337:
296:
38:
539:). The high output frequency of an electronic ballast refreshes the phosphors in a fluorescent lamp so rapidly that there is no perceptible flicker. The flicker index, used for measuring perceptible light modulation, has a range from 0.00 to 1.00, with 0 indicating the lowest possibility of flickering and 1 indicating the highest. Lamps operated on magnetic ballasts have a flicker index between 0.04 and 0.07 while digital ballasts have a flicker index of below 0.01.
316:
197:, resulting in an equally significant voltage drop. To allow the engine to start, the ignition system was designed to operate on this lower voltage. But once the vehicle was started and the starter disengaged, the normal operating voltage was too high for the ignition system. To avoid this problem, a ballast resistor was inserted in series with the ignition system, resulting in two different operating voltages for the starting and ignition systems.
632:
lamp is turned on. Instant-start ballasts are best suited to applications with long duty cycles, where the lamps are not frequently turned on and off. Although these were mostly used in countries with 100-120 volt mains supplies (for lamps of 40 W or above), they were briefly popular in other countries because the lamp started without the flicker of switch start systems. The popularity was short lived because of the short lamp life.
509:
108:
328:
614:
1960s. Special lamps were manufactured that were rated at 170 volts and 120 watts. The lamp had a thermal starter built into the 4 pin base. The power requirements were much larger than using an inductive ballast (though the consumed current was the same), but the warmer light from the lamp type of ballast was often preferred by users particularly in a domestic environment.
303:, a device with negative differential resistance. In operation, an increase in current through the fluorescent tube causes a drop in voltage across it. If the tube were connected directly to the power line, the falling tube voltage would cause more and more current to flow, until it destroyed itself. To prevent this, fluorescent tubes are connected to the power line through a
50:
139:. These are most often used when a load (such as an arc discharge) has its terminal voltage decline when current through the load increases. If such a device were connected to a constant-voltage power supply, it would draw an increasing amount of current until it is destroyed or causes the power supply to fail. To prevent this, a ballast provides a positive
205:
setting. A very common failure occurs when the fan is being constantly run at the next-to-full speed setting (usually 3 out of 4). This will cause a very short piece of resistor coil to be operated with a relatively high current (up to 10 A), eventually burning it out. This will render the fan unable to run at the reduced speed settings.
216:), but also in some low-cost record players, the vacuum tube heaters were connected in series. Since the voltage drop across all the heaters in series was usually less than the full mains voltage, it was necessary to provide a ballast to drop the excess voltage. A resistor was often used for this purpose, as it was cheap and worked with both
641:
as the electrodes in each end of the lamp continue to consume heating power as the lamp operates. Again, although popular in the United States and Canada for lamps of 40 W and above, rapid start is sometimes used in other countries particularly where the flicker of switch start systems is undesirable.
711:
ballast factor is used in North
America to compare the light output (in lumens) of a lamp operated on a ballast compared to the lamp operating on an ANSI reference ballast. Reference ballast operates the lamp at its ANSI specified nominal power rating. The ballast factor of practical ballasts must be
640:
A rapid start ballast always heats the lamp electrodes using the same heating power, before, during and after lamp starting, by using a heating transformer coil. It provides longer lamp life and more cycle life than instant start, but have very high ballast losses compared to other types of ballasts,
622:
was invented), but it was possible to include a choke in the circuit whose sole purpose was to provide a pulse on opening of the starter switch to improve starting. DC fittings were complicated by the need to reverse the polarity of the supply to the tube each time it started. Failure to do so vastly
408:
In Europe, and most 220-240 V territories, the line voltage is sufficient to start lamps over 30W with a series inductor. In North
America and Japan however, the line voltage (120 V or 100 V respectively) may not be sufficient to start lamps over 30 W with a series inductor, so an
204:
