1247:
of Qasim's rule has been called by U.T. Thakkur "the darkest period in Sind history", with the records speaking of massive forced conversions, temple destruction, slaughters and genocides; the people of Sindh, described as inherently pacifist due to their Hindu/Buddhist religious inclinations, had to adjust to the conditions of "barbarian inroad". On one extreme, the Arab
Muslims are seen as being compelled by religious stricture to conquer and forcibly convert Sindh, but on the other hand, they can be seen as being respectful and tolerant of non-Muslims as part of their religious duty, with conversion being facilitated by the vitality, equality and morals of the Islamic religion. Citations of towns taken either violently or bloodlessly, reading back into Arab Sindh information belonging to a later date and dubious accounts such as those of the forcible circumcision of Brahmins at Deybul or Qasims consideration of Hindu sentiment in forbidding the slaughter of cows are used as examples for one particular view or the other.
342:{{Cquote|(After capturing Debal and Nerun, Muhammad Bin Qasim then) proceeded to the fort of Ishbahar. It was in the month of Muharram year 93AH and that (he) arrived in the vicinity of that fort .He witnessed the fort (which )was strong and impregnable . The inhabitants of the fort (hisariyan)were making preperations for the battle and made a deep moat (khandiqi zart)(round the fort). The Jats andd the rustics (rustayan) that were living in the western sid (shelter) in the fort .(They) carried on war with Muhammad-iQasim and for one week displayed the mastery(ustadaqi)of the warfare and demonstrated (the art of)seize and hold (dar-u-gir).After (that period)beg for safety(aman).<ref>Chapter by S Jabir Raza Titled -Passages in the Chachnama,Zainul-Akhbar And Tarikh-i-Baihaqi-Text and Translation ,from the book THE Jats ,Their Role and contribution to the socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North -West India Volume 2 Pages 46 to 47</ref>}}
1652:"The fall of Multan laid the Indus valley at the feet of the conqueror. The tribes came in, 'ringing bells and beating drums and dancing,' in token of welcome. The Hindu rulers had oppressed them heavily, and the Jats and Meds and other tribes were on the side of the invaders. The work of conquest, as often happened in India, was thus aided by the disunion of the inhabitants, and jealousies of race and creed conspired to help the Muslims. To such suppliants Mohammad Kasim gave the liberal terms that the Arabs usually offered to all but inveterate foes. He imposed the customary poll-tax, took hostages for good conduct, and spared the people's lands and lives. He even left their shrines undesecrated: 'The temples,' he proclaimed, 'shall be inviolate, like the churches of the Christians, the synagogues of the Jews, and the altars of the Magians.'" Stanley Lane-Poole,
311:{{Cquote|Amir Mahmud , God blessed him , marched to punish the Jats of Multan and Bhatia (situated) on the banks of the (river) Indus (Saihun), against whom (the Sultan)had deep anger (ghazabi-azim)in his heart because they had harassed (his army)durying his return march from Somnath.(Thus he) wished to retaliate (mukafat)on them and chastised (malish)them . ).<ref>Chapter by S Jabir Raza Titled -Passages in the Chachnama,Zainul-Akhbar And Tarikh-i-Baihaqi-Text and Translation ,from the book THE Jats ,Their Role and contribution to the socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North -West India Volume 2 Pages 48 </ref>}}
936:, such as Armabil, Nirun, and Aror, resistance was light and few casualties occurred. Sulh appeared to be Muhammad bin Qasim's preferred mode of conquest, the method used for more than 60% of the towns and tribes recorded by Baladhuri or the Chachnama. At one point, he was actually berated by Hajjaj for being too lenient. Meanwhile, the common folk were often pardoned and encouraged to continue working; Hajajj ordered that this option not be granted to any inhabitant of Daybul, yet Qasim still bestowed it upon certain groups and individuals.
844:, were captured alongside other in-between towns with only light Muslim casualties. Usually after a siege of a few weeks or months the Arabs gained a city through the intervention of heads of mercantile houses with whom subsequent treaties and agreements would be settled. After battles all fighting men were executed and their wives and children enslaved in considerable numbers and the usual fifth of the booty and slaves were sent to Hajjaj. The general populace was encouraged to carry on with their trades and taxes and tributes settled.
