401:, realising this, made Permanent Settlement in 1793 with the zamindars and made them proprietors of their land in return for a fixed annual rent and left them independent for the internal affairs of their estates. This Permanent Settlement created the new zamindari system as we know it today. After 1857 the army of the majority of zamindars were abolished with exception of a small number of force for policing/digwari/kotwali in their respective estates. If the zamindars were not able to pay the rent until sunset, parts of their estates were acquired and auctioned. This created a new class of zamindars in the society. As the rest of India came later under the control of the
32:
336:. They were vassals who ruled, mostly hereditarily, over their respective territories. They commanded not only a considerable part of the economic resources of the empire but also military power. After the conquest of Hindustan, Babur informs us that one-sixth of its total revenues came from the territories of the chiefs. He writes: "The revenue of the countries now held by me (1528 A.D.) from Bhira to
356:
zamindars. Moreland was one of the first historians to draw our attention to the importance of zamindars in medieval India. He defines zamindars as "vassal chiefs". He points out that there were areas under direct control of
Mughals where there were no zamindars and then there were territories of the vassal chiefs who had autonomy over their state, but were subjugated by the
91:
428:
estimate in the
Imperial Gazetteer of India, there were around 2000 ruling chiefs holding the royal title of Raja and Maharaja which included the rulers of princely states and several large chiefdoms. This numbers increases tenfold if zamindar/ jagirdar chiefs with other non royal but noble title are taken into count.
408:
The
British generally adopted the extant zamindari system of revenue collection in the north of the country. They recognised the zamindars as landowners and proprietors as opposed to Mughal government and in return required them to collect taxes. Although some zamindars were present in the south,
364:
of Mughal India, divided the zamindars into two categories: the autonomous chiefs who enjoyed "sovereign power" in their territories and the ordinary zamindars who exercised superior rights in land and collected land revenue and were mostly appointed by the
Mughals. These people were known as the
351:'s reign, there were around two to three hundred rajas or rais and zamindars who ruled their territory from strong forts under the emperor's suzerainty. Each of these rajas and zamindars commanded an army of their own generally consisting of their clansmen and the total numbers of their troops as
427:
The
British continued the tradition of bestowing both royal and noble titles to zamindars who were loyal to the paramount. The title of Raja, Maharaja, Rai Saheb, Rai Bahadur, Rao, Nawab, Khan Bahadur were bestowed to princely state rulers and to many zamindars from time to time. According to an
436:
Unlike the autonomous or frontier chiefs, the hereditary status of the zamindar class was circumscribed by the
Mughals, and the heir depended to a certain extent on the pleasure of the sovereign. Heirs were set by descent or a times even adoption by religious laws. Under the British Empire, the
355:
tells us, stood at forty-four lakhs comprising 384,558 cavalry, 4,277,057 infantry; 1863 elephants, 4260 guns and 4500 boats. During the Mughal Era, there was no clear difference between the princely states and zamindari estates. Even the ruling autonomous chiefs of princely states were called
441:
and not act as hereditary lords, but at times family politics was at the heart of naming an heir. At times, a cousin could be named an heir with closer family relatives present; a lawfully wedded wife could inherit the zamindari if the ruling zamindar named her as an heir.
264:
in East
Pakistan (Bangladesh) in 1950, India in 1951 and West Pakistan in 1959. The zamindars often played an important role in the regional histories of the subcontinent. One of the most notable examples is the 16th-century confederation formed by twelve zamindars in the
392:
established themselves in India by first becoming zamindars of three villages of
Calcutta, Sultani and Govindpur. Later they acquired the 24-Parganas and in 1765 got control of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Later in 1857 the British Crown was established as the sovereign.
486:
Critics have likened the discipline of global health to a feudal structure where individuals and institutions in high-income nations act as zamindars over health issues of low-and-middle income nations, thus sustaining the imperial nature of global health.
256:
were pre-colonial zamindar holdings elevated to a greater protocol. The
British also reduced the land holdings of many pre-colonial princely states and chieftaincies, demoting their status to a zamindar from previously higher ranks of royalty.