Another common use of a ballast resistor in the automotive industry is adjusting the ventilation fan speed. The ballast is a fixed resistor with usually two center taps, and the fan speed selector switch is used to bypass portions of the ballast: all of them for full speed, and none for the low speed
550:
With the higher efficiency of the ballast itself and the higher lamp efficacy at higher frequency, electronic ballasts offer higher system efficacy for low pressure lamps like the fluorescent lamp. For HID lamps, there is no improvement of the lamp efficacy in using higher frequency. More than this:
609:
at each end of the lamp in conjunction with a mechanical or automatic (bi-metallic or electronic) switch that initially connect the filaments in series with the ballast to preheat them. When filaments are disconnected, an inductive pulse from the ballast starts the lamp. This system is described as
644:
Some
American electronic fluorescent lamp ballasts which are labeled "Rapid start" are otherwise completely different than the classical American rapid start ballast, because they use resonance to start the lamp and heat the cathodes, and don't supply all the time the same heating power regardless
631:
An instant start ballast does not preheat the electrodes, instead using a relatively high voltage (~600 V) to initiate the discharge arc. It is the most energy efficient type, but yields the fewest lamp-start cycles, as material is blasted from the surface of the cold electrodes each time the
546:
above approximately 10 kHz. Lamp efficiency increases sharply at about 10 kHz and continues to improve until approximately 20 kHz. Electronic ballast retrofits to existing street lights had been tested in some
Canadian provinces circa 2012; since then LED retrofits have become more
465:
to provide the proper starting and operating electrical conditions to power discharge lamps. An electronic ballast can be smaller and lighter than a comparably rated magnetic one. An electronic ballast is usually quieter than a magnetic one, which produces a line-frequency hum by vibration of the
613:
Although an inductive pulse makes it more likely that the lamp will start when the starter switch opens, it is not actually necessary. The ballast in such systems can equally be a resistor. A number of fluorescent lamp fittings used a filament lamp as the ballast in the late 1950s through to the
670:
An electronic ballast with an integrated battery is designed to provide emergency egress lighting in the event of a power failure (typically less than 2 hours). These can be used as an alternative to egress lighting powered by a back-up electrical generator. However, emergency ballasts require
661:
type light dimmer can be used with a dimming ballast, which maintains the heating current while allowing lamp current to be controlled. A resistor of about 10 kΩ is required to be connected in parallel with the fluorescent tube to allow reliable firing of the quadrac at low light levels.
270:
This property can lead to more precise current control than merely choosing an appropriate fixed resistor. The power lost in the resistive ballast is also reduced because a smaller portion of the overall power is dropped in the ballast compared to what might be required with a fixed resistor.
200:
Occasionally, this ballast resistor would fail and the classic symptom of this failure was that the engine ran while being cranked (while the resistor was bypassed) but stalled immediately when cranking ceased (and the resistor was reconnected in the circuit via the ignition switch). Modern
582:. The ballast initially works as a starter for the arc by its internal ignitor, supplying a high-voltage impulse and, later, it works as a limiter/regulator of the electric flow inside the circuit. Electronic ballasts also run much cooler and are lighter than their magnetic counterparts.
282:
in series with an ordinary incandescent lamp; the incandescent lamp operated as the ballast for the germicidal lamp. A commonly used light in the home in the 1960s in 220–240 V countries was a circular tube ballasted by an under-run regular mains filament lamp. Self ballasted
387:
ballasts that control two or more lamps, line-frequency ballasts commonly use different phase relationships between the multiple lamps. This not only mitigates the flicker of the individual lamps, it also helps maintain a high power factor. These ballasts are often called
331:
An
American magnetic ballast for signs in an aluminum sign frame. Sign ballasts are heavier duty than other ballasts because the cooler outdoor temperatures increase the energy required to start a fluorescent tube. They are sized based on the total tube length
323:. The top is a rapid start series autoregulator ballast for two 30–40 W lamps. The middle is a preheat reactor ballast for a single 30–40 W lamp while the bottom ballast is a simple inductor used with a 15 W preheat lamp.
