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chances of making it to the big leagues or to become an elite athlete. Unfortunately, the data does not prove that specializing as a youth will be enough to make a child into a successful athlete later on (Latorre-Roman, Pinillos, & Robles, 2018). Youth athletes that are considered less specialized have been found to exhibit more all around athleticism and other advantages that specialized athletes do not benefit. (Rugg, Kador, Feley, & Pandya, 2018). Studies have supported that decreasing specialization at a young age will lower the rates of injuries for the players while increasing playing times and length of careers compared to athletes who specialized as a youth (Rugg, Kador, Feley, & Pandya, 2018). Still, sport specializers tend to dramatically outweigh those who stayed multi sport athletes because of the standards people place on sports and how valuable a sports career can be. As youth athletes exhibit skills at higher levels than there peers at a young age, parents, coaches, and the athletes themselves tend to focus on that sport in order to take advantage of their natural skills. parents, coaches, and athletes should know that showing promise in sport from a young age does not guarantee future success as competition levels rise and the athlete develops as a person (Latorre-Roman, Pinillos, & Robles, 2018).
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like it, the rebellion against school, the rate of drop-out, and the delinquency of boys might be far worse than they presently are." Also, youth athletics were a way for Jewish immigrants to disprove the stereotypes that they were bookish and weak in the early 20th century. Some Jews pursued professional careers in sports, which provided young Jewish
Americans with role models who showed, "the possibility and benefits of assimilation," which encouraged more participation in youth athletics. Catholic youths were interested in youth sports to, "demonstrate patriotism and morality." Overall, both Catholics and Jews were attracted to youth athletics, to "demonstrate American-ness and experience a sense of belonging in the United States." As well as physical fitness, sports were also seen as a way to increase social and moral development in youth. However, there remained some believed negative aspects of youth athletics. This included the fact that, "premature sports insolvent may result in undesirable emotional consequences for children." The stress placed on youths during sports could lead to frustration, discouragement and low self-esteem.
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forefathers by some. Betty DeBerg believes that gender divisions increased as some feared that industrialization and city life were changing gender roles. Sports were thought to be a way to increase masculinity in boys and to perpetrate social divisions. Furthermore, the masculine aspect of sports perpetrated through the 20th century, has continued an idea of homophobia. Eric
Anderson states, "in a time of greatly decreasing cultural and institutional homophobia, institutions of sport have remained steadfast in their production of a homophobic and conservative gender ideology." In 1997, a high school football player wrote that he faced, "victimization and personal distress over the profusion of homophobia within his sport..." This homophobic environment lead to depression for the victim. The heightened idea of masculinity has allowed homophobia to also permeate sports. Youth sports within the 20th century enforced masculinity on boys, as well as created an environment filled with homophobia.
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one sport are more likely to be injured than athletes that play multiple sports (Mcguine et al., 2017). Further, students who were classified to play moderate amount of sports were found to have less injuries than those who specialized in only one (McGuine et al., 2017) This helps to emphasize the importance of sport diversity in youth athletes and its impact on preventing injuries. Looking at sport specialization more in depth, researchers have suggested that athletes, coaches, and parents monitor the weekly, monthly, and yearly participation rates for youth athletes in a single sport (Post et al., 2017) It is generally recognized that athletes should not participate in more than 8 months worth of intense sport practice and no more than an athlete's age in hours of practice a week (post et al., 2017). Also, experts recommend that all athletes engage in a wide variety of athletic activities, including unstructured athletic activities such as playing outside, until at least the age of 15.'
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518:, but it has also given opportunities to racial minorities. In some ways, youth sports perpetrated segregation, as schools were segregated in the early 20th century. Within African American neighbourhoods in America, there was not the same level of public and private sports facilities as in other neighbourhoods. However, the streets and vacant lots became centres for youth sports. Segregation and prejudice kept African Americans out of sports facilities, but sports also played a positive role. While schools and subsequently sports teams were created out of segregation, athletics could bring success and accomplishment to schools. Sports were ways that members of the African- American community could gain self- esteem and a sense of community.
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177:. Sport-based youth development programs outside of school promote a wide range of learning and life skill development. Involvement in youth athletics encourages youth to live a healthy and happy lifestyle, foregoing the common issues many youth face such as obesity and depression. However, sport involvement goes beyond health, other benefits allow them to form and strengthen affective relationships, teach youth to value self-improvement over winning, how to be competitive in a competitive society, and to work culturally with different peers and authorities. In the classroom, high school student-athletes are far less likely to drop out of school and 15% more likely to attend college.
