654:
eggs, the female collects pollen and deposits it, in the form of a ball, in the tunnel at a point furthest from the entrance. She lays a single egg on the pollen ball and seals both in a chamber with wood shavings. She may lay several eggs, each on its own pollen ball and inside its own sealed chamber, in a series within the tunnel. The eggs hatch in two to three days. The larvae develop in approximately two weeks. The prepupal (nonfeeding larvae) and pupal stages take about three to four weeks to reach adulthood. Teneral (adult shortly after emergence, when it is not entirely hardened or not of the mature color) females are fed by the mother. They are capable of buzzing in about a week, and of flight in approximately two to three weeks. A single female in a tunnel may be joined later by her offspring or other bees. Only one female will collect pollen, prepare cells, and lay eggs, however. Other females perform guard and nest-cleaning duties.
360:
856:
as loud buzzing by the male and the addition of an odor to the flowers. The males may use these signals when patrolling along extended paths or hovering at a specific site. "At this point real male dominance polygyny begins, for males may produce quantitatively or qualitatively individual pheromonal signals that may reflect their fitness, and the female could react correspondingly by selecting among the males". The use of pheromonal signals allows males to relocate their territories from resource sites to prominent sites such as hilltops, various protrusions, or trees. At this point, pheromones may direct the female into the territory founded by males. Short-range marking of the signal by the female bee attracts them to male territory just before
728:
709:
876:" conditions resulted in decreasing fidelity. Another aspect of the environment that affects site fidelity is the quality of territorial sites. Finally, fluctuating or declining territory value should reduce the extent of site fidelity. The extent to which female territorial preferences remain constant throughout the mating season will be very important in territory value. Males are expected to abandon territories at times when they no longer have the potential to produce offspring. It is also conceivable that in
31:
81:
579:
391:
403:
348:
379:
58:
919:
temperatures due to the rapid convective cooling, especially at high air temperatures when flight speed increases; thermoregulation involves a strong reliance on forced convection as a result of changes in flight speed, with active heat transfer to the abdomen and evaporative heat loss from the head at high temperatures.
701:
since it "took nectar through perforations and did not contact stigmas in doing so." Floral robbery occurs when the carpenter bee makes perforations near the base of the tubular corolla of the flower to obtain nectar, but does not pollinate the flower in return, when visiting flowers that are so deep
663:
Flowers are the sole source of food and water for these bees, which have a pattern of visiting certain plants at various times throughout the day, and provide pollen for the females to feed their brood. To collect pollen from most flowers, females gather pollen on their hindlegs through contact with
855:
Non-resource-based territoriality evolved from food source territoriality as a response to a low density of bees. The probability of a single male encountering females is very low, and the production of attractants by the male would be advantageous to both sexes. The attractants may be signals such
653:
Having located a suitable piece of wood, the female bee begins to excavate a single tunnel in preparation for egg laying. Because of our tropical climate, egg laying by female carpenter bees occurs year-round although it may decline during the winter months, when the weather is worse. Before laying
867:
fidelity rates. First, high mortality rates of resident males is significantly correlated with frequent turnover rates and decreased site fidelity. Second, male density affects site fidelity. As the ratio of rivals to suitable territories rises, competition for territorial control increases, which
332:
Female.—Black; head and thorax closely and moderately punctured; the mesothorax smooth, impunctate and shining on the disk; metathorax rounded behind; abdomen shining rather finely punctured, most closely so at the sides above; the pubescence entirely black, except that on the anterior tarsi
909:
temperatures of 33.0 to 46.5 °C while traveling through environments with 12.0 to 40.0 °C. Since the thoracic temperature is not constant the bees are thermoregulating. There is physiological transfer of large amounts of heat to the abdomen and to the head during pre-flight warming and
607:
show common features. The bees have a period of reproductive dormancy even in the presence of the other sex that occurs during the dry seasons. Or, they may enter into a non-reproductive phase during the cooler months. The second characteristic of nesting cycles is that the dormant females are
918:
Carpenter bees have large heads, which present a larger surface area for convective cooling. The abdomen is also "well-suited for rapid convective heat loss because it is flattened dorso-ventral, and uninsulated". Physiological heat transfer to head or abdomen would not be apparent from body
900:
at temperatures beyond the range of other bee species that have been tested; they can fly at very high temperatures without overheating and at low temperatures without freezing. By modifying their foraging patterns and flying between different altitudes depending upon temperature, the valley
637:
species are not aggressive, defense is primarily carried out by building well constructed cell partitions, blocking the nest entrance in various ways, covering the cell partitions with liquid substances, or sacrificing all the brood of a nest that has been compromised by a parasite.