617:
Resistive ballasts were the only type that was usable when the only supply available to power the fluorescent lamp was DC. Such fittings used the thermal type of starter (mostly because they had gone out of use long before the
424:
Because of the large size inductors and capacitors that must be used as well as the heavy iron core of the inductor, reactive ballasts operated at line frequency tend to be large and heavy. They commonly also produce acoustic
356:, is very common in line-frequency ballasts to provide the proper starting and operating electrical condition to power a fluorescent lamp or HID lamp. (Because of the use of the inductor, such ballasts are usually called
946:
610:"Preheat" in North America and "Switch Start" in the UK, and has no specific description in the rest of the world. This system is common in 200–240 V countries (and for 100–120 V lamps up to about 30 watts).
201:
electronic ignition systems (those used since the 1980s or late '70s) do not require a ballast resistor as they are flexible enough to operate on the lower cranking voltage or the normal operating voltage.
256:
decreases. Therefore, the ballast resistor reduces variations in current, despite variations in applied voltage or changes in the rest of an electric circuit. These devices are sometimes called "
287:
incorporate ordinary tungsten filaments within the overall envelope of the lamp to act as the ballast, and it supplements the otherwise lacking red area of the light spectrum produced.
124:
687:-heating circuit. Like a magnetic ballast, a hybrid unit operates at line power frequency—50 Hz in Europe, for example. These types of ballasts, which are also referred to as
716:; a low ballast factor may save energy, but will produce less light and short the lamp life. With fluorescent lamps, ballast factor can vary from the reference value of 1.0.
950:
405:
In most 220-240V ballasts, the capacitor isn't incorporated inside the ballast like in North
American ballasts, but is wired in parallel or in series with the ballast.
861:
1046:
171:, a fixed resistor is commonly used. Because the resistance of the ballast resistor is large it determines the current in the circuit, even in the face of
150:
Ballasts can also be used simply to limit the current in an ordinary, positive-resistance circuit. Prior to the advent of solid-state ignition, automobile
473:(SMPS) topology, first rectifying the input power and then chopping it at a high frequency. Advanced electronic ballasts may allow dimming via
236:
as current through them increases, and decreasing in resistance as current decreases. Physically, some such devices are often built quite like
772:
398:
Most
American ballast manufacturers describe some of their ballasts as "NPF" (Short for "Normal Power Factor"), but this is misleading, as
1723:
997:
1039:
131:, required with some inductor type ballasts. It connects the two ends of the lamp to preheat them for one second before lighting.
897:
486:
371:
produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp.
147:
that limits the current. The ballast provides for the proper operation of the negative-resistance device by limiting current.
1614:
799:
17:
1032:
1553:
844:
809:
782:
392:
ballasts because the current in one lamp leads the mains phase and the current in the other lamp lags the mains phase.
1718:
975:
341:
42:
193:
after the engine had been started. Starting the engine requires a significant amount of electrical current from the
872:
440:(PCB)-based oils were used as an insulating oil in many ballasts to provide cooling and electrical isolation (see
261:
1231:
1470:
1713:
1528:
713:
95:(or a combination of these) wired in series with the lamp; or as complex as the electronic ballasts used in
1703:
1112:
575:
567:; for these lamps a square wave low frequency current drive is mostly used with frequency in the range of
375:
A disadvantage of the inductor is that current is shifted out of phase with the voltage, producing a poor
248:
increases, the ballast resistor gets hotter, its resistance goes up, and its voltage drop increases. If
1055:
470:
453:
413:
winding is included in the ballast to step up the voltage. The autotransformer is designed with enough
311:(AC resistance) to the circuit to counteract the negative resistance of the tube, limiting the current.
257:
182:
1664:
1578:
1543:
1523:
1475:
1383:
459:
927:, National Lighting Product Information Program, Volume 8 Number 1, May 2000. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
76:
to limit the current through the tube, which would otherwise rise to a destructive level due to the
1708:
1659:
1500:
1209:
851:
This source uses the term "absolute negative differential resistance" to refer to active resistance
513:
494:
437:
418:
364:
Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor
96:
31:
1434:
536:
498:
144:
336:
1256:
741:
474:
1373:
1214:
502:
233:
194:
154:
commonly included a ballast resistor to regulate the voltage applied to the ignition system.
