Li Cunxu - Knowledge

1070:) under siege. Liu, desperate, claimed that if Li Cunxu himself came to You, he would surrender. When Li Cunxu arrived, however, he did not do so, despite Li Cunxu's assurance that his life would be spared if he surrendered. Li Cunxu subsequently intensified the siege, and You fell. Liu fled with his wives and children, but was subsequently captured. Li Cunxu took him and his family, including his father Liu Rengong (whom he had put under house arrest) back to Taiyuan, and then executed them there. He commissioned Zhou as the military governor of Lulong and added Yan territory to his own. In light of his victory, Wang Rong and Wang Chuzhi offered the title 856:

lacked resources for military recruitments, he strengthened the training for the soldiers. He ordered that cavalry soldiers walk on marches, and that, without seeing the enemy, they not mount their horses. Once orders and duties were distributed, all soldiers were to follow them and not exceed their bounds, not exchange duties, not linger in places, and not avoid dangers. Whenever the soldiers were to be divided into several prongs of attack, they were to rendezvous at the appointed time, and that if they were late for more than 15 minutes, they would be executed. This was how he was able to eventually conquer the territory east of the

788:), tried to persuade Li Kening to take over the command himself, but Li Kening refused Li Cunhao's overture, going as far as to threaten him with execution. However, Li Cunhao and several other adoptive sons sent their wives to persuade Li Kening's wife Lady Meng. Lady Meng agreed with their idea, and therefore urged Li Kening to go with the idea, causing Li Kening's resolve to support Li Cunxu to be shaken. Further, he was also encountering policy disagreements with Zhang and Li Cunzhang and argued with them frequently. He thereafter killed an officer, Li Cunzhi ( 1602:) led a mutiny, and Li Cunxu tried to fight the mutineers. He suffered an arrow wound in the battle and shortly after died from it. Li Siyuan shortly thereafter arrived at Luoyang and, after initially claiming only the title of regent, eventually took the throne. Empress Liu fled Luoyang but was tracked down by Li Siyuan's emissaries and ordered to kill herself. Li Jiji tried to head to Luoyang to contest Li Siyuan's succession, but on the way, his soldiers deserted him, and he committed suicide. Li Cunxu's younger sons later became monks and fled to 1210:), just south of the Yellow River. Disregarding Zhou Dewei's advice that he should wear out the Later Liang forces first before engaging them, Li Cunxu ordered a direct attack, which was disastrous for the Jin army, with Zhou killed in battle. During the initial rout, however, Li Cunxu took position on a hill and used it to counterattack, inflicting much losses against Later Liang, fighting the battle to an essential draw. It was said that both Jin and Later Liang lost two thirds of their soldiers that day, and both were weakened for quite some time. 1479:, at this junction, defected to Later Tang, revealing Duan's plan to the Later Tang emperor and pointing out that the plan left the Later Liang capital Daliang defenseless, and pointing out that Wang's and Zhang Hanjie's army was the weakest of the four prongs and could easily be defeated. Li Cunxu decided to take the risky move himself, and advanced to Yun to join forces with Li Siyuan, and then engage Wang and Zhang Hanjie. He defeated them, capturing both Wang and Zhang Hanjie at Zhongdu (中都, in modern 44: 1517:, whom he created empress, were gathering wealth to be stored despite the burden it was creating for the people. He also alienated his army by trusting performers (as he himself had a passion for performing) and eunuchs, such that he made three performers prefectural prefects, while soldiers who had followed him for hundreds of battles were not similarly rewarded. This phenomenon was also observed as such by Wu's emissary to Later Tang, Lu Ping ( 1131:), taking He Delun hostage. When Zhu refused to meet Zhang Yan's demands that the division be cancelled, Zhang Yan forced He Delun to write Li Cunxu, offering to surrender Tianxiong to him. Li Cunxu subsequently arrived at Tianxiong and, after killing Zhang Yan for his violent behavior, assumed the military governorship of Tianxiong himself and incorporated into Jin. Subsequent Later Liang counterattacks commanded by the generals 1016:. He also launched an army to attack Yiwu. When Wang Chuzhi sought aid, Li Cunxu sent Zhou to rendezvous with the Zhao and Yiwu armies, to jointly attack Yan. Zhou was able to advance deep within Yan territory. Li Cunxu himself later also headed to the Yan front. (In his absence, Zhu tried to avenge himself by attacking Jin and Zhao, but his army was tricked into collapsing on itself due to posturing by the Jin generals 1505:. He also notified the other main independent states—Wu and Former Shu—of his victory over Later Liang, causing much fear in both of those states. Also shocked by his victory was Qi's prince Li Maozhen, who, in fear that he might be the next target, submitted as a vassal. Li Cunxu accepted Li Maozhen's submission and created him as the Prince of Qin. After Li Maozhen's death in 924, Li Cunxu allowed his son 1586:

families starved, further causing them to be angry at the emperor and empress. These resentment spawned a number of revolts, the most serious of which were one led by Kang Yanxiao in the Shu lands (as he was one of the generals under Guo in the Former Shu campaign), and one by the soldiers at Yedu (鄴都, i.e., Xingtang). Kang's rebellion was quickly put down by Ren Huan, but the imperial troops under

649:). Liu Rengong sought aid from Li Keyong—whom he had previously rebelled against and thereafter became independent from. Li Keyong, bearing that grudge, initially refused to aid Liu. Li Cunxu pointed out that Zhu had become so strong at that point that nearly all of the other warlords had submitted to him as vassals, and that Hedong and Lulong were two of the few remaining holdouts. 991:(尚父, "imperial father"). Li Cunxu, in order to further encourage Liu into megalomania to be able to defeat him later, thereafter signed a joint petition with Wang Rong, Wang Chuzhi, as well as three other governors under his command—Li Sizhao, Zhou Dewei (whom he had made the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Datong)) and Song Yao ( 816:) to try to get Shi to join the plot and to surveil Li Cunxu. Shi pretended to agree, and then informed the plot to Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu met with Lady Dowager Cao and Zhang and initially offered to resign to try to avoid a conflict, but Zhang persuaded him to act against Li Kening. Zhang summoned Li Cunzhang, Wu Gong, as well as the officers Li Cunjing ( 615:), he pointed out that his father's public display of distress would merely distress the troops and the people as well, and that it was better to lie low and wait for Zhu to make a mistake before trying to react, allowing the troops and the people to rest for the time. He also spoke to Li Keyong about what he saw as the issue of the ethnically 1286:, whom Wang Chuzhi had designated as heir. However, the Yiwu officers did not want to see a Khitan invasion, and Wang Du used this sentiment to lead a coup against Wang Chuzhi. He put Wang Chuzhi and Wang Chuzhi's wife under house arrest, while slaughtering Wang Chuzhi's descendants at Yiwu's capital Ding Prefecture ( 1397:)—south of the Yellow River and deep behind Later Liang lines—was not well-defended and could be taken. Li Cunxu believed that this was an opportunity to change the tide of the war, and put Li Siyuan, who supported the plan, in charge of an army to launch a surprise attack on Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture ( 1577:

After the conquest of Former Shu, however, both Li Cunxu and Empress Liu came to suspect Guo Chongtao of wanting to occupy the Shu lands and rebel. Li Cunxu, however, was unwilling to act against Guo without further proof. However, Empress Liu went ahead and issued an order to Li Jiji, ordering him

1254:

Zhang offered to submit as a vassal to Li Cunxu, and Li Cunxu, while greatly saddened by Wang Rong's death, initially commissioned him as the acting military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, i.e., Zhao). However, Zhang himself was apprehensive of how Li Cunxu viewed him, and therefore made overtures

