28:
139:, who was also known as Uncle Jack Kennedy, in his reasons for judgment. Kennedy died on 6 September 2005 before the determination but Justice Merkel acknowledged "he had, in a practical sense, achieved 'what the elders expected of ' by, as was stated in his eulogy, 'fighting for this little piece of country for his ancestors and for future generations.'"
153:
present case is a living example of the principle that is now recognised in native title jurisprudence that traditional laws and customs are not fixed and unchanging. Rather, they evolve over time in response to new or changing social and economic exigencies to which all societies adapt as their social and historical contexts change.
129:
The orders I propose to make are of special significance as they constitute the first recognition and protection of native title resulting in the ongoing enjoyment of native title in the State of
Victoria and, it would appear, on the South-Eastern seaboard of Australia. These are areas in which the
152:
the 'tide of history' has not 'washed away' any real acknowledgement of traditional laws and any real observance of traditional customs by the applicants and has not, as a consequence, resulted in the foundation of their native title disappearing....Indeed, the evidence in, and the outcome of, the
146:
native title claim dismissed by
Justice Olney in 1998, that was also subjected to failed appeals to the Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia, and the High Court in 2002 were also dismissed. and the High Court of Australia, Justice Merkel ruled:
130:
Aboriginal peoples suffered severe and extensive dispossession, degradation and devastation as a consequence of the establishment of
British sovereignty over their lands and waters during the 19th century.
123:
The Native Title claim was initially filed in 1995 and took 10 years for the legal process to come to determination. In his reasons for judgement
Justice Merkel explained the significance of his orders:
1464:
1580:
354:
773:
1286:
1008:
301:
276:
254:
1869:
1258:
1552:
1507:
1133:
2060:
347:
1522:
690:
1610:
752:
1600:
1956:
1560:
1291:
1203:
1168:
1454:
1276:
1161:
340:
2097:
1126:
989:
1857:
1585:
2027:
1424:
1301:
759:
2169:
1983:
169:
2092:
1904:
1692:
1677:
1296:
1233:
227:
2189:
1595:
1502:
1238:
1140:
2102:
2055:
1711:
1220:
2148:
2039:
1995:
1615:
1414:
1281:
1154:
1832:
1349:
910:
1306:
1147:
946:
315:
2179:
1847:
1527:
1196:
2075:
706:
1894:
1814:
1575:
1439:
1961:
1794:
1764:
1359:
766:
2131:
2065:
1754:
1644:
1590:
1394:
1339:
2194:
1913:
1822:
1474:
1324:
1268:
1189:
818:
2141:
2125:
2070:
1542:
975:
917:
860:
1879:
1852:
1570:
1487:
1434:
1384:
1316:
846:
804:
797:
1630:
968:
853:
811:
784:
2107:
1946:
1837:
1682:
1620:
1605:
1492:
1377:
1364:
738:
1929:
1565:
1517:
1372:
1070:
839:
285:
263:
213:
93:
38:
120:
peoples as it was the first successful native title claim in south-eastern
Australia and in Victoria.
2174:
2085:
2080:
1889:
1784:
1497:
174:
101:
2000:
1919:
1625:
1105:
1063:
310:
49:
Clarke on behalf of the
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
2034:
1971:
1966:
1804:
1749:
1248:
1091:
832:
595:
322:
206:
Clarke on behalf of the
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
1978:
1667:
1228:
1212:
143:
2136:
2006:
1941:
1687:
1537:
1253:
1243:
720:
363:
259:
209:
66:
1662:
306:
281:
136:
109:
8:
1512:
1419:
1181:
1084:
1056:
1033:
874:
441:
399:
2112:
2022:
1951:
1936:
1759:
1672:
1635:
1042:
867:
609:
490:
406:
1774:
1744:
1697:
1532:
1329:
939:
727:
658:
413:
2184:
1482:
1444:
1049:
713:
588:
455:
434:
1862:
2117:
2012:
1884:
1789:
982:
881:
525:
2163:
1827:
1739:
1404:
1344:
546:
476:
448:
27:
2017:
1924:
1874:
1779:
1654:
1354:
888:
743:
539:
378:
1734:
1409:
825:
679:
637:
623:
581:
560:
504:
497:
462:
420:
392:
164:
113:
1018:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and
Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
332:
90:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and
Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
21:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and
Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
1842:
1729:
1724:
1399:
1389:
1334:
1098:
1077:
699:
665:
651:
630:
616:
574:
567:
97:
81:
1988:
1719:
602:
469:
427:
135:
Justice Merkel also listed the influence of senior Wotjobaluk elder
1459:
1449:
553:
518:
511:
483:
385:
672:
644:
232:
179:
117:
105:
1799:
1769:
532:
1429:
1211:
1009:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
302:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
277:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
255:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
269:
1611:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
296:
294:
2161:
247:
2098:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
1601:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
291:
1586:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
1197:
348:
225:
1653:
112:. The determination was significant for the
170:List of Australian Native Title court cases
1693:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
1678:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
1204:
1190:
355:
341:
26:
362:
201:
199:
197:
195:
96:delivered on 13 December 2005 by Justice
228:"Past gives us strength, Aborigines say"
1415:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
1287:People from politics and public service
2162:
1213:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
990:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
911:Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register
192:
1185:
947:Minister for Treaty and First Peoples
336:
1395:Literature of Indigenous Australians
707:Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area
13:
2170:Native title case law in Australia
1576:Aborigines Progressive Association
226:Shiel, Fergus (14 December 2005).
