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extra time to harvest ice. A wall is usually built in an east–west direction near the yakhchāl, often as high as 10 m (33 ft) and sometimes as high as 15 m (49 ft) to minimize convection losses as well as to provide shade. Due to their height, the base of the walls was often significantly thicker, and in some design the walls were arched and/or buttressed in order to support the load (as pictured at the yakhchāl at Sirjan).
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286:(windcatchers or wind towers) built of mud or mud brick in square or round shapes with vents at the top which funnel cool air down through internal, vertically placed wooden slats to the water or structure below. A bâdgir can also function as a chimney, releasing warm air out the top and pulling cool air in from a base opening or a connected
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Water is often channeled from a qanat to a yakhchāl, which is used to fill the provisioning pools or used to power the evaporative cooling throughout the ice house. Incoming water is channeled along the north side of the wall so that radiative cooling in the wall's shadow pre chills the water before
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effect, creating a convection current to guide any remaining heat upward and outside through openings at the very top of the building. Through this passive process, the air inside the yakhchāl remains cooler than the outside. At the same time, the building allows cold air to pour in from entries at
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The temperature differences between shaded and non-shaded area in most areas where the yakhchāls were constructed often have temperature differences of nearly 15 °C (27 °F) to 20 °C (36 °F) cooler, making shade walls necessary for production and storage, as well as giving workers
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The structure typically had a domed shape above ground, a subterranean storage space, shade walls, and ice pools. It was often used to store ice, but sometimes was used to store food as well as produce ice. The subterranean space and thick heat-resistant construction material insulated the storage
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humidity. The low relative humidity increases the efficiency of evaporative cooling due to the vapor pressure differential, and the low absolute humidity increases the efficiency of radiative cooling because the water vapor in the air otherwise inhibits it. In addition, in some desert climates,
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Records indicate that these structures were built as far back as 400 BCE, and many that were built hundreds of years ago remain standing, where
Persian engineers built yakhchāls in the desert to store ice, usually made nearby. The ice created nearby and stored in yakhchāls is used throughout the
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Many yakhchāls contained ice pools. These pools were constructed to either provision the yakhchāl with water needed for evaporative cooling, so that ice could easily be prepared and transferred to inside storage, or for the production of ice on site. Sometimes these pools were channels that were
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The ice inside the structure was often separated using wood and straw to separate the layers of ice and keep them from sticking to each other. Furthermore, most designs incorporated a hole at the bottom that would connect back to the qanat, or simply act as a well for drainage.
690:
275:, goat hair, and ash in specific proportions, is resistant to heat transfer and is thought to be completely water-impenetrable. This material acts as effective insulation all year round. The sarooj walls are at least two meters thick at the base.
160:(over a mile above sea level), have been well-preserved. These still have their cone-shaped, eighteen meter high building, massive insulation, and continuous cooling waters that spiral down its side and keep the ice frozen throughout the summer.
290:(air in a qanat is cooled by the underground stream). It is this construction that allows the ice house of a yakhchāl to take advantage of evaporative cooling, keeping the structure cool to well below ambient temperatures.
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Due to the low moisture content of the air, very little of the heat radiated upwards from the pool would be reflected back to the pool by the air above it, allowing the pool's heat to be largely emitted into
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it enters the yakhchāl (as pictured at the yakhchāl at Kowsar). Ice is then brought from either the ice pools covered by the walls, or from nearby mountains to be stored in the reservoir.
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square in shape of dimensions roughly 100 m (330 ft) × 10 m (33 ft) with a depth of 40 cm (16 in) to 50 cm (20 in), comparable to a
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Although many have deteriorated over the years due to widespread commercial refrigeration technology, some interest in them has been revived as a source of inspiration in
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Heat conduction into the pool would be minimal due to the construction of the shade walls throughout the day and / or straw covering over the pool bed during the day.
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This meant that ice pools could use the cold of the desert nights and/or radiative cooling to freeze water which would later be transported to storage as ice.
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year especially during hot summer days, for various purposes, including preservation of food, to chill treats, or making traditional
Persian desserts like
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HOSSEINI, Bahareh; NAMAZIAN, Ali (2012). "An
Overview of Iranian Ice Repositories, an Example of Traditional Indigenous Architecture".
621:"New insight on passive ice making and seasonal storage of the Iranian Yakhchal and their potential for contemporary applications"
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However, they varied greatly, as some used all three components, whereas others were simply a large shade wall over a thin pool.