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through the social agencies. This shifted to adults organizing youth sports programs, which was exemplified with the advent of Little League
Baseball by Carl Stotz. Little League Baseball was formed in 1939, with a three team league, while in 1954, there were 70,000 participants. Evidently, organized youth athletics grew rapidly throughout the 20th century in America. There were multiple reasons to support youth athletics programs, but one that was mostly agreed upon was "the notion of providing wholesome, character-building activities to occupy the leisure time of children and youth, to enable them to make the transition from childhood to adulthood."
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were activities that some Native
Americans felt pride in when they participated. This pride was created by the appeal of competition and success, especially against white teams. Former resident of a boarding school for Native Americans, Jeff McCloud's experiences in sports, "helped him to critically read the pain and degradation of contemporary life on and off Indian reservations as something other than a flaw in Native American character or the inevitable outcome of historical progress." Through these experiences, sport could be a positive aspect of the lives of Native Americans.
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negative relationships, encourage poor sportsmanship, permit aggression and violence, allow racism, perpetuate gender discrimination, or expose them to psychological, sexual and commercial exploitation and abuse. Many of these negative experiences can be avoided when parents and coaches are chosen carefully, ensuring that programs offer a positive development experience for youth. In response to the evidence of negative experiences in sport for many youth, especially low-income youth, youth of color, overweight youth, and LGBTQ youth,
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448:, enhances national sports development through organized sports competitions, camps and clinics. They organize seminars for coaches and sports administrators as well as community development services. The program has an educational component about important societal issues, including girls’ empowerment, civic participation, HIV/AIDS, malaria and other health issues for athletes and the general public. The center offers indoor and outdoor sports fields, lockers, a gym, a boxing hall, classrooms and a variety of sports.
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241:(SBYD) emerged. Sports-based youth development is a theory and practice model for programs to place the mental and physical health of a youth over their athletic success. Programs that use SBYD to define program activities and train staff members generally provide free or reduced-cost programming to reduce the barriers low-income youth face when playing sports. These programs are typically found in low-income and under-served neighborhoods, but any sports coach or sports program can apply SBYD principles.
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Requirements for coaches for school sponsored programs vary from state to state, but the standard for the head coach of a major sport is usually a teaching certificate, with some coaching experience and training. Non-school youth sports programs operate in a different way and use volunteers as coaches. They have to find places to practice such as open gyms. Youths in these programs are assigned or drafted to different teams depending on the program.
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injuries and girls acting too aggressive and manly. During the early parts of the 20th century, some people felt that sport might reduce a girl's femininity and produce too much competitiveness. Some sports, such as basketball, were modified for girls' play. These modifications included eliminating physical contact and playing half-court games to limit exhaustion. American girls participated in more organized sports after the passage of
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Nearly 30 million children and adolescents participate in youth sports just in the United States. This high rise in sport participation has led to some startling statistics, high school athletes account for an estimated 2 million injuries, 500,000 doctor visits, and 30,000 hospitalizations each year. The most common types of sports-related injuries among youth are sprains, muscle strains, bone or growth plate injuries, and
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The best known settlement house was Hull house in
Chicago which had a community institution which attempted to Americanize immigrants. At Hull house, "they also provided a gym and sponsored athletic teams for both boys and girls, both as part of the acculturation process and the broader goal of improving the social, mental and physical well-being of inner-city residents.
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in 1972 as they gained more opportunities to do so. It has been stated that, "among the many forms of sexism in sports, perhaps the most pervasive and devastating is the lack of equal opportunities for girls to compete in programs similar to those offered for boys." Girls' participation remained much
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can be due to a shortage of physical education, a lack of financing, few sport facilities and little equipment and no capacity to host major sporting event in the global south. Other limitations for people living in certain countries may include a lack of accessible transportation, education and lack
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nations tend to have less access to organized sports because the politics of their countries do not have the resources to have leisure and entertainment influence their lives. Children in Global South nations have less opportunity to attend school where majority of organized sport takes place. Sport
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Female youth athletics was advocated for in the early 20th century because it was, "believed that sports improved young women's health and beauty, promoted self-confidence, and offered a source of enjoyment." However, girls' sports was not supported by all
Americans as some believed it would lead to
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Within the 20th century, youth athletics were supported for their many believed positive aspects on youth culture. This included the fact that many believed participation in youth athletics would decrease delinquency. In 1965 Coleman wrote, "if it were not for inter-scholastic athletics or something
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movement, "found sports to be a useful tool to draw inner-city youth to their churches, which often housed gymnasiums." The social gospel movement lead to the creation of settlement houses, where middle-class men and women would study the social problems of the neighbourhood and attempt to fix them.
