2671:
31:
56:
2483:
1194:
1209:
306:, allowing the Ranidae to colonize Eurasia and eventually the rest of the world. However, more recent studies instead propose that the Ranidae originated in Eurasia, and their close relationship with India-endemic frog lineages is due to those lineages colonizing India from Eurasia during the
227:
Many of the true frogs are aquatic or live close to water. Most species lay their eggs in the water and go through a tadpole stage. However, as in most families of frogs, there is large variation of
347:
While too little of the vast diversity of true frogs has been subject to recent studies to say something definite, as of mid-2008, studies are going on, and several lineages are recognizable.
1234:
Most of the subfamilies formerly included under
Ranidae are now treated as separate families, leaving only Raninae remaining. The following genera are recognised in the family Ranidae:
216:
Typically, true frogs are smooth and moist-skinned, with large, powerful legs and extensively webbed feet. The true frogs vary greatly in size, ranging from small—such as the
303:
3014:
1856:"Phylogeny and Biogeography of a Cosmopolitan Frog Radiation: Late Cretaceous Diversification Resulted in Continent-Scale Endemism in the Family Ranidae"
2245:
2880:
2083:
1978:
2919:
2144:
1786:"Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary"
2854:
1784:
Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-07-18).
2893:
2302:
2264:
2037:
2898:
275:. They are thought to be most closely related to the Indian-endemic Nyctibatrachidae, from which they diverged in the early
189:. They have the widest distribution of any frog family. They are abundant throughout most of the world, occurring on all
318:
The subdivisions of the
Ranidae are still a matter of dispute, although most are coming to an agreement. Several former
2233:
1598:
until significant taxonomic confusion surrounding the group could be cleared up. These changes are not recognized by
2981:
2833:
2322:
2284:
2065:
193:
except
Antarctica. The true frogs are present in North America, northern South America, Europe, Africa (including
2924:
2846:
2392:
1761:
2763:
2052:
1854:
Bossuyt, Franky; Brown, Rafe M.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C.; Milinkovitch, Michel C. (2006-08-01).
1622:
1540:
231:
within the family. There are also arboreal species of true frogs, and the family includes some of the very few
2906:
2348:
2254:(2006): The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York.
145:
1697:
1667:
2098:
2776:
2750:
2333:
1682:
1652:
1637:
2169:
2781:
385:
plus some proposed minor genera (which probably ought to be included in the latter) form another group.
2963:
2986:
2482:
55:
2519:
2504:
2950:
2768:
2690:
2524:
2148:
2945:
2885:
1720:
2937:
2097:
Che, Jing; Pang, Junfeng; Zhao, Hui; Wu, Guan-fu; Zhao, Er-mi; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2007-04-01).
30:
2973:
2802:
2737:
2000:
Complex in
Thailand and Neighboring Countries Revealed by Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes.
1797:
1750:
206:
8:
3009:
2542:
2385:
2099:"Phylogeny of Raninae (Anura: Ranidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequences"
295:
1801:
2218:
2027:
2002:
1991:
1936:
1828:
1785:
1564:
1339:
1197:
801:
446:
154:
50:
1618:, that is, their taxonomic status is too uncertain to allow more specific placement.
2932:
2789:
2728:
2370:
2229:
2126:
2118:
2077:
1940:
1895:
1887:
1833:
1815:
1769:
479:
38:
2582:
2557:
2449:
2364:
2311:
2273:
2110:
2063:
2045:
2010:
1926:
1877:
1867:
1823:
1805:
264:
183:
2794:
2652:
2612:
2597:
2326:
2288:
2240:
2911:
2742:
2315:
2277:
2114:
2049:
279:. However, other studies recover a closer relationship with the Dicroglossidae.
2841:
2828:
2755:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2592:
2577:
2562:
2552:
2467:
2462:
2378:
1614:
1212:
461:
335:
323:
282:
It was previously thought that the
Ranidae and their closest relatives were of
260:
236:
2191:
1872:
1855:
3003:
2647:
2491:
2214:
2122:
1955:
1891:
1819:
1570:
1361:
1273:
818:
410:
327:
287:
256:
1914:
1810:
2675:
2657:
2622:
2607:
2547:
2534:
2509:
2499:
2337:(2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names.
