46:
38:
371:
Bey, who founded the Beylik of Menteşe in southwestern
Anatolia. The term "Kızan" is of Turkic origin and means "boy". Kızan was generally used for newly recruited or inexperienced Zeybeks. There was generally a tribe democracy within a group. Decisions were made in a democratic way and after the
464:) and Bengi (Bengü meant "eternity" in old Turkic) Zeybeği.The Greek version of the dance was brought by Greeks from Izmir to Greece, which used to be called "Türkikos", but this name is not used anymore. Romantic songs about their bravery are still popular in Turkish and Greek folk music. The
419:
they were no longer seen as bandits and outlaws, but as heroes, nationalist forces fighting against a foreign and non-muslim force. An
English report about the Zeybeks and Yörüks states; "Those people hate the Greeks, and are known for their heroism."
447:
tribe.), Aydın Zeybeği, Muğla Zeybeği, Tavas Zeybeği, Kordon Zeybeği, Bergama Zeybeği, Soma Zeybeği, Ortaklar Zeybeği, Pamukçu Zeybeği, Harmandalı Zeybeği, Sakız Zeybeği, Tefenni Zeybeği, Kadıoğlu Zeybeği, Kocaarap Zeybeği (Koca = Big, Arap =
339:, "big brother" in old Turkic) origin. The origin of the term "Zeybek" is according to Nisanyan also not clear. According to Nisanyan, it is either of Turkic or Arabic origin Some sources claim that it evolved from
231:
descent. Greek historian Thomas
Korovinis, in his detailed study of the Zeybeks, summarizes 7 of the main theories on their origins. These posit that the Zeybeks are the descendants of:
960:
Onur Akdogu, "Bir Başkaldırı Öyküsü Zeybekler, Cilt 1 - 3 Tarihi - Ezgileri - Dansları" ("A Story of
Rebellion - Zeybeks" (3 volumes: History, Music, Dances)), İzmir, Turkey, 2004
109:
The origins of
Zeybeks are debated with most Turkish sources supporting that they are Turkic. One Turkish source states the Zeybeks first appeared in the 13th century and were
1016:
768:
Wittek, Paul (1944), Menteşe Beyliği 13-15. Asırda Garbi Küçük Asya
Tarihine Ait Bir Tetkik (çev. O.Ş. Gökyay), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları IV. Seri No: l, pp. 29-32
372:
decision was made, Efe had an uncontroversial authority. They followed definite rituals for all actions; for example, the promotion of a kızan to zeybek was very similar to
991:
1011:
311:
Traditionally, the
Zeybeks acted as protectors of village people against landlords, bandits, and tax collectors. A leader of a Zeybek gang was called
319:. The term "Efe" was used for the leaders of Zeybek groups, while the "Kızan" were beneath the Zeybeks. According to the Armenian-Turkish linguist
575:
Ali Haydar Avci, “Bir Sosyal İsyancılık Kurumu: Zeybeklik ve
Zeybekler”, Folklor Edebiyat Dergisi, 1997, p. 47, Ankara: Başkent Klişe Matbaacılık.
436:
dance in Greece is a different and special of Greek style dance. There are different Zeybek dances in Turkey. There is the "Avşar Zeybeği" (The
619:
Hayati Kuzucu, Türk Milli Kimliğinin Oluşması Süreci ve Yukarı Teke Örneği Bağlamında Dirmil’in
Demografisi, Burdur 2017, s. 119.
913:
839:
812:
716:
996:
947:
GAZİM İHAL, Mahmut Ragıp, (1991), Türk Halk
Oyunları Katalogu /. (Ed. Nail Tan). Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, p. 215
45:
791:
Uluçay, Çağatay (1955), XVIII. ve XIX. yüzyıllarda Saruhan’da Halk Hareketleri ve Eşkiyalık, İstanbul: Berksoy Basımevi.
1006:
412:
379:
From the 17th to 19th century, the Zeybeks evolved to outlaws and bandits terrorizing the Aegean Region. Before the
83:
533:
Edip Uysal, Ahmet (1 June 1968). "LAW-BREAKERS, LAW-GIVERS, AND PREACHERS IN THE TURKISH ORAL TRADITION".
508:
415:
of 1919–1922, most of them joined the regular forces and continued their resistance. During and after the
416:
854:Öztürk, Okan Murat (2003), Zeybek Kültürü ve Müziği, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, pp. 24-25
77:
804:
Turkey, from Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to Present
144:. In the Turkish society the Zeybeks and Yörüks are seen as the same people. Many famous Zeybeks like
986:
584:
M. Ö. Özbilgin, (2003), Zeybeklik Kurumu ve Zeybek Oyunları, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İzmir, p. 29
863:İngiliz Gizli Belgelerinde Türkiye, İnceleme: Erol Ulubelen, İstanbul, 1967, p. 207, Vesika No. 509.
