42:
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566:, with a corpus of at least sixty-seven riddles, some of which survive in his own hand, and even in draft form, though only a few have been translated into English. Judah's riddles are mostly short, monorhyme compositions on concrete subjects such as everyday objects, animals and plants, or a name or word. One example is the following: “What is it that’s blind with an eye in its head, but the race of mankind its use can not spare; spends all its life in clothing the dead, but always itself is naked and bare?”
344:, where he visited several dignitaries and friends. It is uncertain if he arrived safely in Jerusalem after that or if his departure was delayed and he died in Egypt. A letter from Abu Nasr ben Avraham to Halfon ben Netanel dated November 12, 1141 suggests Halevi died in July or August. Legend also has it that Halevi was trampled by an Arab horseman as he arrived in Jerusalem, with the first account found within a Hebrew miscellany published around 450 years after Halevi's presumed death.
780:. According to a 2002 assessment, this is 'a flawed edition marred by numerous textual mistakes and by the erroneous inclusion of poems by other poets. It was also far from including ha-Levi’s complete oeuvre'. However, 'even today, nearly a century after Brody’s effort, there is still no authorized edition of Judah ha-Levi’s work. The absence of such an edition has been, and will continue to be, an obstacle toward the completion of any credible study of ha-Levi’s poetry.'
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325:: a trip believed to allow spiritual ascension by going “up” to the land. His deep passion for Israel eventually overpowered his hesitation and concerns about leaving his friends, family and status to live under difficult Crusader rule. Additionally, the uncertainties of Jewish communal status and favor within the government during the period of the
506:, Halfon ha-Levi in Damietta, and an unknown man in Tyre, probably his last friend. In their sorrow and joy, in the creative spirit and all that moved the souls of these men, Judah sympathetically shared; as he says in the beginning of a short poem: "My heart belongs to you, ye noble souls, who draw me to you with bonds of love".
543:. In Egypt, where the muse of his youth found a glorious "Indian summer" in the circle of his friends, he wrote his "swan-song": "Wondrous is this land to see, With perfume its meadows laden, But more fair than all to me Is yon slender, gentle maiden. Ah, Time's swift flight I fain would stay, Forgetting that my locks are gray."
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for a competition, sparking recognition for Halevi’s aptitude as a poet as well as a close friendship with Ibn Ezra. As an adult he was a physician and an active participant in trade and Jewish communal affairs. He was in contact with both Jewish and non-Jewish nobles and dignitaries within Spain and
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of the 10th to 12th century, he employed the patterns and themes of Arabic poetry. His themes embrace all those that were current among Hebrew poets: panegyric odes, funeral odes, poems on heartbreak, yearning and the pleasures of life, gnomic epigrams, and riddles. He was also a prolific author of
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Child mortality due to plague was high in Judah's time and the historical record contains five elegies that mourn the death of a child. Biographer Hillel Halkin hypothesizes that at least one of these honors one of Judah's children who did not reach adulthood and who is lost to history.
359:. Some contain imaginary details of the voyage, such as descriptions of a turbulent sea that express trepidation for the journey but hope for the spiritual light that might follow. Poems and letters bearing on Halevi’s journey are translated and explicated in Raymond P. Scheindlin,
610:: “Zion, wilt thou not ask if peace's wing / Shadows the captives that ensue thy peace / Left lonely from thine ancient shepherding? Lo! west and east and north and south — world-wide / All those from far and near, without surcease / Salute thee: Peace and Peace from every side."
375:, the muwashshah, and poems utilizing internal rhyme, classical monorhyme patterns and the recently invented strophic patterns. About 800 of his poems are known to us today. The scholar Jose de la Fuente Salvat elevates Halevi to the "most important poet in Judaism of all times".
1682:, he confronts Aristotelian philosophy, Christianity and Islam and expounds his views upon the teachings of Judaism, speaking in favor of accessing God through tradition and devotion rather than philosophical speculation. The work was originally written in Arabic, and entitled
595:“Lo! Sun and moon, these minister for aye; The laws of day and night cease nevermore: Given for signs to Jacob's seed that they Shall ever be a nation — till these be o'er. If with His left hand He should thrust away, Lo! with His right hand He shall draw them nigh.”
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with personal and historical Jewish experiences to form another kind of religiously themed poetry. He used devices like sound patterns and vivid imagery to evoke the suffering of exile and fear of the destruction of his people as a result of a delayed redemption.
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might have been received with indifference, or even with mockery; his own decision to go to
Jerusalem never wavered. "Can we hope for any other refuge either in the East or in the West where we may dwell in safety?" he exclaims to one of his opponents (ib.). His
554:.” They follow established themes in Arabic and Hebrew poetry such as the yearning of the lover contrasted with the cruelty of the beloved, who possesses a shining countenance. It is unknown whether this work reflects personal experience or artistic tradition.