140:
1001:
826:
128:
1368:
1140:
924:
832:
308:
8:
1518:
1416:
1146:
619:
602:
542:
Because more gas remains ionized in the arc stream, the lamp operates at about 9% higher
532:
353:
217:
172:
77:
836:
1439:
1236:
696:
564:
462:
414:
284:
66:
535:
of flicker, a product of the line frequency associated with fluorescent lighting (see
1241:
1181:
1132:
971:
840:
805:
778:
579:
556:
552:
543:
524:
264:
237:
1533:
1490:
1449:
1398:
1363:
1284:
1271:
729:
591:
320:
300:
249:
245:
73:
62:
1644:
1355:
1204:
1161:
654:
478:
441:
410:
384:
295:
279:
209:
190:
151:
136:
501:
DC brightness control signal. Systems with remote control of light level via a
481:(digital ballasts) may offer remote control and monitoring via networks such as
41:
An
American electronic instant start ballast for powering a variety of American
1510:
1480:
1335:
1102:
221:
1697:
1682:
1573:
1566:
1388:
1320:
1315:
1279:
1196:
1136:
1097:
1087:
1024:
987:
ANSI standard C82.13-2002 "Definitions for
Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts", page 1
653:
A dimmable ballast is very similar to a rapid start ballast, except that the
368:
275:
37:
1299:
1294:
1261:
1166:
1156:
1092:
1076:
559:
have reduced reliability when operated at high frequencies in the range of
399:
376:
253:
252:
decreases, the ballast resistor gets colder, its resistance drops, and the
116:
732:(CRT) acceleration voltage, to keep the CRT's deflection factor constant.
477:
or via changing the frequency to a higher value. Ballasts incorporating a
1677:
1561:
1378:
1330:
1289:
1246:
1176:
746:
680:
213:
1649:
1609:
1588:
1583:
1485:
1393:
1325:
1251:
1191:
1122:
519:
Electronic ballasts usually supply power to the lamp at a frequency of
179:
107:
315:
1604:
1345:
1340:
1127:
1107:
692:
684:
430:
380:
168:
135:
An electrical ballast is a device that limits the current through an
92:
947:"The City of Calgary - Streetlighting Digital Ballast pilot project"
72:
A familiar and widely used example is the inductive ballast used in
1627:
1623:
1495:
1226:
1151:
1117:
508:
482:
349:
241:
88:
84:
970:
IEEE Std. 100 "Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Standard 100",
383:
is often paired with the inductor to correct the power factor. In
123:
1654:
1538:
658:
606:
260:" and were used in the series heating circuits of 1930s to 1960s
186:
828:
Optoisolation
Circuits: Nonlinearity Applications in Engineering
83:
Ballasts vary greatly in complexity. They may be as simple as a
61:
is a device placed in series with a load to limit the amount of
1465:
1444:
1221:
1171:
725:
490:
327:
115:(inductor) used in older lighting. This example is used for a
426:
53:
Variety of ballasts for fluorescent and other discharge lamps
728:, such as the PD500, as a parallel shunt stabilizer for the
1619:
708:
574:
Most newer generation electronic ballasts can operate both
232:
Some ballast resistors have the property of increasing in
49:
1066:
1000:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from
671:
regular testing and have a useful life of 10–12 years.
571:, with the same advantage of lower light depreciation.
585:
208:In some consumer electronic equipment, notably in
178:Ballast was also a component used in early model
1695:
421:) so that the current is appropriately limited.
1054:
724:Early tube-based color TV sets used a ballast
679:A hybrid ballast has a magnetic core-and-coil
244:filament of an ordinary incandescent lamp, if
80:of the tube's voltage-current characteristic.
