Feeding
359:Habitat
275:ecology
196:, 1825)
194:LeConte
150:Genus:
144:Ranidae
130:Order:
120:Class:
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425:ranids
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2943:58728
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2865:3VHQZ
2786:26115
2732:IRMNG
2698:78R95
2289:Frogs
2250:S2CID
2217:S2CID
2188:S2CID
2047:JSTOR
2014:S2CID
1924:JSTOR
1774:JSTOR
1724:JSTOR
1664:JSTOR
1618:JSTOR
1535:JSTOR
1487:S2CID
1287:S2CID
1244:S2CID
1128:S2CID
1034:JSTOR
970:JSTOR
868:S2CID
348:range
264:ranid
134:Anura
2964:NCBI
2938:IUCN
2925:ITIS
2891:2011
2886:GISD
2873:GBIF
2745:ITIS
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575:NaCl
476:Urea
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