617:(my heart is in the east) juxtapose love and pain, and dream and reality to express the distance between Spain and the Middle East and his desire to bridge it. He believed he would find true liberation through subservience to God’s will in Israel.
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Halevi's journey is viewed as either a personal religious pilgrimage or as an urging to the diaspora to abandon their cultural synthesis of Graeco-Arabic-Iberian culture, the former being the
Diasporist, the latter a Zionist interpretation.
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around the world. For at least part of his life he lived in Toledo and may have practiced medicine for the court there. He and
Abraham ibn Ezra were well acquainted and the latter quoted Halevi on multiple occasions in his commentary on
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An 1141 letter to a prominent rabbi in
Damascus also potentially refers to Halevi's death at the gates of Jerusalem. As only fragments are preserved of this letter, it's unclear whether the writer is discussing Halevi or another Jew.
498:, Judah addressed a touching farewell poem to Joseph ibn Ẓaddiḳ, the philosopher and poet. In Egypt, celebrated men vied with one another in entertaining him, his reception was a veritable triumph. Here his particular friends were
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incorporated some of them into their prayer-book; so that there is scarcely a synagogue in which Judah's songs are not sung in the course of the service. The following observation on Judah's synagogal poems is made by Zunz:
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and his brothers Judah, Joseph, and Isaac, the vizier Abu al-Hasan, Meïr ibn
Kamnial, the physician and poet Solomon ben Mu'allam of Seville, besides his schoolmates Joseph ibn Migas and Baruch Albalia and the grammarian
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in 1075. The confusion surrounding his place of birth arises from unclear text in a manuscript. Both cities were under Muslim control when he grew up but were conquered by
Christian rulers during his lifetime; Toledo by
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form and meditated on death and fate. Many of them are dedicated to friends such as the brothers Judah (Nos. 19, 20), Isaac (No. 21), and Moses ibn Ezra (No. 16), R. Baruch (Nos. 23, 28), Meïr ibn Migas (No. 27),
583:, he sinks his own identity in the wider one of the people of Israel, so that it is not always easy to distinguish the personality of the speaker. Though his impassioned call to his contemporaries to return to
527:(No. 14), and others. In the case of Solomon ibn Farissol, who was murdered on May 3, 1108, Judah suddenly changed his poem of eulogy (Nos. 11, 22) into one of lamentation (Nos. 12, 13, 93 et seq.).
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Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his secular and religious poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His most famous philosophical work is the
669:"As the perfume and beauty of a rose are within it, and do not come from without, so with Judah word and Bible passage, meter and rime, are one with the soul of the poem; as in true works of
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Halevi’s attachment to the Jewish people is a significant theme in his religious poetry; he identifies his sufferings and hopes with that of the broader group. Like the authors of the
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by Judah have also been preserved, as well as verses relating to his vocational work as a physician. Halevi's prayer for the physician was first translated into
English in 1924:
2300:'The Study of the Hebrew Literature in the Middle Ages: Major Trends and Goals', in The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies, ed. by Martin Goodman, Jeremy Cohen, and David Sorkin
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is most palpable in the Land of Israel (Palestine at the time), and it is therefore ideal and most religiously fulfilling for Jews to live there. He wanted to make his own
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give voice both to the Jewish people as a whole and to each individual Jew, and he never lost faith in the eventual deliverance and redemption of Israel and his people:
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Although he occupied an honored position as a physician, intellectual, and communal leader, Halevi was stirred to attempt a perilous journey to spend his final days in
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723:'Tis dusk, with sudden light, distilled / From one sweet face, the world is filled; / The tumult of my heart is stilled / For thou art come, Sabbath my love!
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Halevi’s work covers common subjects in
Spanish Hebrew poetry using forms and artistic patterns of secular and religious poetry. Some formats include the
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in 1160, relates that Judah repented having used the new metrical methods, and had declared he would not again employ them. A later critic, applying a
720:“On Friday doth my cup o'erflow / What blissful rest the night shall know / When, in thine arms, my toil and woe / Are all forgot, Sabbath my love!
1870:
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Spanish Hebrew Poetry and the Arabic
Literary Tradition: Arabic Themes in Hebrew Andalusian Poetry, Medieval Iberian Peninsula Texts and Studies
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Many of his poems are addressed to a gazelle or deer according to the custom in al-Andalus, and his oeuvre includes homoerotic poems such as
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2054:"אֱלִי, רְפָאֵנִי וְאֵרָפֵא | Eli Refa'eni v'Erafé, the personal physician's prayer of Rabbi Dr. Yehudah haLevi (ca. early 12th c.)"
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On
September 8, 1140, Halevi arrived in Alexandria, where he was greeted enthusiastically by friends and admirers. He then went to
786:, ed. by Heinrich Brody and Harry Elson, trans. by Nina Salaman (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1974),
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Halevi’s poems report that he had a daughter and that she had a son, also named Judah. He could well have had other children.