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Hot air convection towards the pools would be minimal, either by location or again due to the height and position of the walls.
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like those at high altitudes, temperatures drop below freezing at night. Their design is generally split into three areas:
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662:"Yakhchāls, Āb Anbārs, & Wind Catchers – Passive Cooling & Refrigeration Technologies Of Greater Iran (Persia)"
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the structure's base and descend to the lowest part of the yakhchāl: large underground spaces up to 5,000
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Most yakhchāls operate like a traditional ice house. The tall, conical shape of the building is to optimize the
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space year-round. These structures were mainly built and used since ancient times in
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789:"Transcript of "How we can turn the cold of outer space into a renewable resource""
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Evaporation would take heat away from the pools, as with the rest of the yakhchāl.
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A yakhchāl's engineering is optimized to take advantage of the physics of
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By night time, the ice pools would often have a negative energy budget:
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691:"یخچال ایرانی چگونه کار میکند؟ - سالارکتاب: اطلاعات معتبر و مستند"
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In the
Footsteps of Marco Polo : a Twentieth Century Odyssey
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The yakhchāl is built of a unique water-resistant mortar called
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244:, Iran showing conical chimney and ice house interior
619:
Hareth Pochee, John
Gunstone, Oliver Wilton (2017).
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282:(Iranian aqueduct), and are sometimes equipped with
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129:Workers clearing ice from ice pit at a Yakhchāl
2048:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity
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508:Mahdavinejad, M; Kavan Javanrudi (July 2012).
481:Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity
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2043:Traditional Persian residential architecture
640:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
578:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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554:METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture
465: – Traditional Iranian water reservoir
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601:Earth Architecture (eartharchitecture.org)
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697:(in Persian). 2018-06-06. Archived from
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753:Rutstein, Harry; Kroll, Joanne (1980).
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477: – City in Zanjan province, Iran
47:meaning "pit") is an ancient type of
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471: – Part of Persian architecture
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63:deserts, whose climates range from
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597:"Yakhchal: Ancient refrigerators"
278:They also often have access to a
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695:سالارکتاب: اطلاعات معتبر و مستند
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156:. And some, like a yakhchāl in
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374:Radiative cooling energy budget
740:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
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2081:List of ab anbars of Qazvin
722:Jorgensen, Hemming (2019).
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757:. New York: Viking Press.
660:Ayre, James (2018-04-28).
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117:Yakhchāl of Abarkuh, Iran
23:Yakhchāl of Moayedi, Iran
16:Ancient Persian ice-house
469:History of Persian domes
240:Interior of yakhchal in
154:sustainable architecture
2127:Ancient history of Iran
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738:Encyclopaedia of Islam
329:The twin Yakhchāls of
317:, Iran with shade wall
71:(BWh) desert regions.
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913:Yahkchāl of Eshaqabad
903:Yakhchāls of Sabzevar
883:Yakhchāl of Mirfattah
199:The ice pits or pools
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2091:List of ziyarat-gahs
2038:Islamic architecture
1620:Iranian architecture
918:Yahkchāls of Abarkuh
527:10.5539/ach.v4n2p133
386:Ice Pool beside the
213:Ice house (building)
2031:Theory and analysis
1453:Iceman (occupation)
908:Yakhchāls of Sirjan
888:Yakhchāl of Moayedi
868:Yakhchāl of Kheshti
863:Yakhchāl of Kashmar
603:. 9 September 2009.
