1556:
1568:
1053:, damage to three destroyers and that the German command had been made anxious about the security of the coast. Had Bacon been able to repeat the shore bombardments at short intervals, naval operations from the Flanders coast by the Germans would have been much more difficult to organise. More bombardments were planned but these were all postponed because essential conditions of tide and weather were not met. After several months, the bombardments resumed but the Germans had been able to repair the damage. As the long methodical bombardments of Ostend and Zeebrugge had proved impractical, Bacon attached a large monitor to the forces which patrolled coastal barrages, ready to exploit opportunities of favourable wind and weather to bombard Zeebrugge and Ostend, which occurred several times but had no effect on the working of the ports.
1508:
1496:
843:
screen would be carried over the ships and out to sea, exposing them to view from the shore. Such conditions were unlikely to recur for several days, making a bombardment on the following day most unlikely. The bombardment force sailed for
Zeebrugge three times but changes in the weather forced a return to England each time. On 11 May, Bacon ordered another attempt for the next day; a buoy was laid 15 nmi (17 mi; 28 km) to the north-west of the mole as a guide and a second buoy was placed in the bombardment position. A bearing was taken from the buoy to the base of the mole at Zeebrugge by a ship sailing from the buoy to the mole, despite a mist which reduced visibility to a mile and the ship advancing
977:
1290:
1580:
1544:
1520:
220:
1532:
1478:
958:
165:
1604:
208:
197:
186:
949:
shells had landed within a few yards of the lock gates on the western side and four shells had fallen just as close on the eastern side. The basin north of the locks had been hit and some damage caused to the docks but
Zeebrugge remained open to German destroyers and U-boats. The Admiralty concluded that had the monitors been ready to fire as soon as the observer in the artillery-observation aircraft signalled or if the shoot had been reported throughout, the lock gates would have been hit. Bacon made preparations to bombard Ostend harbour.
1592:
150:
1128:
746:
1315:, wrote that before the raid, two submarines entered or left the Flanders bases each day and continued at that rate during the week after the raid. The block ships were sunk in the wrong position and the canal was only obstructed for a few days. The Germans removed two piers in the western bank of the canal near the block ships and dredged a channel through the silt near their sterns. At high tide, U-boats could move along the new channel past the block ships.
1408:
Cross rules specify that four
Victoria Crosses should be awarded this way (one to an officer, one to an NCO and two to other ranks) but they were not observed and only two Victoria Crosses were awarded. This was the last time that Victoria Crosses were awarded by ballot, although the rule remained within the Victoria Cross warrant. In a mark of respect to those involved in the raid, the Royal Marines have never raised another 4th Battalion.
2389:
much to their disappointment. Only eleven were chosen". Lieutenant
Commander Ronald Boddie recalled, "It was the 1st March when I joined the Hindustan with 40 other officers, 200 seamen and 250 stokers, all from the Grand Fleet. The Hindustan was an elderly battleship and was to be our home until the expedition was ready to sail".
1329:("They can because they think they can"). Bacon wrote in 1931 that he was a seagoing commander with intimate knowledge of the tidal and navigational conditions in the Ostend and Zeebrugge areas; operational failures were due in part to the appointment of Keyes (an Admiralty man) and his changes to plans Bacon had laid.
62:
1323:
inflicted a steady attrition of the
Flanders U-boats and the attack on Zeebrugge came when the German blockade of Britain was supposed to have reduced drastically the resources and endurance of the British Empire. News of the raid was skilfully exploited to raise Allied morale and to foreshadow victory
2398:
Able Seaman
William O'Hara recalled the moment when he reported at Chatham Barracks, "There was great speculations as to what we were there for but no one could satisfy our curiosity. We were eventually detailed off into four sections, men belonging to ships of the same squadron being detailed to the
1262:
packed into their fore-ends and were to be driven into the viaduct and then blown up, to prevent reinforcement of the German garrison on the mole. The crews were to abandon their submarines shortly before the collision with the viaduct, leaving the submarines to steer themselves automatically. During
855:
had formed a line, ready to generate the smokescreen and the escorts formed a square around the monitors. Five destroyers zigzagged around the flotilla as a screen against U-boats, the minesweepers began operating around the monitors and the covering force cruised in the distance, ready to intercept
682:. The plan was rejected due to the difficulty of supplying a landing force and the vulnerability of such a force to a land counter-attack; subsequent proposals were rejected for the same reasons. A bombardment of the Zeebrugge lock gates under cover of a smoke screen was studied by Vice-Admiral Sir
1318:
The average number of passages was maintained until June, when the rate fell to about one submarine per day, to an extent due to a bombardment of
Zeebrugge on 9 June. After the damage was repaired, the rate of U-boat traffic did not return to the pre-raid level. Newbolt considered that the reduced
1118:
from
Dunkirk. The success of the raid depended upon smokescreens to protect the British ships from the fire of German coastal artillery but the wind direction was unfavourable and the attack was called off. Zeebrugge was visible to the fleet and the fleet to the Germans in Zeebrugge; seventy-seven
972:
provided four light cruisers, a flotilla leader and eight destroyers as a covering force off the
Thornton Bank and a second wave of four light cruisers and eight destroyers to guard against an attack from the Schouwen Bank. The firing buoy and its bearing and range from the target were established
842:
The plan needed a rare combination of wind, tide and weather; to obtain surprise the monitors would need to be in position before dawn. Mist and low cloud would make artillery observation from an aircraft impossible and the wind would have to be blowing from a narrow range of bearings or the smoke
838:
to fire them. If the attempt began with surprise and the bombardment ships were obscured by a smoke screen, the German guns at Knokke might not have enough time accurately to return fire before the bombardment ended. Bacon thought that the destruction of the lock gates was worth the sacrifice of a
2388:
Leading Stoker
Norbert McCrory recalled that "On 23rd Feb 1918.... We... received a wireless asking for volunteers to the numbers of eleven men, for special service. On receiving the message, Seamen and Stokers were asked to volunteer. Soon it was seen all who wished to go could not be accepted,
1407:
The Zeebrugge Raid was promoted by Allied propaganda as a British victory and eight Victoria Crosses were awarded. The 4th Battalion Royal Marines was awarded the Victoria Cross for the action. Under Rule 13 of the Victoria Cross warrant, a ballot was stipulated to select the recipients. Victoria
1398:
or because the survivors recovered their bodies. The Zeebrugge plot of St James's Cemetery, Dover has nine unidentified men and fifty named men who died on 23 April 1918 but most fatalities were returned to their families for local burial. The Germans suffered casualties of eight dead and sixteen
1322:
Newbolt wrote that the raid on Zeebrugge was part of an anti-submarine campaign which had lasted for five months, using patrols and minefields to close the Straits and which continued despite the most destructive sortie achieved by the Germans during the war. The British anti-submarine measures
948:
battery opened fire. Two seaplanes which attempted to approach the fleet were driven off by British fighter seaplanes, which escorted the fleet home. Bacon returned with the impression that the bombardment had succeeded but aerial photographs taken the following week revealed that about fifteen
702:
was appointed director of the Plans Division at the Admiralty in October 1917 and on 3 December submitted another plan for the blocking of Zeebrugge and Ostend using old cruisers in a night attack in the period from 14 to 19 March. Bacon also proposed an operation on 18 December, which combined
1078:
battery of four 11 in (280 mm) guns, with a range of 35,000 yd (20 mi; 32 km), 1.5 mi (2.4 km) west of Ostend. Two more batteries were being built in early 1917 and between the main defences were many mobile guns, entrenchments and machine-gun nests. The only
937:
fighters engaged them and some of the aircraft from over the fleet, which joined in the dogfight. The British claimed five German aircraft shot down and the fleet was able to complete the bombardment. A third patrol later shot down a German seaplane into Ostend harbour and lost one fighter. At
967:
Attempts to bombard Ostend on 26 and 27 May were abandoned because of poor weather but on 4 June, the bombardment ships sailed for the Ratel Bank off Ostend; the bombardment force was smaller and the covering force larger than for the Zeebrugge operation, since surprise was less likely. The
2444:"....rocket experiments were conducted under my own patents with the help of Cdr. Brock, a truly great man who lost his life at Zeebrugge. For that Mole attack I had prepared a radio-fired bomb device by which any one of a number of floating buoys could be selected and exploded by radio."
777:
and had no influence on events at Zeebrugge and Ostend. If landings at the ports were successful, the forces involved would be doomed unless they were relieved by the advance of the armies in Flanders. Bacon devised a plan to destroy the lock gates at Zeebrugge by bombardment with the
1319:
traffic was caused by the recall of some U-boats to Germany in June, after reports that operations in the Dover Straits had become too dangerous. The usual remedy, of increasing the number of destroyer raids, was not possible because of the difficulty in using Zeebrugge as a harbour.
