110:(1995), conducted by the Hamer lab in collaboration with two groups of statistical experts in 1995, corroborated the original results for males with homosexual brothers sharing Xq28 at significantly elevated rates. This study also included heterosexual brothers, who showed significantly less than expected sharing of the Xq28 region, as expected for a genetic locus that in one form is associated with same-sex attraction and in another form is associated with opposite-sex attraction. In this study no link to Xq28 was found among homosexual females, indicating a different genetic pathway as for most sex-specific phenotypes.
242:(the researchers depended on their own judgement and sometimes based their judgement on a single question to the subject). They also lacked criteria "to select appropriate families for the study of a putative X-linked locus" — as they did not select families based on the presence of maternal transmission of homosexuality, the Xq28 contribution to male sexual orientation may have been hidden. In addition, the meta-analysis revealed that the family pedigree data of Rice
266:, overlapping with one of the regions detected in a previous genomewide linkage study by the Hamer lab. The authors concluded that "our findings, taken in context with previous work, suggest that genetic variation in each of these regions contributes to development of the important psychological trait of male sexual orientation." It was the largest study of the genetic basis of homosexuality to date and was published online in November 2014.
20:
155:. The junior researcher had assisted in the gene mapping in Hamer's 1993 study. Shortly after voicing her questions, she was summarily dismissed from her post-doctoral fellowship in Hamer's lab; who dismissed her could not be determined. Later, she was given another position in a different lab. Hamer stated that Crewdson's article was "seriously in error" and denied the allegations made against him. An official inquiry launched by the
404:
did not include the family pedigree data in their April 1999 report, which described only the genotyping results for a subset of 48 families. The realization that the family pedigree data actually supported X chromosome linkage came later when the data was analysed during the meta-analysis published
102:
of the X chromosome were analyzed for 40 families to see if a specific marker was shared by a disproportionate amount of brothers who were both gay. The results showed that among gay brothers, the concordance rate for markers from the Xq28 region were significantly greater than expected for random
273:
of 493,001 individuals concluded that hundreds or thousands of genetic variants underlie homosexual behavior in both sexes, with 5 variants in particular being significantly associated. They stated that in contrast to linkage studies that found substantial association of sexual orientation with
1193:
Zietsch, Brendan P.; Neale, Benjamin M.; Perry, John R. B.; Sanders, Alan R.; Martin, Eden R.; Beecham, Gary W.; Harris, Kathleen Mullan; Auton, Adam; Långström, Niklas; Lundström, Sebastian; Lichtenstein, Paul; Team16, Paul; Sathirapongsasuti, J. Fah; Guo, Shengru; Abdellaoui, Abdel; Busch,
199:. Hamer criticized the study for not selecting families for their study population based on maternal transmission as selecting only families that show an excess of maternal gay relatives is necessary to detect the Xq28 linkage. A meta-analysis of all data available at that time (i.e., Hamer
191:. Consequently, they concluded against the possibility of any gene in the Xq28 region having a large genetic influence on male sexual orientation (though they could not rule out the possibility of a gene in this region having a small influence). Rice
1135:
Sanders AR, Martin ER, Beecham GW, Guo S, Dawood K, Rieger G, Badner JA, Gershon ES, Krishnappa RS, Kolundzija AB, Duan J, Gejman PV, Bailey JM (November 2014). "Genome-wide scan demonstrates significant linkage for male sexual orientation".
103:
Mendelian segregation, indicating that a link did exist in that small sample. It was concluded that at least one form of male homosexuality is preferentially transmitted through the maternal side and is genetically linked to the Xq28 region.
93:
men in the United States and found increased rates of homosexuality among maternal uncles and cousins, but not among paternal relatives. This pattern of inheritance suggested that there might be linked genes on the
427:"Localization of loci for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and biochemical evidence of nonrandom X chromosome expression from studies of a human X-autosome translocation"
253:
of male sexual orientation was conducted by several independent groups of researchers. The study population included 409 independent pairs of gay brothers from 384 families, who were analyzed with over 300,000
1331:
159:(ORI) to investigate the allegations of selective presentation of the data ended in December 1996. It determined that Hamer had not committed any scientific misconduct in his study.