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The Sport for
Development and Peace organization was found in research by Simon Darnell to have positive outcomes on the twelve-year-old boys participating in the program by promoting time management and personal responsibility. This helped the boys fit into the goals of self-regulation required in
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In Global North nations, the evolving and complex youth sport system requires significant resources such as time, access, and money to develop as an athlete and play competitively. The financial costs involved in facilitating organized sport at an elite level ranges from an average of a few thousand
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is very much prevalent in society and its contradictions inherent a strategy that pushes for both individual equal opportunity and categorical separation of the sexes. Team sport participation peaks at age 11 and participation in sport by girls are high and continuing to increase. However, frequent
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Noting that specializing in a sport at a young age by no means guarantees success, it is most important understand that sport specialization in youth can lead to higher injury rates throughout ones sports career (Mcguine et al., 2017). Research has found that high school athletes that specialize in
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Coaches and athletes should practice active listening to ensure mutual understanding and respect. This involves giving full attention, acknowledging messages, and providing appropriate responses. Emphasizing positive behaviors and achievements helps in building confidence and motivation among youth
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required that all youth sport programmes be regulated. Under the initial rules in Puerto Rico, children under the age of 9 cannot play in tournaments or officially keep score, and youth under the age of 16 cannot play more than three games per week. As of 2020, there is widespread sentiment that
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Injuries have always been of concern in terms of sport but youth are much more susceptible to injury considering both their immature musculoskeletal system and increasingly high intensity training. According to the U.S. Centers for
Disease Control, participation in organized sports is on the rise.
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Verbal communication includes direct instructions, feedback, motivational speeches, and discussions. It should be clear, concise, and appropriate for the age and comprehension level of the athletes. Nonverbal communication, encompasses, body language, facial expressions, gestures, and eye contact,
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Youth sports were an important way of life for Native
Americans within boarding schools. Sports for Native Americans living in boarding schools were so important that they were on a similar level of importance as work and teaching. School sports such as track and field, basketball, and wrestling
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Social agencies such as the YMCA and YWCA, as well as Boys and Girls Clubs, and Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, provided most of the organized sports to youth in
America prior to 1954. While athletics was encouraged by the social gospel movement, youth sports were often organized by youth themselves
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In recent years, youth sports have become more expensive in the United States. The financial burden of organized sports has grown, and children from low-income families are less likely to participate. The single greatest predictor of whether a child will start playing organized sports young, is
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has long been typical among children and teenagers in gymnastics, swimming, diving and figure skating, especially if they have aspirations of being competitive at elite levels. Undeniably, the main purpose for athletes to specialize in sport is to become a better player in order to increase their
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Girls are more likely to enter sport later than boys and are more likely to take part in cheerleading, dance, competitive jump roping and volleyball while boys tend to stick with more traditional sports such as baseball, basketball and football. No matter the sport, the benefits of participating
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The Culture, Education, Sport and Ethics program (CESEP) is an international outreach initiative to engage teachers and student from different countries and cultures in the dialogue of healthy sport. This program seeks to create collaboration among teachers, students under 18, and counselors to
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Communication plays a critical role in the development and success of youth sport programs. Effective communication among youth athletes, coaches, and parents improves team cohesion, facilitates skill development, and creates an environment that promotes physical, social, and emotional growth.
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Sport can contribute significantly to international, national and local efforts to give children a healthy start. Sport can help those who haven't received a good start, and equip youth with the information, skills, personal and social resources, and support needed to make key life transitions
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Teenage athletes have been pushed by parents and sport programmes to train excessively and to dedicate an enormous amounts of time and money to sport. Some youth report playing up to eight football games per week, sometimes in the hope of earning one of a few university scholarships. Sleep,
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Negative experiences can be created through a sport that is overly focused on competition and winning at all costs or that fails to place the healthy development of youth at the center of the experience. Such negative experiences may result in a young person's low self-esteem, involve them in
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Youth athletics also affected the lives of boys as it could be used to define masculinity. Sports were a way to promote bravery, and were tied to masculinity through Muscular Christianity. Sports were even thought to reduce degeneracy as boys were thought to be becoming less brave than their
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There are typically two types of youth sport programs. One is sponsored by schools and the other is sponsored by city recreational departments and agencies. Generally school sponsored programs have qualified coaches and dedicated facilities for their sports but that is not always the case.