1585:

Guo's and Li Jilin's death sent fear and anger throughout the Later Tang army ranks. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the central Later Tang territory was going through a terrible famine at the time, and, with Empress Liu unwilling to release the funds for famine relief, many soldiers'

968:

was approaching, and more apprehensive that Liu Shouguang (who by this point was making noise about joining forces with him but demanding a leadership role in the army) might create trouble for him, he soon gave up the siege on Wei, ending the confrontation with Later Liang for the time being. From

855:

He ordered the prefectures and counties to recommend people who were good and talented; he also deposed the greedy and the cruel, relaxed the tax burden, comforted the weak and the poor, corrected injustice and excesses, such that the realm became well-governed. As Hedong was a small territory that

1218:

At the same time, a crisis was developing within Jin's ally Zhao. Wang Rong, in his old age, was described to be superstitious and spending much efforts on immortality, not attending to the affairs of his state, and spending much time at his vacation estate. He also greatly trusted the eunuch Shi

1096:

After Yan's destruction, with the fear of a Yan attack no longer in sight, Li Cunxu decided to commence his campaign against archrival Later Liang, in conjunction with Zhao and Yiwu. His initial attack toward Later Liang's Tianxiong Circuit in late 914 was repelled by Yang Shihou (who was then the

915:), of potentially turning against him, and therefore decided to seize the circuits by trick. As Liu Shouguang was threatening Yiwu at that time, he launched an army north, pretending to be helping Yiwu and Wushun in defending against a potential Liu Shouguang attack, but then seized Wushun's Shen ( 868:

Li Cunxu also began to exercise imperial powers, in the name of the Tang emperor (even though there was no Tang emperor at that time any more)—an authority that Emperor Zhaozong had previously granted Li Keyong, but which Li Keyong never exercised. He trusted Zhang Chengye greatly, honoring him as

833:

Meanwhile, the crisis of Lu being under siege continued. However, believing that Lu would fall by itself without aid from the outside in light of Li Keyong's death (particularly because Li Cunxu withdrew Zhou Dewei from the area back to Taiyuan for some time), Zhu Quanzhong left the siege, leaving

436:

Li Cunxu was considered one of the most militarily capable rulers of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. When he succeeded his father Li Keyong as the Prince of Jin, the Former Jin had been weakened in the late years of Li Keyong's rule and not considered capable of posing a military threat

1590:

had difficulty putting down the Yedu rebellion, and it threatened to become even more problematic. When Li Cunxu subsequently sent Li Siyuan to take over the operations, Li Siyuan's own soldiers mutinied and forced him to join the Yedu mutineers. Li Siyuan tried to send messengers to Li Cunxu to

1327:

Li Sizhao's death, however, created another crisis for Li Cunxu, who, at this time, was preparing to claim imperial title. After Li Sizhao's death, his sons, against Li Cunxu's orders to have Li Sizhao's casket escorted to Taiyuan for burial, instead took it back to Lu Prefecture. Thereafter, Li

1275:

Meanwhile, a similar crisis was developing at another Jin ally, Yiwu Circuit. Wang Chuzhi feared that if Jin conquered Zhao lands, Yiwu would inevitably also be incorporated into Jin territory, and therefore advocated pardoning Zhang Wenli. When his proposal was rebuffed by Li Cunxu, Wang Chuzhi

777:

After Li Keyong's death, Li Kening initially took over the discipline of the army, and no one dared to create a disturbance. By contrast, the officers and the soldiers did not then respect the young (then 22) Li Cunxu, and they were constantly commenting about him. Li Cunxu, in fear, offered the

563:

Emperor Zhaozong, upon seeing Li Cunxu's appearance, caressed him and stated, "You, son, will be a pillar for the state. Please be faithful to the imperial house." After Li Keyong defeated the three warlords (killing Wang and forcing Li Maozhen and Han to nominally resubmit to the emperor), Li

1295:

Subsequently, the Khitan emperor invaded, enticed by Wang Yu's description of Chengde and Yiwu as rich lands that he could pillage. Li Cunxu, leaving his generals to siege Zhen Prefecture, personally led an army to confront the Khitan army. He defeated the Khitan army, forcing Emperor Taizu's

1100:

However, Yang's death in 915 would bring a major opportunity for Jin. Zhu Youzhen—who had changed his name to Zhu Zhen by this point—was apprehensive of the power that the Tianxiong army had, and decided to weaken it by dividing in into two circuits, each with three of the six prefectures that

1509:

to inherit Fengxiang Circuit as military governor, but did not bestow Li Jiyan a princely title, and this was thus viewed as the end of Qi as an independent state. The Later Liang military governors all submitted to him, and in effect, he had merged the two states. (That included Li Jitao,

1255:

to both Later Liang's emperor Zhu Zhen (premised on the fact that he spared Wang Zhaozuo's wife, who was a sister to Zhu Zhen and who carried the title of Princess Puning), and Khitan's Emperor Taizu. Zhu, however, was dissuaded from aiding Zhang by his associates, despite his

652:

He advocated aiding Liu to stop Zhu's expansion, while at time helping Li Keyong gain a reputation for magnanimity. Under Li Cunxu's advocacy, Li Keyong agreed, and requested Liu send troops to him to jointly attack Zhu's possession Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern

1141:) were defeated by Li Cunxu and his generals. (Tianxiong subsequently became a major source of human and material resources for Li Cunxu's campaigns.) Tianxiong's fall to Jin left the other Later Liang circuits north of the Yellow River (Baoyi (保義, headquartered in modern 1595:

decided to play both sides, and sent emissaries to both of them, welcoming them. When Li Siyuan reached Bian first, Kong welcomed him in, and rejected Li Cunxu. Hearing this, Li Cunxu dejectedly returned to Luoyang. After he returned to Luoyang, the officer Guo Congqian

834:

his generals to continue the siege against Lu. Li Cunxu decided to lead the army himself to try to lift the siege. With he himself attacking the Later Liang forces from one side and Zhou from the other, the surprised Later Liang forces collapsed, ending the siege on Lu.

1419:), intending to use it to cut off the supply line between Later Tang proper and Yun. However, his subsequent battles against Li Cunxu himself were indecisive; further, Wang's commission caused much apprehension in the hearts of Zhu's close associates—his brother-in-law 1591:

explain he had not intended to rebel, but his messengers were intercepted by Li Shaorong. He decided to attack south and occupy Bian Prefecture (汴州, i.e., formerly Daliang), and Li Cunxu mobilized an army to try to intercept him. Bian Prefecture's defender

935:) and slaughtered Wushun's garrison at those prefectures. Wang Rong, surprised by this turn of events, immediately sought aid from both Li Cunxu and Liu Shouguang. Liu Shouguang refused, but Li Cunxu launched armies commanded by Zhou and later, himself. 1564:

by surprise as he thought that the two states were coexisting peacefully. The Later Tang forces repeatedly defeated the forces Former Shu sent to resist it, and, by the end of 925, the situation had become so desperate that the Former Shu major general

1382:

At that time, though, the outlook for the new Later Tang state was not a positive one—as it was facing the reality of regular Khitan incursions that laid Lulong bare and Anyi's recent rebellion. However, at that time, the Later Liang officer Lu Shunmi

781:

Many of Li Keyong's adoptive sons who served as officers, however, were older and more accomplished militarily than Li Cunxu, and they did not respect him; many refused to meet him to pay homage, and some refused to bow to him. One of those, Li Cunhao

1084:. After initially declining, Li Cunxu accepted the title, and also established a provisional central government, exercising imperial powers in the manner that Emperor Taizong did (while he was still the Prince of Qin under his father, Tang's founder 805:

Despite Li Cunxu's agreement with Li Kening, the conspiracy around Li Kening continued. Li Cunhao specifically planned, with Li Kening's understanding, to seize Li Cunxu when Li Cunxu would visit Li Kening's mansion, deliver Li Cunxu and his mother

1251:. The remaining soldiers feared that they would also be punished, and, in spring 921, they mutinied and slaughtered Wang Rong and his family, supporting Wang Deming (who then changed his name back to his birth name of Zhang Wenli) as their leader. 1324:, which tried to take advantage of the situation. Li Cunxu subsequently commissioned Li Cunshen to attack the Chengde mutineers, and Zhen fell to him. Li Cunxu killed Zhang Chujin and his brothers, and incorporated Chengde into his territory. 1406:

Shocked by Yun's fall, Zhu Zhen relieved Dai Siyuan, who was the military governor of Tianping but who was then commanding the main Later Liang army against Later Tang, of his command, and, at Jing Xiang's recommendation, commissioned

778:

command of the army to Li Kening, but Li Kening declined, pointing out that he was Li Keyong's lawful heir. Under Li Kening's and Zhang Chengye's insistence, Li Cunxu took the titles of Prince of Jin and military governor of Hedong.

594:) Prefectures (both in modern Linfen), but as he did not report to those prefectures, the titles were honorary. He was said to understand music, and often sang or danced before his father. He had a rudimentary understanding of the 1268:), who commanded the Zhao detachment in Li Cunxu's army and who wanted to avenge the Wang family, declared a general campaign against Zhang. Zhang died in shock when the campaign was declared, but under the leadership of his son 736:'s command, while having some minor successes against Later Liang forces, were unable to lift the siege. By spring 908, Li Keyong had fallen seriously ill. He entrusted Li Cunxu, whom he designated as his heir, to his brother 1487:), and then headed directly toward the defenseless Daliang. With Duan's army trapped north of the Yellow River and unable to come to his rescue, Zhu saw the situation as hopeless. He ordered his general Huangfu Lin ( 829:

On March 25, 908, Li Cunxu held a feast at his own mansion, and all the high-level officers attended. At the feast, soldiers that Li Cunxu had previously hidden seized Li Kening and Li Cunhao, and then executed them.

732:, whom Li Keyong had made the military governor of Zhaoyi, under siege at Lu. Kang built walls and trenches around Lu to cut off communications with the outside, and subsequent relief forces that Li Keyong sent under 1243:) felt compelled to mobilize soldiers to force him to return—and the soldiers, in the disturbance, killed Shi. Wang subsequently killed Li Ai and Li Honggui, entrusting the authority of the state to his son and heir 1578:

to kill Guo. Li Jiji did so. With Guo dead, Li Cunxu went ahead and issued an edict condemning him and ordering his sons be killed as well. Subsequently, with the eunuchs and performers accusing the major general

1193:

In winter 917, Li Cunxu, believing that he was in shape to destroy Later Liang once and for all, gathered all of his major generals, preparing to cross the then-frozen Yellow River and attack Later Liang's capital

1057:) to attack Zhu Youqian, Li Cunxu went to Zhu Youqian's aid and repelled Kang's attack, forcing Kang to withdraw. (Zhu Youqian would subsequently return to the Later Liang fold after, in 913, Zhu Yougui's brother 619:

soldiers pillaging the civilian populace—although Li Keyong was unwilling to curb the soldiers' behaviors at that time, pointing out that if he did, the soldiers might scatter and be unable to be gathered again.

464:, Later Tang was a short-lived regime lasting only thirteen years. Li Cunxu himself lived only three years after the founding of the dynasty, having been killed during an officer's rebellion led by Guo Congqian ( 1569:(Wang Yan's adoptive brother) seized Wang Yan and his family and forced Wang Yan to surrender the Former Shu realm to Later Tang, thus ending Former Shu, whose territory was taken over by Later Tang. 1342:

for Li Sizhao) and commissioned Li Jitao as the acting military governor. However, subsequently, fearing that Li Cunxu would act against him, particularly when Li Cunxu recalled the eunuch monitor

456:

in 923 and proclaimed himself emperor of the Later Tang, which he referred to as the "Restored Tang". As a part of "restoring Tang", the capital was moved back to the old Tang eastern capital of

1373:—using the Tang name for his state to claim legitimate succession from Tang—at Wei Prefecture. This Tang is known in historiography as "Later Tang". He renamed Wei to Xingtang Municipality ( 1190:) subsequently repelled the Khitan attack, Lulong's vulnerability to Khitan attacks had been exposed, and in the future, there would be recurrent Khitan incursions against Lulong. 837:

Li Cunxu thereafter instituted policies that, during the next several years, gradually let Jin regain its strength from the nadir late in the Li Keyong years. As described by the

2580: 764:), while repeatedly stating to Li Cunxu that the immediate urgency after his death would be to rescue Li Sizhao. He then died and was succeeded as the Prince of Jin by Li Cunxu. 3304: 1493:) to kill him; Huangfu did, and then committed suicide himself. This thus ended Later Liang. Li Cunxu subsequently entered Daliang and claimed all of Later Liang territory. 1009:. Zhu Quanzhong, while knowing that Liu was inflating himself, tried to keep him nominally in the fold by naming him the surveyor of the circuits north of the Yellow River. 1012:

All of these honors offered to him, however, did not stop Liu from claiming the title he actually wanted, and in fall 911, he declared himself the emperor of a new state of

1282:), who was then a Jin officer on the Khitan border. Wang Yu agreed, but extracted a promise from Wang Chuzhi that he be made heir, displacing Wang Chuzhi's adoptive son 445:

had seized the Tang throne. Li Cunxu carefully rebuilt the Former Jin state, using a series of conquests and alliances to take over most of the territory north of the

1202:, first, and he spent several months pillaging the Later Liang territory on the Yellow River. Around new year 919, the two armies met at Huliu Slope (胡柳陂, in modern 1125:) as its military governor. The Tianxiong army was apprehensive and angry about the division, and therefore mutinied under the leadership of the officer Zhang Yan ( 1225:), who encouraged him in such tendencies. In late 920, when he remained for months at his vacation estate and refused to return to Zhao's capital Zhen Prefecture ( 1292:). He then reported what happened to Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu commissioned him as the acting military governor of Yiwu, thus effectively turning Yiwu into a vassal. 876:

by aiding Liu Shouguang, after Liu Shouguang had overthrown Liu Rengong and taken over Lulong Circuit. (Liu Shouguang eventually captured Liu Shouwen at the

603:

Li Cunxu was said to be intelligent, brave, and alert even in his youth. In or around 902, seeing his father's distress at years of losses against archrival

671:, who had secretly resented Zhu for having killed Emperor Zhaozong in 904, surrendered Zhaoyi to Li Keyong, forcing Zhu to abandon his campaign against Liu. 1539:, not the same Jingnan Circuit referred to earlier), who would eventually, after Li Cunxu's death, effectively become independent of Later Tang, as well as 2573: 1427:—as Wang had long despised what he saw as their wickedness. Zhao and the Zhangs thus defamed him before Zhu, who then removed him and replaced him with 1051:), refused to submit to Zhu Yougui, and instead submitted to Jin, seeking Li Cunxu's aid. When Zhu Yougui subsequently sent the general Kang Huaizhen ( 987:

Meanwhile, Liu Shouguang, believing himself to be strong enough to declare himself emperor, tried to persuade Wang Rong and Wang Chuzhi to honor him as

872:

For some time thereafter, Li Cunxu did not wage major campaigns, although he did involve himself in the war between Liu Shouwen and his younger brother

880:, uniting Lulong and Yichang under his control.) He also jointly attacked Later Liang with Li Maozhen's Qi state after the major Later Liang general 1180:(Yelü Abaoji) launching a major attack on Lulong in 917, putting You Prefecture under siege. While Li Cunxu and his generals (his adoptive brothers 1155:), and Shunhua (順化, i.e., Yichang, which Later Liang had taken during the Jin campaign against Yan and renamed, and which Jin later renamed Henghai ( 3268: 2566: 1552:

Meanwhile, Li Cunxu planned to conquer Former Shu and, in late 925, put his plans into action. He commissioned his oldest son with Empress Liu,

1350:

to his provisional imperial government, Li Jitao submitted Anyi to Later Liang. Zhu Zhen was very pleased, and renamed the circuit to Kuangyi (

461: 1032:) (pretending that a major Jin army was about to attack the Later Liang army under Zhu), and eventually gave up on the idea of aiding Liu.) 3343: 3300: 969:

this point on, Zhao and Yiwu became effectively independent polities, but in close alliance with Jin, all still using the Tang era name of

3363: 1652: 807: 503: 887:

Li Cunxu's major opportunity to assert himself against Later Liang came in late 910. Zhu Quanzhong had come to suspect his vassals

1198:. However, he then apparently changed his mind, wanting to destroy the main Later Liang army, which was then under the command of 794:), without Li Cunxu's approval, and also requested to be made the military governor of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern 1510:

although, after he later discovered the Li Jitao was still planning to control his realm independently, he put Li Jitao to death.

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Tianxiong previously possessed, with a smaller Tianxiong Circuit headquartered still at its long-time capital Wei Prefecture (

3284: 1513:

However, despite being a capable general, Li Cunxu was not capable at governance. He, and particularly his favorite consort

950:). In the aftermaths of the victory, Li Cunxu decided to advance further, and he briefly put Wei Prefecture (魏州, in modern 3256: 3252: 682:

as its emperor. He claimed to be the proper ruler for all of the former Tang realm, but Li Keyong, as well as Li Maozhen,

1332:

seized power at Zhaoyi, and Li Cunxu, not wanting to create another disturbance, changed the name of the circuit to Anyi (

1299:

Despite the seeming inevitability of success, the Jin forces suffered several major losses against the Chengde mutineers:

3383: 3244: 1080:) to him—a title that no Tang subject had dared to accept because it had been at one point held by Tang's second emperor 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2166: 2115: 2092: 2073: 2050: 2021: 1996: 1975: 1959: 1943: 1913: 1867: 1832: 3373: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 1890: 1885: 1276:

decided to secretly make an overture to Khitan's Emperor Taizu to invite him to invade Jin, through his son Wang Yu (

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Davis, Richard L., Fire and Ice: LI Cunxu and the Rise of Later Tang. (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016)

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In spring 911, a joint Jin/Zhao/Yiwu army crushed the Later Liang army, commanded by the major Later Liang general

1061:

the Prince of Jun overthrew Zhu Yougui in a countercoup and became emperor, but would yet later revert to Jin.)

1256: 1039:

the Prince of Ying, who thereafter declared himself the emperor of Later Liang. The major Later Liang general

550: 346: 3378: 3280: 964:), under siege. However, apprehensive that a major Later Liang army under the command of the major general 661:) to open a second front. Liu did so. Subsequent, when Li Keyong attacked Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture ( 3398: 3368: 2655: 2607: 2493: 679: 453: 438: 3159: 2645: 3393: 3388: 2781: 2731: 2685: 2665: 707: 534: 399: 238: 17: 3338: 1389:) defected to Later Tang, revealing that Later Liang's Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern 3353: 3348: 3232: 3119: 3036: 3031: 1677: 1560:, in actual command of the operations as Li Jiji's deputy. The attack caught Former Shu's emperor 1424: 881: 810:

to the Later Liang emperor, and take over Hedong Circuit. Li Kening met the officer Shi Jingrong (

596: 487: 1161:) isolated, and by late 916, they had fallen to Jin as well, leaving a single city (黎陽, in modern 3358: 3224: 3092: 2771: 2766: 1259: 1081: 741: 2558: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3228: 3026: 3021: 2894: 2821: 1582:

of having plotted rebellion with Guo, Li Cunxu killed Li Jilin and his family members as well.

1420: 695: 3260: 3236: 3220: 3097: 1177: 1132: 1085: 892: 706:), refused to recognize him as emperor, effectively becoming sovereigns of their own realms ( 1035:

While the Yan campaign was going on, in late 912, Zhu Quanzhong was assassinated by his son

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to replace him. Wang quickly attacked and captured the border fort Desheng (德勝, in modern

1013: 557: 8: 3333: 3328: 2651: 2514: 2455: 1431:. Meanwhile, Zhu also destroyed the Yellow River levee at Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern 888: 711: 560:

over Emperor Zhaozong's objections—Li Keyong sent Li Cunxu to pay homage to the emperor.

3107: 1262:'s advocacy for doing so. Eventually, Li Cunxu, encouraged by the Zhao general Fu Xi ( 675: 668: 171: 509:

In 895, when Li Keyong was on a (eventually successful) campaign against the warlords

857: 715: 1439:), causing a flood area, believing that it would impede further Later Tang attacks. 1442:

Duan prepared an ambitious plan for a four-prong counterattack against Later Tang:

415: 403: 358: 295: 264: 138: 1794: 330: 195: 159: 2269: 1938: 1908: 1403:). Li Siyuan was shortly thereafter able to capture Yun in a surprise attack. 1320:

Meanwhile, Li Cunshen and Li Siyuan fought off a Later Liang army commanded by

1002: 877: 847: 1306:

Yan Bao was defeated and forced to retreat. (Yan subsequently died in shame.)

498:

the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan,

3317: 3200: 3190: 3165: 3079: 2917: 2641: 2396: 1603: 1408: 873: 745: 442: 78: 3195: 3124: 3064: 3013: 2899: 2826: 2808: 2798: 2757: 2744: 2739: 2539: 2476: 2463: 1621: 1587: 1561: 1557: 1540: 1476: 1339: 1269: 1244: 1173: 1119:) headquartered at Xiang Prefecture (相州, in modern Handan) with Zhang Yun ( 939: 896: 861: 838: 491: 446: 430: 326: 302: 43: 1719:

Lady of Honorable Moral, of the Wang clan (懿德王氏), later the Lady of Langye

1556:, as the titular commander of the operations, but put his chief of staff, 3139: 3134: 3129: 3054: 2960: 2950: 2945: 2863: 2793: 2625: 2489: 2429: 1616: 1579: 1566: 1468: 1343: 1248: 1058: 1040: 965: 904: 823: 749: 632: 624: 546: 510: 207: 113: 1686:

Zhaorong, of the Xia clan ( 昭容夏氏), later the Lady of Guo, later wife of

525:

the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern

3149: 3144: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2983: 2940: 2922: 2886: 2845: 2831: 2712: 2676: 2661: 2620: 2543: 2510: 2341: 1524: 1506: 1452: 1446: 1370: 1321: 1036: 1017: 842: 733: 719: 553: 522: 407: 386: 335: 243: 164: 53: 1710:

Lady of Honorable Talent, of the Wang clan (懿才王氏), the Lady of Taiyuan

698:

the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern

686:

the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern

635:

the military governor of Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern

537:

the military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern

513:

the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern

2955: 2909: 2858: 2816: 2717: 2707: 2691: 2372: 2357: 1687: 1645: 1428: 1390: 1313: 1296:

withdrawal and leaving the Chengde mutineers without outside allies.