626:, although they do not ingest the wood in the process, and they avoid painted or stained wood. The tunnels average 6 to 10 in (15 to 25 cm) in length and consist of a linear series of partitioned brood cells. The adult bees spend the winter in the tunnels. Most nests of
594:
Virgin females may make exploratory foraging flights and be attracted to visual and olfactory signals. Female mate-searching behavior might involve waiting for the male at the flower on which she discovers his markings or a directed flight toward a marked spot from a distance.
516:
have successfully colonized
Pacific archipelagoes east of the Americas through natural biological dispersal or with human help; This is out of a total of more than 150 identified species in North and South America, 70 of which can be found in Brazil alone. The two species are
816:, there are patches of different quality arising from "the continuous but variable input of mate-searching females over afternoons and flight seasons". Males may rely on environmental cues rather than on food availability when choosing their territories.
570:", which is a mixture of pollen and nectar used as food for the larvae. An egg is deposited on the pollen mass and each cell is sealed off with a partition of sawdust. Young adult male and female bees hibernate in the tunnels during the winter.
812:. This theory states that the most fit individuals will seek to occupy the most resource rich territory and those that are less fit will have to occupy a resource lacking territory until both territories are filled. For species such as
565:
In the spring, females mate with males and then may disperse and start new nests, or clean out and enlarge the old tunnels used during the winter, adding brood cells. Each cell a female provisions contains a substance called
611:
The name "carpenter" comes from the fact that these bees excavate nests inside a variety of woods, and the species' common name refers to the
Californian Central Valley in which they are commonly found. Like its relative,
778:. Although valued for their pollination, carpenter bee nesting behavior often results in their classification as pests; The bees prefer to burrow into wood to create nest galleries. Due to this problem, in 1934, a
1906:
Nishida, Toshiyuki (1963). "Ecology of the pollinators of passion fruit". Technical
Bulletin. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. 55:
914:
have circulatory anatomy like honeybees and bumblebees. Like bumblebees, they have an aortic loop through the flight muscles that acts as a cooling coil allowing heat transfer to the blood, head, and abdomen.
832:, which are attractive to females. These pheromones are long-range attractants and are used as male advertisements. The gland is seasonally active and overwintering males have no detectable attractant.
418:
This species is primarily found in the southwestern part of the United States (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, and Utah) and adjacent parts of Mexico. The primary habitats of mainland
333:
beneath, which is ferruginous; the claws of the tarsi ferruginous; wings fusco-hyaline, with a darker cloud beyond the enclosed cells, and adorned with a bright purple and coppery iridescence.
689:
visited 16 flowers per minute and spent an average of 1.5 seconds at each flower, usually flying towards the flower from the front, landing on the petals, and moving to the bottom of the
337:
Like most native bees, females are not aggressive, and will normally sting only when provoked, while the males do not have stingers. Males possess a large thoracic gland that produce
475:, more than 2,000 mi (3,219 km) away from the closest landfall in North America, Hawaii's great distance from the Americas is thought to have been too large for natural
277:, but in a paper published that year, M. A. Lieftinck showed that Smith's interpretation of the original specimen labels was in error: Smith had mistakenly read the label of
2135:
359:
2130:
261:, which has 31 subgenera and 500 species worldwide. Frederick Smith, Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum and member of the council of the
910:
thoracic heating. The temperature increase of the head is due to passive conduction, while the abdomen is due to physiological heat transfer throughout the body.
537:
1235:
Smith, 1874 from
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Xylocopinae) with comments on its taxonomy. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49918.
860:
will occur. Competition among males for non resource sites may lead to adaptations that continue to evolve until one male has an advantage over the other.