2412:: Lieutenant Richard Sandford, R.N. wounded, Lieutenant J. Howell Price, D.S.C., R.N.R., Coxswain, Petty-Officer W. Harner, O.N. 228795 wounded, E.R.A. A. G. Roxburgh, O.N. 272242, Leading Seaman W.G. Mayer, On.N. 22196, Stoker 1., H. C. Bindall, O.N. K5343 wounded. Submarine
1003:
which were steering towards Ostend to establish the range and bearing of the target from the sighting buoy. The German destroyers frustrated two attempts to enter the harbour, which left the fleet without sighting data and reliant on dead reckoning. At about
694:
proposed an attack to block Zeebrugge, which was rejected. Tyrwhitt suggested a more ambitious operation to capture the mole and the town as a prelude to advancing on Antwerp. Bacon was asked to give his opinion and rejected the plan, as did the Admiralty.
2416:: Lieutenant A.C. Newbold, R.N., Lieutenant S.A. Bayford, D.S.C., R.N.R., Petty-Officer H. G. Jones, L.T.O., O.N. 17 994, Petty Officer G. T. Newman, O.N. 213236 Coxswain, E.R.A. W. H. R. Coward, O.N. 1495, Stoker Petty-Officer F. J. Smith, O.N. 299134.
1242:, which had been ordered to ram the lock gates at the end of the channel, was severely damaged by German fire and collided with a submerged wire net, which disabled both of its engines. Starting to sink before reaching the main channel, the crew of
1555:
932:
In the first hour of the bombardment, German retaliation was limited to anti-aircraft fire and attempts to jam the wireless of the artillery-observation aircraft. When the Pups from 4 (Naval) Squadron arrived, twice their number of German
645:, to trap the German garrison. The blockships were sunk in the wrong place and after a few days the Germans had opened the canal to submarines at high tide. Lessons were learned during the operation that would be put to use in the
1079:
vulnerable part of the German defensive system was the lock gates at Zeebrugge, the destruction of which would make the canal to Bruges tidal and drastically reduce the number of ships and submarines that could pass along it.
3245:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. V (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Longmans.
3597:
British Pathe film of the mass burial of British casualties of the Zeebrugge Raid, 1918, held in St James's Cemetery and the burial (24 coffins, nine identified, 15 unidentified) had a "Cross of Sacrifice" above
1197:, to destroy German gun positions. During the landing the wind changed and the smokescreen to cover the ship was blown offshore. The marines immediately came under massed fire and suffered many casualties.
1477:
904:
RNAS flew over the fleet. One of the artillery-observation aircraft had engine trouble and force-landed in the Netherlands; the other ran short of petrol. Firing from the monitors was opened just after
1039:
and withdrew northwards. The covering force guarded the ships from a point 5 nmi (5.8 mi; 9.3 km) distant, having engaged two German destroyers as they tried to reach Zeebrugge, sinking
1567:
5795:
477:
1507:
1337:
Ostend had been attacked at the same time as the attempt on Zeebrugge but this effort was a failure. Believing the Zeebrugge raid to have been effective, the British undertook the
5163:
1930:(ML), numbers 79, 110, 121, 128, 223, 239, 241, 252, 258, 262, 272, 280, 282, 308, 314, 345, 397, 416, 420, 422, 424, 513, 525, 526, 533, 549, 552, 555, 557, 558, 560, 561 and 562
5178:
5362:
909:
and at first fell short; many of the shells failed to explode, which left the aircraft unable to signal the fall of shot. The accuracy of the bombardment improved soon after;
284:
1495:
725:
was to bombard the lock gates and fortifications from short range; the blockships were to enter the harbour in the confusion. The raid was proposed in 1917 by Admiral Sir
549:
1072:, a heavy artillery battery at Knokke, east of the Bruges Canal, of four 12 in (300 mm) guns, with a range of 41,000 yd (23 mi; 37 km) and the
5260:
2428:
said "...the preparation of bombs, which although successful, only just operated in time for Commander Brock to see them in the last hours of his life at Zeebrugge".
766:
4897:
4068:
1091:
for volunteers for special service on 23 February 1918. Very few of the participants were aware of the objective. The cruisers involved in the blockade, including
539:
5800:
5339:
1579:
534:
5367:
3881:
1969:
1958:
761:
The possibility of a landing on the Belgian coast was not abandoned, despite the number of rejected plans and early in 1917, Bacon assisted in the planning of
470:
5555:
5282:
4974:
3939:
621:
An attempt to raid Zeebrugge was made on 2 April 1918 but was cancelled at the last moment, after the wind direction changed and made it impossible to lay a
1543:
929:
leaving the last half-hour of the bombardment reliant on estimated corrections of aim. Two relieving aircraft also had engine trouble and failed to arrive.
5662:
1768:
1603:
1012:
the bombardment force Motor Launches began to lay a smokescreen. At dawn the coast became visible and Bacon corrected the position by taking a bearing on
5570:
5325:
5565:
5255:
5206:
5121:
3629:
1201:
was spotted by German gunners and forced to land in the wrong place, resulting in the loss of the marines' heavy gun support. Eventually the submarine
1045:. Ostend was a larger target than Zeebrugge and could be seen from the sea, which made accurate shooting easier. The dockyard was hit by twenty out of
5409:
463:
277:
614:, a 1917 plan to advance up the coast, proved abortive. As ship losses to U-boats increased, finding a way to close the ports became urgent and the
737:
to leave the port. The raid was approved in January 1918 and volunteer crews were obtained from the Grand Fleet "to perform a hazardous service".
5250:
4615:
2441:
1908:
1110:
and the submarines were converted in Portsmouth. The fleet made its rendezvous at Swin Deep, about 8 nmi (9.2 mi; 15 km) south of
91:
2217:
1519:
4046:
1531:
4108:
1394:, the man who devised and commanded the smoke screen. Most of the casualties were buried in England either because they died of their wounds
5790:
5310:
5240:
4879:
4098:
4009:
3394:
594:. The British intended to sink obsolete ships in the canal entrance, to prevent German vessels from leaving port. The port was used by the
270:
1591:
5334:
4232:
3686:
155:
3909:
329:
1219:
failed. The failure of the attack on the Zeebrugge mole resulted in the Germans concentrating their fire on the three blocking ships,
4239:
2982:
1102:
for the special fitting out or (in the case of the ships to be sunk) stripping out of unnecessary equipment, including their masts.
3891:
5560:
3562:
Ostend and Zeebrugge 23 April – 19 May 1918: the Dispatches of Vice-Admiral Sir Roger Keyes and Other Narratives of the Operations
5492:
5330:
5317:
5274:
5183:
4909:
4718:
4625:
4527:
4285:
3932:
3369:
304:
1119:
ships of all sizes, some with their lights already switched off, had to make a sharp turn to the west to return to their bases.
97:
5684:
5674:
5542:
2240:
and 6 for escort to large monitors), Numbers 11, 16, 17, 22, 23, 30, 60, 105, 254, 274, 276, 279, 283, 429, 512, 532, 551, 556
5820:
5456:
5390:
5227:
5106:
4779:
3805:
3661:
3549:
3513:
3494:
3475:
3456:
3317:
3294:
3250:
3212:
3193:
3167:
3146:
364:
5631:
5051:
3843:
3231:
2462:
Kendall lists the names of the fatalities and the locations of their graves, which are predominantly in the United Kingdom.
5402:
4361:
3866:
5616:
773:
at the northern extremity of the Western Front. The operation was dependent on the advance of the British armies in the
5601:
4891:
4300:
4058:
2453:
IWM - Royal Flying Corps Feltham Transmitter for the selective firing of floating mines for use in the Zeebrugge raid.
1114:. The first opportunity for the raid was early April 1918 and on 2 April the fleet sailed and Zeebrugge was bombed by
5476:
5170:
4986:
4265:
3736:
497:
409:
404:
309:
4728:
4663:
3701:
3607:
1824:
1803:
1736:
675:
5727:
5532:
5512:
5299:
5235:
5058:
4927:
3838:
3758:
3696:
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5527:
5522:
5517:
5507:
5201:
3853:
3828:
3726:
2223:
2199:
2146:
2015:
1976:
444:
17:
809:
5502:
5497:
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5395:
5287:
5133:
4723:
4575:
4113:
4041:
3972:
3741:
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3619:
3162:. Vol. IV (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press repr. ed.). London: Clarendon Press.