258:
markers. The study confirmed the Xq28 linkage to homosexuality by two-point and multipoint (MERLIN) LOD score mapping. Significant linkage was also detected in the region near the
167:
Two further studies in the 1990s gave mixed results. One was an X chromosome linkage analysis of 54 pairs of gay brothers carried out by the independent research group of
Sanders
175:: both reported that the chromosomal location of maximum sharing was locus DXS1108 and both reported similar degrees of allele sharing (66% versus 67%). The second study by Rice
274:
variants on the X-chromosome, they found no excess of signal (and no individual genome-wide significant variants) on Xq28 or the rest of the X chromosome.
234:
were non-representative as they had an excess of paternal instead of maternal gay relatives thus obscuring the display of any X-chromosome linkage; the
1180:
Zeroing in on the “Gay Gene” The largest study yet of the genetic roots of homosexuality links sexual preference in men to two regions of the genome
149:
stated that an anonymous junior researcher in Hamer's laboratory alleged that Hamer selectively presented the data in his 1993 paper in the journal
366:, their linkage analysis needed to find that gay brothers share more than 50% of their alleles at the Xq28 region. In contrast, analyses by Hamer
1399:
Rogner, UC; Wilke, K; Steck, E; Korn, B; Poustka, A (1995). "The melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) family is clustered in the chromosomal band Xq28".
1251:
601:
Hu, Stella; Pattatucci, Angela M. L.; Patterson, Chavis; Li, Lin; Fulker, David W.; Cherny, Stacey S.; Kruglyak, Leonid; Hamer, Dean H. (1995).
1374:
1179:
1557:
226:(1999) may have been unable to detect statistically significant linkage between Xq28 and male sexual orientation: the families
1092:
Rice G; Anderson C; Risch N; Ebers G (Apr 1999). "Male homosexuality: absence of linkage to microsatellite markers at Xq28".
1562:
27:
with Xq28 (green) located at the tip of the long arm of the chromosome. Studies of the X chromosome as well as the entire
238:
of their sample was insufficient to adequately detect linkage and they lacked definite criteria for what constituted as
1352:
1194:
Alexander S.; Wedow, Robbee; Maier, Robert; Nivard, Michel G.; Verweij, Karin J. H.; Ganna, Andrea (30 August 2019).
195:
also asserted that their results do not exclude the possibility of finding male homosexuality genes elsewhere in the
358:
report that gay brothers shared approximately 46% of their alleles at the Xq28 region. However, this result was not
1485:"Crh and Oprm1 mediate anxiety-related behavior and social approach in a mouse model of MECP2 duplication syndrome"
378:
did find greater than 50% allele sharing at Xq28 in gay brothers, thus yielding statistically significant results.
319:
255:
67:
270:
250:
156:
827:
283:
54:
which has been studied since at least 1980. The band contains three distinct regions, totaling about 8
484:
De Sario, Albertina; Geigl, Eva-Maria; Palmieri, Giuseppe; d'Urso, Michele; Bernardi, Giorgio (1996).
246:(1999), in contrast to the genotyping data, seemed to support X chromosome linkage for homosexuality.
1537:
98:, since males always inherit their copy of the X chromosome from their mothers. Polymorphisms of
783:
Hamer, Dean; Simon LeVay (May 1994). "Evidence for a
Biological Influence in Male Homosexuality".
282:
Xq28 is a large, complex, and gene-dense region. Among its various genes are the 12 genes of the
1245:
1196:"Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the genetic architecture of same-sex sexual behavior"
330:
171:
in 1998. The results of the study were indistinguishable from the results of the study by Hu
908:
324:
183:
studied 52 pairs of
Canadian gay brothers and found no statistically significant linkage in
1292:
1101:
792:
749:
704:
657:
567:
497:
438:
8:
222:
study, Rice, Risch and Ebers) presented several methodological reasons due to which Rice
215:
indicated that Xq28 has a significant but not exclusive role in male sexual orientation.