2258:
2248:. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Retrieved 2006-AUG-05.
2130:
1899:
1837:
1471:
1383:
1221:
1084:
596:
457:
402:
370:
340:
117:
2867:
2722:
2713:
2617:
2457:
1599:
1317:
1295:
1227:
579:
396:
390:
331:
272:
198:
176:
2319:
2281:
1931:
2587:
2572:
2014:
1915:"Dispersal vs. vicariance: the origin of India's extant tetrapod fauna"
1552:
1526:
1504:
1482:
1438:
1427:
1372:
1306:
1284:
1101:
1003:
979:
903:
555:
452:
434:
416:
291:
268:
202:
194:
1882:
2872:
2815:
2567:
2472:
2439:
2433:
1996:(2008): Genetic Divergences and Phylogenetic Relationships Among the
1994:; Khonsue, Wichase; Djong, Tjong Hon; Tandon, Manuj; Sumida, Masayuki
1964:(Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog,
1728:
1588:
1582:
1515:
1460:
1449:
1240:
885:
860:
767:
702:
654:
440:
428:
319:
307:
232:
217:
190:
97:
67:
2859:
2684:
2820:
2707:
2427:
2421:
1725:
1594:
1576:
1558:
1546:
1493:
1416:
1405:
1394:
1350:
1328:
1251:
1051:
1034:
750:
685:
500:
466:
422:
377:
353:
283:
130:
87:
2602:
2514:
1970:
1262:
1193:
531:
365:
358:
248:
247:
The
Ranidae are related to several other frog families that have
228:
1208:
2415:
299:
276:
77:
2958:
2807:
1531:
Arifin, Chan, Smart, Hertwig, Smith, Iskandar, and Haas, 2021
252:
2358:
Specchio delle
Scienze, o, Giornale Enciclopedico di Sicilia
1853:
474:
The following phylogeny of some genera was recovered by Che
2402:
180:
107:
2064:
Amphibian
Species of the World 5.5, an Online Reference.
2262:(2007) Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life.
1783:
2145:"Ranidae Batsch, 1796 | Amphibian Species of the World"
1509:
Arifin, Smart, Hertwig, Smith, Iskandar, and Haas, 2018
2400:
1755:(1961): Osmotic Regulation in the Crab-Eating Frog (
2244:(2006): Amphibian Species of the World Version 3 -
344:has now been split up and is much reduced in size.
3001:
357:is probably a very ancient offshoot of the main
197:), and Asia. The Asian range extends across the
2296:(2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (
1790:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
213:), has spread into the far north of Australia.
2386:
2096:
1731:commonly found in true frogs in North America
1366:Oliver, Prendini, Kraus, and Raxworthy, 2015
1245:Oliver, Prendini, Kraus, and Raxworthy, 2015
294:. They were then entirely restricted to the
3015:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
2082:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2393:
2379:
1954:Cai, Hong-xia; Che, Jing; Pang, Jun-feng;
29:
2354:Fine del prodromo d'erpetologia siciliana
2225:Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians
2020:
1983:
1930:
1881:
1871:
1827:
1809:
1742:
322:are now recognised as separate families (
1207:
1192:
460:. Some authorities have treated them as
1912:
1612:A number of taxa are placed in Ranidae
3002:
2363:: 102-104. (Ranidae, new family). (in
1990:Kotaki, Manabu; Kurabayashi, Atsushi;
1947:
2689:
2688:
2374:
2103:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2072:. American Museum of Natural History.
2964:CB2D87E1-2E35-FFC7-FEDA-44B3FC0AF98A
2847:8f53d437-8407-49bc-a4e1-6cb233a0d9a5
2031:(2008): The phylogenetic problem of
1849:
1847:
1779:
1777:
2057:
13:
2332:Pauly, Greg B.; Hillis, David M.;
369:has been generally delimited as a
14:
3026:
1844:
1774:
1605:
2669:
2481:
163:
54:
2184:
2162:
2137:
2178:Amphibian Species of the World
2090:
1906:
1541:Amphibian Species of the World
313:
1:
1960:(2007): Paraphyly of Chinese
1735:
408:An ill-defined assemblage of
2147:. 2023-05-28. Archived from
1913:Karanth, K. Praveen (2021).