1215:
868:
leads to frequent turnover. In contrast, if there are few replacements for territory owners, there will be evidence of increasing site fidelity. For
708:
328:
They are among the largest bees found in
California and Hawaii, growing to around 1 inch (2.5 cm) in length. Smith's original description was:
244:
found from western Texas to northern
California, and the eastern Pacific islands. Females are black while males are golden-brown with green eyes.
2110:
745:
which is visited by ants that inhibit the bees from robbing the nectar, though ant guards are only effective against certain bee species (not
2034:
491:
into the
Marianas Islands, China, and Japan, but these introductions were not successful. The species has also been anecdotally reported in
1283:
1021:
422:
are valleys and foothills with deciduous trees dominated by oaks. The species is also one of 11 non-native bees in the U.S. state of
1175:
Barrows, Edward M. (Mar 1980). "Robbing of Exotic Plants by
Introduced Carpenter and Honey Bees in Hawaii, with Comparative Notes".
1995:
836:
mark the central area of their territories with the pheromones. Three observations were made that helped form this conclusion:
455:
2120:
2115:
2105:
1262:
1501:
727:
1595:
1452:
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Females fly to and pause on non-flowering plants that had been the focal area of the male where the attractant was placed.
2140:
2095:
2075:
2100:
1936:
1342:
2039:
1635:
935:
880:, the quality of the male's sex pheromone may be a key feature determining his sexual attractiveness. Most males of
622:
like to nest in fence posts, telephone poles. and structural timbers. The bees will tunnel through wood with their
1308:
2085:
1676:
Alcock, John (1996-03-01). "Timing of mate-locating by males in relation to female activity in the carpenter bee
741:
Some flowers protect themselves from robbery with adaptive structures such as strong plant walls or by producing
262:
65:
1552:"Temporal and spatial variation in the foraging behavior of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at Chinese violets"
1083:
435:
191:
672:, by which the pollen is released from anther following vibration of the indirect flight muscles of the bee.
642:
2125:
1359:
Occurrence and distribution of bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of public health importance on the island of Oahu
1284:"UC Davis Department of Entomology – News: Ferocious-Looking, Green-Eyed Buzzing Insects Are 'Teddy Bears'"
608:
unmated. Additionally, mating occurs after territorial flights by the males and before nest establishment.
402:
1986:
843:
The "land and walk" behavior occurs at the focal area involving the application of the pheromone chemical
623:
285:
1379:
2090:
1928:
1917:
1828:
Heinrich, Bernd; Buchmann, Stephen L. (1986-07-01). "Thermoregulatory physiology of the carpenter bee,
1732:
Minckley, R.L. (1991). "Bioassay evidence for a sex attractant pheromone in the large carpenter bee,
426:. Humans are thought to have helped the species colonize Pacific archipelagoes. It is not known when
80:
1042:
Leys, Remko; Cooper, Steve (December 2000). "Molecular
Phylogeny of the Large Carpenter Bees, Genus
884:
did not exhibit site fidelity, while few males exhibited strong attachment to their original sites.
872:, the prevalence of days of very low territorial occupation and a few days of high male density in "
2026:
293:
809:
507:, but only the records from Midway have any specimens recorded that serve to confirm the report.
1774:
Alcock, John (1993). "Differences in site fidelity among territorial males of the carpenter bee
1948:
1287:
962:
Waller, Gordon D.; Vaissiere, Bernard E.; Moffett, Joseph O.; Martin, Joseph H. (1985-06-01).
2052:
1407:
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175:
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1055:
983:
897:
857:
734:
669:
519:
431:
1614:
1475:
1111:
Latreille) of the
Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo-Australian species".
808:
appear to optimize their mate-locating activity, following the predictions of the
347:
1332:
963:
952:
Smith in Hawaii (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 58:336-351
443:
30:
1017:
The carpenter bees of the eastern Pacific oceanic islands (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
1971:
779:
2069:
1853:
1701:
1209:
Timberlake, P. H. (1922) Identity of the Hawaiian carpenter bee of the genus
1154:
995:
775:
679:
involves a quick series of movements between flowers. In a 1996 study using
578:
528:
472:
465:
370:
274:
241:
152:
1791:
269:
in 1874 from specimens collected in Hawaii. Until 1956, it was thought that
1067:
1059:
987:
492:
305:
1925:
What's Bugging Me? Identifying and Controlling Household Pests in Hawaiʻi.