1040:
925:Specifier Reports: Electronic Ballasts p.18
454:Fluorescent lamp § Electronic ballasts
340:Typical European 230V series choke ballast
1047:
1033:
766:
764:
762:
227:
903:. Crestron Electronics, Inc. 9 March 2005
797:
1113:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
791:
770:
507:
335:
326:
314:
294:
167:For simple, low-powered loads such as a
122:
106:
48:
36:
920:
918:
759:
497:(DSI) or simple analog control using a
469:Electronic ballasts are often based on
402:can only be high or low, not "normal".
319:Several American magnetic ballasts for
119:. It requires a starter switch (below).
14:
1696:
702:
487:Digital Addressable Lighting Interface
447:
1028:
915:
824:
531:; this substantially eliminates the
436:Prior to 1980 in the United States,
290:
27:Device to limit the current in lamps
990:
831:. World Scientific. pp. 8–11.
818:
648:
586:Fluorescent lamp ballast topologies
342:40W T12 or 36W T8 fluorescent lamps
102:
24:
601:This technique uses a combination
360:.) The inductor has two benefits:
162:
25:
1735:
1724:Electric power systems components
1020:
871:. Federal Pacific. Archived from
862:"Understanding Transformer Noise"
801:Power Electronics Design Handbook
719:
683:and an electronic switch for the
771:Sinclair, Ian Robertson (2001).
626:
623:shortened the life of the tube.
576:high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps
379:. In more expensive ballasts, a
78:negative differential resistance
1215:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
981:
774:Sensors and transducers, 3rd Ed
964:
939:
930:
890:
854:
635:
13:
1:
752:
596:
175:introduced by the neon lamp.
804:. Newnes. pp. 232–233.
707:For a lighting ballast, the
699:after they start the lamps.
665:
657:is connected to a dimmer. A
307:. The ballast adds positive
157:
111:A typical 230V, 50hz series
7:
735:
689:cathode-disconnect ballasts
523:or higher, rather than the
458:An electronic ballast uses
10:
1740:
1056:Internal combustion engine
936:IES Lighting Handbook 1984
898:"infiNET dimmer datasheet"
777:. Newnes. pp. 69–70.
589:
557:high pressure sodium lamps
471:switched-mode power supply
451:
29:
1673:
1637:
1597:
1552:
1524:Diesel particulate filter
1509:
1476:Idle air control actuator
1458:
1425:
1417:Engine control unit (ECU)
1407:
1354:
1308:
1270:
1190:
1075:
1062:
798:Kularatna, Nihal (1998).
674:
278:sometimes incorporated a
97:compact fluorescent lamps
1719:Electrical power control
1589:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1501:Throttle position sensor
1210:Overhead camshaft layout
514:compact fluorescent lamp
512:Electronic ballast of a
495:Digital Serial Interface
438:polychlorinated biphenyl
419:short-circuit inductance
185:that lowered the supply
32:Ballast (disambiguation)
1128:Core plug (freeze plug)
537:photosensitive epilepsy
267:and TV home receivers.
228:Self-variable resistors
742:Iron-hydrogen resistor
516:
505:have been introduced.
475:pulse-width modulation
345:
333:
324:
312:
212:in the era of valves (
132:
120:
54:
46:
645:the lamp conditions.
511:
503:wireless mesh network
339:
330:
318:
298:
126:
110:
52:
40:
1714:Resistive components
1369:Compression ignition
463:electronic circuitry
43:T8 fluorescent lamps
30:For other uses, see
18:Ballast (electrical)
1704:Gas discharge lamps
1519:Catalytic converter
837:2012ocna.book.....A
825:Aluf, Ofer (2012).
703:ANSI ballast factor
565:acoustic resonanace
551:HID lamps like the
533:stroboscopic effect
448:Electronic ballasts
285:mercury-vapor lamps
274:Earlier, household
218:alternating current
173:negative resistance
1645:Knocking / pinging
1237:Combustion chamber
869:federalpacific.com
580:metal-halide lamps
553:metal halide lamps
517:
466:core laminations.
