841:
to have been only "imperfectly" Islamized. Many of these converts had previously been
Manichaeans, and Manichaeaism with its well developed missionary ideals had undergone a slight resurgence during early caliphate rule. As such, the Manichaeans were perceived as a threat to the security of the Muslim religious elite and to the Abbasid state. The threat was perceived to be especially evident in the quasi-scientific manner in which the Manichaeans posed unsettling questions, their skill at creating a favourable impression in public debate, and their ability in defending their own intellectually-appealing world-view.
3108:
3120:
652:
3132:
1451:
51:
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was viewed as a threat to Islam, to Muslim society, and to the state. In the eighth century, Islamic norms were still under development and had not yet crystallized, and
Muslims were still a small minority in the vast territories ruled by the caliphate, and even those who had converted were perceived
789:
under the
Abbasids claimed to be Muslims, and when applied to Muslims, the accusation was that the accused secretly harbored Manichaean beliefs. "The proof for such an accusation was sought, if at all, in an indication of some kind of dualism, or if that individual openly flouted Islamic beliefs or
1054:
Although the word zindīq/zandik was initially, in the
Sassanid Empire, applied to Manichaeans as a pejorative epithet, by the time of the Islamic Epoch its usage had broadened and was loosely applied to Gnostic Dualists, agnostics, atheists, and even free-thinkers and libertines. Eventually in the
813:, ordered the composition of polemical works to refute freethinkers and other heretics, and for years he tried to exterminate them absolutely, hunting them down and exterminating freethinkers in large numbers, putting to death anyone on mere suspicion of being a
720:" and is often used to underscore the seriousness of the religious views of the accused individual, and the rejection of such views by Islamic orthodoxy. It originally referred to the adherents of
864:
is occasionally used to denote members of religions, sects or cults that originated in a Muslim society but are considered heretical or independent faiths by mainstream
Muslims. In this sense, a
1356:
853:
to "the criminal dissident—the professing Muslim who holds beliefs or follows practices contrary to the central beliefs of Islam and is therefore to be regarded as an
857:
and an infidel. The jurists differ as to the theoretical formulation of the point of exclusion, but in fact usually adopt the practical criterion of open rebellion."
825:, continued the pogroms, although with diminished intensity during the reign of the latter and was later abolished by him. This policy in turn influenced the
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1772:
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1988:
1971:
1944:
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1959:
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as having said "tolerance is laudable, except in matters dangerous to religious belief, or to the sovereign's dignity." The third
Abbasid caliph,
1897:
1873:
1811:
1709:
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2003:
1566:
724:, but then came to be applied to those who were accused of having heretical beliefs and actions deemed as threatening by Islamic authorities.
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which targeted those Muslim religious scholars and officials who refused to accept the doctrine of created nature of Quran.
709:
applied to individuals who are considered to hold views or follow practices that are contrary to central
Islamic dogmas.
1890:
1816:
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90:
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682:
1964:
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the word zindiq/zandik was initially applied in the
Sassanid Empire to the Manichaeans as a pejorative epithet
627:
3169:
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361:
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was a serious one, and could cost the accused his/her life. A history of the time states cites the first
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267:
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480:
2726:
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287:
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term of uncertain etymology and meaning (for a discussion of the term in a pre-Islamic context, see
2508:
2036:
757:
Zindīq (زنديق) or Zandik (𐭦𐭭𐭣𐭩𐭪) was initially used to negatively denote the followers of the
507:
307:
2531:
102:
1274:
790:
practices." As such, certain Muslim poets of early
Abbasid times could thus also be accused of
556:
322:
17:
2651:
1149:
1087:
1055:
later period, even up to the present time, 'zindīq' came to be synonymous with 'irreligious'.