2178:
2167:
389:
379:
957:
5451:
5078:
5018:
4915:
4820:
4590:
4376:
4080:
3919:
3818:
1915:
1177:. The three ships were accompanied by two old submarines, which were filled with explosives to blow up the
699:
354:
339:
201:
976:
5689:
5126:
5111:
4969:
4921:
4693:
4244:
4118:
4031:
4026:
3795:
3783:
3778:
3309:
2270:
1761:
806:
The bombardment would have to be undertaken at long range, because of the danger of return fire from the
502:
344:
314:
4305:
818:
and meant aiming at a target 90 by 30 sq ft (8.4 by 2.8 m) in area at a range of 13
5825:
5815:
5785:
5669:
5626:
4903:
4668:
4653:
4555:
4424:
3992:
3904:
3861:
1789:
1050:
524:
414:
359:
1289:
5611:
5379:
4963:
4951:
4713:
4698:
4419:
4310:
4004:
3982:
3731:
3721:
3654:
2229:
2062:
1894:
1013:
779:
708:
519:
4565:
1924:(CMB), numbers 5, 7, 15, 16, 17, 21B, 22B, 23B, 24A, 25BD, 26B, 27A, 28A, 29A, 30B, 32A, 34A and 35A
1489:, torpedoed several times during the raid by the British and scuttled by the Germans in October 1918
5810:
5586:
5073:
5063:
4992:
4945:
4933:
4873:
4688:
4683:
4605:
4014:
3987:
3691:
2090:
2040:
1987:
1873:
1775:
1216:
679:
591:
507:
374:
349:
1267:
parted with its tow and arrived too late to take part in the operation. Sandford elected to steer
5657:
5649:
5591:
5351:
5046:
4809:
4643:
4638:
4570:
4429:
4414:
4409:
4389:
4270:
4147:
2001:
1625:
1440:
1258:
were old, manned by volunteer crews of one other officer and four ratings. They had five tons of
1194:
1149:
A second attempt was made on 23 April, in conjunction with a raid on the neighbouring harbour of
973:
using the Zeebrugge method and the escorting ships formed a square around the bombardment ships.
873:
774:
634:
384:
4610:
3386:
5424:
5148:
5083:
4939:
4673:
4600:
4550:
4535:
4517:
4490:
4404:
4371:
4036:
3997:
3977:
3788:
3681:
3308:. The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Vol. I (repr. ed.). Toronto:
2264:
1639:
1424:
934:
921:
was most hampered by the loss of one of the aircraft and by dud shells; only forty-five of the
610:
and southern North Sea. Several attempts to close the Flanders ports by bombardment failed and
544:
434:
1246:
coaxed enough power from the engines to bring it over a dredged part of the outer channel and
224:
5414:
5068:
4957:
4733:
4703:
4633:
4580:
4502:
4470:
4444:
4394:
4325:
4227:
4180:
3964:
3833:
3716:
2247:(TB) and motor launches (escort to M-class monitors), TB numbers 1 and 2, ML numbers 33 and 3
2019:
1849:
1754:
1632:
1456:
1388:
1381:
1092:
603:
3634:
1250:
the ship. The two other ships were sunk at the narrowest point of the canal. The submarines
5764:
5679:
4366:
4340:
4290:
3647:
2192:
2153:
2083:
1994:
1948:
1927:
1842:
1782:
1707:
1690:
1683:
1352:
were sunk as a blockships. The plan took guidance from the experience gained at Zeebrugge.
1233:
998:
925:
fired were reported and the observation aircraft had to return because of fuel shortage at
901:
889:
852:
719:
595:
394:
4315:
2978:
8:
5746:
4885:
4749:
4708:
4585:
4545:
4540:
4485:
4168:
4162:
4063:
3560:
3260:
2139:
1866:
1796:
1676:
1411:
A ballot was similarly held for the crews of the assault vessels for the Zeebrugge Mole (
1227:
1154:
1115:
642:
5699:
5805:
5706:
5621:
4980:
4844:
4826:
4791:
4755:
4595:
4560:
4512:
4497:
4384:
4335:
4174:
4133:
3813:
2250:
2160:
1921:
1835:
1391:
1338:
512:
429:
399:
35:
3591:
3387:"31189: 18 February 1919, Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids, Naval Despatch dated 9 May 1918"
1215:
The attempt to sink three old cruisers to block the flow of traffic in and out of the
690:
and the Admiralty in late 1915 but was also rejected as too risky. In 1916, Commodore
625:
to cover the ships. Another attempt was made on 23 April, with a concurrent attack on
5739:
5733:
5694:
5596:
5429:
5012:
4867:
4850:
4658:
4480:
4460:
4295:
4280:
4210:
4198:
3899:
3876:
3823:
3624:
3566:
3545:
3528:
3509:
3490:
3471:
3452:
3428:
3361:
3342:
3313:
3290:
3266:
3246:
3227:
3208:
3189:
3163:
3157:
3142:
3125:
3098:
2185:
2171:
2118:
2076:
2055:
2026:
1859:
1747:
1729:
1700:
1669:
1646:
1346:
1220:
1166:
1150:
1008:
gunfire was heard from the direction of the covering force to the north and at about
844:
797:
704:
691:
615:
424:
369:
87:
31:
3092:
2253:(CMB): numbers 2, 4, 10 and 12 (40 ft class) and numbers 19A and 20A (55 ft class)
4797:
4767:
4761:
4678:
4507:
4475:
4465:
4204:
4128:
4123:
4051:
3871:
3771:
3418:
3139:
No Pyrrhic Victories: The 1918 Raids on Zeebrugge and Ostend. A Radical Reappraisal
2135:
2128:
2033:
2008:
1980:
1941:
1934:
1807:
1460:
1432:
1306:. The obstructions are not enough to prevent U-boats from sailing out at high tide.
991:
897:
790:
783:
646:
334:
324:
319:
3596:
3186:
Wielding the Dagger: The Marinekorps Flandern and the German War Effort, 1914–1918
830:), using directions from an artillery-observation aircraft. Bacon calculated that
5606:
5446:
4785:
4345:
4320:
4019:
3927:
3766:
3615:
3159:
The War in the Air: Being the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force
2287:
1817:
1444:
752:
607:
576:
53:
5439:
5419:
5090:
4803:
4439:
4330:
4186:
4090:
4073:
3422:
2069:
1464:
1209:
1040:
762:
683:
611:
568:
212:
2379:, two flotilla leaders, six destroyers, two P-boats and twelve Motor Launches.
5779:
5550:
4838:
4832:
4275:
4192:
4103:
3346:
3334:
3120:
2437:
2360:
1620:
Royal Navy order of battle for the Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids: 22 April 1918
1312:
1190:
969:
851:
with the bearing and distance. The bombardment ships had taken position, the
819:
726:
190:
170:
112:
99:
3270:
1127:
5000:
4434:
3602:
3532:
3432:
3129:
3102:
2244:
2237:
1659:
1162:
876:(RNAS) artillery-observation aircraft from Dunkirk, which had taken off at
687:
622:
455:
439:
3570:
3451:(Eng. pbk. trans. Unicorn, London ed.). Erpe: Uitgeverij De Krijger.
1423:
II) and the raiding parties. Victoria Crosses were awarded to Able Seaman
839:
monitor but that risking all three for no result was impossible to avoid.
5211:
5116:
4814:
4249:
3670:
2770:
2213:
1904:
1898:
1653:
1483:
1172:
1088:
885:
770:
745:
3265:. Vol. XVIII (online scan ed.). London: The Times. 1914–1921.
1609:
Graves of unidentified British casualties buried in Zeebrugge Churchyard
1271:
into the viaduct manually instead of depending on the automatic system.
2206:
1828:
1561:
William Lionel Wyllie - The Storming of Zeebrugge Mole, St George's Day
584:
262:
61:
5006:
4773:
2425:
1665:
1247:
827:
734:
730:
671:
630:
884:
over Zeebrugge for almost two hours. The aircraft were met by seven
27:
1918 Royal Navy blockade of the Belgian port of Zeebrugge during WWI
5266:
2896:
1020:
German coastal guns replied within minutes and fired accurately at
1153:. The raid began with a diversion against the mile-long Zeebrugge
2884:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2049:
1573:
Charles John De Lacy - HMS Vindictive at Zeebrugge, 23 April 1918
1178:
1111:
638:
599:
588:
132:
No success because the U-boats' exit routes could not be blocked
3603:
2013 Photo of the Zeebrugge Bell and Housing on Dover Town Hall
1887:
1880:
1259:
1202:
815:
667:
663:
626:
3639:
3635:
Items of the IWM Collection associated with the Zeebrugge Raid
1585:
Monument in London to Albert Mckenzie for his role in the raid
729:
but was not authorised until Keyes adapted Bacon's plan for a
5434:
3041:
3039:
3014:
3012:
2874:
2872:
2710:
1723:
1513:
Zeebrugge Memorial and graves from St James Cemetery in Dover
1459:, Royal Marine Artillery, was selected by the 4th Battalion.