180:
commanders, could not be distinguished from their cognates on the opposite front. According to some
396:
72:
677:
1001:
400:
195:
origin. According to Greek historian Kostas B. Spanos, the Zeybeks were Greeks who migrated from
31:
17:
628:
Mehmet Eröz, Milli Kültürümüz ve Meselelerimiz, Doğuş Yayın ve Dağıtım, İstanbul 1983, s. 85-86.
498:
829:
802:
981:
542:
404:
130:
8:
877:
236:
169:
110:
503:
384:
380:
252:
145:
94:
121:
rebels in the 16th century, while a different Turkish writer claims that Zeybeks were
909:
835:
808:
712:
593:
Yavuz, B. Galip (2012), Zeybekler, IV. Baskı, p. 41, İzmir: Efe Ofset ve Matbaacılık.
364:
157:
118:
890:
778:
320:
976:
656:
208:
177:
164:
costume with the Zeybek-Seymen costume, as determined in the Byzantine chronicles,
160:
and unrelated to the Turks. In addition, information about the similarities of the
363:
it may evolve from the name "Salpakis Mantachias" used by the Byzantine historian
702:
604:
546:
387:, larger concentrations of Zeybeks could be found on the Aegean coast of western
282:
153:
444:
437:
172:
According to Islamic sources, with the statements that the clothes of the paid
122:
61:
970:
759:
Akdoğu, Onur (1994), "Zeybek Kelimesinin Kökeni", Türk Kültürü, 374: 355-367.
661:
644:
216:
114:
27:
Irregular Ottoman militia and guerrilla fighters living in the Aegean region
746:
493:
487:
477:
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sword was their primary weapon, but most of them carried firearms as well.
461:
429:
408:
312:
212:
165:
441:
360:
219:. According to another Greek historian, Georgios Skalieris, they were of
149:
732:
373:
246:
228:
191:
However, according to other sources, mostly Greek, the Zeybeks were of
929:
Ataman, Sadi Yaver (1970). "Zeybeklerin Soyu ve Zeybek Kıyafetleri".
483:
433:
300:
293:
278:
224:
185:
181:
173:
161:
37:
566:
Töre - Aylık Fikir ve Sanat Dergisi, Nisan 1972, Sayı 11, pp. 13-21
388:
368:
141:
133:, an Ottoman Turkish Historian from the 15th century, Zeybeks were
98:
392:
204:
465:
453:
267:
263:
259:
126:
513:
304:
289:
274:
240:
220:
196:
192:
457:
449:
200:
134:
88:
355:)" in old Turkic. According to Onur Akdogu, it evolved from
30:"Kizan" redirects here. For the Russian rural locality, see
137:
678:"Λαοί και φυλαί της Μικράς Ασίας: Μετά πινάκων και χαρτών"
352:
359:, meaning "strong guardian" in old Turkic. According to
188:
culture has a great influence on Zeybek-Seymen culture.
1017:
20th-century disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
460:", there was also an "Abdal" tribe belonging to the
992:
Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire
906:
Folk Dances of the Greeks: Origins and Instructions
891:"Zeybek, The - Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism"
323:, the origin of the term "Efe" is either of Greek (
117:. Another Turkish source links them to the Turkmen-
176:soldiers under the command of Alyatte, one of the
1012:17th-century establishments in the Ottoman Empire
315:and his soldiers were known as either Zeybeks or
968:
903:
904:Petrides, Theodore; Petrides, Elfleida (1961).
97:militia and guerrilla fighters living in West
606:Les costumes populaires de la Turquie en 1873
647:[Modern Greek surnames in Deskata].
831:Meander: East to West along a Turkish River
827:
480:, the leaders of bands of Zeybeks and Kızan
156:supports that they were descendants of the
125:troops made of Turkmen tribes loyal to the
800:
532:
168:explained this case in his article titled
794:
700:
675:
660:
821:
711:] (in Greek). Agra. pp. 47–50.
101:from late 17th to early 20th centuries.
44:
36:
327:, 'young man with courage') or Turkic (
14:
969:
928:
642:
696:
694:
49:Two Zeybeks in their attire 1873 a.d.
908:. Exposition Press. pp. 65–78.
645:"Τα νεοελληνικά επώνυμα στη Δεσκάτη"
638:
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303:and neighboring nomads, such as the
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602:
452:), Abdal Zeybeği (Turkmen Bektashi
148:and Demirci Mehmet Efe belonged to
24:
691:
405:Greek occupation of western Turkey
25:
1028:
643:Σπανός, Κώστας (1 January 1972).