14:
2206:
2190:Federal Court of Australia cases
1914:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
819:Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park
2126:Uluru Statement from the Heart
1543:Torres Strait Island languages
976:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
918:Victoria Archaeological Survey
861:Mount William stone axe quarry
219:
1:
1591:Australian Aborigines' League
1571:Aborigines Advancement League
1488:Australian Aboriginal English
739:Registered Aboriginal Parties
185:
1631:National Reconciliation Week
969:Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006
854:Lake Bolac stone arrangement
812:Carisbrook stone arrangement
104:claim determination for the
7:
2180:History of Victoria (state)
1683:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
1621:Registered Aboriginal Party
1606:National Indigenous Council
1493:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
158:
10:
2211:
2061:Constitutional recognition
1930:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
1566:Aboriginal Medical Service
1071:Convincing Ground massacre
286:Federal Court (Full Court)
94:Federal Court of Australia
39:Federal Court of Australia
2048:
1903:
1813:
1710:
1551:
1473:
1455:Traditional custodianship
1315:
1267:
1219:
1115:
1032:
999:
963:
956:
931:
898:
792:
783:
737:
689:
370:
262: (18 December 1998),
212: (13 December 2005),
175:Native title in Australia
77:
72:
62:
54:
44:
34:
25:
20:
1920:Australian Frontier Wars
1626:Reconciliation Australia
1106:Murdering Gully massacre
1064:Campaspe Plains massacre
284: (8 February 2001),
1972:Australian history wars
1833:Contemporary visual art
1249:Torres Strait Islanders
1092:Mudgegonga rock shelter
833:Grampians National Park
260:[1998] FCA 1606
210:[2005] FCA 1795
92:, is a decision of the
67:[2005] FCA 1795
2195:2005 in Australian law
1668:Kimberley Land Council
1518:Pama–Nyungan languages
1508:Loanwords into English
1425:Religion and mythology
1378:Torres Strait Islander
1229:Aboriginal Australians
144:Yorta Yorta v Victoria
2007:Native Title Act 1993
1942:Cummeragunja walk-off
1688:Northern Land Council
1538:Torres Strait English
1465:Torres Strait Islands
1121:By state or territory
364:Aboriginal Victorians
307:[2002] HCA 58
282:[2001] FCA 45
1663:Central Land Council
137:William John Kennedy
1420:Outstation movement
1259:Western Australians
1085:Gippsland massacres
1057:Blood Hole massacre
932:State organisations
875:Sunbury earth rings
325:. 12 December 2002.
142:In contrast to the
2113:Stolen Generations
2103:Self-determination
2023:Stolen Generations
1957:Historical figures
1937:Caledon Bay crisis
1760:Fire-stick farming
1673:Maralinga Tjarutja
1292:Performing artists
1134:Northern Territory
868:New Guinea II cave
316:"Judgment Summary"
108:western region of
2157:
2156:
2040:Western Australia
1775:Possum-skin cloak
1706:
1705:
1698:Tiwi Land Council
1533:Taboo on the dead
1498:Australian Creole
1239:Aboriginal groups
1179:
1178:
1169:Western Australia
1028:
1027:
940:Heritage Victoria
927:
926:
728:Lake Boga mission
87:
86:
2202:
2175:2005 in case law
1651:
1650:
1483:Avoidance speech
1445:Smoking ceremony
1206:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1050:Battle of Yering
1045:
1021:
1012:
992:
985:
978:
971:
961:
960:
949:
942:
920:
913:
902:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
800:
790:
789:
776:
769:
762:
755:
730:
723:
716:
714:Ebenezer Mission
709:
702:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
596:Pallanganmiddang
591:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
458:
456:Djargurd Wurrong
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
357:
350:
343:
334:
333:
327:
326:
320:
298:
289:
273:
267:
251:
245:
244:
242:
240:
223:
217:
203:
100:in respect of a
73:Court membership
58:13 December 2005
30:
18:
17:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2093:Media portrayal
2056:1967 Referendum
2044:
1952:Gurindji Strike
1947:Day of Mourning
1899:
1809:
1702:
1649:
1547:
1503:Language groups
1469:
1311:
1263:
1215:
1210:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1148:South Australia
1146:
1139:
1132:
1127:New South Wales
1125:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1043:Batman's Treaty
1041:
1024:
1015:
1006:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
952:
945:
938:
923:
916:
909:
900:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
742:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
433:
426:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
366:
361:
331:
330:
318:
314:
299:
292:
274:
270:
252:
248:
238:
236:
224:
220:
204:
193:
188:
161:
12:
11:
5:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2118:Half-Caste Act
2110:
2108:Reconciliation
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2086:Protected Area