242:
7:
2316:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007
2278:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001
2227:(2nd ed.). Fog City Press.
2115:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.032
2050:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016
1713:
286:origins, having evolved on
10:
3031:
2294:Hillis, D.M.; Wilcox, T.P.
2246:Petropedetidae Noble, 1931
205:and a single species, the
2697:
2666:
2533:
2490:
2479:
2448:
2410:
1919:Frontiers of Biogeography
1873:10.1080/10635150600812551
1454:Kiyasetuo and Khare, 1986
1188:
1098:
1081:
1074:
1048:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1000:
993:
976:
969:
962:
900:
882:
875:
857:
850:
815:
798:
791:
764:
747:
740:
733:
726:
699:
682:
675:
668:
651:
644:
637:
593:
576:
569:
552:
545:
528:
521:
514:
497:
490:
456:, which are probably not
160:
153:
51:Scientific classification
49:
37:
28:
23:
1724:, a monoecious, digenea
1544:tentatively synonymized
1443:Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990
1410:Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990
1311:Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990
400:in the strict sense and
304:India collided with Asia
2252:Frost, Darrel R. et al.
2192:"AmphibiaWeb - Ranidae"
1811:10.1073/pnas.1704632114
2303:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
2265:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
2038:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
1998:Fejervarya limnocharis
1231:
1205:
2946:Paleobiology Database
2035:(Amphibia: Ranidae).
1751:Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut
1721:Halipegus eccentricus
1211:
1196:
43:Pelophylax cypriensis
2842:Fauna Europaea (new)
2405:families by suborder
2334:Cannatella, David C.
1753:; Kelly, Hamilton M.
1749:Gordon, Malcolm S.;
1217:Clinotarsus curtipes
222:Lithobates sylvatica
207:Australian wood frog
2543:Amphignathodontidae
1932:10.21425/F5FBG48678
1802:2017PNAS..114E5864F
1796:(29): E5864–E5870.
480:mitochondrial genes
296:Indian subcontinent
255:origins, including
2325:2008-05-28 at the
2287:2011-09-27 at the
2015:10.2108/zsj.25.381
1860:Systematic Biology
1708:(Van Kampen, 1923)
1232:
1206:
1202:Odorrana ishikawae
388:A group including
224:)—to large.
2997:
2996:
2933:Open Tree of Life
2691:Taxon identifiers
2682:
2681:
2318:
2280:
2236:
1709:
1694:
1679:
1664:
1663:(Boulenger, 1899)
1649:
1648:(Boulenger, 1920)
1634:
1532:
1521:
1510:
1499:
1488:
1477:
1466:
1455:
1444:
1433:
1422:
1411:
1400:
1389:
1378:
1367:
1356:
1345:
1334:
1323:
1312:
1301:
1290:
1279:
1268:
1257:
1246:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1063:
1062:
951:
950:
942:
941:
933:
932:
924:
923:
915:
914:
839:
838:
830:
829:
780:
779:
715:
714:
626:
625:
617:
616:
608:
607:
235:that can live in
211:Hylarana daemelii
170:
169:
149:
39:Cyprus water frog
3022:
2990:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2912:NHMSYS0000375314
2902:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2686:
2685:
2676:Frogs portal
2674:
2673:
2672:
2558:Brachycephalidae
2485:
2450:Archaeobatrachia
2395:
2388:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2351:
2349:Rafinesque, C.S.
2336:
2310:
2295:
2272:
2261:
2253:
2243:
2241:Frost, Darrel R.
2228:
2222:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2061:
2055:
2030:
2028:Stuart, Bryan L.