1181: 737: 729: 627:

the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern

607:

the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern

495: 471: 419: 96: 71: 1043:

the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern

3205: 3185: 2988: 1592: 1532: 1484: 1394: 1369:

Shortly after, in spring 923, Li Cunxu declared himself emperor of

1347: 1329: 1207: 1044: 928: 907:

the military governor of Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern

687: 654: 636: 514: 426: 1666:, of the Liu clan (神閔敬皇后劉氏, d. 926), personal name Yuniang (劉玉娘) 3087: 3069: 3059: 3046: 2932: 2853: 2615: 2588: 2438: 2412: 2408: 2128: 1669: 1553: 1528: 1502: 1283: 1195: 1142: 943: 908: 722:, respectively). Zhu thereafter sent his general Kang Huaizhen ( 703: 699: 691: 683: 628: 608: 604: 542: 530: 518: 483: 457: 233: 223: 126: 1797: 1169:) north of the Yellow River that was still held by Later Liang. 600:. When he grew older, he became capable at riding and archery. 2978: 2970: 2383: 1480: 1432: 1412: 1199: 1048: 998: 951: 799: 795: 658: 616: 579: 575: 538: 499: 423: 366: 997:) the defender of Tiande Circuit (天德, headquartered in modern 3177: 2522: 2416: 1536: 1436: 1416: 1166: 1146: 958:), the capital of Later Liang's important Tianxiong Circuit ( 955: 947: 932: 912: 900: 895:, who controlled Wushun Circuit (武順, headquartered in modern 640: 612: 526: 1203: 1162: 623:

In 906, Zhu was on campaign against another major warlord,

1064:

By summer 913, Zhou had put Yan's capital You Prefecture (

449:, before starting a lengthy campaign against Later Liang. 1713:

Xianyi, of the Han clan (咸一韩氏), later the Lady of Changli

1707:

Shizhen, of the Wu clan (侍真吳氏), later the Lady of Yanling

1704:

Shizhen, of the Zhou clan (侍眞周氏), later the Lady of Song

1213: 678:

yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new

1091: 574:) and made the prefect of Xi Prefecture (隰州, in modern 1716:

Yaofang, of the Zhang clan (瑤芳张氏), the Lady of Qinghe

1695:

Zhaoyuan, of the Bai clan (昭媛白氏), later the Lady of Yi

1692:

Zhaoyi, of the Hou clan (昭儀侯氏), later the Lady of Qian

1113:) as its military governor, and a new Zhaode Circuit ( 27:

Prince of Jin and then Emperor of Later Tang (885-926)

1698:

Chushi, of the Deng clan (出使鄧氏), later the Lady of Xu

1672:(魏王李繼岌, 909 – 28 May 926), Prince of Wei, third son 674:

In 907, Zhu had Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor

307: 1701:

Yuzheng, of the Zhang clan (御正張氏), the Lady of Liang

1648: (李克用) (24 October 856 – 24 February 908) 1356:), commissioning Li Jitao as its military governor. 1309:

Li Sizhao suffered a mortal injury and died from it.