1212:, destroyed the viaduct when its demolition charge exploded.
1364:
involved in the operation, S. F. Wise recorded in 1981 that
847:
to German shore batteries. The ship returned to the buoy by
703:
Tyrwhitt's landing on the mole with a blocking operation. A
2628:
2626:
1066:
By 1917 the German defences on the Flanders coast included
1049:
and intelligence reports noted the sinking of a lighter, a
869:
823:
3036:
3009:
2869:
2830:
2782:
2758:
2734:
2698:
2650:
2516:
2514:
1549:
Detail of the commemorative plate in the port of Zeebrugge
5796:
Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
2859:
2857:
2487:
2475:
2359:
Tyrwhitt, with two cruisers and twelve destroyers of the
2258:
Personnel participating in raids and covering operations
986:
German destroyers were sighted east of the Ratel Bank at
962:
Bruges docks and the approaches from Ostend and Zeebrugge
3630:
23 April 1918 – Zeebrugge Raid Western Front Association
3362:"CWGC: Cemetery Details for Dover (St James's) Cemetery"
3289:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books Ltd.
2818:
2662:
2638:
2623:
2601:
2599:
1501:
Dedication text of Zeebrugge Cross of Sacrifice in Dover
2541:
2531:
2529:
2511:
1597:
Memorial plaque for the missing in Zeebrugge Churchyard
1294:
Channel obstructed after the raid; (Left to right) HMS
864:
The bombardment opened late because of the need to tow
3625:
Battles: The Raid on Zeebrugge, 1918 FirstWorldWar.net
3051:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2854:
2842:
2806:
2794:
2746:
2920:
2722:
2686:
2674:
2611:
2596:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
859:
3024:
2553:
2526:
2499:
3592:
British Pathe footage of the Zeebrugge Raid in 1918
2944:
2908:
834:would be necessary and that it would take at least
2959:
2565:
952:
3063:
5777:
3205:The Zeebrugge Raid 1918: The Finest Feat of Arms
2997:
2261:Royal Navy: 82 officers and 1,698 men including
662:At the end of 1916 a combined operation against
146:
4616:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
3449:Nieuwpoort Sector 1917: The Battle of the Dunes
5801:Naval battles of World War I involving Germany
3542:The Blocking of Zeebrugge – Operation Z-O 1918
3337:(3 October 1952). "The First Guided Missile".
3226:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Frontline Books.
3224:The Zeebrugge Raid 1918 (Voices from the Past)
3655:
2979:"Transmitter, for remote radio control mines"
2290:– a similar operation of the Second World War
1467:who led the 4th Battalion were also awarded.
1463:, commander of the submarine C.3 and Captain
471:
278:
1907:(to take off surplus crew from blockships):
1537:Commemorative plate in the port of Zeebrugge
1073:
1067:
943:
807:
733:, to make it difficult for German ships and
485:
5099:
1324:
633:were scuttled in the narrowest part of the
602:and light shipping, which were a threat to
66:Diagram of Zeebrugge harbour after the raid
3662:
3648:
3119:He Lit The Lamp: A Biography Of Professor
2323:, eight destroyers from the 6th Flotilla,
1879:Submarines (to damage Zeebrugge viaduct):
913:hit the target with its twelfth shell and
583:) on 23 April 1918, was an attempt by the
478:
464:
285:
271:
3417:
3259:
2824:
1132:The blocking of Zeebrugge (true order is
657:
161:
4898:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1631:Assault vessels for the Zeebrugge Mole:
1525:Saint George's Day memorial in Zeebrugge
1288:
1126:
975:
956:
765:, landings by the three brigades of the
744:
740:
618:became more willing to consider a raid.
5275:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
3484:
3306:Canadian Airmen and the First World War
3240:
3221:
3202:
3136:
3057:
3045:
3018:
2938:
2926:
2902:
2878:
2863:
2848:
2836:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2617:
2605:
2590:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2520:
2505:
2493:
2481:
1816:Unit R (to patrol north of Zeebrugge):
1795:Unit F (to patrol north of Zeebrugge):
1624:Assembled at the Swin Spitway (off the
1082:
292:
14:
5778:
3539:
3506:Zeebrugge: Eleven VCs before Breakfast
3446:
3284:
2776:
1858:Unit X (escort to Ostend blockships):
942:the ships weighed anchor, just as the
5228:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
4571:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
3643:
3558:
3508:(Phoenix ed.). London: Cassell.
3384:
3183:
3155:
3116:
3094:The Concise Story of the Dover Patrol
3090:
3069:
3030:
2953:
2890:
2578:
1311:In 1931, the official historian, Sir
892:RNAS, which patrolled the coast from
637:and one of two submarines rammed the
459:
266:
5632:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
3522:
3503:
3465:
3372:from the original on 2 February 2018
3360:
3303:
3003:
2914:
5791:North Sea operations of World War I
5561:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
4362:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
3612:storms the Zeebrugge mole: painting
3470:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books.
3468:The Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids 1918
3333:
2965:
1841:(Admiralty M-class destroyers) and
1238:, which were filled with concrete.
1098:, were equipped in Chatham by over
868:, slowing the armada and also by a
750:Graphic depiction of the raid from
674:had been considered by Admiral Sir
24:
4301:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
3411:
3397:from the original on 7 August 2016
3366:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
2025:(Yarrow Later M-class destroyer),
1615:
1455:received posthumous VCs. Sergeant
1181:connecting the mole to the shore.
1061:
1031:The British bombardment ceased at
860:Zeebrugge bombardment, 12 May 1917
25:
5837:
3585:
3525:Zeebrugge: St. George's Day, 1918
2985:from the original on 19 July 2021
1402:
981:Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend
4664:Second Battle of the Piave River
4286:Russian invasion of East Prussia
2315:two destroyer flotilla leaders,
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1476:
573:Aanval op de haven van Zeebrugge
218:
206:
195:
184:
163:
148:
60:
5728:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
4928:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
3669:
3207:. Brimscombe Port: Spellmount.
3179:– via Archive Foundation.
3112:– via Archive Foundation.
2971:
2456:
2447:
2431:
2419:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2366:
1699:Blockships for Ostend Harbour:
1254:(Lieutenant A. C. Newbold) and
1016:. The bombardment commenced at
953:Ostend bombardment, 5 June 1917
5551:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
5410:Deportations from East Prussia
5207:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
3091:Bacon, Admiral Sir R. (1932).
2355:, six paddle minesweepers and
2301:
2191:(Hawthorn M-class destroyer),
2168:Thornycroft M-class destroyers
2054:Monitors (to bombard Ostend):
2016:Admiralty type flotilla leader
1977:Yarrow Later M-class destroyer
1957:Escort to Zeebrugge monitors:
13:
1:
5462:Ukrainian Canadian internment
3620:Britannia Royal Naval College
3385:Keyes, Roger (1 March 2013).
3341:. London: Iliffe & Sons.
3141:. Stroud: The History Press.
3078:
2212:(Tribal-class destroyer) and
1813:(Admiralty M-class destroyer)
1447:who led raiding parties from
1387:was sunk. Among the dead was
1355:
652:
330:Scarborough/Hartlepool/Whitby
5821:History of the Royal Marines
5617:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
4916:Estonian War of Independence
4591:Southern Palestine offensive
3327:
3262:The Times History of the War
2905:, pp. 130–136, 209–225.
2893:, pp. 161–166, 223–227.
2469:
1993:Outer Patrol off Zeebrugge:
1916:Racecourse-class minesweeper
1767:Unit M (to tow submarines):
1762:Admiralty M-class destroyers
1284:
1274:
1035:the fleet weighed anchor at
7:
5571:USA against Austria-Hungary
4970:Turkish War of Independence
4922:Latvian War of Independence
4654:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
4245:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
3489:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
3427:. London: Herbert Jenkins.