127:
1296:
1105:
796:
753:
708:
661:
571:
501:
442:
362:
because to show that male sexual orientation is influenced by a gene (or genes) at Xq28
1509:
1484:
1460:
1435:
1344:
1228:
1195:
1161:
1074:
978:
889:
630:
515:
306:
genes within Xq28 have been associated with phenotypes including anxiety and autism in
71:
804:
761:
461:
426:
1514:
1465:
1416:
1366:
1358:
1348:
1310:
1233:
1215:
1153:
1117:
1066:
970:
962:
920:
881:
873:
808:
765:
722:
673:
622:
583:
533:
528:
485:
466:
291:
235:
151:
115:
1078:
982:
893:
603:"Linkage between sexual orientation and chromosome Xq28 in males but not in females"
1504:
1496:
1455:
1447:
1408:
1340:
1300:
1223:
1207:
1165:
1145:
1109:
1058:
1024:
954:
869:
865:
800:
757:
712:
665:
614:
575:
523:
505:
456:
446:
295:
121:
1483:
Samaco, RC; Mandel-Brehm, C; McGraw, CM; Shaw, CA; McGill, BE; Zoghbi, HY (2012).
1029:
1012:
634:
1541:
1259:
1113:
1062:
958:
831:
180:
141:
99:
59:
43:
1305:
1280:
556:"A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation"
490:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
431:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
47:
1436:"Androgen receptor molecular biology and potential targets in prostate cancer"
1330:
Ngun TC; Vilain E (2014). "The
Biological Basis of Human Sexual Orientation".
1149:
1551:
1451:
1362:
1219:
966:
924:
877:
828:"Study On 'Gay Gene' Challenged: Author Defends Findings Against Allegations"
146:
90:
32:
1211:
669:
579:
1518:
1469:
1412:
1370:
1314:
1281:"No 'gay gene': Massive study homes in on genetic basis of human sexuality"
1237:
1157:
1121:
1070:
974:
885:
510:
451:
263:
218:
The authors of the meta-analysis (which included three authors of the Rice
196:
95:
51:
28:
24:
1420:
945:
Wickelgren, Ingrid (23 April 1999). "Discovery of 'Gay Gene' Questioned".
812:
769:
726:
677:
626:
587:
537:
470:
618:
259:
227:
83:
63:
1333:
Epigenetic
Shaping of Sociosexual Interactions - from Plants to Humans
909:"Biological Determination Of Sexuality Heating Up As A Research Field"
717:
692:
519:
188:
55:
1500:
602:
555:
391:
would not detect Xq28's linkage with homosexuality simply by chance.
19:
113:
Hamer's findings were highlighted in scientific journals including
1049:
Wickelgren I (23 Apr 1999). "Discovery of 'Gay Gene' Questioned".
287:
740:
Byne, William (May 1994). "The
Biological Evidence Challenged".
483:
184:
1091:
554:
Hamer, D.; Hu, S; Magnuson, V.; Hu, N; Pattatucci, A. (1993).
425:
Pai, GS; Sprenkle, JA; Do, TT; Mareni, CE; Migeon, BR (1980).
856:
Kaiser J (28 Feb 1997). "No
Misconduct in 'Gay Gene' Study".
307:
303:
299:
58:
of genetic information. The marker came to the public eye in
1482:
1544:
733:
1534:
1192:
1339:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 86. pp. 167–84.
1134:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
648:
Pool, R (Jul 1993). "Evidence for homosexuality gene".
600:
1044:
1042:
1040:
851:
849:
16:
Genetic marker at the lower tip of human X chromosome
1398:
989:
1037:
846:
486:"A Compositional Map of Human Chromosome Band Xq28"
424:
776:
211:(1999), and the unpublished 1998 study by Sanders
553:
1549:
900:
782:
1329:
1178:Bob Grant for The Scientist. November 19, 2014
825:
693:"Human genetics. Sexual orientation and the X"
344:
1535:Molecular Genetic Study of Sexual Orientation
381:
290:has been identified as a coregulator for the
1128:
1048:
1266:. geneticsexbehavior.info. 28 February 2018
1250:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
394:
944:
1508:
1459:
1304:
1227:
1028:
716:
549:
547:
527:
509:
460:
450:
855:
294:. Mutations involving the production of
18:
1278:
690:
1550:
1433:
1013:"Genetics and Male Sexual Orientation"
906:
544:
1010:
374:(1995) and the 1998 study by Sanders
364:in a statistically significant manner
162:
125:and the topic of a mini-symposium in
1279:Lambert, Jonathan (29 August 2019).