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the overall system must change, but programmes in each of the regulated sports, and the coaches and other staff whose pay depends upon operating these lucrative tournaments and expensive travel teams, are lobbying for exemptions that will permit their own businesses to continue as before.
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Written communication involves the use of training plans, feedback forms, emails, and other written materials to convey information. This type of communication ensures that important information is recorded and can be referred back to enhancing understanding and consistency
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athletes. Maintaining consistency and transparency in communication helps in building trust and credibility within the team. Incorporating visual aids such as diagrams, videos, and demonstrations can enhance understanding and retention of information.
189:, and involvement in crime. Beyond the individual, sport involvement cuts barriers that divide societies, making it a powerful tool to support conflict prevention both symbolically on the global level and practically within communities.
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Gender conditioning often starts at an early age where boys and girls are taught behave differently and participate in certain activities. While there is no doubt that girls' sport participation has skyrocketed in recent decades, a
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and builds valuable social connections. It also offers opportunities for play and self-expression especially for those young people with few other opportunities. Sport also acts as a healthy alternative to harmful actions such as
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lower than that of boys, but it increased "from 32 percent of the male's participation in 1973-74 to 63 percent in 1994-95." While there are barriers to girls' participation in sports, it grew sizeably in the 20th century.
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recognises that adults aged 18–22 have not yet reached peak condition. Moreover, many definitions consider postsecondary/collegiate students ranging from the ages of 17 to 25 participating in sports to be "youth" as well.
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Youth athletics were popular in 20th-century America. In an attempt to "energize America's youth and transform its fledgling bodies into healthy future citizens" recreation facilities for youth were created.
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programs within the community provide children marginalized by poverty, gender, disability, family dissolution, ethno-cultural background and conflict with family, crime and other lack of opportunity.
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The number of dropouts reaches a peak in the adolescent years. The most important reason for not playing sport are "not having enough time," "no interest anymore," and "other leisure activities".
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dollars per year, to more than 20,000 dollars per year in some sports. For these financial reasons, participation is not feasible for a majority of kids growing up in lower income families.
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is a way of life in which sporting and educational institutions are culturally constructed by cultural and religious dynamics, as well as political, social, and economic factors.
281:, which has a strong track record in the Olympic Games, is seen as a model. In 2018, after the death of an apparently healthy but exhausted teenage athlete, the government of
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Bergeron, Michael F.; Mountjoy, Margo; Armstrong, Neil; Chia, Michael; Côté, Jean; Emery, Carolyn A.; Faigenbaum, Avery; Hall, Gary; Kriemler, Susi (July 2015).
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programs across America. This led to the invention of basketball and volleyball in the late 19th century. Also, the YMCA had a female counterpart, the YWCA. The
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societies. The nature of sport in itself also showcased leaders and those willing to make sacrifices for the sake of their team and also their families.
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Pierce, Richard (2004). "More Than a Game: The Political Meaning of High School Basketball in Indianapolis". In Miller, Patrick; Wiggins, David (eds.).
681:"Chapter 3: Sport for children and youth: fostering development and strengthening education; 1.2 Sport as a tool to promote child and youth development"
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Malete, Leapetswe; McCole, Daniel; Tshube, Tshepang; Mphela, Thuso; Maro, Cyprian; Adamba, Clement; Machuve, Juliana; Ocansey, Reginald (2022-02-04).
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Malete, Leapetswe; McCole, Daniel; Tshube, Tshepang; Mphela, Thuso; Maro, Cyprian; Adamba, Clement; Machuve, Juliana; Ocansey, Reginald (2022-02-04).
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was based on the philosophy of sports and exercise strengthening the body which was the shelter of the soul. This philosophy shaped the creation of
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According to WinterGreen Research, the size of the U.S. youth sports market has grown 55 percent since 2010 and is a $ 15.3 billion market in 2017.