329:
conquered North India, there were many autonomous and semiautonomous rulers who were known locally as Rai, Raja, Rana, Rao, Rawat, etc. while in the various
Persian chronicles, they were referred to as zamindars and
396:
During Mughal Era the zamindars were not proprietors. They used to engage in wars and used to plunder neighbouring kings. So they never looked after the improvements in their land. The East India Company under
310:
999:
645:
405:(EIC), different ways were implemented in different provinces to in regards to the ruling authorities in the region to get them to accede to Company authority.
340:, is fifty-two crores as will be known in detail. Eight or nine crores of this are from the parganas of rais and the rajas who have submitted in the past (to the
475:
1167:
A Digest of Indian Law Cases: Containing High Court Reports, 1862-1900, and Privy Council Reports of Appeals from India, 1836-1900, with an Index of Cases
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380:
divided the zamindars into three categories: (i) The Autonomous Rai/ Rajas or Chiefs, (ii) the intermediary zamindars and (iii) the primary zamindars.
956:
Professor S. Nurul Hasan's article, "The Position of the Zamindars in the Mughal Empire" was however, a major breakthrough ... He has classified the
413:(cultivator) method of collection, which involved selecting certain farmers as being land owners and requiring them to remit their taxes directly.
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995:
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281:, earned a reputation for successively repelling Mughal invasions through naval battles. The zamindars were also patrons of the arts. The
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454:. Such titles are closely related to the zamindar titles. Sometimes the king's own family members were created gountias such as
877:(September–October 2000). "Sanskritization vs. Ethnicization in India: Changing Indentities and Caste Politics before Mandal".
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had a similar effect of ending the system. Due to the zamindari system, small farmers could not become financially strong.
373:). The zamindari system was more prevalent in the north of India because Mughal influence in the south was less apparent.
147:. They were typically hereditary and held the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes.
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In Odisha, the local kings of the princely states appointed or sometimes rewarded individuals as village heads or
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in the Mughal empire into three broad categories: (a) the autonomous chieftains; (b) the intermediary
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whose ancestors were the kings of Sambalpur state and whose family was the gountia of Khinda village.
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1334:"Decolonizing global health: what should be the target of this movement and where does it lead us?"
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252:. The British rewarded supportive zamindars by recognising them as princes. Many of the region's
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The zamindari system was mostly abolished in independent India soon after its creation with the
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many wealthy and influential zamindars were bestowed with princely and royal titles such as
1434:"Decolonising Global (Public) Health: from Western universalism to Global pluriversalities"
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1385:"Navigating the violent process of decolonisation in global health research: a guideline"
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1229:"The Punjab after 1715, the Zamindars and the Problems Facing the Provincial Government"
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and paid a tribute/ nazarana to the Mughal Emperor. However, Irfan Habib in his book
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were influential in the development of Bengal. They played pivotal part during the
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1170:. Vol. III. Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 5498.
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Kwete X, Tang K, Chen L, Ren R, Chen Q, Wu Z, et al. (January 2022).
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Great Britain. Privy Council. Judicial Committee.; India. Courts. (1908).
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they were not so in large numbers and the British administrators used the
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zamindars (intermediaries) and they collected revenue primarily from the
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60:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Moral conduct and authority: the place of adab in South Asian Islam
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129:(feudal estate). The term itself came into use during the reign of
1026:"Patriotic And Comprador Zamindars In The Great Rebellion Of 1857"
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347:
According to Arif Qandhari, one of the contemporary historians of
102:. His family's landholdings in Bengal were one of the largest in
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370:
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293:, who was often based at his estate. The zamindars also promoted
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began using it as a native synonym for "estate". The term means
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https://indiankanoon.org/search/?formInput=gountia%27s%20rights
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Chieftains in the Mughal Empire: During the Reign of Akbar
794:(1. Saiyid Ahmad Khan, Delhi, 1856 ed.). p. 120.
1083:. Controller of Stationery and Print. 1888. p. 385.
946:. Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 7.
840:
Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (30 December 2008).