3354:
3310:University of Toronto Press
2281:
2271:Royal Marine Light Infantry
2267:: 2 officers and 58 men and
2184:Escort to Ostend monitors:
2179:1905 Tribal-class destroyer
1825:Admiralty V-class destroyer
1804:Admiralty W-class destroyer
1737:Admiralty W-class destroyer
1326:Possunt quia posse videntur
1279:
856:a German destroyer sortie.
10:
5842:
5654:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
5202:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
4669:Second Battle of the Marne
4556:Second battle of the Aisne
4425:Second Battle of Champagne
4266:German invasion of Belgium
3487:Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids
2779:, Part One, c. 3, para. 2.
2307:Three 15-inch monitors, a
1895:British C-class submarines
1790:Hawthorn M-class destroyer
1157:, led by the old cruiser,
1087:An appeal was made to the
1056:
641:linking the shore and the
415:Action of 15 February 1918
29:
5760:
5719:
5640:
5579:
5541:
5485:
5474:
5435:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
5378:
5350:
5298:
5220:
5194:
5146:
5039:
5032:
4964:Irish War of Independence
4860:
4742:
4714:Armistice of Villa Giusti
4699:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
4624:
4526:
4453:
4354:
4311:First Battle of the Marne
4258:
4220:
4155:
4146:
4089:
3963:
3952:
3918:
3890:
3852:
3804:
3757:
3750:
3677:
3485:McGreal, Stephen (2008).
3447:Jacobs, Kristof (2018) .
3424:The Blocking of Zeebrugge
3188:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
2273:: 30 officers and 660 men
2127:Outer Patrol off Ostend:
1443:and Lieutenant-Commander
1332:
1193:, at the entrance to the
1014:Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk
718:on the mole, the monitor
493:
300:
242:
235:
230:
177:
140:
70:
59:
51:
46:
5587:Constantinople Agreement
4880:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
4743:Co-belligerent conflicts
4719:Second Romanian campaign
4689:Third Transjordan attack
4400:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
4306:Battle of Grand Couronné
3285:Warner, Philip (2008) .
3083:
2442:The First Guided Missile
2363:, covered the operation.
2294:
1988:Yarrow M-class destroyer
1439:). Lieutenant-Commander
1372:Kendall gave figures of
1263:the passage from Dover,
1217:Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge
1208:commanded by Lieutenant
680:Coast of Ireland Station
592:port of Bruges-Zeebrugge
508:HM Armed Smack Inverlyon
487:Atlantic U-boat Campaign
5650:Modus vivendi of Acroma
5602:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
4910:Greater Poland Uprising
4810:National Protection War
4694:Meuse–Argonne offensive
4644:German spring offensive
4639:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
4415:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
4390:Second Battle of Artois
4271:Battle of the Frontiers
3137:Coleman, E. C. (2014).
2236:Motor Launches (12 for
1626:River Blackwater, Essex
1185:was to land a force of
1122:
917:with its twenty-sixth.
874:Royal Naval Air Service
5675:Paris Peace Conference
5663:Ukraine–Central Powers
5457:Massacres of Albanians
5425:Late Ottoman genocides
5232:Bulgarian occupations
4940:Third Anglo-Afghan War
4904:Hungarian–Romanian War
4729:Naval Victory Bulletin
4724:Armistice with Germany
4674:Hundred Days Offensive
4601:Battle of La Malmaison
4551:Second battle of Arras
4518:Battle of Transylvania
4372:Second Battle of Ypres
4240:Sarajevo assassination
4129:South African Republic
3156:Jones, H. A. (2002) .
3117:Bloom, Ursula (1958).
3097:. London: Hutchinson.
2719:, pp. 11, 29, 31.
2311:monitor, "M" monitors
2265:Royal Marine Artillery
2203:-class flotilla leader
2150:-class flotilla leader
1933:To bombard Zeebrugge:
1668:for the Bruges Canal:
1425:Albert Edward McKenzie
1368:wounded and more than
1325:
1308:
1146:
1074:
1068:
983:
964:
944:
808:
758:
658:Strategic developments
580:
572:
545:Bombardment of Orleans
178:Commanders and leaders
5685:Treaty of St. Germain
5658:Russia–Central Powers
5612:Sykes–Picot Agreement
5440:Pontic Greek genocide
5415:Destruction of Kalisz
5391:Eastern Mediterranean
4952:Polish–Lithuanian War
4734:Armistice of Belgrade
4704:Armistice of Salonica
4634:Operation Faustschlag
4581:Third Battle of Oituz
4503:Baranovichi offensive
4471:Lake Naroch offensive
4445:Battle of Robat Karim
4420:Vistula–Bug offensive
4395:Battles of the Isonzo
4326:First Battle of Ypres
3559:Terry, C. S. (1919).
3523:Pitt, Barrie (1958).
3391:www.naval-history.net
3304:Wise, S. F. (1981) .
3241:Newbolt, H. (2009) .
3184:Karau, M. D. (2003).
1292:
1130:
979:
960:
872:off the harbour. Two
775:Third Battle of Ypres
748:
741:Tactical developments
243:Casualties and losses
5680:Treaty of Versailles
5396:Mount Lebanon famine
5311:in the United States
5279:Russian occupations
4993:Turkish–Armenian War
4934:Polish–Ukrainian War
4874:Ukrainian–Soviet War
4821:Central Asian Revolt
4611:Armistice of Focșani
4341:Battle of Sarikamish
4291:Battle of Tannenberg
3687:Military engagements
3222:Kendall, P. (2016).
3203:Kendall, P. (2009).
1345:and another cruiser
1083:British preparations
1028:but with no effect.
596:Imperial German Navy
405:2nd Heligoland Bight
310:1st Heligoland Bight
113:51.35750°N 3.19750°E
5747:They shall not pass
5670:Treaty of Bucharest
5627:Treaty of Bucharest
5566:USA against Germany
5543:Declarations of war
5247:German occupations
5160:British casualties
5019:Soviet–Georgian War
4946:Egyptian Revolution
4886:Armeno-Georgian War
4750:Somaliland campaign
4709:Armistice of Mudros
4586:Battle of Caporetto
4576:Battle of Mărășești
4546:Zimmermann telegram
4541:February Revolution
4486:Battle of the Somme
4410:Bug-Narew Offensive
4385:Battle of Gallipoli
4377:Sinking of the RMS
4169:Scramble for Africa
4163:Franco-Prussian War
3819:Sinai and Palestine
3540:Prince, S. (2010).
3527:. London: Cassell.
3419:Carpenter, A. F. B.
3048:, pp. 230–233.
3021:, pp. 308–310.
2881:, pp. 276–277.
2839:, pp. 151–152.
2791:, pp. 261–262.
2767:, pp. 252–261.
2743:, pp. 251–252.
2707:, pp. 244–249.
2659:, pp. 118–119.
2496:, pp. 241–243.
2484:, pp. 241–242.
2357:19, motor-launches.
2251:Coastal Motor Boats
1968:-class destroyer),
1922:Coastal motor boats
1897:), together with a
1341:on 9 May, in which
1195:Bruges–Ostend Canal
1189:and a battalion of
902:10 (Naval) Squadron
880:, had to wait from
756:magazine, July 1918
686:, commander of the
678:, commander of the
635:Bruges–Ostend Canal
410:11–12 December 1917
294:North Sea 1914–1918
236:1,700 Royal Marines
225:Ludwig von Schröder
109: /
5707:Treaty of Lausanne
5622:Paris Economy Pact
5556:UK against Germany
5486:Entry into the war
5452:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
5171:Ottoman casualties
4981:Franco-Turkish War
4861:Post-War conflicts
4845:Russian Revolution
4827:Invasion of Darfur
4792:Kelantan rebellion
4780:Kurdish rebellions
4756:Mexican Revolution
4596:October Revolution
4561:Kerensky offensive
4536:Capture of Baghdad
4513:Monastir offensive
4498:Brusilov offensive
4336:Battle of Kolubara
4175:Russo-Japanese War
3544:. Oxford: Osprey.
3504:Pitt, B. (2003) .
3466:Lake, D. (2015) .