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Dîwân des Abû-l-Hasan Jehudah ha-Levi. Diwan wĕ-hu 'sefer kolel šire 'abir ha-mešorerim Yĕhudah ben Šĕmu'el ha-Levi. Vol. II
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Joyous, careless youth, and merry, happy delight in life find their expression in his love-songs, many of which are
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Dîwân des Abû-l-Hasan Jehudah ha-Levi/Diwan wĕ-hu 'sefer kolel šire 'abir ha-mešorerim Yĕhudah ben Šĕmu'el ha-Levi
624:.” Some of his poetry and writing has also been considered an early expression of support for Jewish nationalism.
602:, laments the destruction of the temple and puts forth the dream of redemption. It is also one of the most famous
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Much of his work that expresses his personal relationship with God was later established as liturgical poetry.
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1920:
Kaplan, Gregory B. "Review of: The Compunctious Poet: Cultural Ambiguity and Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Spain".
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to his various hosts in Egypt and explorations of his religious motivations for his aliyah, preserved in the
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Judah's secular or non-religious poetry is composed of poems of friendship, love, humor, and eulogy.
279:, the main center of Jewish literary and intellectual life at the time. There he modeled work after
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Isabel Pérez Alonso, Colección vítor, 415 (Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2017),
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673:, and always in nature, one is never disturbed by anything external, arbitrary, or extraneous."
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806:, trans. by Ángel Sáenz-Badillos and Judit Targarona Borrás (Madrid: Clasicos Alfaguara, 1994)
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Bring fruits and wine and sing a gladsome lay, / Cry, 'Come in peace, O restful Seventh day!'
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Judah was recognized by his contemporaries and in succeeding generations as "the great Jewish
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religious verse. His poetry is distinguished by special attention to acoustic effect and wit.
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Halevi studied philosophy as a youth. He admired it but criticized it in a way comparable to
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in 1118. He was educated in traditional Jewish scholarship, in Arabic literature, and in the
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The 1895-1904 edition of his collected work by Hayyim Brody divides his work as follows:
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Especially tender and plaintive is Judah's tone in his elegies. He often utilized the
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2112:"The Solution of Hitherto Unsolved Riddles of Yehuda Hallevi and Shelomo ibn Gabirol"
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to Judah, has said: "It is hard for the dough when the baker himself calls it bad."
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The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com
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Even in Judah’s youth, a large number of illustrious men gathered around him, like
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Las 'Sĕlīḥot la-'ašmurot' de R. Yehudah ha-Leví: traducción y estudio literario
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1847:"Abrahamic Experiments in History". The Oxford Handbook of Abrahamic Religions
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Levi-Naḥum, Yehuda (1986). "The graves of the fathers and of the righteous".
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661:, and they influenced the rituals of the most distant countries. Even the
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Literary journals and periodicals that have published his work include:
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2363:(in Hebrew). Ḥolon, Israel: Mifʻal ḥaśifat ginze Teman. p. 252.
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meters in his poems. However, his pupil Solomon Parḥon, who wrote at
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2216:"Riddle". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia
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Allony, Nechemia. "Thirty autograph riddles by R. Yehudah ha-Levi".
1834:. Jerusalem, Israel: Keter Publishing House. 1971. pp. 355–366.
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may have caused him to consider the future security of Jews in the
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translated it into Hebrew in the mid-12th century with the title
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Some anthologies of Hebrew poetry that feature his work include:
800:, trans. by Maximo Jose Kahn and Juan Gil-Albert (Mexico, 1943).
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Let not Thine anger be kindled against me so that I be consumed.
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2342:"Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia Judaica"
2012:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Sep 10, 2014 .
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2426:"Yehudah Ha-Levi: Poet Philosopher of Sepharad," Video Lecture
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Yehudá Ha-Leví: el poeta judío más grande de todos los tiempos
482:, the aged poet Judah ben Abun, Judah ibn Ghayyat of Granada,
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The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, Judeo-Arabic original
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l.c. No. 61; Songs of Exile, trans. Salaman, Nina Ruth Davis
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l.c. No. 86; Songs of Exile, trans. Salaman, Nina Ruth Davis
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La "Granada" más hermosa: una adivinanza de Yĕhudah Ha-Levi
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1941:"Three perspectives on Judah Halevi's voyage to Palestine"
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Jehuda Halevi, zweiundneunzig Hymnen und Gedichte Deutsch.
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214:, in 1075. He is thought to have died in 1141, in either
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Sefer Hokhahah ve ha Re’ayah le Hagganat haDat haBezuyah
627:
2287:. Berlin: Digital Form Freimann-Sammlung. p. 231.
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Alei Sefer: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Book
410: Elevation of the soul to Zion; traveling poems (
1928:(3 (Summer, 1993)): 405–407 – via JSTOR 475075.