643:) under siege at Yichang's capital Cang Prefecture ( 470:) in 926. He was succeeded by his adoptive brother 1722:Xuanyi, of the Ma clan (宣一馬氏), the Lady of Fufeng 772: 3315: 1458:Wang and Consort Zhang's brother Zhang Hanjie ( 190:Tóngguāng (同光): May 13, 923 – June 11, 926 1745:Li Jiyao (川王李繼嶢), Prince of Chuan, seventh son 1739:Li Jisong (光王李繼嵩), Prince of Guang, fifth son 1736:Li Jitong (守王李繼潼), Prince of Shou, fourth son 582:), and later successively the prefect of Fen ( 564:Cunxu was given the honorific title of acting 2574: 2208: 2202: 2196: 1752: 1683:Virtuous Consort, of the Yi clan (伊氏, d. 947) 1597: 1544: 1518: 1488: 1459: 1398: 1384: 1374: 1351: 1333: 1287: 1277: 1263: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1185: 1156: 1150: 1136: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1075: 1065: 1052: 1027: 1021: 1020:(Li Cunxu's adoptive brother), Shi Jiantang ( 992: 979:) to signify opposition against Later Liang. 974: 959: 922: 916: 817: 811: 789: 783: 759: 753: 723: 662: 644: 589: 583: 569: 506:. He was Li Keyong's oldest biological son. 465: 393: 380: 269: 1742:Li Jichan (真王李繼嶦), Prince of Zhen, sixth son 482:Li Cunxu was born in 885, at Jinyang (i.e., 460:. As with all of the other dynasties of the 2207:). Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she ( 1423:and four brothers/cousins of his late wife 1359: 402:(r. 908–923) who later became the founding 2581: 2567: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2084: 2082: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1364: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 502:). His mother was Li Keyong's concubine 202:Emperor Guāngshèng Shénmǐn Xiào (光聖神閔孝皇帝) 1606:, who would treat them as his own sons. 1496: 1172:However, Jin was soon challenged by the 545:)—who, earlier, had entered the capital 2151: 2098: 2079: 2056: 2027: 2002: 1981: 1924: 1922: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1659:Consort and their respective issue(s): 398:), was the second ruling prince of the 14: 3316: 2590:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2146:Outlines of the History of the Chinese 1965: 1949: 1931: 1896: 1838: 1803: 412:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2562: 1531:Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern 1523:), and a former Later Liang warlord, 1379:) and made it his temporary capital. 1214:Integration of Zhao and Yiwu into Jin 758:), and the secretary general Lu Zhi ( 2364:Prince of Jin/Emperor of Later Tang 1919: 1873: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1184:and Li Cunshen, as well as Yan Bao ( 1176:to the north as well, with Khitan's 1092:Initial campaign against Later Liang 728:) to put Li Cunxu's adoptive cousin 3344:Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi 1464:) would head toward Yun Prefecture. 767: 281:"Solemn Ancestor of the Later Tang" 24: 3364:Jin (Later Tang precursor) princes 2684: 1798:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter 1680:, of the Han clan (韓淑妃韓氏, d. 947) 1455:would head toward Zhen Prefecture. 1303:Shi Jiantang was killed in battle. 1272:, the Chengde mutineers resisted. 982: 864:—he had well-disciplined soldiers. 860:and occupy the lands south of the 42: 25: 3410: 2258:New History of the Five Dynasties 1777: 1725:Shizheng, of the Guo clan (誓正郭氏) 1475:However, the Later Liang officer 1231:), his military commander Li Ai ( 1149:, which Jin later renamed Anguo ( 1097:military governor of Tianxiong). 54:Emperor of the Later Tang dynasty 1630:Collection of Respecting the Old 631:), and he put Liu Rengong's son 255:Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang 2172: 2138: 2135:(中國歷史年表), vol. 2, pp. 846–847 . 2121: 1748:Princess Yining (義寧公主, d. 953) 437:to its archrival to the south, 2550:Ruler of China (Southwestern) 1460: 1227: 1151: 1127: 1121: 927:) Prefectures (both in modern 826:to prepare against Li Kening. 773:Initial consolidation of power 748:, Li Cunxu's adoptive brother 667:), Zhaoyi's military governor 394: 381: 371: 350: 308: 270: 137:Yong Mausoleum (雍陵; in modern 112:Ying County, Yingzhou (modern 88:February 23, 908 – May 13, 923 13: 1: 3324:10th-century Chinese monarchs 3269:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 2218:History of the Five Dynasties 2195:Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui ( 1886:History of the Five Dynasties 1765: 477: 1770: 1501:Li Cunxu set his capital at 1312:Li Cunxu's adoptive brother 1005:)—offering Liu the title of 942:, at Boxiang (柏鄉, in modern 7: 2600:(and other northern states) 2133:Timeline of Chinese History 1572: 490:. His father was the late- 33:Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang 10: 3415: 3384:10th-century Chinese poets 2188: 1655:, of the Cao clan (貞簡皇后曹氏) 1620:poems were preserved in a 1471:, would confront Li Cunxu. 1449:would head toward Taiyuan. 1346:and the secretary general 1316:was also killed in battle. 343:Emperor Zhuangzong of Tang 324: 3218: 3176: 3158: 3115: 3106: 3078: 3045: 3012: 2969: 2931: 2908: 2885: 2879:(other than Northern Han) 2876: 2844: 2807: 2789: 2780: 2753: 2730: 2698: 2675: 2634: 2606: 2597: 2548: 2536: 2519: 2507: 2500:Ruler of China (Central) 2498: 2486: 2473: 2452: 2435: 2426: 2405: 2393: 2380: 2369: 2362: 2354: 2349: 2335: 2209: 2203: 2197: 1757:) and had issue ( a sons) 1753: 1635: 1609: 1598: 1545: 1527:the military governor of 1519: 1489: 1467:Duan himself, along with 1399: 1385: 1375: 1352: 1334: 1288: 1278: 1264: 1239: 1237:) and eunuch Li Honggui ( 1233: 1221: 1186: 1157: 1137: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1076: 1066: 1053: 1028: 1022: 993: 975: 960: 923: 917: 818: 812: 790: 784: 760: 754: 724: 663: 645: 590: 584: 570: 466: 441:, whose founding emperor 362: 319: 301: 294: 289: 285: 277: 263: 259: 254: 232: 222: 213: 206: 201: 194: 189: 184: 155: 150: 146: 132: 120: 106: 102: 92: 84: 77: 67: 63:May 13, 923 – May 15, 926 59: 52: 41: 32: 3374:Politicians from Taiyuan 2148:(中國人史綱), vol. 2, p. 593. 1360:As Emperor of Later Tang 597:Spring and Autumn Annals 488:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang 410:(r. 923–926) during the 2772:Emperor Shizong of Liao 2767:Emperor Taizong of Liao 1365:Conquest of Later Liang 752:, the officer Wu Gong ( 486:), during the reign of 452:Li Cunxu conquered the 185:Era name and dates 1751:married Song Tinghao ( 1653:Empress Zhenjian 866: 47: 1497:Governance at Luoyang 853: 802:). Li Cunxu agreed. 46: 3379:Generals from Shanxi 2144:See, e.g., Bo Yang, 474:(Emperor Mingzong). 418:. He was the son of 3399:Medieval performers 3369:Later Tang emperors 2635:Concurrent warlords 2432:(Prince of Beiping) 1664:Empress Shenminjing 1543:'s emissary He Ci ( 454:Later Liang dynasty 309:Hòu Táng Zhuāngzōng 2375:(Emperor Mingzong) 869:an older brother. 408:Later Tang dynasty 400:Former Jin dynasty 48: 3394:Founding monarchs 3389:Poets from Shanxi 3311: 3310: 3214: 3213: 3172: 3171: 2872: 2871: 2840: 2839: 2726: 2725: 2557: 2556: 2370:Succeeded by 1928:Cihai: Page 1266. 