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is for under-17s. Many youth sport programmes have multiple age levels, for example under-8, under-10, under-12, etc. It is not, however, only
946:. Characteristics of sports-based youth development programs. New Directions for Youth Development, No 115. Fall 2007. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Gagen, Elizabeth (October 2004). "Making America Flesh: Physicality and Nationhood in Early Twentieth Century Physical Education Reform".
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Feeley, Brian T.; Agel, Julie; LaPrade, Robert F. (January 2016). "When Is It Too Early for Single Sport Specialization?".
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Participation in organized sports during childhood and adolescence has important benefits for physical, psychological, and
1382:"Power, Politics, and "Sport for Development and Peace":Investigating the Utility of Sport for International Development"
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based on significant power relations and religious beliefs, specifically within Muslim communities in countries like
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of understanding of the sport. There are also several social and cultural barriers faced by youth living in the
864:"Effects of a sport-based positive youth development program on youth life skills and entrepreneurial mindsets"
797:"Effects of a sport-based positive youth development program on youth life skills and entrepreneurial mindsets"
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775:"Sport as a Tool for Development and Peace: Towards Achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals"
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which are important for reinforcing verbal messages, showing empathy and building rapport with athletes.
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Sport is one of the most popular activities among youth all over the world. The most popular sports are
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Ruck, Rob (2004). "Sport and Black Pittsburgh, 1900-1930". In Miller, Patrick; Wiggins, David (eds.).
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Messner, Michael (2011). "Gender Ideologies, Youth Sports, and the Production of Soft Essentialism".
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level, as well as sports played outside the education system, whether informally or organized.
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Game of one of the youth divisions of the Borregos Salvages American football associated with
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Cote, Jay; Hay, J (2002). "Children's Involvement in Sport: A developmental perspective".
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Sport and the Color Line: Black Athletes and Race Relations in Twentieth-Century America
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Sport and the Color Line: Black Athletes and Race Relations in Twentieth-Century America
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Harnessing the Power of Sport for Development and Peace: Recommendations to Government
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that impact sport participation. A few of these are religion, culture and language.
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A few countries are beginning to regulate sport programmes to reduce this problem.
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To Show What an Indian Can Do, Volume 2: Sports at Native American Boarding Schools
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To Show What an Indian Can Do, Volume 2: Sports at Native American Boarding Schools
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977:"International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development"
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Sports in America From Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopeida
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Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia
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Sport for Children and Youth: Fostering Development and Strengthening Education
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Powell, JS; Foss, KD (1999). "Injury patterns in selected high school sports".
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Sport for Children and Youth: Fostering Development and Strengthening Education
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Harrist, Chris (2011). "Implementing Sports-based Positive Youth Development".
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schoolwork, family time, and other normal activities are sacrificed to sport.
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Gems, Gerald (2015). "Progressive Era, 1900-1920". In Reiss, Steven (ed.).
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Gems, Gerald (2015). "Progressive Era, 1900-1920". In Reiss, Steven (ed.).
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that may be considered as "youth" sport; for example, the existence of the
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1078:"Many kids are overdoing it when it comes to sports, and that's dangerous"
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The International Olympic Committee's Sports for Hope program, located in
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Brenner, Joel S.; Fitness, Council on Sports Medicine And (2016-08-29).
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team (with their male coaches in background) posing with their trophy.
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Growing Girls: The Natural Origins of Girls' Organizations in America
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Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group (2008).
1175:"The Government Is Reining In Youth Sports. The Adults Are Worried"
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exchange ideas about sports and culture in an educational program.
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Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City
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President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest
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President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest
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President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest
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participation by both boys and girls in team sports is declining.
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1029:"Sports Specialization and Intensive Training in Young Athletes"
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in youth sports still exists. The "separate but equal" ideal of
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112:-sponsored report on "Sport for Development and Peace" stated:
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Race has played a role within youth sports as it has enforced
1731:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 54–55.
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1245:"Sport Participation Rates among Underserved American Youths"
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Blazer, Annie (May 2012). "Religion and Sports in America".
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Blazer, Annie (May 2012). "Religion and Sports in America".
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Blazer, Annie (May 2012). "Religion and Sports in America".
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whether their household income exceeds $ 100,000 per year.
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The practice of sport fosters young people's physical and
1263:"Hidden demographics of youth sports - ESPN The Magazine"
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1781:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 203.
1709:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 1.