27:
Spanish philosopher, poet and physician (c.1075–1141)
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189:
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Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion
2022:
351:Documents that remain from Halevi’s last years are
2315:"An Index to the Religious Poetry of Judah Halevi"
1684:Kitab al-Ḥujjah wal-Dalil fi Nuṣr al-Din al-Dhalil
2302:. Oxford University Press. pp. 241–94 (252).
657:. They were carried to all lands, even as far as
3600:
1991:. Nextbook Press. pp. 4, 81, 236, 237, 240.
562:Judah is noted as the most prolific composer of
502:in Alexandria, the nagid Samuel ben Hananiah in
1845:Blidstein, Moshe; Silverstein, Adam J. (2015).
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271:sciences and philosophy that were available in
1747:The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions
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1922:Ross Brann, Johns Hopkins UP, Hispanic Review
1741:. In Blidstein, Moshe; Silverstein, Adam J.;
1686:, كتاب الحجة و الدليل في نصرة الدين الذليل,.
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1869:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
382:Poems about friendship and laudatory poems (
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1849:. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–51.
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906:Ha-Shirah ha-Ivrit be-Sefarad u-ve-Provence
798:Poemas sagrados y profanos de Yehuda Halevi
246:Judah ben Shmuel Halevi was born either in
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2199:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1905:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1893:Studien zu den Dichtungen Jehuda ha-Levi's
1709:The traditional tombs of Judah Halevi and
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825:Luzzatto, דיואן ר' יהודה הלוי. Lyck, 1864.
613:Halevi’s poems of longing for Israel like
462:Of Thy knowledge is the evil and the fair.
389:Pieces of correspondence in rhymed prose (
40:
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760:. 4 vols (Berlin: Itzkowski, 1894-1930):
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918:Jacob ben Chayyim Comprat Vidal Farissol
2157:Ha-Levi, Judah. Divan Des Jehuda Halevi
1938:
1273:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
748:Editions, translations and commentaries
456:My medicines are from you, whether good
452:“My God, heal me and I shall be healed.
302:
14:
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2285:Die synagogale Poesie des Mittelalters
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1986:
845:Schirmann, שירים חדשים מן הגניזה, 1965
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2174:(Biblio 47 ed.). pp. 19–36.
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1763:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.35
317:, he argues that the presence of the
3624:11th-century writers from al-Andalus
2361:Sefer ṣohar le-ḥasifat ginzei teiman
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2189:. Berlin. pp. 191–211, 141–156.
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628:Shirei Galut (Songs of the Diaspora)
466:Only for Thine healing do I watch.”
464:Not upon my power of healing I rely.
2420:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2340:Farissol, Jacob Ben Ḥayyim (1971).
2116:Mandel Institute for Jewish Studies
2010:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
688:
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460:It is Thou who shalt choose, not I.
291:Like other Jewish poets during the
179:
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24:
2298:Tova Rosen and Eli Yassif (2002).
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2100:
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2023:De la Fuente Salvat, Jose (2017).
1919:
1739:"Abrahamic Experiments in History"
766:vol. 2 part 2 (notes), pp. 157-330
25:
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3639:12th-century Spanish philosophers
3619:11th-century Jews from al-Andalus
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1995:
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901:(1922, 1946 ed. Habermann, A. M.)
707:and published in Venice in 1609.
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632:Judah combined descriptions from
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363:(Oxford University Press, 2007).
3236:Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg
2384:
2218:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
949:
717:hymns. One ends with the words:
645:Halevi was a prolific author of
458:Or evil, whether strong or weak.
3241:Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg
2352:
2333:
2306:
2291:
2276:
2252:
2237:
2222:
2207:
2178:
2163:
2130:
2064:
2046:
2031:
1945:Mediterranean Historical Review
1939:Malkiel, David J. (June 2010).
384:shirei yedidut veshirei hakavod
311:. In his treatise known as the
3379:Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah
3225:Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg
3063:Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre
3058:Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre
2321:. 13 (Winter, 1980/81): 3–16.
2016:
1932:
1913:
1838:
1217:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
920:published a commentary on the
784:Selected Poems of Judah Halevi
293:“Golden Age of Jewish culture”
13:
1:
3669:12th-century Castilian rabbis
3098:Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise
2993:Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans
2849:Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne
2636:Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon
2159:(l.c. ed.). p. 168.
1737:Silverstein, Adam J. (2015).
1724:
929:
469:
275:. As a youth, he traveled to
3634:Medieval Jewish philosophers
3583:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi
3496:Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona
3195:Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin
2954:Samson ben Joseph of Falaise
2504:
2408:and Angel Sáenz-Badillos at
2214:Jacobs, Joseph (1901–1906).
2170:Salvatierra, Aurora (1998).