415:leakage inductance
346:
334:
325:
313:
238:incandescent lamps
133:
121:
67:electrical circuit
59:electrical ballast
55:
47:
1691:
1690:
1660:Stratified charge
1427:Electrical system
1409:Engine management
1242:Compression ratio
1182:Starter ring gear
1081:rotating assembly
1004:on March 19, 2013
691:, disconnect the
358:magnetic ballasts
321:fluorescent lamps
291:Reactive ballasts
74:fluorescent lamps
16:(Redirected from
1731:
1534:Exhaust manifold
1399:Spark plug wires
1285:Boost controller
1272:Forced induction
1049:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
998:"Ballast factor"
994:
988:
985:
979:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
949:. Archived from
943:
937:
934:
928:
922:
913:
912:
910:
908:
902:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
878:on 15 March 2015
877:
866:
858:
852:
850:
822:
816:
815:
795:
789:
788:
768:
730:cathode ray tube
649:Dimmable ballast
592:Fluorescent lamp
570:
562:
530:
522:
429:(line-frequency
301:fluorescent lamp
152:ignition systems
103:Current limiting
21:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1709:Analog circuits
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1669:
1665:Top dead centre
1633:
1593:
1548:
1505:
1454:
1428:
1421:
1410:
1403:
1350:
1304:
1266:
1222:Tappet / lifter
1205:Flathead layout
1195:
1186:
1080:
1071:
1058:
1053:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1007:
1005:
996:
995:
991:
986:
982:
969:
965:
956:
954:
945:
944:
940:
935:
931:
923:
916:
906:
904:
900:
896:
895:
891:
881:
879:
875:
864:
860:
859:
855:
847:
823:
819:
812:
796:
792:
785:
769:
760:
755:
738:
722:
714:lighting design
705:
677:
668:
655:autotransformer
651:
638:
629:
599:
594:
588:
568:
560:
528:
525:mains frequency
520:
479:microcontroller
456:
450:
442:Transformer oil
411:autotransformer
385:autotransformer
293:
280:germicidal lamp
230:
210:television sets
191:ignition system
165:
163:Fixed resistors
160:
137:electrical load
105:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1737:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1554:Cooling system
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1511:Exhaust system
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1481:Inlet manifold
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:Fuel injection
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Connecting rod
1100:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1022:
1021:External links
1019:
1016:
1015:
989:
980:
963:
938:
929:
914:
889:
853:
846:978-9814317009
845:
817:
811:978-0750670739
810:
790:
784:978-0750649322
783:
757:
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
744:
737:
734:
721:
720:Ballast triode
718:
712:considered in
704:
701:
676:
673:
667:
664:
650:
647:
637:
634:
628:
625:
598:
595:
590:Main article:
587:
584:
449:
446:
373:
372:
365:
292:
289:
276:clothes dryers
229:
226:
222:direct current
164:
161:
159:
156:
104:
101:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1736:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:Water cooling
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1544:Oxygen sensor
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:Intake system
1457:
1451:
1450:Starter motor
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Ignition coil
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Petrol engine
1319:
1317:
1316:Diesel engine
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Blowoff valve
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1197:Cylinder head
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Balance shaft
1086:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1003:
999:
993:
984:
977:
976:0-7381-2601-2
973:
967:
953:on 2013-07-29
952:
948:
942:
933:
926:
921:
919:
899:
893:
874:
870:
863:
857:
848:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