631:
553:
676:Σκαλιέρης, Γεώργιος Κλ. (1922).
428:Zeybeks have a dance called the
941:
922:
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883:
866:
857:
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834:. Random House. pp. 289–.
785:
771:
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753:
739:
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669:
407:. Following the formation of a
152:tribes. Ottoman Turkish author
801:Sina Aksin (1 February 2007).
622:
613:
609:(in French). pp. 137–138.
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587:
578:
569:
526:
13:
1:
704:Οι Ζεϊμπέκοι της Μικράς Ασίας
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383:and the establishment of the
347:meaning "army, soldiers" and
807:. NYU Press. pp. 126–.
89:
7:
828:Jeremy Seal (5 July 2012).
535:New York Folklore Quarterly
471:
417:Turkish War of Independence
10:
1033:
954:
872:Gankovsky, Yu. V., et al.
423:
140:protecting the borders in
104:
29:
1007:Turkish words and phrases
997:Military history of İzmir
779:"Kızan sözcüğünün kökeni"
709:The Zeybeks of Asia Minor
701:Κοροβίνης, Θωμάς (2005).
603:Bey, Osman Hamdi (1873).
283:Graeco-Phrygian languages
65:
874:A History of Afghanistan
747:"Nisanyan Sozluk Zeybek"
733:"Nişanyan Sözlük Türkçe"
662:10.12681/makedonika.1001
403:they fought against the
401:Greek landing at Smyrna
56:, sometimes spelled as
32:Kizan, Astrakhan Oblast
50:
42:
409:Turkish national army
113:who settled into the
48:
40:
509:Çakırcalı Mehmet Efe
395:(Greek: Smyrna) and
878:Progress Publishers
456:were often called "
391:, near the city of
170:Battle of Manzikert
486:(Greek dance) and
385:Republic of Turkey
381:Treaty of Lausanne
253:Ancient Anatolians
51:
43:
915:978-0-682-47642-3
841:978-1-4481-3922-4
814:978-0-8147-0722-7
718:978-960-325-559-8
499:Atçalı Kel Mehmet
413:Greco-Turkish War
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16:(Redirected from
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987:Anatolian Greeks
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490:(Turkish dance)
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426:
351:meaning "lord (
199:and settled in
154:Osman Hamdi Bey
129:. According to
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73:Ottoman Turkish
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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680:. Αθήνα: Ρήσος
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541:(2): 129–143.
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682:. Retrieved
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494:Bashi Bazouk
430:Zeybek dance
427:
399:. After the
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316:
310:
211:. They were
190:
166:Claude Cahen
131:Aşıkpaşazade
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68:
57:
53:
52:
655:: 123–130.
361:Paul Wittek
971:Categories
876:, Moscow:
684:2022-08-21
649:Μακεδονικά
547:1290817887
520:References
462:White Huns
365:Pachymeres
247:Levantines
182:historians
937:(259): 6.
484:Zeibekiko
454:dervishes
434:Zeibekiko
376:rituals.
301:Trallians
294:Thracians
279:Phrygians
260:Ephesians
237:Turkomans
229:Pelasgian
217:Turkified
213:Islamized
178:Byzantine
158:Trallians
111:Turkomans
95:irregular
84:romanized
66:Ζεϊμπέκοι
543:ProQuest
472:See also
440:were an
397:Magnesia
389:Anatolia
215:but not
186:Pecheneg
174:Pecheneg
162:Pecheneg
142:Anatolia
99:Anatolia
93:), were
69:Zeibekoi
977:Zeybeks
955:Sources
466:yatagan
438:Afshars
424:Culture
369:Mentesh
268:Lydians
264:Ionians
209:Sakarya
127:Seljuks
105:History
86::
58:Zeibeks
54:Zeybeks
18:Zeibeks
912:
838:
811:
715:
545:
514:Hajduk
488:Zeybek
445:Turkic
432:. The
357:saybek
325:efevos
305:Yoruks
290:Greeks
275:Graeco
241:Yoruks
225:Phrygo
197:Thrace
135:Muslim
119:Celali
90:zeybek
707:[
458:Abdal
442:Oghuz
393:İzmir
341:sübek
317:Kızan
281:(see
221:Greek
205:Aydin
201:Bursa
193:Greek
150:Yörük
138:Gazis
62:Greek
910:ISBN
836:ISBN
809:ISBN
713:ISBN
450:Arab
367:for
292:and
266:and
239:and
223:and
207:and
78:زیبك
657:doi
478:Efe
374:Ahi
353:bey
349:bek
337:ebe
333:ece
329:eğe
313:Efe
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227:-
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