1957:10.1080/09518967.2010.494091
1432:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
416:shirei tziyon veshirei massa
405:kol bochim; kinot v’hespedim
361:The Song of the Distant Dove
241:
170:and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi
7:
3459:Isaiah di Trani the Younger
3103:Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon
2855:Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim
2723:Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona
2642:Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula
2185:Brody, Hayyim (1894–1930).
926:called the “Beit Ya’akob.”
699:
575:Shirei Zion (Songs of Zion)
190:
10:
3695:
3359:Eliyahu Menachem of London
3251:Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol
3128:Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken
3073:Samson ben Abraham of Sens
2837:David ben Levi of Narbonne
2313:Tsevat, Matitiahu (1980).
2096:. 3 (October 1976): 20–43.
1547:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
1427:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
897: Wiener, H. Brody-M,
842:Zmora, ר' יהודה הלוי. 1964
557:
548:“That Day While I Had Him”
3664:People from Toledo, Spain
3524:
3491:Moses ben Meir of Ferrara
3437:
3402:
3369:Jacob ben Judah of London
3334:
3141:
3108:Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils
2913:
2787:
2685:
2561:
2512:
1704:
1457:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
1250:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
1008:Aristobulus of Alexandria
899:Mivhar ha-Shirah ha-Ivrit
713:Judah also wrote several
523:, head of the yeshiva in
366:
171:
145:
133:
123:
113:
109:
95:
77:
55:
39:
32:
3568:Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan
3558:Isaac ben Samuel of Acre
3078:Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi
3008:Haim ben Hananel HaCohen
2976:Moses ben Jacob of Coucy
2900:Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen
2548:Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam
2042:. Brill. pp. 89–90.
2038:Schippers, Arie (1994).
1422:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
509:
500:Aaron ben Jeshua Alamani
194:; c. 1075 – 1141) was a
3679:Jewish liturgical poets
3629:Philosophers of Judaism
3424:Avigdor Cohen of Vienna
3316:Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi
3261:Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir
3207:Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi
3151:Meshullam ben Kalonymus
2451:– English translations.
2072:"Encyclopaedia Judaica"
2058:The Open Siddur Project
1987:Halkin, Hillel (2010).
1755:Oxford University Press
812:, ed. and trans. by M.ª
729:Judah used complicated
534:
263:in 1086, and Tudela by
3296:Jacob ben Judah Landau
3291:Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi
3266:Meir ben Baruch Halevi
2875:Abraham of Montpellier
2746:Simeon ben Zemah Duran
2449:Poems by Judah Ha-Levi
2283:Zunz, Leopold (1855).
1891:Brody, Hayyim (1895).
1482:Isaac Orobio de Castro
1452:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
1149:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
890:Albrecht, H. Brody-K,
804:Yehuda Ha-Leví: Poemas
3649:Hebrew-language poets
3511:Isaac ben Melchizedek
3506:Joseph Colon Trabotto
3191:(Maharam MeRotenberg)
2851:(Raavad II, HaEshkol)
2625:Isaac ben Moses Arama
2553:Shemariah ben Elhanan
2528:Chananel ben Chushiel
2401:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1832:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1492:Samuel David Luzzatto
1462:Samson Raphael Hirsch
1083:Spanish and European:
1051:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
837:Shirei Yehudah Halevi
705:Samuel di Castelnuovo
703:), was translated by
598:One of his Zionides,
412:massa nefesh tziyonah
3674:Judeo-Arabic writers
3588:Nethanel ben Isaiah
3573:Nathan ben Abraham I
3465:Obadiah of Bertinoro
3183:Mordechai ben Hillel
3123:Shemaiah of Soissons
2393:at Wikimedia Commons
2110:Ben Shabat, Shmuel.
1194:Judah Leon Abravanel
904: Schirmann, H.
421: Riddle poems (
303:Journey to Palestine
223:Kingdom of Jerusalem
218:, at that point the
198:poet, physician and
172:יהודה בן שמואל הלוי
140:Religious philosophy
89:Kingdom of Jerusalem
3477:(Shibbolei HaLeket)
3394:Berechiah de Nicole
3344:Aaron of Canterbury
3326:Isaac Asir HaTikvah
3301:Samuel ben Natronai
3256:Judah ben Kalonymus
3221:(Hagahot Maimuniot)
2924:Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol
2870:Asher ben Meshullam
2865:Meshullam ben Jacob
2825:Isaac ben Abba Mari
2779:Judah ben Barzillai
2434:Touro College South
1717:, a village in the
1624:Microcosm–macrocosm
1542:Joseph Soloveitchik
1212:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
1013:Philo of Alexandria
937:Part of a series on
828:Rosenzweig, Franz.