1551:
2021:
2008:
1980:
1133:
Snelling, Roy R. (Apr 2003). "Bees of the Hawaiian Islands, exclusive of
972:
L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) as Pollinators of Male-sterile Cotton in Cages"
840:
Flying bees occasionally brush against leaves or twigs towards the center
753:
504:
132:
2000:
1845:
1799:
1693:
1580:
1236:
1196:
873:
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2013:
1016:
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to succeed, and it has been suggested that it is likely humans aided
338:
112:
92:
1942:
1878:
1571:
1358:
1188:
1965:
512:
257:
442:
is currently found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands and in the
1913:
Fauna Hawaiiensis or the Zoology of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Isles
1910:
Perkins, R. C. L (1899). "Hymenoptera Aculeata". In David Sharp.
532:
316:. This was confirmed in 2020 using DNA analysis, and as the name
788:) was brought to Hawaii in an attempt to decrease the number of
483:
in its arrival to Hawaii. Following the colonization of Hawaii,
1183:(1). Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation: 23–29.
948:
Gerling, D. (1982) Nesting biology and flower relationships of
906:
901:
carpenter bee is able to adapt to very different environments.
423:
366:
142:
122:
102:
1046:(Hymenoptera: Apidae), Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences".
281:
as meaning the Sunda Islands instead of the Sandwich Islands.
1596:"Selection and importation of new pollinators to New Zealand"
961:
1257:. California: University of California Press. p. 398.
496:
434:, but it occurred prior to 1874, when British entomologist
1107:
Lieftinck, M. A. (1956). "Revision of the carpenter bees (
1390:. University of Hawaii Integrated Pest Management Program
1549:
549:, 700 mi (1,127 km) from the coast of Mexico.
1890:
The Carpenter Bees of California (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
1331:
Tuleyome, Compiled by Mary K. Hanson for (2015-08-05).
1278:
1276:
1274:
1334:
A Species Guide for the Berryessa Snow Mountain Region
1252:
928:
968:
Patton) (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) and Honey Bees (
255:
is one of three southwestern US species in the genus
1453:"Bionomics of the Large Carpenter Bees of the Genus
1286:. Entomology.ucdavis.edu. 2009-01-26. Archived from
1271:
1248:
1246:
1244:
850:
2136:Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
1609:(1). Entomological Society of New Zealand: 26–32.
1550:Villalobos, Ethel M.; Todd E. Shelly (Sep 1996).
1363:Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society
1253:Powell, Jerry A.; Charles L. Hogue (1980-09-08).
1216:Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society
702:they cannot reach the nectar with their tongues.
323:
312:would eventually be reclassified as a synonym of
2067:
1827:
1301:
1241:
2131:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
1885:; AEC-345. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii.
1543:
1128:
1126:
697:was a primary and secondary nectar "robber" of
320:has seniority, this is the valid species name.
1653:(1). Entomological Society of New Zealand: 4–5
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1923:Tenorio, JoAnn M.; Gordon M. Nishida (1995).
1565:(3). Florida Entomological Society: 398–407.
1100:
1896:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1587:
1149:(2). Kansas Entomological Society: 342–356.
1123:
664:the exposed anthers, but in flowers such as
1627:
1357:Leong Mark K. H., Grace J. Kenneth (2009) "
1161:
1143:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
1079:
1077:
1022:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
413:
1373:
1371:
1041:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
56:
29:
1570:
1106:
553:is thought to be most closely related to
1894:Bulletin of the California Insect Survey
1731:
1377:
1330:
1132:
1074:
641:Entomologist Julian R. Yates III of the
577:
1593:
1450:
1368:
1231:Sheffield C, Heron J, Musetti L (2020)
1174:
1002:
819:
630:contain a single female and her brood.