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Tansin, Benn; Pfister, Gertrud; Jawad, Haifaa (2011).
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In the Game: Gay Athletes and the Cult of Masculinity
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In the Game: Gay Athletes and the Cult of Masculinity
1904:. New York: University of New York Press. pp.
1870:. New York: University of New York Press. pp.
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452:History of youth athletics in 20th-century America
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761:"How Sports Can Affect Your Emotional Well-Being"
703:"How Kids' Sports Became a $ 15 Billion Industry"
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747:http://www.atyourownrisk.org/benefits-of-sports/
506:African American children playing baseball at a
463:(right) coaching a boys' basketball team in 1927
72:) is usual in discussing "youth sport". Not all
167:manoeuvre under the watchful eyes of her coach.
1414:"Culture, Education, Sport and Ethics Program"
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395:The gap between participation in sport in the
347:remain. With this said, the gender gap in the
163:A U.S. university girl practising a difficult
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329:Women's volleyball team of a U.S. university.
1749:. New York: Taylor and Francis. p. 31.
1517:. New York: Taylor and Francis. p. 25.
1419:The Foundation for Global Sports Development
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1367:Sports Psychology Concepts and Applications
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1208:Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies
606:IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics
86:LEN Junior Water Polo European Championship
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49:. Youth sports includes school sports at
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37:event where competitors are younger than
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1671:. New York: Routledge. pp. 224–226.
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76:define "youth" as "under-18": while the
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1111:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
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1961:College athletics in the United States
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1807:"Youth Sports in America: An Overview"
1805:Seefeldt, Vern; Ewing, Martha (1997).
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1580:"Youth Sports in America: An Overview"
1578:Seefeldt, Vern; Ewing, Martha (1997).
1549:Seefeldt, Vern; Ewing, Martha (1997).
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550:Girls playing association football in
215:Strategies For Effective Communication
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1740:
1738:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1702:
1680:
1678:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1628:
1626:
1598:
1596:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1551:"Youth Sorts in America: An Overview"
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1309:
1075:
690:. Toronto: Right to Play. p. 81.
1744:
1684:
1512:
1243:Sagas, Michael; Cunningham, George.
1214:
672:
530:
497:
390:
124:
108:, running and swimming. In 2008, a
1888:
1854:
1820:
1795:
1763:
1693:
1153:
968:
521:
268:
13:
1735:
1713:
1675:
1653:
1623:
1593:
1564:
1531:
1493:
1447:
1249:The Aspen Institute's Project Play
984:British Journal of Sports Medicine
666:Psychological Foundations of Sport
492:
68:contexts, an age limit of 18 (the
14:
2188:
1925:
1689:. New York: Routledge. p. 8.
591:Australian Youth Olympic Festival
1848:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2012.00347.x
1647:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2012.00347.x
1617:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2012.00347.x
1441:Olympic Youth Development Centre
351:is much larger than that of the
202:Types of Communication in Sports
142:
133:
1426:
1406:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1333:
1318:
1303:
1255:
1236:
1199:
1102:
1069:
1020:
949:
936:
922:
601:European Youth Olympic Festival
294:
224:Concerns in sport participation
855:
788:
767:
740:
721:
694:
239:sports-based youth development
94:World Rowing U23 Championships
1:
759:equals, love (14 July 2022).
648:
554:
1329:. Routledge. pp. 1–271.
1210:. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
997:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962
889:10.1371/journal.pone.0261809
822:10.1371/journal.pone.0261809
730:Youth Development Initiative
701:Gregory, Sean (2017-08-24).
7:
2126:FISU World University Games
1341:"Barriers to Participation"
621:
258:Early sports specialization
244:
10:
2193:
1386:Sociology of Sport Journal
1285:Sociology of Sport Journal
1173:Farrey, Tom (2020-01-07).
1076:Basen, Ryan (2016-09-05).
782:UN Inter-Agency Task Force
539:
318:
155:A U.S. high school girls'
25:2010 Summer Youth Olympics
2118:
2033:
1974:
1967:
1479:10.1191/1474474004eu321oa
942:Perkins, Daniel F. &
535:
314:
1251:. University of Florida.
1123:10.1177/0363546515576899
596:Commonwealth Youth Games
16:Sport practiced by youth
1898:Anderson, Eric (2005).
1864:Anderson, Eric (2005).
1380:Darnell, Simon (2010).