774:vol. 3, pp. 145-308
552:“To Ibn Al-Mu’allim
265:Alfonso the Battler
118:Medieval philosophy
3578:Hillel ben Eliakim
3548:Zerahiah the Greek
3542:Tobiah ben Eliezer
3414:(Terumat HaDeshen)
3246:Samson ben Eliezer
3201:Eliezer ben Nathan
3189:Meir of Rothenburg
3158:(Rabbeinu Gershom)
3133:Ephraim ben Samson
3053:Eliezer of Touques
2964:Eliezer ben Samuel
2959:Yom Tov of Falaise
2831:Abraham ben Nathan
2627:(Akeidat Yitzchak)
2565:(except Catalonia)
2430:Dr. Henry Abramson
2417:by Barry Kogan at
2329:– via JSTOR.
1757:. pp. 43–51.
1537:Abraham Isaac Kook
1517:Monsieur Chouchani
1119:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
1089:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
1056:Ismaili philosophy
1046:Brethren of Purity
3659:Jewish apologists
3596:
3595:
3553:Isaac ben Dorbolo
3516:Judah Messer Leon
3501:Hillel ben Samuel
3447:Nathan ben Jehiel
3389:Yom Tov of Joigny
3276:Israel of Bamberg
3227:(Yehudah haHasid)
3156:Gershom ben Judah
3113:Menahem ben Helbo
3023:Peretz ben Elijah
3003:Judah ben Yom Tov
2934:List of Tosafists
2917:(except Provence)
2905:Jonathan of Lunel
2895:Isaac of Narbonne
2890:Samuel ibn Tibbon
2802:Abraham ben David
2740:Isaac ben Sheshet
2711:Shlomo ibn Aderet
2652:Maimon ben Joseph
2647:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat
2593:Joseph ibn Migash
2538:Zechariah Aghmati
2533:Dunash ben Labrat
2473:
2472:
2389:Media related to
2155:Geiger, Abraham.
2139:l.c., ii., No. 14
1856:978-0-19-969776-2
1772:978-0-19-969776-2
1670:
1669:
1507:Eliezer Berkovits
1497:Elijah Benamozegh
1487:Moses Mendelssohn
1402:Francisco Sanches
1361:Reconstructionist
1164:Isaac ben Sheshet
1159:Moses of Narbonne
1139:Samuel ibn Tibbon
1099:Abraham bar Hiyya
943:Jewish philosophy
853:Geiger, Abraham.
821:978-84-9012-763-6
770:vol. 3, pp. 1-144
697:
600:Zion Halo Tishali
202:. He was born in
188:
149:
148:
128:Jewish philosophy
16:(Redirected from
3686:
3470:Menahem Recanati
3412:Israel Isserlein
3306:Alexander Suslin
3231:Yaakov ben Yakar
3213:Eleazar of Worms
3171:Asher ben Jehiel
3162:Simeon bar Isaac
3093:Samuel of Évreux
3068:Baruch ben Isaac
3043:Samson of Chinon
3038:Jacob of Orléans
3013:Yechiel of Paris
2982:Judah ben Nathan
2970:Isaac ben Samuel
2949:Solomon ben Meir
2860:Moshe ha-Darshan
2843:Moses ben Joseph
2797:Hachmei Provence
2764:Azriel of Gerona
2760:(Nimmukei Yosef)
2758:Joseph ibn Habib
2754:(Maggid Mishneh)
2719:(Rabbeinu Yonah)
2705:Nissim of Gerona
2662:Abraham ibn Daud
2631:Rabbenu Yerucham
2605:Bahya ibn Paquda
2587:Yom Tov Asevilli
2582:Abraham ibn Ezra
2543:Nissim ben Jacob
2499:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2455:
2454:
2410:Encyclopedia.com
2406:Daniel J. Lasker
2388:
2373:
2372:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2344:. Archived from
2337:
2331:
2330:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2076:Encyclopedia.com
2068:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1969:
1968:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1793:
1792:
1743:Stroumsa, Guy G.
1734:
1711:Abraham ibn Ezra
1688:Judah ibn Tibbon
1662:
1655:
1648:
1565:
1522:Emmanuel Levinas
1313:
1144:Joseph ben Judah
1124:Abraham ibn Ezra
1114:Abraham ibn Daud
1104:Bahya ibn Paquda
1071:Rabbinic Judaism
1033:
964:
953:
934:
933:
874:Luzzatto, S. D.
702:
692:
690:
570:Religious poetry
489:Abraham ibn Ezra
430:she’erit Yehudah
196:Sephardic Jewish
193:
183:
181:
173:
169:
98:
44:
30:
29:
21:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3537:Elijah Mizrachi
3532:Isaac Abarbanel
3520:
3453:Isaiah di Trani
3433:
3418:Isaac of Vienna
3398:
3384:Moses of London
3374:Josce of London
3364:Hagin Deulacres
3354:Elias of London
3330:
3321:Simha of Speyer
3286:Judah ben Asher
3281:Ephraim of Bonn
3177:Jacob ben Asher
3137:
3088:Moses of Évreux
3083:Meir ben Samuel
3048:Jacob of Chinon
3028:Eliezer of Toul
2998:Elijah of Paris
2909:
2885:Isaac the Blind
2783:
2774:Judah ben Yakar
2752:Vidal of Tolosa
2681:
2672:Jonah ibn Janah
2615:David Abudirham
2610:Bahya ben Asher
2557:
2508:
2503:
2469:
2467:
2381:
2376:
2357:
2353:
2338:
2334:
2311:
2307:
2296:
2292:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2244:Luzzatto, S.D.