638:"Give an account of the Ruling Classes of Mughal Empire"
1431:
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Problems of Zamindari and Land Reconstruction in India
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as shown in Articles 19 and 31. In East Pakistan, the
842:"The Politics of Empire in Southern and Eastern Asia"
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East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950
1097:
Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal
996:"Provisions of the Permanent Settlement Act of 1793"
1164:Woodman, Joseph Vere; Monnier, Emile Henry (1902).
331:
984:. Bombay: Bombay New Book Company LTD. p. 10.
979:
916:(2nd revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
208:, zamindars were the land-owning nobility of the
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1057:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
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814:(PhD). Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 3–5.
808:Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar
758:Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar
603:. University of California Press. p. 269.
542:List of amendments of the Constitution of India
1235:(2 ed.), Delhi: Oxford University Press,
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914:The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1526-1707
846:Voyages in World History, Volume 2: Since 1500
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764:(PhD). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 1.
1432:Affun-Adegbulu C, Adegbulu O (August 2020).
1217:{{State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950 }}
998:(User-generated content). 29 November 2014.
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468:First Amendment of the Constitution of India
220:and their ancestral domains were treated as
1100:. Cambridge University Press. p. 223.
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665:. Cambridge University Press. p. 106.
1233:The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India
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76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1123:Madras High Court Reports: 1870 and 1871
662:Migration, Food Security and Development
313:Mehtab Chand (1820–79) (zamindar of the
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89:
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1275:Keshri VR, Bhaumik S (September 2022).
1047:Islam, Sirajul; Akhter, Shirin (2012).
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344:), receive allowance and maintenance."
244:by caste. During the colonial era, the
212:. and formed the ruling class. Emperor
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1126:. J. Higgingbotham. 1872. p. 209.
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1002:from the original on 23 September 2021
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744:from the original on 30 November 2016.
722:from the original on 30 November 2016.
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248:consolidated what became known as the
1080:The Indian Law Reports: Madras series
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821:from the original on 2 November 2018
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688:Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State
437:zamindars were to be subordinate to
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636:Acharya, Shreya (30 October 2011).
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1338:Global Health Research and Policy
1257:from the original on 8 March 2023
1067:from the original on 3 July 2015.
848:. Cengage Learning. p. 461.
712:"Abolition of Zamindari in India"
659:Choithani, Chetan (11 May 2023).
648:from the original on 21 May 2013.
617:from the original on 8 March 2023
98:was a zamindar with the title of
1036:from the original on 5 May 2012.
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1383:Rasheed MA (December 2021).
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16:Indian hereditary aristocrat
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718:. General Knowledge Today.
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273:), which, according to the
56:the claims made and adding
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1351:10.1186/s41256-022-00237-3
1197:. Ecco. pp. 219–220.
1193:Guha, Ramachandra (2011).
1055:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
734:"Land reforms in Pakistan"
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1450:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002947
1389:The Lancet. Global Health
1293:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010603
942:Khan, Ahsan Raza (1977).
21:Zamindar (disambiguation)
1094:McLane, John R. (2002).
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422:Indian Rebellion of 1857
228:by religion and usually
1521:Feudalism in Bangladesh
1227:Alam, Muzahpar (2013),
565:Alternative spellings:
517:Ghatwals and Mulraiyats
285:produced India's first
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912:Habib, Irfan (2000) .
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151:During the period of
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1506:Titles in Bangladesh
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928:For the meanings of
642:preservearticles.com
246:Permanent Settlement
19:For other uses, see
1395:(12): e1640–e1641.
1059:(Second ed.).
740:. 11 October 2010.
418:Zamindars of Bengal
291:Rabindranath Tagore
210:Indian subcontinent
116:Indian subcontinent
1195:India After Gandhi
1030:People's Democracy
686:Baxter, C (1997).
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470:which amended the
403:East India Company
390:East India Company
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317:) as a young man,
224:. Zamindars were
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41:possibly contains
1438:BMJ Global Health
1281:BMJ Global Health
1250:978-0-19-807741-1
1204:978-0-330-54020-9
1107:978-0-521-52654-8
1024:(18 March 2007).
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