739:
647:
31:have linked Xq28 to the heredity of
13:
1345:10.1016/B978-0-12-800222-3.00008-5
77:
14:
1574:
1528:
805:10.1038/scientificamerican0594-44
762:10.1038/scientificamerican0594-50
387:There was a 35% chance that Rice
277:
70:between the Xq28 marker and male
249:In 2012, a large, comprehensive
139:In June 1994, an article in the
1476:
1440:Therapeutic Advances in Urology
1427:
1392:
1323:
1184:
1172:
1085:
938:
826:Crewdson, John (25 June 1995).
325:Daily Mail#Gay gene controversy
1558:Sexual orientation and science
870:10.1126/science.275.5304.1251b
819:
684:
641:
594:
477:
418:
320:Biology and sexual orientation
256:single-nucleotide polymorphism
134:
1:
1260:"Genetics of Sexual Behavior"
1030:10.1126/science.285.5429.803a
412:
350:The linkage analysis by Rice
271:genome-wide association study
1114:10.1126/science.284.5414.665
1063:10.1126/science.284.5414.571
959:10.1126/science.284.5414.571
157:Office of Research Integrity
7:
1563:Genes on human chromosome X
1264:Genetics of Sexual Behavior
313:
284:melanoma-associated antigen
50:situated at the tip of the
10:
1579:
1306:10.1038/d41586-019-02585-6
1011:Hamer, D. H (1999-08-06).
1150:10.1017/S0033291714002451
360:statistically significant
251:genome-wide linkage study
89:examined 114 families of
1452:10.1177/1756287210372380
337:
286:(MAGE) family, of which
1212:10.1126/science.aat7693
670:10.1126/science.8332894
580:10.1126/science.8332896
66:and others indicated a
1413:10.1006/geno.1995.9945
1138:Psychological Medicine
511:10.1073/pnas.93.3.1298
452:10.1073/pnas.77.5.2810
106:A follow-up study, Hu
36:
907:Finn R (8 Jan 1996).
331:The Science of Desire
22:
691:King MC (Jul 1993).
1434:Wilson, EM (2010).
1297:2019Natur.573...14L
1106:1999Sci...284..665R
834:, Washington Bureau
797:1994SciAm.270e..44L
785:Scientific American
754:1994SciAm.270e..50B
742:Scientific American
709:1993Natur.364..288K
662:1993Sci...261..291P
572:1993Sci...261..321H
502:1996PNAS...93.1298D
443:1980PNAS...77.2810P
128:Scientific American
1540:2010-03-02 at the
1206:(6456): eaat7693.
1023:(5429): 803a–803.
619:10.1038/ng1195-248
269:In August 2019, a
163:Subsequent studies
82:The 1993 study by
72:sexual orientation
37:
292:androgen receptor
236:statistical power
1570:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:on 31 March 2016
1379:
1373:. Archived from
1338:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1231:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1008:
987:
986:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
904:
898:
897:
853:
844:
843:
841:
839:
823:
817:
816:
780:
774:
773:
737:
731:
730:
720:
718:10.1038/364288a0
688:
682:
681:
645:
639:
638:
598:
592:
591:
551:
542:
541:
531:
513:
481:
475:
474:
464:
454:
422:
406:
398:
392:
385:
379:
348:
62:when studies by
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1548:
1547:
1542:Wayback Machine
1531:
1526:
1501:10.1038/ng.1066
1489:Nature Genetics
1481:
1477:
1432:
1428:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1355:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1291:(7772): 14–15.