3287:The Zeebrugge Raid
2041:R-class destroyers
1742:Unit L (to escort
1339:Second Ostend Raid
1309:
1147:
984:
965:
890:4 (Naval) Squadron
759:
731:blocking operation
581:Raid sur Zeebruges
36:Second Ostend Raid
5826:April 1918 events
5816:World War I raids
5786:Conflicts in 1918
5773:
5772:
5756:
5755:
5740:The Golden Virgin
5734:Mutilated victory
5715:
5714:
5695:Treaty of Trianon
5690:Treaty of Neuilly
5597:Damascus Protocol
5470:
5469:
5430:Armenian genocide
5387:Allied blockades
5359:Belgian refugees
5142:
5141:
5052:Strategic bombing
5028:
5027:
5013:Franco-Syrian War
4987:Greco-Turkish War
4975:Anglo-Turkish War
4958:Polish–Soviet War
4892:German Revolution
4868:Russian Civil War
4851:Finnish Civil War
4684:Battle of Megiddo
4659:Battle of Goychay
4606:Battle of Cambrai
4566:Battle of Mărăști
4481:Battle of Jutland
4461:Erzurum offensive
4316:Siege of Przemyśl
4296:Siege of Tsingtao
4281:Battle of Galicia
4211:Second Balkan War
4199:Italo-Turkish War
4156:Pre-War conflicts
4142:
4141:
4032:Portuguese Empire
3948:
3947:
3910:German New Guinea
3892:Asian and Pacific
3551:978-1-84603-453-4
3515:978-0-304-36340-7
3496:978-1-84415-608-5
3477:978-1-47-383796-6
3458:978-1-910500-88-0
3319:978-0-8020-2379-7
3296:978-1-84415-677-1
3252:978-1-84342-493-2
3214:978-1-86227-477-8
3195:978-0-313-32475-8
3169:978-1-84342-415-4
3148:978-0-7509-5849-3
3124:. London: Burke.
2671:, pp. 36–37.
2647:, pp. 47–48.
2635:, pp. 46–47.
2550:, pp. 39–40.
2523:, pp. 37–38.
1874:R-class destroyer
1069:Kaiser Wilhelm II
898:Sopwith Triplanes
692:Reginald Tyrwhitt
558:
557:
514:Baralong Incident
503:22 September 1914
453:
452:
315:22 September 1914
261:
260:
136:
135:
118:51.35750; 3.19750
88:Port of Zeebrugge
32:First Ostend Raid
16:(Redirected from
5833:
5700:Treaty of Sèvres
5592:Treaty of London
5483:
5482:
5261:Northeast France
5192:
5191:
5164:Parliamentarians
5097:
5096:
5059:Chemical weapons
5037:
5036:
4798:Senussi campaign
4768:Muscat rebellion
4762:Maritz rebellion
4679:Vardar offensive
4508:Battle of Romani
4476:Battle of Asiago
4466:Battle of Verdun
4430:Kosovo offensive
4205:First Balkan War
4153:
4152:
4052:Russian Republic
3961:
3960:
3755:
3754:
3697:Economic history
3664:
3657:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3555:
3536:
3519:
3500:
3481:
3462:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3393:. Gordon Smith.
3381:
3379:
3377:
3350:
3323:
3300:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3256:
3243:Naval Operations
3237:
3233:978-147387-671-2
3218:
3199:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3152:
3133:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2136:destroyer leader
2086:General Craufurd
1853:-class destroyer
1779:-class destroyer
1717:-class cruisers)
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1480:
1461:Richard Sandford
1433:Alfred Carpenter
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1328:
1210:Richard Sandford
1188:
1101:
1077:
1071:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1019:
1011:
1007:
989:
947:
941:
928:
924:
908:
895:
883:
879:
850:
845:perilously close
837:
833:
813:
782:of the monitors
722:General Craufurd
717:
647:Second World War
550:5 September 1918
525:17 November 1917
498:Heligoland Bight
488:
480:
473:
466:
457:
456:
390:2nd Dover Strait
380:1st Dover Strait
360:29 February 1916
345:Noordhinder Bank
295:
287:
280:
273:
264:
263:
252:1 destroyer sunk
223:
222:
221:
211:
210:
209:
200:
199:
198:
189:
188:
187:
173:
169:
167:
166:
158:
154:
152:
151:
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
72:
71:
64:
44:
43:
21:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5811:1918 in Belgium
5776:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5752:
5711:
5643:
5636:
5607:Treaty of Darin
5575:
5537:
5493:Austria-Hungary
5479:
5466:
5447:Rape of Belgium
5374:
5346:
5294:
5288:Western Armenia
5283:Eastern Galicia
5216:
5190:
5154:
5153:Civilian impact
5152:
5138:
5095:
5024:
4856:
4786:Ovambo Uprising
4738:
4620:
4522:
4449:
4367:Battle of Łomża
4350:
4346:Christmas truce
4321:Race to the Sea
4254:
4216:
4138:
4109:Austria-Hungary
4085:
4020:Empire of Japan
3957:
3955:
3944:
3928:U-boat campaign
3914:
3886:
3848:
3800:
3746:
3727:Popular culture
3673:
3668:
3616:Charles de Lacy
3588:
3575:
3573:
3565:. London: OUP.
3552:
3516:
3497:
3478:
3459:
3437:
3435:
3414:
3412:Further reading
3409:
3400:
3398:
3375:
3373:
3357:
3330:
3320:
3297:
3275:
3273:
3253:
3234:
3215:
3196:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3149:
3107:
3105:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2371:
2367:
2356:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2288:St Nazaire Raid
2284:
2122:-class monitors
2094:-class monitors
1952:-class monitors
1901:to rescue crews
1694:-class cruisers
1618:
1616:Order of battle
1613:
1610:
1607:
1598:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1574:
1571:
1562:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1538:
1535:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1445:George Bradford
1441:Arthur Harrison
1405:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1335:
1307:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1186:
1145:
1144:south to north)
1125:
1099:
1085:
1064:
1062:German defences
1059:
1046:
1036:
1032:
1017:
1009:
1005:
987:
982:
963:
955:
939:
926:
922:
906:
893:
881:
877:
862:
848:
835:
831:
757:
753:Popular Science
743:
715:
660:
655:
629:. Two of three
608:English Channel
606:control of the
561:
560:
559:
554:
520:15 October 1917
489:
486:
484:
454:
449:
445:24 October 1918
355:2nd Dogger Bank
340:1st Dogger Bank
305:U-Boat Campaign
296:
293:
291:
256:
251:
249:
237:
219:
217:
207:
205:
204:
196:
194:
193:
185:
183:
164:
162:
149:
147:
117:
115:
111:
108:
103:
100:
98:
96:
95:
94:
65:
54:First World War
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5839:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5642:Peace treaties
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5528:United Kingdom
5525:
5520:
5518:Ottoman Empire
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5422:
5420:Sack of Dinant
5417:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5384:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5368:United Kingdom
5365:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5328:
5322:POW locations
5320:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5157:
5155:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5122:United Kingdom
5119:
5117:Ottoman Empire
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5094:
5093:
5091:Trench warfare
5088:
5087:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5043:
5041:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4807:
4804:Volta-Bani War
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4649:Zeebrugge Raid
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4440:Battle of Loos
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4331:Black Sea raid
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4233:Historiography
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4187:Bosnian Crisis
4184:
4181:Tangier Crisis
4178:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4114:Ottoman Empire
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4091:Central Powers
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4074:British Empire
4069:United Kingdom
4066:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4047:Russian Empire
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3965:Entente Powers
3958:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3933:North Atlantic
3924:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3844:Central Arabia
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3806:Middle Eastern
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3707:Historiography
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3586:External links
3584:
3583:
3582:
3556:
3550:
3537:
3520:
3514:
3501:
3495:
3482:
3476:
3463:
3457:
3444:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3382:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3301:
3295:
3282:
3257:
3251:
3238:
3232:
3219:
3213:
3200:
3194:
3181:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3134:
3114:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3060:, p. 256.
3050:
3035:
3033:, p. 210.
3023:
3008:
2996:
2970:
2968:, p. 436.
2958:
2943:
2941:, p. 239.
2931:
2919:
2917:, p. 205.
2907:
2895:
2883:
2868:
2866:, p. 276.
2853:
2851:, p. 265.
2841:
2829:
2827:, p. 342.
2825:The Times 1919
2817:
2815:, p. 260.
2805:
2803:, p. 245.
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2755:, p. 180.
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2622:
2610:
2595:
2583:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2525:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2430:
2418:
2401:
2399:same section".