2068:
1823:
1821:
1819:
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1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1675:
1636:"The occurrence of the carpenter bee,
1633:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1309:"Xylocopa varipuncta UCSB-IZC00012194"
863:There are various factors that affect
603:All nesting cycles for all species of
2111:Fauna of the Northern Mariana Islands
1947:
1946:
1727:
1725:
1723:
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1719:
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1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1326:
1324:
1048:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
828:produces volatile components, called
1237:https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49918
527:, 604 mi (972 km) west of
510:Only two other species in the genus
1834:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
1806:
1756:
1532:. Nathistoc.bio.uci.edu. 2006-12-08
887:
304:, that had been named in 1879, and
13:
1871:
1750:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04805.x
1716:
1664:
1489:
1415:
1321:
824:The large mesosomal gland of male
668:with closed anthers, they can use
589:
438:originally named the species, and
14:
2152:
1086:(1874) X. Monograph of the genus
1035:
1411:specimen records at DiscoverLife
1378:Yates II, Julian R. (Dec 1992).
851:Territoriality and site fidelity
799:
726:
707:
401:
389:
377:
358:
346:
79:
1883:Agricultural Economics Circular
1879:Passion fruit culture in Hawaii
1778:(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)".
1518:
1401:
1351:
1225:
1203:
964:"Comparison of Carpenter Bees (
408:male specimen UCSB-IZC00012194
263:Entomological Society of London
976:Journal of Economic Entomology
955:
942:
810:ideal free distribution theory
717:in a field of Chinese violet (
658:
535:as the closest land mass; and
324:Description and identification
288:described the same species as
1:
1615:10.1080/00779962.1990.9722585
1476:10.1146/annurev.ento.34.1.163
922:
892:An unusual characteristic of
643:University of Hawaii at Manoa
560:
300:was the same as the mainland
2121:Insects of the United States
2116:Hymenoptera of North America
2106:Fauna of the Mariana Islands
1113:Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
792:; there is no evidence that
645:describes the life cycle of
7:
1464:Annual Review of Entomology
1141:) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)".
693:. Another study found that
573:
247:
10:
2157:
2141:Natural history of Arizona
2096:Insects of the Philippines
2076:NatureServe secure species
1929:University of Hawaii Press
1918:Cambridge University Press
1682:Journal of Insect Behavior
936:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
598:
296:claimed that the Hawaiian
2101:Insects described in 1874
1955:
1888:Hurd, Jr., Paul (1955). "
1634:Manson, D. C. M. (1988).
1015:Hurd, Jr., Paul (1958). "
675:The foraging behavior of
206:
199:
181:
174:
76:Scientific classification
74:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
1877:Akamine et al. (1974). "
1680:(Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
1603:New Zealand Entomologist
414:Distribution and habitat
1902:(subscription required)
1792:10.1163/156853993x00245
1594:Donovan, B. J. (1990).
1526:"Valley Carpenter Bee,
1092:Trans. Ent. Soc. London
1031:(subscription required)
531:, with the mainland of
308:predicted in 2003 that
2086:Hymenoptera of Oceania
1388:Urban Knowledge Master
1060:10.1006/mpev.2000.0851
656:
586:
430:was introduced to the
335:
238:Hawaiian carpenter bee
651:
581:
547:Revillagigedo Islands
538:Xylocopa clarionensis
369:-covered female on a
330:
24:Valley carpenter bee
1559:Florida Entomologist
1451:Gerling, D. (1989).
1290:on February 20, 2010
988:10.1093/jee/78.3.558
896:is their ability to
820:Attractive pheromone
796:became established.
762:tropical agriculture
477:biological dispersal
448:tropical agriculture
341:to attract females.
290:Xylocopa aeneipennis
234:valley carpenter bee
216:Xylocopa aeneipennis
2126:Fauna of California
1830:Xylocopa varipuncta
1776:Xylocopa varipuncta
1734:Xylocopa varipuncta
1678:Xylocopa varipuncta
1528:Xylocopa varipuncta
966:Xylocopa varipuncta
785:Cissites auriculata
719:Asystasia gangetica
682:Asystasia gangetica
454:has been used as a
209:Xylocopa varipuncta
48:Conservation status
1931:. pp. 74–76.