1269:
1267:
1258:
1243:
1242:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1133:
1129:
1100:(5414): 665–7.
1090:
1086:
1047:
1038:
1009:
990:
943:
939:
929:
927:
905:
901:
854:
847:
837:
835:
832:Chicago Tribune
824:
820:
781:
777:
738:
734:
703:(6435): 288–9.
689:
685:
656:(5119): 291–2.
646:
642:
607:Nature Genetics
599:
595:
566:(5119): 321–7.
552:
545:
496:(3): 1298–302.
482:
478:
423:
419:
415:
410:
409:
405:in August 1999.
399:
395:
386:
382:
349:
345:
340:
316:
280:
165:
142:Chicago Tribune
137:
100:genetic markers
80:
78:Initial linkage
44:chromosome band
35:in human males.
17:
12:
11:
5:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1546:
1545:
1530:
1529:External links
1527:
1525:
1524:
1475:
1426:
1391:
1353:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1276:
1256:
1183:
1171:
1144:(7): 1379–88.
1127:
1084:
1036:
988:
937:
899:
864:(5304): 1251.
845:
818:
775:
732:
683:
640:
593:
543:
476:
416:
414:
411:
408:
407:
393:
380:
342:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
327:
322:
315:
312:
279:
278:Other contents
276:
164:
161:
136:
133:
79:
76:
48:genetic marker
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1575:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:(2): 206–11.
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:(3): 105–17.
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:(3): 725–31.
1406:
1402:
1395:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1354:9780128002223
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:(5414): 571.
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
953:(5414): 571.
952:
948:
941:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:The Scientist
910:
903:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
850:
833:
829:
822:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
613:(3): 248–56.
612:
608:
604:
597:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
548:
539:
535:
530:
525:
521:
517:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
472:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
444:
440:
437:(5): 2810–3.
436:
432:
428:
421:
417:
403:
397:
390:
384:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
347:
343:
333:
332:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
275:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
252:
247:
245:
241:
240:homosexuality
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
207:(1995), Rice
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
160:
158:
154:
153:
148:
147:John Crewdson
144:
143:
132:
130:
129:
124:
123:
118:
117:
111:
109:
104:
101:
97:
92:
88:
85:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
34:
33:homosexuality
30:
26:
21:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1375:the original
1332:
1325:
1288:
1284:
1268:. Retrieved
1263:
1246:cite journal
1203:
1199:
1186:
1174:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1054:
1050:
1020:
1016:
950:
946:
940:
928:. Retrieved
916:
912:
902:
861:
857:
836:. Retrieved
821:
791:(5): 44–49.
788:
784:
778:
748:(5): 50–55.
745:
741:
735:
700:
696:
686:
653:
649:
643:
610:
606:
596:
563:
559:
493:
489:
479:
434:
430:
420:
401:
396:
388:
383:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
329:
296:extra copies
281:
268:
264:chromosome 8
248:
243:
239:
231:
223:
219:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
176:
172:
168:
166:
150:
140:
138:
126:
120:
114:
112:
107:
105:
96:X chromosome
86:
81:
52:X chromosome
39:
38:
29:human genome
25:X chromosome
838:19 February
370:(1993), Hu
203:(1993), Hu
135:Controversy
1552:Categories
413:References
260:centromere
189:haplotypes
64:Dean Hamer
23:The human
1363:0065-2660
1270:30 August
1220:0036-8075
967:0036-8075
925:0890-3670
878:1095-9203
228:genotyped
1538:Archived
1519:22231481
1470:21789088
1401:Genomics
1384:25 March
1371:25172350
1315:31481774
1238:31467194
1158:25399360
1122:10213693
1079:45615842
1071:10328731
983:45615842
975:10328731
930:22 March
894:36646883
886:11644902
314:See also
230:by Rice
1510:3267865
1461:3126091
1421:8575766
1293:Bibcode
1229:7082777
1200:Science
1166:4027333
1102:Bibcode
1094:Science
1051:Science
1017:Science
947:Science
858:Science
813:8197444
793:Bibcode
770:8197445
750:Bibcode
727:8332183
705:Bibcode
678:8332894
658:Bibcode
650:Science
627:7581447
588:8332896
568:Bibcode
560:Science
538:8577758
498:Bibcode
471:6930669
439:Bibcode
354:(1999)
298:of the
288:MAGEA11
185:alleles
152:Science
116:Science
1517:
1507:
1468:
1458:
1419:
1369:
1361:
1351:
1313:
1285:Nature
1236:
1226:
1218:
1164:
1156:
1120:
1077:
1069:
981:
973:
965:
923:
892:
884:
876:
811:
768:
725:
697:Nature
676:
635:721490
633:
625:
586:
536:
526:
518:
469:
462:349494
459:
402:et al.