2024:
2018:
1995:
1992:Matsui, Masafumi
1987:
1981:
1966:Amolops tormotus
1959:
1958:; Zhang, Ya-ping
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1885:
1875:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1813:
1781:
1772:
1754:
1746:
1707:
1692:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1632:
1530:
1519:
1508:
1497:
1486:
1475:
1464:
1453:
1442:
1431:
1420:
1409:
1398:
1387:
1376:
1365:
1354:
1343:
1332:
1321:
1310:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1255:
1244:
1077:
1076:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:
996:
995:
972:
971:
965:
964:
878:
877:
853:
852:
794:
793:
743:
742:
736:
735:
729:
728:
678:
677:
671:
670:
647:
646:
640:
639:
572:
571:
548:
547:
524:
523:
517:
516:
493:
492:
486:
485:
265:Nyctibatrachidae
144:
59:
58:
33:
21:
20:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2653:Rhinodermatidae
2613:Leptodactylidae
2529:
2486:
2477:
2444:
2406:
2399:
2347:
2331:
2327:Wayback Machine
2293:
2289:Wayback Machine
2257:
2251:
2239:
2221:; Kirschner, D.
2213:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2196:amphibiaweb.org
2190:
2189:
2185:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2095:
2091:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2058:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2017:(HTML abstract)
1989:
1988:
1984:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1911:
1907:
1852:
1845:
1782:
1775:
1757:Rana cancrivora
1748:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1716:
1610:
1536:
1511:(three species)
1377:Fitzinger, 1843
1344:Fitzinger, 1843
1302:(three species)
1247:(three species)
1198:Ishikawa's frog
1191:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1064:
952:
943:
934:
925:
916:
840:
831:
781:
716:
627:
618:
609:
462:junior synonyms
316:
298:until the late
245:
143:
53:
17:
16:Family of frogs
12:
11:
5:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3012:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2978:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2829:Fauna Europaea
2825:
2812:
2799:
2786:
2773:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2719:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:Pyxicephalidae
2635:
2633:Petropedetidae
2630:
2628:Myobatrachidae
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Hemiphractidae
2590:
2588:Heleophrynidae
2585:
2580:
2578:Craugastoridae
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Brevicipitidae
2560:
2555:
2553:Arthroleptidae
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2525:Rhinophrynidae
2522:
2520:Scaphiopodidae
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2473:Leiopelmatidae
2470:
2468:Discoglossidae
2465:
2463:Bombinatoridae
2460:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2345:
2329:
2309:(2): 299–314.
2291:
2271:(2): 331–338.
2255:
2249:
2237:
2208:
2207:
2183:
2174:Tschudi, 1838"
2161:
2136:
2089:
2070:Tschudi, 1838"
2056:
2019:
2009:(4): 381–390.
1982:
1946:
1905:
1866:(4): 579–594.
1843:
1773:
1768:(3): 659–678.
1740:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1695:
1680:
1678:Anderson, 1879
1665:
1650:
1635:
1615:incertae sedis
1609:
1607:Incertae sedis
1604:
1535:
1534:
1533:(five species)
1523:
1512:
1501:
1490:
1479:
1476:Linnaeus, 1758
1468:
1457:
1446:
1435:
1432:Fitzinger 1843
1424:
1413:
1402:
1391:
1380:
1369:
1358:
1357:(four species)
1347:
1346:(four species)
1336:
1335:(four species)
1325:
1314:
1303:
1292:
1291:(nine species)
1281:
1278:Thompson, 1912
1270:
1259:
1248:
1236:
1219:), related to
1213:Bicolored frog
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
999:
994:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
975:
970:
968:
963:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
949:
948:
945:
944:
940:
939:
936:
935:
931:
930:
927:
926:
922:
921:
918:
917:
913:
912:
909:
908:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
881:
876:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
856:
851:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
833:
832:
828:
827:
824:
823:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
797:
792:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:
774:
773:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
727:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
713:
712:
709:
708:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
650:
645:
643:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
624:
623:
620:
619:
615:
614:
611:
610:
606:
605:
602:
601:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
575:
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
551:
546:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
527:
522:
520:
515:
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
496:
491:
489:
484:
478:., 2007 using
472:
471:
406:
386:
374:
362:
336:Dicroglossidae
324:Petropedetidae
315:
312:
261:Dicroglossidae
244:
241:
237:brackish water
168:
167:
158:
157:
151:
150:
138:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3027:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Rhacophoridae
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Dendrobatidae
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Centrolenidae
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2492:Mesobatrachia
2489:
2484:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:Herpetologica
2335:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:1-877019-69-0
2231:
2226:
2220:
2219:Zweifel, R.G.