1846:10.1007/BF00691042
1738:Journal of Zoology
1694:10.1007/BF02213874
1255:California Insects
743:extrafloral nectar
733:Robbing nectar in
685:(Chinese violet),
615:Xylocopa virginica
587:
265:, first described
240:, is a species of
2091:Insects of Hawaii
2063:
2062:
2048:Open Tree of Life
1987:Xylocopa sonorina
1957:Xylocopa sonorina
1949:Taxon identifiers
1920:. pp. 1–115.
1638:Xylocopa sonorina
1382:Xylocopa sonorina
1264:978-0-520-03782-3
1233:Xylocopa sonorina
950:Xylocopa sonorina
903:Xylocopa sonorina
771:Passiflora edulis
760:has been used in
584:Xylocopa sonorina
555:Xylocopa sonorina
525:Galápagos Islands
461:Passiflora edulis
229:Xylocopa sonorina
225:
224:
220:
213:
185:Xylocopa sonorina
69:
40:Xylocopa sonorina
2148:
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2055:
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1786:(3/4): 199–217.
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1502:"Carpenter Bees"
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1120:
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1098:
1084:Smith, Frederick
1081:
1072:
1071:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1013:
1000:
999:
959:
953:
946:
940:
939:
932:
888:Thermoregulation
730:
711:
670:buzz pollination
520:Xylocopa darwini
432:Hawaiian Islands
405:
393:
381:
362:
350:
294:P. H. Timberlake
286:R. C. L. Perkins
218:
211:
187:
167:X. sonorina
84:
83:
63:
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
2156:
2155:
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2020:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1994:
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1951:
1901:
1874:
1872:Further reading
1869:
1826:
1807:
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1757:
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1674:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1642:
1640:in New Zealand"
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1572:10.2307/3495589
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1213:(Hymenoptera).
1208:
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1189:10.2307/2387770
1173:
1162:
1131:
1124:
1105:
1101:
1082:
1075:
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1036:
1030:
1025:. Allen Press.
1014:
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960:
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890:
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822:
802:
774:, a species of
737:
731:
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712:
661:
601:
592:
590:Female behavior
576:
563:
551:X. clarionensis
523:, found in the
471:Located in the
464:, a species of
444:Mariana Islands
436:Frederick Smith
416:
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406:
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292:, and in 1922,
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2018:
2005:
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1940:
1927:Honolulu, HI:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1886:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1840:(4): 557–562.
1805:
1755:
1744:(2): 285–291.
1715:
1688:(2): 321–328.
1663:
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1586:
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1099:
1073:
1054:(3): 407–418.
1034:
1001:
982:(3): 558–561.
970:Apis mellifera
954:
941:
926:
924:
921:
898:thermoregulate
889:
886:
852:
849:
848:
847:
844:
841:
821:
818:
801:
798:
780:blister beetle
752:In Hawaii and
739:
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732:
725:
723:
713:
706:
660:
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543:Clarión Island
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16:Species of bee
15:
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1937:0-8248-1742-7
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1506:www.fs.fed.us
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1028:
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1023:
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997:
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800:Male behavior
797:
795:
794:C. auriculata
791:
787:
786:
781:
777:
776:passion fruit
773:
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529:South America
526:
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494:
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478:
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473:Pacific Ocean
469:
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466:passion fruit
463:
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437:
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429:
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371:passionflower
368:
361:
356:
349:
344:
343:
342:
340:
334:
329:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:X. varipuncta
307:
303:
302:X. varipuncta
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
275:Sunda Islands
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
245:
243:
242:carpenter bee
239:
235:
231:
230:
221:
219:Perkins, 1899
217:
210:
205:
202:
198:
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186:
180:
177:
176:Binomial name
173:
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22:
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1924:
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1677:
1655:. Retrieved
1650:
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1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1606:
1602:
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1562:
1558:
1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1527:
1520:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:
1479:. Retrieved
1467:
1463:
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1392:. Retrieved
1387:
1381:
1362:
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1337:. Lulu.com.