2083:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2013:Pilbara strike
2010:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1790:Spinifex resin
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
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1638:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:Sign languages
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1302:Visual artists
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:
994:
993:
986:
983:Half-Caste Act
979:
972:
964:
958:
954:
953:
951:
950:
943:
935:
933:
929:
928:
925:
924:
922:
921:
914:
906:
904:
896:
895:
893:
892:
885:
882:Tarragal Caves
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
793:
787:
781:
780:
778:
777:
770:
763:
756:
753:Barengi Gadjin
748:
746:
735:
734:
732:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
695:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
526:Krauatungalang
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
374:
372:
368:
367:
360:
359:
352:
345:
337:
329:
328:
290:
268:
246:
218:
190:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
160:
157:
156:
155:
133:
132:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
46:
45:Full case name
42:
41:
36:
32:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2207:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2150:
2149:Voting rights
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:Native police
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Bark painting
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Bush medicine
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
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2081:Native title
2035:Tent embassy
2018:Pintupi Nine
2005:
1925:Bathurst War
1912:
1895:Yininmadyemi
1880:Sandpainting
1875:Papunya Tula
1870:NATSIA Award
1858:Music groups
1780:Scarred tree
1750:Dugout canoe
1440:Sacred sites
1355:The Dreaming
1297:Sportspeople
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889:Wurdi Youang
442:Djab Wurrung
400:Braiakaulung
379:Barababaraba
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239:10 September
237:. Retrieved
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102:native title
89:
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15:
2076:Land rights
1979:King plates
1795:Sweet foods
1765:Food groups
1735:Bush tucker
1475:Language(s)
1410:NAIDOC Week
1360:Enumeration
1269:Individuals
1234:Communities
957:Legislation
826:Cloggs Cave
721:Framlingham
691:Communities
680:Yorta Yorta
638:Wemba-Wemba
624:Wadawurrung
610:Tatungalung
582:Ngooraialum
561:Ladji Ladji
505:Jardwadjali
498:Gunditjmara
491:Gunaikurnai
463:Djilamatang
421:Boonwurrung
407:Brataualung
393:Brabiralung
165:Jardwadjali
114:Jardwadjali
2164:Categories
1967:Prehistory
1890:Visual art
1843:Didgeridoo
1755:Fibrecraft
1730:Bush bread
1596:Mass media
1523:Placenames
1400:Marn Grook
1390:Kurdaitcha
1373:Aboriginal
1335:Corroboree
1254:Victorians
1244:Tasmanians
1141:Queensland
1099:Munangabum
1078:Coranderrk
805:Box Gulley
774:Wurundjeri
767:Wathaurung
700:Coranderrk
666:Wurundjeri
659:Wotjobaluk
652:Woiwurrung
631:Warkawarka
617:Taungurung
575:Minyambuta
568:Mardidjali
414:Bungandidj
323:High Court
186:References
98:Ron Merkel
1989:Black War
1984:Massacres
1823:Artefacts
1720:Boomerang
1712:Bushcraft
1636:Sorry Day
1450:Songlines
1325:Astronomy
1282:Musicians
1277:Activists
847:Kow Swamp
798:Bend Road
603:Pangerang
589:Ngurelban
512:Jari Jari
470:Gadubanud
435:Dhudhuroa
428:Dadi Dadi
1996:Missions
1848:Dreaming
1745:Coolamon
1616:Politics
1460:Tjurunga
1162:Victoria
1155:Tasmania
901:See also
760:Bunurong
554:Kwatkwat
519:Jupagalk
484:Gulidjan
386:Bidhawal
159:See also
110:Victoria
82:Merkel J
63:Citation
2185:Wergaia
2028:Apology
1962:History
1905:History
1805:Woomera
1581:AIATSIS
1435:Seasons
1385:Kinship
1350:Deities
1340:Country
1317:Culture
1307:Writers
1221:Peoples
1034:History
673:Yalukit
645:Wergaia
371:Peoples
233:The Age
180:Wergaia
118:Wergaia
106:Wimmera
55:Decided
2132:Treaty
2071:Health
2049:Issues
1513:Palawa
1369:Flags
1365:Elders
1000:Cases:
840:Keilor
547:Kurung
2142:Voice
2137:Truth
2066:Crime
1853:Music
1838:Dance
1800:Waddy
1785:Soaks
1770:Humpy
1561:ATSIC
785:Sites
540:Kulin
533:Koori
319:(PDF)
305:
280:
258:
208:
35:Court
1885:Vibe
1863:Rock
1815:Arts
1725:Buka
1645:TSRA
1430:Riji
1330:Bora
313:422
241:2011
116:and
311:CLR
2166::
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293:^
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194:^
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741:/
356:e
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288:.
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243:.
216:.
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