1247:and adoptive son 1107:) with He Delun ( 1026:) and Li Sigong ( 884:submitted to Qi. 858:Taihang Mountains 549:and executed the 363:李存朂 or 李存勗 or 李存勖 353:), personal name 323: 322: 315: 314: 296:Standard Mandarin 250: 249: 218: 217: 16:(Redirected from 3406: 3339:Chengde jiedushi 3113: 3112: 2883: 2882: 2787: 2786: 2682: 2681: 2604: 2603: 2583: 2576: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2537:Preceded by 2521:Ruler of China ( 2508:Preceded by 2487:Preceded by 2475:Ruler of China ( 2453:Preceded by 2437:Ruler of China ( 2427:Preceded by 2407:Ruler of China ( 2394:Preceded by 2382:Ruler of China ( 2355:Preceded by 2333: 2332: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2199: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2160: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2125: 2119: 2109: 2096: 2086: 2077: 2067: 2054: 2044: 2025: 2015: 2000: 1990: 1979: 1969: 1963: 1953: 1947: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1917: 1905: 1894: 1882: 1871: 1861: 1836: 1826: 1801: 1792: 1756: 1755: 1678:Pure Consort Han 1601: 1600: 1548: 1547: 1522: 1521: 1492: 1491: 1463: 1462: 1402: 1401: 1388: 1387: 1378: 1377: 1355: 1354: 1337: 1336: 1291: 1290: 1281: 1280: 1267: 1266: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1189: 1188: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1140: 1139: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1079: 1078: 1069: 1068: 1056: 1055: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1024: 996: 995: 978: 977: 963: 962: 926: 925: 920: 919: 821: 820: 815: 814: 808:Lady Dowager Cao 793: 792: 787: 786: 768:As Prince of Jin 763: 762: 757: 756: 727: 726: 666: 665: 648: 647: 593: 592: 587: 586: 573: 572: 469: 468: 397: 396: 384: 383: 373: 364: 352: 311: 310: 287: 286: 273: 272: 252: 251: 148: 147: 37: 30: 29: 21: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3354:Lulong jiedushi 3349:Hedong jiedushi 3314: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3210: 3168: 3154: 3102: 3074: 3041: 3008: 2965: 2927: 2904: 2878: 2868: 2836: 2803: 2776: 2755: 2749: 2722: 2694: 2671: 2630: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2552: 2546: 2531: 2517: 2502: 2496: 2481: 2471: 2447: 2433: 2421: 2403: 2388: 2376: 2366: 2360: 2345: 2338: 2331: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2139: 2126: 2122: 2110: 2099: 2087: 2080: 2068: 2057: 2045: 2028: 2016: 2003: 1991: 1982: 1970: 1966: 1954: 1950: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1920: 1906: 1897: 1883: 1874: 1862: 1839: 1827: 1804: 1795:Academia Sinica 1793: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1732:Two Unnamed son 1638: 1612: 1575: 1499: 1367: 1362: 1216: 1094: 1082:Emperor Taizong 985: 983:Conquest of Yan 775: 770: 480: 416:Chinese history 340: 278:Literal meaning 242: 214:Zhuāngzōng (莊宗) 196:Posthumous name 180: 177: 168: 142: 125: 111: 110:December 2, 885 35: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3412: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3359:Weibo jiedushi 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3309: 3308: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3182: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2659: 2649: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2598:Five Dynasties 2595: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2472: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2367:908/923 – 926 2361: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2350:Regnal titles 2347: 2346: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2270:Zizhi Tongjian 2266: 2254: 2214: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2171: 2163:Zizhi Tongjian 2150: 2137: 2120: 2112:Zizhi Tongjian 2097: 2089:Zizhi Tongjian 2078: 2070:Zizhi Tongjian 2055: 2047:Zizhi Tongjian 2026: 2018:Zizhi Tongjian 2001: 1993:Zizhi Tongjian 1980: 1972:Zizhi Tongjian 1964: 1956:Zizhi Tongjian 1948: 1939:Zizhi Tongjian 1930: 1918: 1909:Zizhi Tongjian 1895: 1872: 1864:Zizhi Tongjian 1837: 1829:Zizhi Tongjian 1802: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1637: 1634: 1611: 1608: 1574: 1571: 1498: 1495: 1473: 1472: 1465: 1456: 1450: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1338:) (to observe 1318: 1317: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1215: 1212: 1135:and Wang Tan ( 1093: 1090: 1003:Inner Mongolia 984: 981: 891:the Prince of 878:Battle of Jisu 848:Zizhi Tongjian 774: 771: 769: 766: 494:major warlord 479: 476: 462:Five Dynasties 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 305: 299: 298: 292: 291: 290:Transcriptions 283: 282: 279: 275: 274: 267: 261: 260: 257: 256: 248: 247: 236: 230: 229: 226: 220: 219: 216: 215: 211: 210: 204: 203: 199: 198: 192: 191: 187: 186: 182: 181: 179: 178: 175: 169: 163: 156: 153: 152: 144: 143: 136: 134: 130: 129: 122: 118: 117: 108: 104: 103: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 50: 49: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3411: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3201:Qian Hongzong 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3191:Qian Yuanguan 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3166:Wang Yanzheng 3163: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3080:Southern Tang 3077: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2918:Meng Zhixiang 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2642:Liu Shouguang 2640: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2551: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2397:Liu Shouguang 2392: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2374: 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949: 945: 941: 936: 934: 930: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 874:Liu Shouguang 870: 865: 863: 859: 852: 850: 849: 844: 840: 835: 831: 827: 825: 809: 803: 801: 797: 779: 765: 751: 747: 746:Zhang Chengye 743: 739: 735: 731: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 660: 656: 650: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:Zhu Quanzhong 601: 599: 598: 581: 577: 567: 561: 559: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 475: 473: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 443:Zhu Quanzhong 440: 434: 432: 428: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 391: 388: 378: 374: 368: 360: 356: 348: 344: 338: 337: 332: 328: 318: 306: 304: 300: 297: 293: 288: 284: 280: 276: 268: 266: 262: 258: 253: 245: 240: 237: 235: 231: 227: 225: 221: 212: 209: 205: 200: 197: 193: 188: 183: 173: 170: 166: 161: 158: 157: 154: 149: 145: 140: 139:Xin'an County 135: 131: 128: 123: 119: 115: 109: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 80: 79:Prince of Jin 76: 73: 70: 66: 62: 58: 55: 51: 45: 40: 31: 19: 3257:N. Dynasties 3253:S. Dynasties 3196:Qian Hongzuo 3125:Wang Shenzhi 3065:Yang Longyan 3014:Southern Han 2900:Wang Zongyan 2877:Ten Kingdoms 2822:Liu Chengjun 2809:Northern Han 2799:Liu Chengyou 2745:Shi Chonggui 2740:Shi Jingtang 2702: 2549: 2540:Wang Zongyan 2526: 2520: 2499: 2477:Shijiazhuang 2474: 2467: 2464:Zhang Chujin 2459: 2442: 2436: 2406: 2381: 2363: 2340: 2268: 2256: 2216: 2201:). Ci hai ( 2178: 2174: 2162: 2145: 2140: 2132: 2123: 2111: 2088: 2069: 2046: 2017: 1992: 1971: 1967: 1955: 1951: 1937: 1933: 1907: 1884: 1863: 1828: 1731: 