832:) he was met by Dahir's forces and the eastern Jats in battle. Qasim was triumphant in this battle and Dahir died in the battle leaving Muhammad bin Qasim in control of Sind. In the wake of the battle enemy soldiers were put to death - but not artisans, merchants or farmers - and Dahir and his chiefs, the "daughters of princes" and the usual fifth of the booty and slaves was sent on to Hajjaj. Soon the capitals of the other provinces,
71:
721:
641:. Muslim sources insist that it was these persistent activities along increasingly important Indian trade routes by Debal pirates and others which forced the Arabs to subjugate the area, in order to control the seaports and maritime routes of which Sindh was the hinge as well the overland passage. During Hajjaj's governorship, the
1223:
proclaimed, 'shall be inviolate, like the churches of the
Christians, the synagogues of the Jews and altars of the Magians'. In the same text, however, it is mentioned that "Occasional desecration of Hindu fanes took place...but such demonstrations were probably rare sops to the official conscience..".
1250:
Some historians strike a middle ground, saying that Qasim was torn between the political expediency of making peace with the Hindus and
Buddhists; having to call upon non-Muslims to serve under him as part of his mandate to administer newly conquered land; and orthodoxy by refraining from seeking the
1104:
No mass conversions were attempted and the destruction of temples such as the Sun Temple at Multan was forbidden. However, Qasim was not entirely deferential to the native religions. Many town temples containing idols were converted into mosques. At Multan, 6000 custodians of the Sun-temple were made
820:
were dispatched to Hajjaj and the Caliph. The conquest of these towns was accomplished easily; however, Dahir's armies being prepared on the other side of the Indus had not yet been fought. In preparation to meet them, Muhammad bin Qasim moved back to Nerun to resupply and receive reinforcements sent
1246:
perceptions of Islam, Hinduism and
Buddhism are also reflected in this debate. Elliot perceived Islam as a religion of "terror, devastation, murder and rapine" where the conquering Arabs were characterized as "ruthless bigots" and "furious zealots" motivated by "plunder and proselytism". The period
1237:
has been attributed to Thomas W. Arnold and modern Muslim historians such as Habib and
Qureishi. They believe that the conquest was largely peaceful, and the conversion entirely so, and that the Arab forces enacted liberal, generous and tolerant policies. These historians mention the "praiseworthy
281:
Significant
Medieval Muslim chronicles such as the ] ,Zainul-akhbar and Tarikh-I-baihaqi have recorded battles between the Jats and forces of Muhammad bin Qasim .<ref>Chapter by S Jabir Raza Titled -Passages in the Chachnama,Zainul-Akhbar And Tarikh-i-Baihaqi-Text and Translation ,from the
273:
Significant
Medieval Muslim chronicles such as the ] ,Zainul-akhbar and Tarikh-I-baihaqi have recorded battles between the Jats and forces of Muhammad bin Qasim .<ref>Chapter by S Jabir Raza Titled -Passages in the Chachnama,Zainul-Akhbar And Tarikh-i-Baihaqi-Text and Translation ,from the
1188:, resulting in his death en route from suffocation. This narrative attributes the motive for this subterfuge to securing vengeance for their father's death. Upon discovering this subterfuge, the Khalifa is recorded to have been filled with remorse and ordered the sisters buried alive in a wall.
1273:
The next Arab governor died on arrival. Dahir's son
Jaisimha recaptured Brahmanabad and c. 720, he was granted pardon and included in the administration in return for converting to Islam. Soon, however, he recanted and split off when the Umayyads were embroiled in a succession crisis. Later,
1222:
His conquest, as described by
Stanley Lane-Poole, in Medieval India (Published in 1970 by Haskell House Publishers Ltd),was "liberal". He imposed customary poll tax, took hostages for good conduct and spared peoples' lives and lands. He even left their shrines undesecrated: 'The temples;, he
931:
Where resistance was strong, prolonged and intensive, often resulting in considerable Arab casualties, Muhammad bin Qasim's response was dramatic, inflicting 6,000 deaths at Rawar, between 6,000 and 26,000 at
Brahmanabad, 4,000 at Iskalandah and 6,000 at Multan. Conversely, in areas taken by
1230:
has been attributed to early historians such as Elliot, Cousens, Majumdar and Vaidya. They hold the view that the conversion of Sindh was necessitated as a direct consequence of the violent nature of Islam. Qasim's numerical inferiority is said to explain any instances of apparent religious
1063:
During his administration, Hindus and Buddhists were inducted into the administration as trusted advisors and governors. A Hindu, Kaksa, was at one point the second most important member of his administration. Dahir's prime minister and various chieftains were also incorporated into the
1014:
After the conquest, Muhammad bin Qasim's task was to set up an administrative structure for a stable Muslim state that incorporated a newly conquered alien land, inhabited by non-Muslims. He adopted a conciliatory policy, asking for acceptance of Muslim rule by the natives in return for
821:
by Hajjaj. Camped on the east bank of the Indus, Qasim sent emissaries and bargained with the river Jats and boatmen. Upon securing the aid of Mokah Basayah, "the King of the island of Bet", Muhammad bin Qasim crossed over the river where he was joined by the forces of the
1392:
910:), with the choice governing their treatment upon capture. The capture of towns was usually accomplished by means of a treaty with a party from among the enemy, who were then extended special privileges and material rewards. There were two types of such treaties, "
700:. Through conquest, the caliphate intended to protect its maritime interest, while also cutting off refuge for fleeing rebel chieftains as well as Sindhi military support to the Sassanid rump state; akin to those received at several prior major battles during the
156:
1722:, (London, 1867-1877), vol. 1, p. 203. "Kaksa took precedence in the army before all the nobles and commanders. He collected the revenue of the country and the treasury was placed under his seal. He assisted Muhammad ibn Qasim in all of his undertakings..."