1333:
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1303:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:the original
1254:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1180:
1176:
1146:
1142:
1139:Nesoprosopis
1138:
1134:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
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813:
805:
803:
793:
789:
783:
769:
757:
751:
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740:
718:
714:
699:A. gangetica
698:
694:
686:
680:
676:
674:
662:
652:
646:
640:
634:
632:
627:
619:
613:
610:
604:
602:
593:
583:
564:
554:
550:
536:
518:
511:
509:
493:Midway Atoll
484:
480:
470:
459:
451:
439:
427:
419:
417:
336:
331:
327:
317:
313:
309:
306:Roy Snelling
301:
297:
289:
283:
278:
270:
266:
256:
252:
251:
237:
233:
228:
227:
226:
215:
212:Patton, 1879
208:
207:
184:
182:
166:
165:
153:
39:
18:
2022:NatureServe
2009:iNaturalist
1981:Wikispecies
1481:October 11,
1470:: 163–190.
1409:X. sonorina
894:X. sonorina
882:X. sonorina
878:X. sonorina
870:X. sonorina
865:X. sonorina
834:X. sonorina
826:X. sonorina
814:X. sonorina
806:X. sonorina
790:X. sonorina
758:X. sonorina
754:Niue Island
715:X. sonorina
695:X. sonorina
687:X. sonorina
677:X. sonorina
659:Pollination
649:in Hawaii:
647:X. sonorina
628:X. sonorina
620:X. sonorina
541:, found on
505:Philippines
485:X. sonorina
481:X. sonorina
452:X. sonorina
440:X. sonorina
428:X. sonorina
420:X. sonorina
314:X. sonorina
279:X. sonorina
271:X. sonorina
267:X. sonorina
253:X. sonorina
133:Hymenoptera
66:NatureServe
2070:Categories
1916:. London:
1657:2009-05-06
1620:2009-05-05
1536:2009-07-05
1511:2015-10-07
1394:2009-05-04
1314:2022-09-27
1294:2009-07-05
1177:Biotropica
923:References
858:copulation
830:pheromones
766:pollinator
666:Solanaceae
561:Life cycle
503:, and the
501:New Guinea
489:introduced
456:pollinator
339:pheromones
113:Arthropoda
2027:2.1036609
1854:0174-1578
1780:Behaviour
1702:0892-7553
1365:41:71–78.
1155:0022-8567
1097:: 247-302
996:0022-0493
905:maintain
804:Males of
624:mandibles
568:bee bread
284:In 1899,
161:Species:
99:Kingdom:
93:Eukaryota
2081:Xylocopa
1972:Q3482645
1966:Wikidata
1862:26243626
1710:20264890
1647:The Weta
1455:Xylocopa
1384:(Smith)"
1222:(1): 51.
1211:Xylocopa
1119:: 55–73.
1109:Xylocopa
1090:, Latr.
1088:Xylocopa
1068:11133195
1044:Xylocopa
912:Xylocopa
907:thoracic
747:Xylocopa
635:Xylocopa
633:Because
605:Xylocopa
574:Behavior
513:Xylocopa
318:sonorina
298:Xylocopa
258:Xylocopa
248:Taxonomy
201:Synonyms
154:Xylocopa
139:Family:
109:Phylum:
103:Animalia
89:Domain:
2053:6269995
2040:1818115
2001:9016167
1800:4535112
1581:3495589
1197:2387770
1135:Hylaeus
691:corolla
599:Nesting
545:in the
533:Ecuador
149:Genus:
129:Order:
123:Insecta
119:Class:
64: (
62:Secure
38:Female
2014:244216
1935:
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735:Hawaii
424:Hawaii
384:female
367:pollen
232:, the
194:, 1874
143:Apidae
1907:1-38.
1858:S2CID
1796:JSTOR
1706:S2CID
1643:(PDF)
1599:(PDF)
1577:JSTOR
1555:(PDF)
1460:(PDF)
1193:JSTOR
764:as a
582:Male
446:. In
192:Smith
2035:NCBI
1996:GBIF
1933:ISBN
1900:(2).
1850:ISSN
1698:ISSN
1483:2015
1339:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1151:ISSN
1064:PMID
992:ISSN
497:Java
487:was
396:male
353:male
1892:".
1881:".
1842:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
