56:
214:
32:
44:
20:
230:
316:
651:
206:
for crop dusting slowly spread in the
Americas and, to a lesser extent, other nations in the 1930s. The name 'crop dusting' originated here, as actual dust was spread across the crops. Today, aerial applicators use liquid crop protection products in very small doses.
335:
have also been used for agricultural spraying. This phenomenon started in Japan and South Korea, where mountainous terrain and relatively small family-owned farms required lower-cost and higher-precision spraying. As of 2014, the use of UAV crop dusters, such as the
95:
Agricultural aircraft are highly specialized, purpose-built aircraft. Today's agricultural aircraft are often powered by turbine engines of up to 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) and can carry as much as 800 US gallons (3,000 L) of crop protection product.
213:
725:
van Wendel de Joode, Berna; Mora, Ana MarĂa; CĂłrdoba, Leonel; Cano, Juan Camilo; Quesada, Rosario; Faniband, Moosa; Wesseling, Catharina; Ruepert, Clemens; Ă–berg, Mattias; Eskenazi, Brenda; Mergler, Donna (December 2014).
675:
van, Wendel de Joode Berna; Mora, Ana MarĂa; C, Ăłrdoba Leonel; Cano, Juan Camilo; Quesada, Rosario; Faniband, Moosa; Wesseling, Catharina; Ruepert, Clemens; Ă–berg, Mattias; Eskenazi, Brenda; Mergler, Donna (2014-12-01).
352:
keeps track of relevant research. Historically, there has been concerns about the effects of aerial applications of pesticides and the chemicals' effects as they spread in the air. For example, the aerial application of
784:
55:
251:
is the aerial application of fertilisers over farmland using agricultural aircraft. It was developed in New
Zealand in the 1940s and rapidly adopted elsewhere in the 1950s.
632:
728:"Aerial Application of Mancozeb and Urinary Ethylene Thiourea (ETU) Concentrations among Pregnant Women in Costa Rica: The Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA)"
678:"Aerial Application of Mancozeb and Urinary Ethylene Thiourea (ETU) Concentrations among Pregnant Women in Costa Rica: The Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA)"
137:
The first known use of a heavier-than-air machine to disperse products occurred on August 3, 1921. Crop dusting was developed under the joint efforts of the
349:
397:
121:
The first known aerial application of agricultural materials was by John
Chaytor, who in 1906 spread seed over a swamped valley floor in
263:
was the first aircraft designed by a major company for agricultural aviation. Currently, the most common agricultural aircraft are the
229:
31:
369:, and other products out of environmental and public health concerns, in particular from spray drift. Most notably, in 2009, the
74:. Planting certain types of seed are also included in aerial application. The specific spreading of fertilizer is also known as
92:
banned it outright with a few highly restricted exceptions in 2009, effectively ending the practice in all member states.
594:
444:
407:
collected public comments to use within a Draft
Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS), which was developed because the
129:
with mobile tethers. Aerial sowing of seed still continues to this day with cover crop applications and rice planting.
510:
560:
142:
865:
259:
In 1951, Leland Snow designed the first aircraft specifically built for aerial application, the S-1. In 1957, The
158:
138:
411:
404:
577:
198:
by Huff-Daland Crop
Dusting, which was co-founded by McCook Field test pilot Lt. Harold R. Harris. Use of
870:
491:
43:
414:
ruled that aerial application of fire retardants during wildfires violated the
Endangered Species Act.
375:
300:
860:
400:(EPA) provides guideline documents and hosts webinars about best practices for aerial application.
332:
324:
292:
365:
Since the 1970s, multiple countries started to limit or ban the aerial application of pesticides,
388:, which effectively ended most aerial application in all member states and overseas territories.
373:
prohibited aerial spraying of pesticides with a few highly-restricted exceptions in article 9 of
296:
464:
19:
423:
71:
855:
386:
establishing a framework for
Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides
8:
379:
834:
809:
760:
727:
702:
677:
248:
173:
76:
765:
747:
707:
556:
518:
829:
821:
755:
739:
697:
689:
438:
383:
236:
223:
engineer E. Dormoy (left) in front of the 1st crop duster airplane (August 3, 1921)
165:
428:
272:
126:
85:
48:
370:
276:
260:
195:
154:
89:
80:
in some countries. Many countries have severely limited aerial application of
849:
751:
637:
522:
284:
188:
169:
769:
711:
340:, is being expanded to the United States for use in spraying at vineyards.