441:Architecture portal
170:evaporative cooling
2122:Iranian inventions
2112:Cooling technology
2064:Architects of Iran
1865:Traditional cities
1005:Crystalline phases
898:Yakhchāl of Zericf
893:Yakhchāl of Nimvar
878:Yakhchāl of Meybod
873:Yakhchāl of Kowsar
728:. In Fleet, Kate;
315:Yakhchāl of Kowsar
51:, which also made
43:meaning "ice" and
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842:Yakhchāls in Iran
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359:radiative cooling
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61:Dasht-e-Kavir
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1855:
1851:Windcatchers
1823:
1467:
1362:Tour skating
1162:Frost flower
993:Major phases
796:. Retrieved
792:
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703:. Retrieved
699:the original
694:
671:. Retrieved
665:
636:cite journal
627:
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574:cite journal
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193:or reservoir
167:
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135:
92:
73:
44:
40:
28:
26:
1947:Khorramabad
1634:Pre-Islamic
1532:Pleistocene
1246:Ice-related
1157:Frost heave
1091:Stalactites
725:"Icehouses"
455:Iran portal
298:Shade walls
80:Afghanistan
57:Dasht-e Lut
39:"ice pit";
2106:Categories
1992:Shahrisabz
1972:Persepolis
1962:Nakhchivan
1912:Gur-e-Amir
1641:Achaemenid
1578:Wiktionary
1522:Glaciology
1477:Other uses
1347:Ice racing
1342:Ice hockey
1317:Iceboating
1248:activities
1019:Formations
1010:Superionic
798:2020-03-06
705:2018-10-03
673:2020-02-18
487:References
475:Soltaniyeh
357:See also:
262:cu ft
84:Tajikistan
2137:Ice trade
1987:Samarkand
1897:Ctesiphon
1841:Shabestan
1797:Imamzadeh
1772:Chahartaq
1289:Sculpture
1105:Phenomena
746:1873-9830
353:Ice pools
207:Ice house
191:ice house
67:(BWk) to
49:ice house
1967:Nishapur
1856:Yakhchāl
1817:Panjdari
1757:Andaruni
1752:Ab anbar
1745:Elements
1726:Khaneqah
1677:Ilkhanid
1651:Sasanian
1556:Category
1514:Ice ages
1468:Yakhchāl
1448:Icehouse
1274:Climbing
1269:Blocking
1264:Blasting
1182:Hair ice
1132:Crystals
736:(eds.).
463:Ab Anbar
427:See also
182:absolute
178:relative
139:faloodeh
29:yakhchāl
2074:ghal'eh
1952:Mashhad
1937:Kashmar
1927:Isfahan
1902:Derbent
1892:Bukhara
1877:Andijan
1731:Mosques
1716:Bazaars
1687:Safavid
1682:Timurid
1660:Islamic
1627:Periods
1438:Cutting
1412:Pykrete
1332:Cycling
1327:Curling
1322:Cricket
1294:Skating
1284:Rafting
1279:Fishing
1259:Bathing
1202:Nucleus
1187:Jacking
1166:sea ice
1164: (
1096:Volcano
1060:calving
1058: (
1056:Iceberg
1051:Glacier
773:6197014
284:bâdgirs
143:sorbets
102:History
33:Persian
2017:Tehran
2007:Tabriz
1997:Shiraz
1977:Qazvin
1932:Kashan
1812:Kucheh
1787:Hashti
1782:Gonbad
1762:Biruni
1736:Takyeh
1672:Seljuk
1571:
1560:
1549:
1443:Icebox
1402:Palace
1387:Bridge
1304:Sports
1222:Slurry
1197:Needle
1147:Frazil
1066:Icicle
1026:Anchor
771:
761:
744:
419:space.
388:Meybod
331:Sirjan
269:sarooj
242:Meybod
164:Design
158:Kerman
96:Persia
82:, and
2057:Lists
1942:Khiva
1922:Herat
1917:Hatra
1907:Ganja
1846:Talar
1831:Qanat
1824:hayāt
1807:Kariz
1709:Types
1494:Cream
1484:Chips
1463:Trade
1397:Igloo
1392:Hotel
1312:Bandy
1237:Storm
1227:Slush
1217:Shuga
1212:Shove
1172:Glaze
1152:Frost
1127:Clear
1117:Black
1086:Spike
1081:Sheet
1046:Field
986:water
982:state
979:solid
624:(PDF)
520:(2).
288:qanat
280:qanat
37:یخچال
2022:Yazd
2002:Susa
1957:Merv
1882:Baku
1872:Amol
1836:Sahn
1802:Iwan
1792:Howz
1767:Burj
1504:Pack
1499:Cube
1489:Core
1458:Pick
1431:Work
1422:Road
1417:Rink
1407:Pier
1232:Snow
1207:Rime
1192:Névé
1177:Hail
1137:Firn
1041:Dune
1036:Cave
977:The
769:OCLC
759:ISBN
742:ISSN
642:link
628:PLEA
580:link
273:lime
189:The
180:and
172:and
152:and
141:and
76:Iran
65:cold
59:and
45:chāl
41:yakh
2070:Arg
1982:Qom
1887:Bam
1382:Bar
1142:Fog
1076:Sea
1071:Jam
1031:Cap
984:of
969:Ice
793:TED
562:doi
522:doi
69:hot
53:ice
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