580:Games and championships
570:
84:are for under-18s, the
74:sports governing bodies
1775:Miller, Susan (2007).
1327:Muslim Women and Sport
1312:Social Issues in Sport
1310:Woods, Ronald (2011).
1046:10.1542/peds.2016-2148
558:
511:
464:
425:
340:gender in youth sports
330:
321:Gender in youth sports
193:Communication in sport
27:
23:Youth athletes at the
1206:Coakley, Jay (2009).
549:
505:
470:Muscular Christianity
459:
419:
412:Youth sports programs
328:
290:Inequalities in sport
22:
1725:Bloom, John (2000).
1703:Bloom, John (2000).
1459:Cultural Geographies
1297:10.1123/ssj.28.2.151
232:Negative experiences
102:association football
1471:2004CuGeo..11..417G
1399:10.1123/ssj.27.1.54
880:2022PLoSO..1761809M
813:2022PLoSO..1761809M
616:Youth Olympic Games
608:, organized by the
78:Youth Olympic Games
1179:The New York Times
643:Under-18 athletics
559:
516:racial segregation
512:
465:
426:
331:
28:
2149:
2148:
2114:
2113:
2076:Pickleball (NCPA)
1968:Organizing bodies
1434:"Sports for Hope"
1232:. pp. 1–117.
932:. pp. 1–117.
638:College athletics
586:Asian Youth Games
531:Gender and sports
498:African Americans
461:Hamilton Fish III
391:Spatial divisions
336:gender inequality
125:Benefits of sport
2184:
2167:Children's sport
1972:
1971:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1836:Religion Compass
1831:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1772:
1761:
1760:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1635:Religion Compass
1630:
1621:
1620:
1605:Religion Compass
1600:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1529:
1528:
1510:
1491:
1490:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1170:
1151:
1150:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1048:
1039:(3): e20162148.
1024:
1018:
1017:
999:
981:
972:
966:
965:
953:
947:
940:
934:
933:
926:
920:
919:
909:
891:
859:
853:
852:
842:
824:
792:
786:
785:
779:
771:
765:
764:
756:
750:
749:At Your Own Risk
744:
738:
737:
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
698:
692:
691:
685:
676:
670:
669:
661:
556:
552:Washington, D.C.
522:Native Americans
269:Over-involvement
252:overuse injuries
182:emotional health
146:
137:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2136:Student athlete
2110:
2029:
1963:
1958:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1862:
1855:
1832:
1821:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1773:
1764:
1757:
1743:
1736:
1723:
1714:
1701:
1694:
1683:
1676:
1665:
1654:
1631:
1624:
1601:
1594:
1582:
1576:
1565:
1553:
1547:
1532:
1525:
1511:
1494:
1455:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1323:
1319:
1308:
1304:
1281:
1274:
1269:. 11 July 2013.
1261:
1260:
1256:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1171:
1154:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1082:Washington Post
1074:
1070:
1025:
1021:
990:(13): 843–851.
979:
973:
969:
954:
950:
941:
937:
928:
927:
923:
874:(2): e0261809.
860:
856:
807:(2): e0261809.
793:
789:
777:
773:
772:
768:
757:
753:
745:
741:
726:
722:
713:
711:
699:
695:
683:
677:
673:
662:
655:
651:
624:
582:
573:
544:
542:Women in sports
538:
533:
524:
510:in Ohio in 1947
500:
495:
493:Race and sports
454:
414:
393:
323:
317:
297:
292:
271:
247:
234:
226:
217:
204:
195:
171:
170:
169:
168:
149:
148:
147:
139:
138:
127:
70:age of majority
17:
12:
11:
5:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2177:Sports by type
2174:
2172:Amateur sports
2169:
2164:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2119:Related topics
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2046:Boxing (USIBA)
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1926:External links
1924:
1922:
1921:
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1492:
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1425:
1405:
1372:
1365:Cox, Richard.
1357:
1332:
1317:
1302:
1291:(2): 151–170.
1272:
1254:
1235:
1213:
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1117:(1): 234–241.
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446:Lusaka, Zambia
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110:United Nations
90:underage sport
62:sports studies
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2086:Rowing (ACRA)
2084:
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2067:
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2041:Boxing (NCBA)
2039:
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2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
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2001:
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1917:
1915:9780791465332
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1881:9780791465332
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1788:9780813541563
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1756:9781315700649
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1559:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1524:9781315700649
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1443:: 1–10. 2011.