551:
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160:
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1677:
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8:
2134:
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195:
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Religion and
Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite
978:
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83:
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272:
926:. In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
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1929:
1403:
822:
762:
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570:
386:
346:
335:
317:
220:
165:
78:
27:
Individuals who identify as Muslim but reject at least one of the tenets of Islam
2646:
2338:
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2020:
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34:
2008:
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2182:
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1373:
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656:
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339:
71:
60:
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2298:
2242:
2041:
1279:
778:
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398:
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280:
1205:
982:
958:
3037:
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2227:
2087:
1949:
1845:
1541:
1383:
774:
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403:
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2474:
2469:
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1218:
806:
302:
3027:
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Zandaqa In The Early Abbasid Period With Special Reference To Poetry
1032:
Zandaqa In The Early Abbasid Period With Special Reference To Poetry
999:
Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr
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is perceived to be incorrigibly disloyal to the tenets of Islam.
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908:
Islam in history: ideas, people, and events in the Middle East
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The reason for these persecutions are not easy to determine.
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however, the meaning of the word zindīq and the adjectival
236:
144:
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1628:
1210:(2nd ed.), London: W.H. Allen & Co., p. 713
996:
Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel (2015).
1147:
3096:
1136:(4th ed.), Rowman & Littlefield, p. 491
773:
had broadened and could loosely denote many things:
1183:, London: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 494,
995:
3156:
1115:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
921:
777:Dualists as well as followers of Manichaeism,
2516:
1234:
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989:
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1079:
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1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
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1241:
1227:
1172:
849:In time, Muslim theologians came to apply
683:
669:
1204:Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1895), "Zindīq",
1141:
1127:
1125:
1060:
1047:
1029:
959:"Accusations of "Zandaqa" in Al-Andalus"
785:. However, many of those persecuted for
901:
899:
794:as much as an actual Manichaean might.
14:
3157:
1248:
1203:
1178:
1131:
1112:
1052:. University of Edinburgh. p. 3.
1034:. University of Edinburgh. p. 3.
817:. Al-Mahdi's successors, the caliphs
2504:
1222:
1122:
1085:
956:
905:
884:Persecution of minority Muslim groups
727:
1179:Adamec, Ludwig W. (2016), "Zindiq",
952:
950:
948:
896:
880:"there is no compulsion in religion"
765:. By the time of the eighth-century
713:is the noun describing these views.
2530:
957:Bello, Maria Isabel Fierro (1987).
24:
1449:
716:Zandaqa is usually translated as "
25:
3196:
945:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3106:
1148:Christine Caldwell Ames (2015).
1132:Glassé, Cyril (2013), "Zindiq",
936:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1389
736:is a loan word from pre-Islamic
650:
49:
1197:
1113:Bowker, John (1997), "Zindiq",
1181:Historical Dictionary of Islam
1106:
1086:Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997),
1041:
1023:
915:
844:
13:
1:
2741:(United Society of Believers)
1134:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
889:
7:
2722:Great and abominable church
871:
224:("Stories of the Prophets")
10:
3201:
1156:Cambridge University Press
860:In modern times, the term
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1257:
1092:, Brill, pp. 63–65,
910:, Open Court, p. 287
313:Medieval Islamic science
963:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
941:(subscription required)
930:(2nd ed.). Brill.
922:Blois, F.C. De (2012).
906:Lewis, Bernard (1993),
807:Abu al-'Abbas As-Saffah
3185:Persecution by Muslims
1454:
928:Encyclopaedia of Islam
323:Succession to Muhammad
1453:
1048:Taheri-Iraqi, Ahmad.
1030:Taheri-Iraqi, Ahmad.
1002:. Brill. p. 18.
3170:Islam and secularism
2735:(Society of Friends)
1678:Raising hands in Dua
362:Association football
3180:Islamic terminology
3175:Islam-related slurs
1207:Dictionary of Islam
123:Profession of Faith
96:Day of Resurrection
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728:Under the Abbasids
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1190:978-1-4422-7723-6
1151:Medieval Heresies
767:Abbasid Caliphate
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623:Deobandi jihadism
16:(Redirected from
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2682:Whore of Babylon
2662:Mackerel snapper
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2223:Sufi metaphysics
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618:Salafi jihadism
576:Other religions
571:Arabic language
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318:Spread of Islam
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240:(jurisprudence)
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1158:. p. 88.