2242:
2238:
2229:Luzzatto, S.D.
2227:
2223:
2212:
2208:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2146:
2137:Brody, Hayyim.
2135:
2131:
2108:
2101:
2090:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1985:
1972:
1937:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1878:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1796:
1773:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1713:are located in
1707:
1666:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1566:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1532:Gershom Scholem
1512:Eliyahu Dessler
1391:
1390:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1260:
1259:
1222:
1221:
1199:
1198:
1189:Isaac Abarbanel
1179:Elia del Medigo
1076:
1075:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
997:
996:
965:
960:
932:
916:Jewish scholar
908:, vol. 1, 1959.
860:Edelman, S. H.
750:
643:
630:
606:Jews recite on
577:
572:
560:
537:
525:Lucena, Cordoba
512:
472:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
443:
403: Elegies (
369:
305:
244:
235:Sefer ha-Kuzari
136:
103:Sefer ha-Kuzari
96:
91:
82:
81:1141 (66 years)
73:
60:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3692:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Khazar studies
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
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3503:
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3434:
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3431:
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3415:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
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3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
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3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
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3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3179:(Baal HaTurim)
3174:
3168:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3145:
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3138:
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3130:
3125:
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2781:
2776:
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2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2729:Hasdai Crescas
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2700:Menachem Meiri
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Moses ibn Ezra
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2380:
2379:External links
2377:
2375:
2374:
2351:
2348:on 2019-01-08.
2332:
2305:
2290:
2275:
2260:"Introduction"
2251:
2236:
2221:
2206:
2177:
2162:
2144:
2141:. p. 100.
2129:
2099:
2081:
2063:
2045:
2030:
2015:
2006:"Judah Halevi"
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1444:
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1437:Tzvi Ashkenazi
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:Salomon Maimon
1414:
1412:Baruch Spinoza
1409:
1407:Uriel da Costa
1404:
1398:
1394:
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1356:Existentialist
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882:(1881, 1882-4)
880:Iggeret Shadal
872:
865:
862:Ginzei Oxford,
858:
855:Melo Hofnayim,
847:
846:
843:
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835:Bernstein, S.
833:
826:
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795:
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754:Heinrich Brody
749:
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642:
641:Lyrical poetry
639:
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615:Libi baMizrach
576:
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564:Hebrew riddles
559:
556:
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484:Moses ibn Ezra
476:Levi al-Tabban
471:
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447:Drinking songs
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441:Secular poetry
439:
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281:Moses Ibn Ezra
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3033:Chaim Paltiel
3031:
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2769:Moshe Chalava
2767:
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2734:Aharon HaLevi
2732:
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2725:(Baal HaMaor)
2724:
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2717:Yonah Gerondi
2715:
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2657:Isaac Aboab I
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2067:
2060:. 2020-06-07.
2059:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1989:Yehuda Halevi
1983:
1981:
1979:
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1975:
1966:
1962:
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1579:Chosen people
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1472:Isaac Cardoso
1470:
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1235:Isaac Israeli
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867:Dukes, J. L.
866:
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844:
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834:
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827:
824:
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792:0-8276-0058-5
789:
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724:
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695:
689:מִֽי־כָמֹ֤כָה
686:
682:
679:
674:
672:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
638:
635:
625:
623:
622:national poet
618:
616:
611:
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605:
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582:
567:
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555:
553:
549:
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517:
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497:
492:
490:
485:
481:
477:
467:
450:
448:
436:): 120 poems.
435:
434:shirim shonim
431:
428:Other poems (
427:
424:
420:
417:
413:
409:
407:): 43 pieces.
406:
402:
399:
398:shirei ahavah
395:
392:
388:
386:): 138 poems.