821:
813:
807:
803:
802:
794:
786:
780:
776:
775:
767:
765:
763:
758:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
733:
731:
727:
717:
715:
710:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
672:
663:
660:
656:
646:
642:
633:
627:Instant start
624:
621:
615:
611:
608:
604:
593:
583:
581:
577:
572:
566:
558:
554:
548:
545:
540:
538:
534:
526:
515:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
464:
461:
455:
445:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
406:
403:
401:
397:
393:
391:
386:
382:
378:
370:
369:voltage spike
366:
363:
362:
361:
359:
355:
351:
343:
338:
329:
322:
317:
310:
306:
302:
297:
288:
286:
281:
277:
272:
268:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
176:
174:
170:
155:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
130:
125:
118:
114:
113:choke ballast
109:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
1574:Electric fan
1374:Coil-on-plug
1300:Turbocharger
1295:Supercharger
1167:Main bearing
1157:Firing order
1147:Displacement
1093:Block heater
1077:Engine block
1065:Part of the
1064:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
992:
983:
966:
955:. Retrieved
951:the original
941:
932:
905:. Retrieved
892:
880:. Retrieved
873:the original
868:
856:
827:
820:
800:
793:
773:
723:
706:
688:
678:
669:
652:
643:
639:
630:
620:glow starter
616:
612:
600:
573:
569:100 – 400 Hz
561:20 – 200 kHz
549:
541:
518:
468:
457:
435:
423:
407:
404:
400:power factor
395:
394:
389:
377:power factor
374:
357:
352:, usually a
347:
304:
273:
269:
254:voltage drop
231:
214:vacuum tubes
207:
203:
199:
177:
166:
149:
134:
129:lamp starter
117:tanning lamp
112:
82:
71:
58:
56:
1598:Lubrication
1562:Air cooling
1379:Distributor
1331:Fuel filter
1309:Fuel system
1290:Intercooler
1257:Timing belt
1247:Head gasket
1177:Piston ring
747:Sodium lamp
681:transformer
636:Rapid start
578:as well as
499:0-10 V
460:solid state
240:. Like the
1698:Categories
1650:Power band
1610:Oil filter
1584:Thermostat
1529:EGT sensor
1491:MAF sensor
1486:MAP sensor
1471:Air filter
1435:Alternator
1394:Spark plug
1326:Carburetor
1252:Rocker arm
1192:Valvetrain
1123:Crankshaft
1067:Automobile
957:2012-06-23
753:References
597:Preheating
529:50 – 60 Hz
452:See also:
258:barretters
234:resistance
180:automobile
141:resistance
1384:Glow plug
1346:Fuel tank
1341:Fuel pump
1108:Crankcase
1008:April 12,
978:, page 83
695:-heating
693:electrode
685:electrode
666:Emergency
563:, due to
521:20,000 Hz
381:capacitor
309:impedance
220:(AC) and
169:neon lamp
158:Resistors
145:reactance
93:capacitor
1683:Category
1628:Dry sump
1624:Wet sump
1615:Oil pump
1579:Radiator
1496:Throttle
1356:Ignition
1227:Camshaft
1152:Flywheel
1133:Cylinder
1118:Crankpin
882:8 August
736:See also
603:filament
547:common.
544:efficacy
489:(DALI),
483:LonWorks
390:lead-lag
350:inductor
242:tungsten
99:(CFLs).
89:inductor
85:resistor
1655:Redline
1539:Muffler
1440:Battery
1364:Magneto
907:22 July
833:Bibcode
697:circuit
659:quadrac
607:cathode
305:ballast
250:current
246:current
195:battery
189:to the
187:voltage
183:engines
65:in an
63:current
1678:Portal
1466:Airbox
1445:Dynamo
1172:Piston
1162:Stroke
1141:layout
1069:series
974:
843:
808:
781:
726:triode
675:Hybrid
491:DMX512
224:(DC).
1638:Other
1262:Valve
1232:Chest
901:(PDF)
876:(PDF)
865:(PDF)
427:noise
396:Note:
354:choke
332:used.
265:radio
262:AC/DC
91:, or
1620:Sump
1137:bank
1098:Bore
1010:2013
972:ISBN
909:2013
884:2015
841:ISBN
806:ISBN
779:ISBN
709:ANSI
555:and
367:The
1605:Oil
1194:and
1079:and
527:of
444:).
433:).
431:hum
348:An
143:or
57:An
1700::
1626:,
1139:,
917:^
867:.
839:.
761:^
493:,
485:,
299:A
127:A
87:,
69:.
1630:)
1622:(
1143:)
1135:(
1048:e
1041:t
1034:v
1012:.
960:.
911:.
886:.
849:.
835::
814:.
787:.
605:–
417:(
344:.
45:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