1442:
1435:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1346:
1345:Sport and Dev
1342:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1314:(2 ed.).
1313:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1246:
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1227:
1220:
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1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
985:
978:
971:
963:
959:
952:
945:
939:
931:
925:
917:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
783:
776:
770:
762:
755:
748:
743:
735:
731:
724:
710:
709:
704:
697:
689:
682:
675:
667:
660:
658:
653:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
617:
614:
612:every 2 years
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
577:
568:
565:
553:
548:
543:
528:
519:
517:
509:
504:
490:
486:
482:
479:
478:social gospel
475:
471:
462:
458:
449:
447:
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436:
430:
423:
418:
409:
407:
402:
398:
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199:
190:
188:
183:
178:
176:
175:social health
166:
162:
158:
154:
145:
136:
122:
117:successfully.
115:
114:
113:
111:
107:
103:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:public policy
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:age, whether
40:
36:
32:
26:
21:
2141:Youth sports
2140:
2091:Rowing (IRA)
2066:Horse riding
1989:
1900:
1866:
1839:
1835:
1813:
1777:
1746:
1727:
1705:
1686:
1668:
1638:
1634:
1608:
1604:
1586:
1557:
1514:
1462:
1458:
1440:
1428:
1417:
1408:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1288:
1284:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1238:
1225:
1207:
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1178:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1081:
1071:
1036:
1032:
1022:
987:
983:
970:
961:
958:J Athl Train
957:
951:
938:
929:
924:
871:
867:
857:
804:
800:
790:
781:
769:
754:
742:
733:
729:
723:
712:. Retrieved
706:
696:
687:
674:
665:
633:Cheerleading
574:
560:
525:
513:
487:
483:
466:
443:
439:
431:
427:
406:global south
401:global north
397:global south
394:
383:. For many,
353:global north
349:global south
345:
332:
309:
305:
300:Global South
298:
295:Social class
276:
272:
263:
256:
248:
235:
227:
218:
209:
205:
196:
179:
172:
160:
152:
120:
99:
89:
82:FA Youth Cup
59:
31:Youth sports
30:
29:
2162:Youth sport
1975:Multi-sport
508:summer camp
283:Puerto Rico
47:adolescents
2156:Categories
2061:Equestrian
1842:(5): 290.
1641:(5): 293.
1611:(5): 292.
1465:(4): 417.
1350:4 November
1192:2020-01-13
1095:2018-05-30
1033:Pediatrics
944:Gil G Noam
736:(11): 1–3.
714:2017-08-25
668:: 484–502.
649:References
540:See also:
435:neoliberal
187:drug abuse
165:gymnastics
157:water polo
106:basketball
2106:Wrestling
1990:(defunct)
1487:145231336
1392:: 54–75.
1187:0362-4331
1131:1552-3365
1090:0190-8286
1055:0031-4005
1006:1473-0480
964:: 277–84.
898:1932-6203
831:1932-6203
55:secondary
2071:Lacrosse
2034:Specific
1267:ESPN.com
1147:15742871
1139:25825379
1063:27573090
1014:26084524
916:35120126
868:PLOS ONE
849:35120126
801:PLOS ONE
622:See also
564:Title IX
399:and the
385:religion
245:Injuries
80:and the
43:children
2101:Running
2056:Cycling
2051:Curling
1467:Bibcode
907:8815907
876:Bibcode
840:8815907
809:Bibcode
784:: 1–33.
365:Morocco
279:Finland
51:primary
33:is any
1912:
1878:
1785:
1753:
1521:
1485:
1185:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1088:
1061:
1053:
1012:
1004:
914:
904:
896:
847:
837:
829:
536:Female
381:Turkey
357:Bosnia
315:Gender
161:Right:
35:sports
2131:NIRSA
2096:Rugby
2081:Rodeo
2025:USCAA
2015:NJCAA
2010:NCCAA
1995:CCCAA
1810:(PDF)
1583:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1483:S2CID
1437:(PDF)
1230:(PDF)
1143:S2CID
980:(PDF)
778:(PDF)
684:(PDF)
377:Syria
361:Egypt
153:Left:
39:adult
2020:NWAC
2005:NCAA
2000:NAIA
1987:AIAW
1982:ACCA
1910:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1816:: 4.
1783:ISBN
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