337:
320:
288:
280:
220:
176:
150:
146:
101:
84:
and other products because of environmental and public health hazards like
24:
825:
108:. These aircraft are referred to as SEAT, or "single engine air tankers."
264:
199:
161:
743:
693:
608:
366:
304:
268:
184:
97:
633:
Yamaha Demos
Agricultural RoboCopter, But Humans Can't Unleash It Yet
203:
105:
81:
354:
36:
724:
607:
Taonga, New
Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
433:
408:
180:
70:, involves spraying crops with crop protection products from an
122:
315:
194:
The first commercial cropdusting operations began in 1924 in
100:
are sometimes used, and some aircraft serve double duty as
785:"Results 1 through 10 of 273,030 for aerial+application"
582:
191:. The first test was considered highly successful.
350:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
16:
Dispersal of chemicals from aircraft or helicopters
555:. Dayton, Ohio: Landfall Press. pp. 190–191.
357:is likely a source of concern for pregnant women.
847:
486:
484:
310:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
398:United States Environmental Protection Agency
327:commonly used for aerial application in Japan
674:
481:
535:
833:
759:
701:
445:Aerial spraying of herbicides in Colombia
254:
153:. Under the direction of McCook engineer
578:"The Airplane in Catalpa Sphinx Control"
314:
54:
42:
30:
18:
550:
465:"Delta Air Lines | DL | DAL | Heathrow"
168:was modified at McCook Field to spread
66:, or what is informally referred to as
848:
807:
575:
508:
492:"EUR-Lex - 32009L0128 - EN - EUR-Lex"
116:
652:"NIEHS Search:"aerial application""
59:Altitude and wind affect dispersion
13:
782:
606:
14:
882:
814:Environmental Health Perspectives
732:Environmental Health Perspectives
682:Environmental Health Perspectives
228:
212:
27:crop duster applying a fine mist
801:
776:
718:
668:
243:
132:
644:
625:
600:
588:
569:
502:
457:
159:United States Army Air Service
139:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1:
450:
391:
509:Ganesh, A. S. (2014-08-05).
405:United States Forest Service
7:
808:Dooley, Erin (2011-09-01).
417:
343:
311:Unmanned aerial application
10:
887:
551:Johnson, Mary Ann (2002).
235:First crop dusting used a
111:
51:fitted with spraying booms
301:Rockwell Thrush Commander
219:Lt. Macready (right) and
333:unmanned aerial vehicles
293:Piper PA-36 Pawnee Brave
866:Occupations in aviation
597:(subscription required)
360:
297:Embraer EMB 202 Ipanema
125:, New Zealand, using a
553:McCook Field 1917–1927
412:Federal District Court
331:Since the late 1990s,
328:
255:Purpose-built aircraft
145:' research station at
143:U.S. Army Signal Corps
60:
52:
40:
28:
826:10.1289/ehp.119-a384b
576:Houser, J.S. (1922),
511:"A top-down approach"
424:Pesticide application
318:
72:agricultural aircraft
58:
46:
34:
22:
303:, but multi-purpose
261:Grumman G-164 Ag-Cat
88:; most notably, the
39:spreading fertilizer
744:10.1289/ehp.1307679
694:10.1289/ehp.1307679
380:European Parliament
378:2009/128/EC of the
871:Aerial application
656:seek.niehs.nih.gov
329:
249:Aerial topdressing
117:Aerial seed sowing
104:in areas prone to
77:aerial topdressing
64:Aerial application
61:
53:
41:
29:
738:(12): 1321–1328.
688:(12): 1321–1328.
641:, Oct. 16th 2014.
496:eur-lex.europa.eu
441:spray application
164:Jenny piloted by
878:
840:
839:
837:
820:(9): a384–a385.
805:
799:
798:
796:
795:
780:
774:
773:
763:
722:
716:
715:
705:
672:
666:
665:
663:
662:
648:
642:
629:
623:
622:
620:
619:
604:
598:
595:Macon local news
592:
586:
585:
573:
567:
566:
548:
533:
532:
530:
529:
506:
500:
499:
488:
479:
478:
476:
475:
469:Heathrow Airport
461:
439:Ultra-low volume
237:Curtiss JN Jenny
232:
216:
166:John A. Macready
886:
885:
881:
880:
879:
877:
876:
875:
861:Crop protection
846:
845:
844:
843:
806:
802:
793:
791:
781:
777:
723:
719:
673:
669:
660:
658:
650:
649:
645:
631:Evan Ackerman,
630:
626:
617:
615:
605:
601:
593:
589:
574:
570:
563:
549:
536:
527:
525:
507:
503:
490:
489:
482:
473:
471:
463:
462:
458:
453:
429:Pesticide drift
420:
394:
363:
346:
313:
307:are also used.