1658: 1639: 1629: 1625: 1624:book called 1622:Song dynasty 1615: 1613: 1584: 1576: 1562:Wang Zongyan 1558:Guo Chongtao 1551: 1541:Southern Han 1512: 1500: 1477:Kang Yanxiao 1474: 1441: 1405: 1381: 1368: 1340:naming taboo 1326: 1319: 1298: 1294: 1274: 1270:Zhang Chujin 1253: 1245:Wang Zhaozuo 1217: 1192: 1171: 1099: 1095: 1071: 1063: 1034: 1011: 1006: 988: 986: 970: 940:Wang Jingren 937: 897:Shijiazhuang 886: 871: 867: 862:Yellow River 854: 846: 839:Song dynasty 836: 832: 828: 804: 780: 776: 673: 651: 622: 602: 595: 565: 562: 508: 492:Tang dynasty 481: 451: 447:Yellow River 435: 431:Tang dynasty 422:, an ethnic 389: 376: 375:), nickname 370: 354: 342: 341: 334: 327:Chinese name 303:Hanyu Pinyin 3249:16 Kingdoms 3140:Wang Jipeng 3135:Wang Yanjun 3130:Wang Yanhan 3055:Yang Xingmi 2961:Gao Jichong 2951:Gao Baorong 2946:Gao Conghui 2864:Guo Zongxun 2794:Liu Zhiyuan 2760:occupation) 2754:Interregnum 2626:Zhu Youzhen 2608:Later Liang 2494:Later Liang 2430:Wang Chuzhi 2127:See, e.g., 1626:Zun Qian Ji 1588:Li Shaorong 1567:Wang Zongbi 1515:Empress Liu 1344:Zhang Juhan 1249:Wang Deming 1059:Zhu Youzhen 1041:Zhu Youqian 966:Yang Shihou 905:Wang Chuzhi 824:Zhu Shouyin 750:Li Cunzhang 680:Later Liang 633:Liu Shouwen 625:Liu Rengong 588:) and Jin ( 551:chancellors 511:Wang Xingyu 439:Later Liang 331:family name 208:Temple name 160:Family name 124:May 15, 926 114:Ying County 93:Predecessor 3334:926 deaths 3329:885 births 3318:Categories 3241:3 Kingdoms 3150:Zhu Wenjin 3145:Wang Yanxi 3004:Ma Xichong 2994:Ma Xiguang 2984:Ma Xisheng 2941:Gao Jixing 2923:Meng Chang 2887:Former Shu 2846:Later Zhou 2832:Liu Jiyuan 2713:Li Conghou 2677:Later Tang 2662:Li Maozhen 2621:Zhu Yougui 2544:Former Shu 2511:Li Maozhen 2415:/Northern 2342:Later Tang 2179:Qing Yi Lu 1766:References 1525:Gao Jixing 1453:Huo Yanwei 1447:Dong Zhang 1322:Dai Siyuan 1260:Jing Xiang 1257:chancellor 1037:Zhu Yougui 1018:Li Cunshen 921:) and Ji ( 882:Liu Zhijun 843:Sima Guang 841:historian 734:Zhou Dewei 720:Former Shu 676:Emperor Ai 554:Wei Zhaodu 523:Li Maozhen 478:Background 390:Li Tianxia 387:stage name 244:Later Tang 239:Former Jin 228:Li (Zhuye) 176:Cúnxù (存勗) 172:Given name 18:Zhuangzong 3120:Wang Chao 3037:Liu Chang 3032:Liu Sheng 2956:Gao Baoxu 2910:Later Shu 2895:Wang Jian 2859:Chai Rong 2827:Liu Ji'en 2817:Liu Chong 2782:Later Han 2732:Later Jin 2718:Li Congke 2708:Li Siyuan 2692:Li Keyong 2652:Wang Rong 2525:region) ( 2456:Wang Rong 2441:region) ( 2373:Li Siyuan 2358:Li Keyong 2337:Li Cunxu 1771:Citations 1728:Unknown: 1688:Li Zanhua 1646:Li Keyong 1640:Parents: 1469:Du Yanqiu 1429:Duan Ning 1314:Li Cunjin 1182:Li Siyuan 889:Wang Rong 738:Li Kening 730:Li Sizhao 696:Wang Jian 496:Li Keyong 472:Li Siyuan 420:Li Keyong 246:(923–926) 241:(908–923) 151:Full name 116:, Shanxi) 97:Li Keyong 72:Li Siyuan 68:Successor 3206:Qian Chu 3186:Qian Liu 2989:Ma Xifan 2703:Li Cunxu 2553:925–926 2532:924–926 2503:923–926 2490:Zhu Zhen 2482:922–926 2479:region) 2468:de facto 2448:921–926 2422:913–926 2389:908–926 2273:, vols. 2221:, vols. 2213:), 1979. 2181:, Tao Gu 2167:vol. 274 2116:vol. 273 2093:vol. 270 2074:vol. 269 2051:vol. 271 2022:vol. 268 1997:vol. 267 1976:vol. 265 1960:vol. 263 1944:vol. 260 1914:vol. 275 1868:vol. 266 1833:vol. 272 1651:Mother: 1644:Father: 1593:Kong Xun 1580:Li Jilin 1573:Downfall 1533:Jingzhou 1507:Li Jiyan 1485:Shandong 1421:Zhao Yan 1395:Shandong 1348:Ren Huan 1330:Li Jitao 1219:Ximeng ( 1208:Shandong 1045:Yuncheng 929:Hengshui 744:monitor 716:Hongnong 688:Yangzhou 669:Ding Hui 655:Changzhi 637:Cangzhou 547:Chang'an 535:Han Jian 515:Xianyang 504:Lady Cao 427:Jiedushi 372:Lǐ Cúnxù 355:Li Cunxu 325:In this 141:, Henan) 3093:Li Jing 3088:Li Bian 3070:Yang Pu 3060:Yang Wo 3027:Liu Bin 3022:Liu Yan 2999:Ma Xi'e 2933:Jingnan 2854:Guo Wei 2616:Zhu Wen 2527:de jure 2460:de jure 2443:de jure 2439:Baoding 2413:Tianjin 2409:Beijing 2210:上海辞书出版社 2198:辞海编辑委员会 2189:Sources 2129:Bo Yang 1891:vol. 27 1670:Li Jiji 1554:Li Jiji 1529:Jingnan 1503:Luoyang 1284:Wang Du 1196:Daliang 1143:Xingtai 1133:Liu Xun 1007:Shangfu 989:Shangfu 971:Tianyou 944:Xingtai 909:Baoding 903:), and 845:in the 704:Sichuan 700:Chengdu 694:), and 692:Jiangsu 684:Yang Wo 629:Beijing 609:Kaifeng 543:Shaanxi 533:), and 531:Shaanxi 519:Shaanxi 484:Taiyuan 458:Luoyang 429:of the 406:of the 404:emperor 359:Chinese 347:Chinese 265:Chinese 234:Dynasty 127:Luoyang 3281:W. Xia 2979:Ma Yin 2592:rulers 2384:Shanxi 2263:vol. 5 1636:Family 1628:(尊前集; 1610:Poetry 1481:Jining 1433:Anyang 1413:Puyang 1391:Tai'an 1200:He Gui 1049:Shanxi 999:Hohhot 952:Handan 822:) and 800:Shanxi 796:Datong 742:eunuch 740:, the 718:, and 659:Shanxi 617:Shatuo 580:Shanxi 576:Linfen 566:Sikong 539:Weinan 500:Shanxi 424:Shatuo 369:: 367:pinyin 361:: 349:: 329:, the 133:Burial 3225:Shang 3178:Wuyue 3098:Li Yu 2523:Baoji 2417:Hebei 1537:Hubei 1437:Henan 1417:Henan 1167:Henan 1147:Hebei 956:Hebei 948:Hebei 933:Hebei 913:Hebei 901:Hebei 641:Hebei 613:Henan 558:Li Xi 527:Baoji 224:House 85:Reign 60:Reign 3297:Qing 3293:Ming 3289:Yuan 3277:Song 3273:Liao 3265:Tang 3229:Zhou 2758:Liao 2656:Zhao 1371:Tang 1204:Heze 1163:Hebi 893:Zhao 556:and 377:Yazi 271:後唐莊宗 121:Died 107:Born 36:後唐莊宗 3305:PRC 3301:ROC 3285:Jīn 3261:Sui 3245:Jìn 3237:Han 3233:Qin 3221:Xia 3160:Yin 3108:Min 2971:Chu 2686:Jin 2646:Yan 2542:of 2513:of 2492:of 2401:Yan 2399:of 2323:275 2319:274 2315:273 2311:272 2307:271 2303:270 2299:269 2295:268 2291:267 2287:266 2283:265 2279:263 2275:260 1754:宋廷浩 1632:). 1599:郭從謙 1549:). 1490:皇甫麟 1461:張漢傑 1386:盧順密 1240:李弘規 1222:石希蒙 1187:閻寶) 1158:橫海) 1110:賀德倫 1088:). 1077:尚書令 1054:康懷貞 1029:李嗣肱 1023:史建瑭 1014:Yan 819:李存敬 813:史敬鎔 791:李存質 785:李存顥 725:康懷貞 708:Jin 521:), 467:郭從謙 414:of 395:李天下 385:), 351:唐莊宗 333:is 167:(李) 3320:: 3303:/ 3299:→ 3295:→ 3291:→ 3287:→ 3283:/ 3279:/ 3275:/ 3271:→ 3267:→ 3263:→ 3259:→ 3255:/ 3251:→ 3247:/ 3243:→ 3239:→ 3235:→ 3231:→ 3227:→ 3223:→ 3047:Wu 2666:Qi 2529:) 2515:Qi 2462:)/ 2445:) 2419:) 2386:) 2321:, 2317:, 2313:, 2309:, 2305:, 2301:, 2297:, 2293:, 2289:, 2285:, 2281:, 2277:, 2261:, 2251:34 2249:, 2247:33 2245:, 2243:32 2241:, 2239:31 2237:, 2235:30 2233:, 2231:29 2229:, 2227:28 2225:, 2223:27 2204:辞海 2165:, 2153:^ 2131:, 2114:, 2100:^ 2091:, 2081:^ 2072:, 2058:^ 2049:, 2029:^ 2020:, 2004:^ 1995:, 1983:^ 1974:, 1958:, 1942:, 1921:^ 1912:, 1898:^ 1889:, 1875:^ 1866:, 1840:^ 1831:, 1805:^ 1779:^ 1617:ci 1546:何詞 1535:, 1520:盧蘋 1483:, 1435:, 1415:, 1400:鄆州 1393:, 1376:興唐 1353:匡義 1335:安義 1289:定州 1279:王郁 1265:符習 1234:李藹 1228:鎮州 1206:, 1165:, 1152:安國 1145:, 1138:王檀 1128:張彥 1122:張筠 1116:昭德 1104:魏州 1067:幽州 1047:, 1001:, 994:宋瑤 976:天佑 961:天雄 954:, 946:, 931:, 924:冀州 918:深州 911:, 899:, 851:: 798:, 761:盧質 755:吳珙 714:, 712:Qi 710:, 702:, 690:, 664:潞州 657:, 646:滄州 639:, 611:, 591:晉州 585:汾州 578:, 571:司空 541:, 529:, 517:, 433:. 382:亞子 365:; 336:Li 174:: 165:Lǐ 162:: 2756:( 2668:) 2664:( 2658:) 2654:( 2648:) 2644:( 2582:e 2575:t 2568:v 2470:) 2466:( 2458:( 2411:/ 2325:. 2265:. 2253:. 2169:. 2118:. 2095:. 2076:. 2053:. 2024:. 1999:. 1978:. 1962:. 1946:. 1916:. 1893:. 1870:. 1835:. 1800:. 1596:( 1383:( 1074:( 973:( 782:( 568:( 392:( 379:( 357:( 345:( 339:. 20:)

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