2391:
2381:
2365:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2182:
2125:
2066:-class monitor
2046:
2045:
2044:
2005:-class cruiser
1991:
1955:
1931:
1928:Motor Launches
1925:
1919:
1902:
1877:
1856:
1814:
1793:
1765:
1740:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1697:
1663:
1660:Mersey ferries
1649:Royal Daffodil
1643:-class cruiser
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1465:Edward Bamford
1435:(commander of
1431:) and Captain
1417:Royal Daffodil
1404:
1403:Victoria Cross
1401:
1389:Wing Commander
1380:The destroyer
1357:
1354:
1334:
1331:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1163:Mersey ferries
1131:
1124:
1121:
1084:
1081:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
980:
961:
954:
951:
945:Kaiser Wilhelm
861:
858:
853:Motor Launches
810:Kaiser Wilhelm
763:Operation Hush
749:
742:
739:
714:, was to land
711:Sir John Moore
684:Reginald Bacon
659:
656:
654:
651:
612:Operation Hush
598:as a base for
565:Zeebrugge Raid
556:
555:
553:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
530:Zeebrugge Raid
527:
522:
517:
510:
505:
500:
494:
491:
490:
483:
482:
475:
468:
460:
451:
450:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
375:19 August 1916
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
298:
297:
290:
289:
282:
275:
267:
259:
258:
253:
245:
244:
240:
239:
233:
232:
228:
227:
215:
213:Reginald Bacon
180:
179:
175:
174:
159:
156:United Kingdom
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
86:
84:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
57:
56:
49:
48:
47:Zeebrugge Raid
42:
41:
26:
18:Zeebrugge raid
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5838:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5533:United States
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5473:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5145:
5135:
5134:United States
5132:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5084:Convoy system
5082:
5081:
5080:
5079:Naval warfare
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4839:Kaocen revolt
4837:
4834:
4833:Easter Rising
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4405:Great Retreat
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:Battle of Cer
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4193:Agadir Crisis
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4081:United States
4079:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3998:French Empire
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3951:
3941:
3940:Mediterranean
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3920:Naval warfare
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3796:Italian Front
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:Eastern Front
3782:
3780:
3779:Western Front
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Puppet states
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2956:, p. 82.
2955:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2929:, p. 11.
2928:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2731:, p. 30.
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2695:, p. 29.
2694:
2689:
2683:, p. 11.
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2620:, p. 45.
2619:
2614:
2608:, p. 46.
2607:
2602:
2600:
2593:, p. 41.
2592:
2587:
2581:, p. 84.
2580:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2562:, p. 40.
2561:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2538:, p. 38.
2537:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2508:, p. 36.
2507:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2459:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2438:Archibald Low
2434:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2361:Harwich Force
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:torpedo boats
2242:
2239:
2238:smoke screens
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2079:Prince Eugene
2074:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:Marshal Soult
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:Assembled at
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:Assembled at
1721:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:Henry Newbolt
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Royal Marines
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:2,000 workers
1097:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
978:
974:
971:
970:Harwich Force
959:
950:
946:
936:
930:
920:
916:
912:
911:Marshal Soult
903:
899:
891:
887:
875:
871:
867:
866:Marshal Soult
857:
854:
846:
840:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
811:
804:
802:
801:
800:Marshal Soult
795:
794:
788:
787:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
755:
754:
747:
738:
736:
732:
728:
727:John Jellicoe
724:
723:
713:
712:
706:
701:
698:Rear-Admiral
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
587:to block the
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
461:
458:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:16 March 1917
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
299:
288:
283:
281:
276:
274:
269:
268:
265:
254:
247:
246:
241:
234:
229:
226:
216:
214:
203:
192:
191:John Jellicoe
182:
181:
176:
172:
160:
157:
145:
144:
139:
131:
128:
127:
122:
93:
89:
85:
82:
81:
78:23 April 1918
77:
74:
73:
69:
63:
58:
55:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5745:
5738:
5726:
5333: /
5265:
5100:Conscription
5064:Cryptography
5001:Iraqi Revolt
4648:
4435:Siege of Kut
4378:
3956:participants
3905:German Samoa
3839:South Arabia
3609:
3574:. Retrieved
3561:
3541:
3524:
3505:
3486:
3467:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3423:
3399:. Retrieved
3390:
3374:. Retrieved
3365:
3338:
3305:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3261:
3242:
3223:
3204:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3158:
3138:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3093:
3065:
3058:Kendall 2009
3053:
3046:Coleman 2014
3026:
3019:Kendall 2009
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2973:
2961:
2939:Coleman 2014
2934:
2927:Kendall 2009
2922:
2910:
2903:Coleman 2014
2898:
2886:
2879:Newbolt 2009
2864:Newbolt 2009
2849:Newbolt 2009
2844:
2837:Coleman 2014
2832:
2820:
2813:Newbolt 2009
2808:
2801:Newbolt 2009
2796:
2789:Newbolt 2009
2784:
2772:
2765:Newbolt 2009
2760:
2753:Coleman 2014
2748:
2741:Newbolt 2009
2736:
2729:Kendall 2016
2724:
2717:Kendall 2016
2712:
2705:Newbolt 2009
2700:
2693:Kendall 2016
2688:
2681:Kendall 2016
2676:
2669:Newbolt 2009
2664:
2657:Newbolt 2009
2652:
2645:Newbolt 2009
2640:
2633:Newbolt 2009
2618:Newbolt 2009
2613:
2606:Newbolt 2009
2591:Newbolt 2009
2586:
2560:Newbolt 2009
2555:
2548:Newbolt 2009
2543:
2536:Newbolt 2009
2521:Newbolt 2009
2506:Newbolt 2009
2501:
2494:Newbolt 2009
2489:
2482:Newbolt 2009
2477:
2458:
2449:
2433:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2303:
2243:French Navy
2230:
2224:
2218:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2173:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1982:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1910:
1889:
1882:
1868:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1819:
1809:
1798:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1731:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1654:
1648:
1640:
1634:
1619:
1485:
1470:
1457:Norman Finch
1452:
1448:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1395:
1383:
1378:356 wounded.
1359:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1204:
1198:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1086:
1065:
1041:
1030:
1025:
1021:
999:
993:
985:
966:
931:
918:
914:
910:
886:Sopwith Pups
865:
863:
841:
805:
799:
792:
785:
780:15-inch guns
767:1st Division
760:
751:
721:
716:1,000 troops
710:
697:
688:Dover Patrol
661:
620:
564:
562:
540:18 June 1918
529:
513:
435:Mine Barrage
419:
365:2nd Yarmouth
350:Lowca/Parton
325:1st Yarmouth
250:356 wounded
141:Belligerents
52:Part of the
39:
5363:Netherlands
5340:Switzerland
5221:Occupations
5212:Spanish flu
4989:(1919–1922)
4983:(1918–1921)
4977:(1918–1923)
4966:(1919–1921)
4960:(1919–1921)
4954:(1919–1920)
4930:(1918–1920)
4924:(1918–1920)
4918:(1918–1920)
4900:(1918–1920)
4882:(1918–1920)
4876:(1917–1921)
4870:(1917–1921)
4817:(1916-1918)
4815:Arab Revolt
4806:(1915–1917)
4800:(1915–1917)
4788:(1914-1917)
4782:(1914–1917)
4776:(1914–1921)
4770:(1913–1920)
4758:(1910–1920)
4752:(1900–1920)
4250:July Crisis
4171:(1880–1914)
3834:Mesopotamia
3712:Home fronts
3671:World War I
3276:28 December
3175:4 September
2777:Warner 2008
2216:destroyers
2214:French Navy
2064:Marshal Ney
1905:Minesweeper
1899:picket boat
1658:(converted
1392:Frank Brock
1370:200 killed.
1187:200 sailors
1161:, with two
1116:65 Squadron
1089:Grand Fleet
814:battery at
771:Middelkerke
700:Roger Keyes
676:Lewis Bayly
623:smokescreen
535:21 May 1918
248:227 killed
238:1 destroyer
202:Roger Keyes
116: /
5780:Categories
5580:Agreements
5380:War crimes
5256:Luxembourg
5149:Casualties
4027:Montenegro
3862:South West
3742:Technology
3732:Propaganda
3722:Opposition
3610:Vindictive
3576:18 October
3335:Low, A. M.