385:
381:
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376:
374:
364:
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345:
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338:
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319:God of Israel
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186:
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165:
161:
157:
156:Yehuda Halevi
153:
144:
141:
138:
132:
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126:
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116:
112:
108:
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94:
90:
86:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
31:
19:
18:Yehuda Halevi
3654:Jewish poets
3609:1070s births
3544:(Lekach Tov)
3429:Isaac Tyrnau
3271:Israel Bruna
3219:Meir HaKohen
2972:(Ri HaZaken)
2939:Rabbeinu Tam
2880:Joseph Caspi
2677:Abraham Saba
2577:Judah Halevi
2576:
2522:Isaac Alfasi
2514:North Africa
2418:
2415:Judah Halevi
2399:
2397:Judah HaLevi
2391:Judah Halevi
2360:
2354:
2346:the original
2335:
2318:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2267:. Retrieved
2264:Judah Halevi
2263:
2254:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2156:
2138:
2132:
2115:
2093:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2009:
1988:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1892:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1746:
1732:
1708:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1527:Martin Buber
1395:
1346:Conservative
1319:
1266:
1228:
1205:
1109:Judah Halevi
1108:
1082:
1061:Jewish Kalam
1039:
1001:
970:
921:
911:
905:
898:
891:
885:
879:
875:
869:Ozar Nehmad,
868:
861:
854:
848:
836:
829:
809:
803:
797:
783:
757:
728:
725:
722:
719:
712:
709:
680:
675:
668:
644:
631:
619:
614:
612:
599:
597:
594:
578:
561:
551:
547:
545:
538:
529:
521:Isaac Alfasi
513:
493:
473:
451:
444:
433:
429:
425:): 49 poems.
422:
418:): 23 poems.
415:
411:
404:
400:): 66 poems.
397:
396:Love poems (
393:): 7 pieces.
390:
383:
377:
370:
360:
357:Cairo geniza
350:
346:
339:
335:
312:
306:
298:
290:
245:
234:
231:
206:, either in
180:يهوذا اللاوي
159:
155:
152:Judah Halevi
151:
150:
101:
97:Notable work
34:Judah Halevi
3614:1141 deaths
3449:(the Aruch)
3185:(Mordechai)
3118:Simeon Kara
2988:Bechor Shor
2839:(HaMichtam)
2814:David Kimhi
2695:Nachmanides
2638:(Migdal Oz)
2620:Joseph Albo
2595:(Ri Migash)
2404:article by
2118:: 390–391.
1951:(1): 1–15.
1584:Eschatology
1477:David Nieto
1442:Jacob Emden
1376:Neo-Hasidic
1255:Ibn Kammuna
1245:al-Mukkamas
1240:Saadia Gaon
1174:Joseph Albo
1134:Nachmanides
1094:Ibn Gabirol
962:Hellenistic
878:(1881) and
681:Mi Khamokha
541:epithalamia
327:Reconquista
200:philosopher
3603:Categories
3563:Moses Taku
3486:Judah Anav
3420:(Or Zarua)
3311:Jacob Weil
2833:(HaManhig)
2808:Gersonides
2748:(Tashbatz)
2572:Maimonides
2269:2023-08-03
1781:2014960132
1725:References
1674:al-Ghazali
1502:Moses Hess
1320:Positions:
1267:Positions:
1184:Judah Minz
1154:Gersonides
1129:Maimonides
992:Boethusian
971:Positions:
930:Philosophy
608:Tisha B'Av
470:Friendship
261:Alfonso VI
227:Alexandria
204:Al-Andalus
168:יהודה הלוי
71:Al-Andalus
46:Statue in
3525:Elsewhere
3215:(Rokeach)
3209:(Raavyah)
3203:(Ra'aven)
3197:(Maharil)
2827:(HaIttur)
2820:Abba Mari
2687:Catalonia
2195:cite book
1965:0951-8967
1901:cite book
1895:. Berlin.
1865:cite book
1789:170623059
1696:Sefer ha-
1676:. In the
1614:Holocaust
1604:Happiness
1386:Rambamist
1366:Holocaust
1341:Chassidic
1331:Sephardic
1278:Kabbalist
1206:Yemenite:
982:Sadducean
977:Hasmonean
914:Provencal
912:In 1422,
742:witticism
700:mi-ḵāmoḵā
694:romanized
634:Scripture
391:mikhtavim
353:panegyric
242:Biography
229:, Egypt.
216:Jerusalem
185:romanized
174:;
85:Jerusalem
50:, Israel.
2966:(Yereim)
2810:(Ralbag)
2804:(Raavad)
2789:Provence
2742:(Rivash)
2713:(Rashba)
2506:Rishonim
2369:15417732
2327:27943486
2124:23588346
1745:(eds.).
1609:Holiness
1326:Orthodox
1293:Tosafist
1288:Talmudic
1066:Kabbalah
1031:Medieval
987:Pharisee
876:Tal Orot
832:Berlin,
739:Talmudic
663:Karaites
651:selichot
647:piyyutim
590:Zionides
480:Zaragoza
331:Diaspora
225:, or in
220:Crusader
48:Caesarea
3404:Austria
3336:England
3143:Germany
2984:(Rivan)
2978:(Semag)
2944:Rashbam
2845:(Rambi)
2816:(Radak)
2736:(Ra'ah)
2601:(Ramah)
2589:(Ritva)
1719:Galilee
1619:Messiah
1396:People:
1371:Renewal
1283:Karaism
1002:People:
735:Salerno
715:Shabbat
696::
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