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738:Middle Persian
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531:Related topics
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513:Social welfare
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103:Predestination
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84:Revealed Books
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2279:Datuk Keramat
2277:
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2253:Sufi whirling
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2038:
2037:Antinomianism
2035:
2034:
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2028:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
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1270:Ahl al-Khutwa
1268:
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1165:9781107023369
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1009:9789004307834
1005:
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918:
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895:
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882:
879:
878:Al-Baqara 256
876:
875:
869:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
842:
839:
834:
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828:
824:
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672:
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664:
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648:
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638:
635:
634:
629:
628:Military laws
626:
624:
621:
619:
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519:
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489:
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486:Proselytizing
484:
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479:
477:
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472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
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429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:Denominations
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
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331:
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278:
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274:
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269:
266:
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262:
257:
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249:
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241:
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234:
230:
227:
225:
223:
219:
217:
215:
211:
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198:
197:
192:
191:
186:
185:
181:
179:
178:
174:
173:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
154:
153:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
117:
112:
111:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
73:
69:
66:
65:
62:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3086:Majoos/Majus
3073:Zoroastrians
2183:Madih nabawi
2056:
1206:
1199:
1180:
1174:
1150:
1143:
1133:
1114:
1108:
1088:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
998:
991:
966:
962:
927:
917:
907:
865:
861:
859:
850:
848:
837:
835:
814:
798:
796:
791:
786:
770:
756:
749:
741:
733:
731:
715:
710:
699:
695:
694:
603:Islamophobia
382:Demographics
377:Circumcision
293:
286:
279:
245:
237:
221:
213:
205:
194:
188:
182:
175:
2705:Holy Roller
2692:Protestants
2619:Jesus freak
2299:Jama masjid
2243:Sufi poetry
2174: [
2135:Sufi orders
2116: [
2030:Misconducts
2007: [
1975: [
1963: [
1901: [
1889: [
1877: [
1815: [
1788: [
1776: [
1764: [
1752: [
1725: [
1713: [
1691: [
1649: [
1637: [
1620: [
1608: [
1483: [
1471: [
1427: [
1414:Sufis ranks
1355: [
1328: [
1280:Bash Hezzab
1252:terminology
1015:25 December
969:: 251–258.
845:Later usage
759:Manichaeism
746:Zoroastrian
740:𐭦𐭭𐭣𐭩𐭪
732:The Arabic
722:Manichaeism
281:Ahl al-Bayt
166:Foundations