389:et al.
376:et al.
372:et al.
368:et al.
352:et al.
244:et al.
232:et al.
224:et al.
220:et al.
213:et al.
209:et al.
205:et al.
201:et al.
197:genome
193:et al.
177:et al.
173:et al.
169:et al.
122:Nature
108:et al.
87:et al.
1378:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1162:S2CID
1075:S2CID
979:S2CID
919:(1).
890:S2CID
631:S2CID
529:40074
520:38791
516:JSTOR
400:Rice
338:Notes
304:IRAK1
300:MECP2
84:Hamer
42:is a
1515:PMID
1466:PMID
1417:PMID
1386:2016
1367:PMID
1359:ISSN
1349:ISBN
1311:PMID
1272:2019
1252:link
1234:PMID
1216:ISSN
1154:PMID
1118:PMID
1067:PMID
971:PMID
963:ISSN
932:2016
921:ISSN
882:PMID
874:ISSN
840:2016
809:PMID
766:PMID
723:PMID
674:PMID
623:PMID
584:PMID
534:PMID
467:PMID
308:mice
302:and
187:and
181:1999
68:link
60:1993
46:and
40:Xq28
1505:PMC
1497:doi
1456:PMC
1448:doi
1409:doi
1341:doi
1301:doi
1289:573
1224:PMC
1208:doi
1204:365
1146:doi
1110:doi
1098:284
1059:doi
1055:284
1025:doi
1021:285
955:doi
951:284
866:doi
862:275
801:doi
789:270
758:doi
746:270
713:doi
701:364
666:doi
654:261
615:doi
576:doi
564:261
524:PMC
506:doi
457:PMC
447:doi
356:did
262:of
179:in
145:by
91:gay
56:Mbp
1554::
1513:.
1503:.
1493:44
1491:.
1487:.
1464:.
1454:.
1442:.
1438:.
1415:.
1405:29
1403:.
1365:.
1357:.
1347:.
1309:.
1299:.
1287:.
1283:.
1262:.
1248:}}
1244:{{
1232:.
1222:.
1214:.
1202:.
1198:.
1160:.
1152:.
1142:45
1140:.
1116:.
1108:.
1096:.
1073:.
1065:.
1053:.
1039:^
1019:.
1015:.
991:^
977:.
969:.
961:.
949:.
917:10
915:.
911:.
888:.
880:.
872:.
860:.
848:^
830:.
807:.
799:.
787:.
764:.
756:.
744:.
721:.
711:.
699:.
695:.
672:.
664:.
652:.
629:.
621:.
611:11
609:.
605:.
582:.
574:.
562:.
558:.
546:^
532:.
522:.
514:.
504:.
494:93
492:.
488:.
465:.
455:.
445:.
435:77
433:.
429:.
310:.
131:.
119:,
74:.
1521:.
1499::
1472:.
1450::
1444:2
1423:.
1411::
1388:.
1343::
1317:.
1303::
1295::
1274:.
1254:)
1240:.
1210::
1168:.
1148::
1124:.
1112::
1104::
1081:.
1061::
1033:.
1027::
985:.
957::
934:.
896:.
868::
842:.
815:.
803::
795::
772:.
760::
752::
729:.
715::
707::
680:.
668::
660::
637:.
617::
590:.
578::
570::
540:.
508::
500::
473:.
449::
441::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