2216:
2212:
2211:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2151:on 2023-05-28
2150:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:J. Exp. Biol.
1758:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:(Smith, 1921)
1691:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1571:Indosylvirana
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:(six species)
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:(six species)
1485:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1362:Indosylvirana
1359:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:(six species)
1309:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:(two species)
1276:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
998:
997:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
981:
974:
973:
967:
966:
960:
959:
956:
955:
947:
946:
938:
937:
929:
928:
920:
919:
911:
910:
907:
906:
905:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
888:
887:
880:
879:
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
863:
862:
855:
854:
848:
847:
844:
843:
835:
834:
826:
825:
822:
821:
820:
819:Indosylvirana
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
803:
796:
795:
789:
788:
785:
784:
776:
775:
772:
770:
769:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
752:
745:
744:
738:
737:
731:
730:
724:
723:
720:
719:
711:
710:
707:
705:
704:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
687:
680:
679:
673:
672:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
656:
649:
648:
642:
641:
635:
634:
631:
630:
622:
621:
613:
612:
604:
603:
600:
599:
598:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
581:
574:
573:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
557:
550:
549:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
533:
526:
525:
519:
518:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
502:
495:
494:
488:
487:
483:
481:
477:
469:
468:
464:of the genus
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
448:
444:, as well as
443:
442:
437:
436:
431:
430:
425:
424:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
405:
404:
399:
398:
393:
392:
387:
384:
380:
379:
375:
372:
368:
367:
363:
360:
356:
355:
350:
349:
348:
345:
343:
342:
338:). The genus
337:
333:
329:
328:Cacosterninae
325:
321:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Insular India
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Rhacophoridae
254:
250:
240:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
166:
165:
159:
156:
152:
147:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2698:
2658:Sooglossidae
2642:
2623:Microhylidae
2608:Hyperoliidae
2548:Aromobatidae
2535:Neobatrachia
2500:Megophryidae
2360:
2357:
2353:
2341:
2338:
2320:PDF fulltext
2306:
2301:
2297:
2282:PDF fulltext
2268:
2263:
2259:Hillis, D.M.
2224:
2215:Cogger, H.G.
2199:. Retrieved
2195:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:the original
2139:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2067:
2059:
2053:PDF fulltext
2044:(1): 49-60.
2041:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1979:PDF fulltext
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1949:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1863:
1859:
1793:
1789:
1770:PDF fulltext
1765:
1760:
1756:
1744:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1643:
1639:
1629:chitwanensis
1628:
1624:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1525:
1522:(12 species)
1520:Dubois, 1992
1514:
1503:
1492:
1487:Dubois, 1992
1481:
1478:(58 species)
1470:
1467:(18 species)
1465:Dubois, 1992
1459:
1448:
1437:
1434:(19 species)
1426:
1423:(19 species)
1421:Dubois, 1992
1415:
1412:(64 species)
1404:
1401:(19 species)
1399:Dubois, 1992
1393:
1390:(13 species)
1384:Meristogenys
1382:
1379:(55 species)
1371:
1368:(13 species)
1360:
1355:Tschudi 1838
1349:
1338:
1333:Dubois, 1992
1327:
1316:
1305:
1294:
1289:Dubois, 1992
1283:
1272:
1269:(80 species)
1261:
1258:(11 species)
1256:Dubois, 1992
1250:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1222:Meristogenys
1220:
1216:
1201:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1082:
1050:
1049:
1033:
1032:
1002:
1001:
978:
977:
902:
901:
884:
883:
859:
858:
817:
816:
800:
799:
766:
765:
749:
748:
701:
700:
684:
683:
653:
652:
597:Meristogenys
595:
594:
578:
577:
554:
553:
530:
529:
499:
498:
475:
473:
465:
458:monophyletic
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:Meristogenys
401:
395:
389:
382:
376:
371:monophyletic
364:
352:
346:
339:
317:
281:
269:Micrixalidae
246:
226:
221:
215:
210:
186:
172:
171:
161:
140:
124:
118:Neobatrachia
42:
18:
2868:iNaturalist
2723:Wikispecies
2618:Mantellidae
2598:Hemisotidae
2510:Pelodytidae
2505:Pelobatidae
2432:Superclass
2109:(1): 1–13.