3079:References
3070:Keyes 2013
3031:Karau 2003
2954:Bloom 1958
2891:Bacon 1932
2579:Jones 2002
2408:Submarine
2313:24 and 26,
2092:Lord Clive
2072:Lord Clive
2022:Ulleswater
1757:North Star
1744:Vindictive
1728:Flagship,
1666:Blockships
1635:Vindictive
1449:Vindictive
1437:Vindictive
1429:Vindictive
1413:Vindictive
1384:North Star
1356:Casualties
1343:Vindictive
1199:Vindictive
1183:Vindictive
1159:Vindictive
1095:Vindictive
1047:115 shells
1033:4:00 a.m.;
1018:3:20 a.m.,
1006:2:30 a.m.,
927:5:30 a.m.,
923:250 shells
849:4:45 a.m.,
836:84 minutes
832:252 shells
826:; 24
735:submarines
653:Background
631:blockships
585:Royal Navy
430:2nd Ostend
425:1st Ostend
395:4 May 1917
257:16 wounded
104:03°11′51″E
101:51°21′27″N
30:See also:
5806:Zeebrugge
5477:Diplomacy
5184:Olympians
5107:Australia
5074:Logistics
5007:Vlora War
4936:(1918–19)
4912:(1918–19)
4906:(1918–19)
4894:(1918–19)
4841:(1916–17)
4823:(1916–17)
4774:Zaian War
4764:(1914–15)
4491:first day
4379:Lusitania
4207:(1912–13)
4201:(1911–12)
4189:(1908–09)
4183:(1905–06)
4165:(1870–71)
3954:Principal
3814:Gallipoli
3717:Memorials
3702:Geography
3692:Aftermath
3401:21 August
3347:0015-3710
3328:Magazines
3121:A. M. Low
3004:CWGC 2010
2915:Wise 1981
2470:Footnotes
2426:A. M. Low
2353:Racehorse
2325:Lochinvar
2207:HMS
2195:Lightfoot
2193:HMS
2186:HMS
2172:HMS
2161:HMS
2156:Matchless
2154:HMS
2140:HMS
2129:HMS
2112:HMS
2105:HMS
2098:HMS
2084:HMS
2077:HMS
2070:HMS
2056:HMS
2034:HMS
2027:HMS
2020:HMS
2009:HMS
2003:Adventure
1997:Attentive
1995:HMS
1981:HMS
1972:Truculent
1970:HMS
1961:Termagant
1959:HMS
1942:HMS
1935:HMS
1911:Lingfield
1909:HMS
1888:HMS
1881:HMS
1867:HMS
1860:HMS
1845:Melpomene
1843:HMS
1836:HMS
1829:HMS
1818:HMS
1808:HMS
1799:Whirlwind
1797:HMS
1785:Mansfield
1783:HMS
1769:HMS
1755:HMS
1748:HMS
1730:HMS
1710:Brilliant
1708:HMS
1701:HMS
1686:Iphigenia
1684:HMS
1677:HMS
1670:HMS
1633:HMS
1399:wounded.
1382:HMS
1362:1,700 men
1347:HMS
1300:Iphigenia
1285:Zeebrugge
1275:Aftermath
1235:Iphigenia
1221:HMS
1203:HMS
1138:Iphigenia
1093:HMS
1037:4:20 a.m.
1010:3:00 a.m.
1000:Lochinvar
992:HMS
988:1:42 a.m.
940:6:00 a.m.
907:5:00 a.m.
894:5:45 a.m.
882:3:00 a.m.
878:2:00 a.m.
822:(15
798:HMS
791:HMS
784:HMS
720:HMS
709:HMS
672:Zeebrugge
616:Admiralty
420:Zeebrugge
255:8 killed
5765:Category
5352:Refugees
5318:Italians
5307:Germans
5267:Ober Ost
5047:Aviation
4148:Timeline
4119:Bulgaria
3900:Tsingtao
3877:Togoland
3824:Caucasus
3759:European
3751:Theatres
3421:(1922).
3395:Archived
3376:5 August
3370:Archived
3355:Websites
3271:70406275
2983:Archived
2966:Low 1952
2329:Landrail
2321:Faulknor
2282:See also
2231:Bouclier
2201:Marksman
2148:Faulknor
2142:Faulknor
1966:Talisman
1869:Tetrarch
1777:Talisman
1679:Intrepid
1647:SS
1641:Arrogant
1486:Brussels
1484:SS
1396:en route
1374:227 dead
1366:300 were
1302:and HMS
1296:Intrepid
1280:Analysis
1248:scuttled
1229:Intrepid
1168:Daffodil
1134:Intrepid
1108:Daffodil
935:Albatros
335:Cuxhaven
231:Strength
83:Location
5503:Germany
5403:Germany
5331:Germany
5251:Belgium
5236:Albania
5195:Disease
5175:Sports
5127:Ireland
5040:Warfare
5033:Aspects
4228:Origins
4221:Prelude
4124:Senussi
4104:Germany
4099:Leaders
4037:Romania
3978:Belgium
3973:Leaders
3872:Kamerun
3854:African
3789:Romania
3767:Balkans
3682:Outline
3618:at the
3533:2414535
3433:1866877
3130:1998665
3103:1899634
2989:19 July
2349:Mermaid
2341:Moorsom
2333:Lydiard
2309:12-inch
2163:Mastiff
2050:Dunkirk
1862:Tempest
1838:Moorsom
1771:Trident
1732:Warwick
1655:Iris II
1471:Gallery
1453:Iris II
1360:Of the
1179:viaduct
1174:Iris II
1112:Clacton
1075:Tirpitz
1057:Prelude
1051:UC-boat
896:as six
769:around
705:monitor
639:viaduct
600:U-boats
589:Belgian
440:Tondern
400:Lerwick
370:Jutland
171:Germany
92:Belgium
5523:Russia
5498:France
5326:Canada
5241:Serbia
5112:Canada
5069:Horses
5021:(1921)
5015:(1920)
5009:(1920)
5003:(1920)
4995:(1920)
4948:(1919)
4942:(1919)
4888:(1918)
4853:(1918)
4847:(1917)
4835:(1916)
4829:(1916)
4794:(1915)
4213:(1913)
4195:(1911)
4177:(1905)
4134:Darfur
4059:Serbia
4042:Russia
4005:Greece
3993:France
3983:Brazil
3829:Persia
3772:Serbia
3571:543493
3569:
3548:
3531:
3512:
3493:
3474:
3455:
3438:3 July
3431:
3345:
3339:Flight
3316:
3293:
3269:
3249:
3230:
3211:
3192:
3166:
3145:
3128:
3108:3 July
3101:
2377:Terror
2373:Erebus
2345:Morris
2337:Mentor
2219:Lestin
2209:Zubian
2188:Mentor
2174:Afridi
2170:) and
2029:Teazer
1979:) and
1950:Erebus
1944:Terror
1937:Erebus
1831:Morris
1806:) and
1781:) and
1750:Phoebe
1715:Apollo
1703:Sirius
1692:Apollo
1672:Thetis
1349:Sappho
1333:Ostend
1304:Thetis
1298:, HMS
1260:amatol
1244:Thetis
1240:Thetis
1223:Thetis
1151:Ostend
1142:Thetis
1026:Terror
1022:Erebus
919:Terror
915:Erebus
816:Knokke
793:Terror
786:Erebus
668:Ostend
664:Borkum
627:Ostend
604:Allied
577:French
168:
153:
129:Result
5720:Other
5513:Japan
5508:Italy
5335:camps
5179:Rugby
4015:Japan
4010:Italy
3988:China
3882:North
3084:Books
2317:Botha
2295:Notes
2131:Swift
2036:Stork
2011:Scott
1983:Manly
1851:Medea
1820:Velox
1810:Myngs
1724:Dover
994:Lance
888:from
569:Dutch
320:Texel
5300:POWs
4626:1918
4528:1917
4454:1916
4355:1915
4259:1914
4064:Siam
3867:East
3608:HMS
3578:2013
3567:OCLC
3546:ISBN
3529:OCLC
3510:ISBN
3491:ISBN
3472:ISBN
3453:ISBN
3440:2013
3429:OCLC
3403:2016
3378:2016
3343:ISSN
3314:ISBN
3291:ISBN
3278:2013
3267:OCLC
3247:ISBN
3228:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3177:2016
3164:ISBN
3143:ISBN
3126:OCLC
3110:2013
3099:OCLC
2991:2021
2375:and
2351:and
2319:and
2228:and
2225:Roux
2110:and
2032:and
1940:and
1886:and
1865:and
1753:and
1706:and
1682:and
1652:and
1451:and
1421:Iris
1419:and
1376:and
1232:and
1171:and
1155:mole
1140:and
1123:Raid
1104:Iris
1024:and
997:and
870:haze
796:and
670:and
643:mole
563:The
75:Date
34:and
3614:by
3598:it.
2205:),
2152:),
2138:),
2120:M15
2114:M21
2107:M26
2100:M24
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2018:),
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2414:C1
2410:C3
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2335:,
2331:,
2327:,
2222:,
2159:,
2103:,
2082:,
2075:,
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1883:C1
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1628:)
1415:,
1269:C3
1265:C1
1256:C3
1252:C1
1226:,
1205:C3
1165:,
1136:,
1106:,
828:km
824:mi
803:.
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707:,
666:,
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575:;
571::
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