273:Gippsland GA200
269:Cessna Ag-wagon
257:
246:
239:
233:
224:
217:
135:
127:hot air balloon
119:
114:
49:Schweizer S269C
17:
12:
11:
5:
884:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
842:
841:
800:
789:search.epa.gov
775:
717:
667:
643:
624:
599:
587:
568:
561:
534:
501:
480:
455:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
442:
436:
431:
426:
419:
416:
393:
390:
371:European Union
362:
359:
345:
342:
312:
309:
277:Grumman Ag Cat
256:
253:
245:
242:
241:
240:
234:
227:
225:
218:
211:
196:Macon, Georgia
174:catalpa sphinx
155:Etienne Dormoy
134:
131:
118:
115:
113:
110:
90:European Union
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
883:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
851:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
790:
786:
779:
771:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
713:
709:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
671:
657:
653:
647:
640:
639:
638:IEEE Spectrum
634:
628:
614:
613:teara.govt.nz
610:
609:"Topdressing"
603:
596:
591:
583:
579:
572:
564:
562:0-913428-84-1
558:
554:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
497:
493:
487:
485:
470:
466:
460:
456:
446:
443:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
415:
413:
410:
406:
403:In 2010, the
401:
399:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
368:
358:
356:
351:
341:
339:
334:
326:
322:
317:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:M-18 Dromader
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
252:
250:
238:
231:
226:
222:
215:
210:
209:
208:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
189:United States
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
170:lead arsenate
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
130:
128:
124:
109:
107:
103:
102:water bombers
99:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
65:
57:
50:
45:
38:
33:
26:
21:
817:
813:
803:
792:. Retrieved
788:
778:
735:
731:
720:
685:
681:
670:
659:. Retrieved
655:
646:
636:
627:
616:. Retrieved
612:
602:
590:
581:
571:
552:
526:. Retrieved
514:
504:
495:
472:. Retrieved
468:
459:
402:
395:
374:
364:
347:
338:Yamaha R-MAX
330:
321:Yamaha R-MAX
289:PAC Fletcher
281:PZL-106 KRUK
258:
247:
244:Top dressing
221:McCook Field
193:
177:caterpillars
151:Dayton, Ohio
147:McCook Field
136:
133:Crop dusting
120:
94:
75:
68:crop dusting
67:
63:
62:
25:PZL-106 Kruk
856:Agriculture
584:(7): 126–36
382:and of the
367:fertilizers
305:helicopters
265:Air Tractor
200:insecticide
162:Curtiss JN4
98:Helicopters
86:spray drift
850:Categories
810:"The Beat"
794:2022-04-01
661:2022-04-01
618:2021-07-05
528:2022-03-11
474:2022-05-06
451:References
392:Guidelines
185:Troy, Ohio
183:farm near
82:pesticides
752:0091-6765
523:0971-751X
515:The Hindu
376:Directive
204:fungicide
106:wildfires
783:US EPA.
770:25198283
712:25198283
418:See also
355:mancozeb
344:Concerns
172:to kill
141:and the
37:Mil Mi-8
835:3230417
761:4256696
703:4256696
434:Sprayer
409:Montana
384:Council
187:in the
181:catalpa
112:History
832:
768:
758:
750:
710:
700:
559:
521:
299:, and
123:Wairoa
179:at a
766:PMID
748:ISSN
708:PMID
557:ISBN
519:ISSN
396:The
361:Bans
348:The
323:, a
202:and
157:, a
830:PMC
822:doi
818:119
756:PMC
740:doi
736:122
698:PMC
690:doi
686:122
325:UAV
149:in
852::
828:.
816:.
812:.
787:.
764:.
754:.
746:.
734:.
730:.
706:.
696:.
684:.
680:.
654:.
635:,
611:.
580:,
537:^
517:.
513:.
494:.
483:^
467:.
319:A
295:,
291:,
287:,
283:,
279:,
275:,
271:,
267:,
47:A
35:A
23:A
838:.
824::
797:.
772:.
742::
714:.
692::
664:.
621:.
565:.
531:.
498:.
477:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_takes_off_at_Devonport_Airport.jpg)