1956:Zhao, Er-mi
1633:(Das, 1998)
1600:AmphibiaWeb
1565:Hydrophylax
1456:(monotypic)
1445:(monotypic)
1340:Hydrophylax
1324:(monotypic)
1300:Mivart 1869
1296:Clinotarsus
802:Hydrophylax
580:Clinotarsus
447:Hydrophylax
391:Clinotarsus
332:Mantellidae
320:subfamilies
314:Systematics
290:during the
273:Ranixalidae
199:East Indies
177:common name
24:True frogs
3010:True frogs
3004:Categories
2458:Ascaphidae
2426:Subphylum
2344:: 115-128.
2201:2023-08-07
2155:2023-08-07
2003:Zool. Sci.
1883:1808/10752
1736:References
1704:persimilis
1674:margariana
1553:Chalcorana
1527:Wijayarana
1505:Sumaterana
1498:Cope, 1865
1483:Sanguirana
1439:Pseudorana
1428:Pelophylax
1388:Yang, 1991
1373:Lithobates
1322:Yang, 1991
1307:Glandirana
1285:Chalcorana
1267:Cope, 1865
1102:Lithobates
1004:Pseudorana
980:Glandirana
904:Chalcorana
556:Pelophylax
453:Pelophylax
435:Sanguirana
417:Glandirana
351:The genus
292:Cretaceous
233:amphibians
203:New Guinea
195:Madagascar
191:continents
173:True frogs
146:Rafinesque
114:Suborder:
2568:Bufonidae
2434:Tetrapoda
2352:(2007): "
2123:1055-7903
1977:: 49–55.
1941:231519470
1892:1076-836X
1820:0027-8424
1729:trematode
1726:parasitic
1689:montivaga
1659:latouchii
1644:garoensis
1589:Sylvirana
1583:Pulchrana
1538:In 2023,
1516:Sylvirana
1461:Pulchrana
1450:Pterorana
1241:Abavorana
886:Sylvirana
861:Sylvirana
768:Sylvirana
703:Sylvirana
655:Pulchrana
441:Sylvirana
429:Pulchrana
308:Paleogene
284:Gondwanan
243:Evolution
218:wood frog
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
2708:Wikidata
2440:Amphibia
2428:Craniata
2422:Chordata
2416:Animalia
2414:Kingdom
2323:Archived
2285:Archived
2223:(2004):
2172:Hylarana
2131:17300963
2078:cite web
2068:Hylarana
1900:16857652
1838:28673970
1714:See also
1700:Hylarana
1685:Hylarana
1670:Hylarana
1655:Hylarana
1640:Hylarana
1625:Hylarana
1595:Hylarana
1577:Papurana
1559:Humerana
1547:Amnirana
1494:Staurois
1417:Papurana
1406:Odorrana
1395:Nidirana
1351:Hylarana
1329:Humerana
1252:Amnirana
1052:Nidirana
1035:Odorrana
751:Papurana
686:Hylarana
501:Staurois
467:Hylarana
423:Hylarana
378:Odorrana
361:lineage.
354:Staurois
249:Eurasian
179:for the
155:Synonyms
137:Family:
131:Ranoidea
98:Amphibia
88:Chordata
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
2769:Ranidae
2756:Ranidae
2743:Ranidae
2729:Ranidae
2699:Ranidae
2643:Ranidae
2603:Hylidae
2515:Pipidae
2420:Phylum
2401:Extant
2365:Italian
1971:Zootaxa
1962:Amolops
1829:5530686
1798:Bibcode
1263:Amolops
532:Amolops
366:Amolops
359:Raninae
302:, when
229:habitat
187:Ranidae
175:is the
141:Ranidae
104:Order:
94:Class:
2987:448307
2971:uBio:
2938:364560
2899:173433
2886:103657
2821:1RANSF
2438:Class
2403:anuran
2232:
2129:
2121:
1939:
1898:
1890:
1836:
1826:
1818:
1586:, and
1274:Babina
1189:Genera
438:, and
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