3159:Categories
3149:Psychology
3047:Non-Jewish
3038:Jahiliyyah
2794:Żydokomuna
2624:Nicodemite
2599:Christians
2574:Jahiliyyah
2465:Prayer rug
2228:Sufi music
2088:Hizb Rateb
2066:Ceremonies
1834:Zarruqiyya
1542:Ismul Azam
1099:9004106782
890:References
829:policy of
707:pejorative
471:Philosophy
208:(exegesis)
145:Pilgrimage
135:Almsgiving
3137:Education
2944:Bakriyyah
2890:Batiniyya
2882:Isma'ilis
2820:Misnagdim
2808:Reformers
2639:Catholics
2541:Buddhists
2532:Religious
2475:Tagelmust
2470:Qashabiya
2445:Jellabiya
2349:Mausoleum
2042:Rahbaniya
1856:Waridates
1673:Muraqabah
1668:Muhasabah
1352:Mutahaqiq
975:1121-2306
831:al-Ma'mun
779:agnostics
591:terrorism
543:Criticism
496:Sexuality
466:Mysticism
436:Festivals
416:Education
411:Economics
347:Academics
303:Caliphate
116:Practices
3113:Religion
2672:Romanist
2569:Hinayana
2548:Butprast
2485:Tarboosh
2440:Gandoura
2435:Djellaba
2052:Taqabbur
1802:Tawassul
1797:Tawakkul
1461:Concepts
1379:Qalandar
1342:Muqarrab
1337:Muqaddam
1320:Marabout
983:25802607
924:"Zindīḳ"
872:See also
855:apostate
811:Al-Mahdi
783:atheists
702:) is an
700:zanādiqa
637:Glossary
613:Jihadism
586:Violence
581:Islamism
552:Muhammad
538:Apostasy
481:Politics
431:Feminism
426:Exorcism
387:Diaspora
372:Children
367:Calendar
295:Rashidun
273:Muhammad
268:Timeline
229:Mathnawi
91:Prophets
35:a series
33:Part of
3099:Portals
3054:Shegetz
3010:Muslims
2999:Infidel
2987:General
2962:Takfiri
2954:Salafis
2872:Qadiani
2859:Ahmadis
2850:Muslims
2836:Marrano
2829:Cryptos
2777:General
2738:Shakers
2607:General
2584:Infidel
2564:Heathen
2557:Muslims
2480:Taqiyah
2455:Misbaha
2430:Burnous
2413:Objects
2364:Musalla
2344:Maqbara
2334:Madrasa
2324:Külliye
2319:Khanqah
2314:Khalawi
2294:Gongbei
2198:Qawwali
2188:Nasheed
2171:Ashewiq
2155:Ziyarat
2130:Silsila
2057:Zandaqa
2016:Walayah
1994:Tajalli
1950:Ma'rifa
1935:Karamat
1915:Hidayah
1869:Basirah
1864:Barakah
1807:Tazkiah
1785:Tawajud
1773:Takhlia
1744:Tafakur
1705:Salawat
1512:Ghaflah
1394:Rabbani
1347:Murshid
1325:Mudaqiq
1315:Majzoob
1285:Dervish
838:Zandaqa
819:al-Hadi
805:caliph
803:Abbasid
799:zandaqa
792:zandaqa
787:zandaqa
775:Gnostic
771:zandaqa
711:Zandaqa
704:Islamic
508:Slavery
491:Science
446:Madrasa
441:Finance
352:Animals
340:society
336:Culture
308:Imamate
288:Sahabah
261:History
231:(Poems)
216:(creed)
140:Fasting
68:Oneness
61:Beliefs
3165:Heresy
3059:Shiksa
3033:Dhimmi
3028:Zindīq
3023:Giaour
2967:Wahabi
2936:Sunnis
2926:Rafida
2867:Mirzai
2761:Malaun
2753:Hindus
2732:Quaker
2719:Mormon
2700:Fundie
2667:Papist
2657:Fenian
2614:Giaour
2552:Dhimmi
2490:Turban
2460:Miswak
2450:Khirqa
2425:Balgha
2420:Ammama
2404:Zawiya
2394:Turbah
2359:Mosque
2329:Kuttab
2309:Khalwa
2289:Gonbad
2284:Eidgah
2274:Dargah
2262:Places
2150:Wezeea
2145:Tweeza
2140:Tariqa
2125:Sebiba
2103:Mawsim
2098:Mawlid
2093:Idjaza
2078:Bay'ah
2073:Ashura
1999:Thawab
1989:Secret
1972:Rabita
1945:Khatir
1930:Ishrak
1910:Haqiqa
1886:Djadba
1829:Wazifa
1761:Tahlia
1749:Tahara
1722:Shuhud
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696:Zindīq
562:Hadith
476:Poetry
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421:Ethics
246:Sharia
214:Aqidah
206:Tafsir
190:Hadith
184:Sunnah
128:Prayer
79:Angels
18:Zindiq
3125:Islam
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2994:Pagan
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2900:Sufis
2714:Other
2652:Dogan
2629:Kafir
2589:Pagan
2579:Kafir
2555:(non-
2534:slurs
2399:Türbe
2389:Takya
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1117:, OUP
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557:Quran
518:Women
461:Music
399:Sunni
248:(law)
196:Sirah
177:Quran
161:Texts
43:Islam
3081:Gabr
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2789:Zhyd
2784:Kike
2770:Jews
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2203:Sama
2164:Arts
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1017:2020
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