1747:
Chapter by S Jabir Raza Titled -Passages in the Chachnama,Zainul-Akhbar And Tarikh-i-Baihaqi-Text and Translation ,from the book THE Jats ,Their Role and contribution to the socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North -West India Volume 2 Pages 43 to
395:
63:
905:
The Arabs' first concern was to facilitate the conquest of Sindh with the fewest casualties while also trying to preserve the economic infrastructure. Towns were given two options: submit to Arab authority peacefully or be attacked by force
1184:. The account relates that they then tricked the Khalifa into believing that Muhammad bin Qasim had violated them before sending them on and as a result of this subterfuge, Muhammad bin Qasim was wrapped in oxen hides and returned to
1298:
state. These successor states did not achieve much and shrank in size. The Arab conquest remained checked in what is now the south of Pakistan for three centuries by powerful Hindu monarchs to the north and east until the arrival of
1109:
was a source of great wealth for the town, receiving pilgrims from across the region. Muhammad bin Qasim left the idol where it was;, but he hung a piece of cow flesh on its neck by way of mockery; he then built a mosque in the same
687:
domains. Conflict was endemic among the frontier Muslims, with a considerable number seeking refuge with the king of Sindh. The period also experienced an intensification of the rivalry between Arab conquerors and the
1019:
law over the people of the region; however, Hindus were allowed to rule their villages and settle their disputes according to their own laws, and traditional hierarchical institutions, including the Village Headmen
939:
After each major phase of his conquest, Muhammad bin Qasim attempted to establish law and order in the newly-conquered territory by showing religious tolerance and incorporating the ruling class – the
539:, Muhammad bin Qasim's paternal uncle, was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about warfare and governing. Muhammad bin Qasim married his cousin Zubaidah, Hajjaj's daughter, shortly before going to
1179:
The account from the Chachnama narrates a tale according to which the during Muhammad bin Qasim s governorship, the daughters of Dahir were taken captive and were sent on as presents to the Khalifa for his
1195:'s account states that the Khalifa was a political enemy of Hajjaj and recalled Muhammad bin Qasim after Hajjaj's death and imprisoned him; Muhammad bin Qasim is reported to have died under torture in
1152:. After Hajjaj's death, the new governor took revenge against all who were close to Hajjaj. Sulayman owed political support to opponents of Hajjaj and so recalled both of Hajjaj's successful generals
15:
586:. By way of skirting Gandhara and taking Sindh to its south, they thus sought to open a second front against Gandhara and had on occasion attempted the conquest prior to this campaign.
797:) The first town assaulted was Debal and upon the orders of Al-Hajjaj, he exacted a bloody retribution on Debal by giving no quarter to its residents or priests and destroying its great
1043:) were settled and hostages taken - occasionally this also meant the custodians of temples. Natives were excused from military service and payment of the tax paid by Muslim subjects -
968:. This is attributed to having resulted in support being provided by Buddhists and inclusion of rebel soldiers serving as valuable infantry in his cavalry-heavy force from the Jat and
1275:
859:
via the ports here, and the Arabs wished to tax these as well, especially if commerce might be diverted here from the Sindhi ports. Muhammad bin Qasim wrote out letters to "kings of
1114:
at the center of the town. Again, this observation is generally disputed by Lane-Poole who writes that, " as a rule Mohammedan government was at once tolerant and economic".
972:. Brahman, Buddhist, Greek, and Arab testimony however can be found that attests towards amicable relations between the adherents of the two religions up to the 7th century.
1092:
records that "Muhammad bin Qasim maintained these regulations, declaring that the jats resembled the savages of Persia " According to Wink "While the Jats were also granted
206:
139:
2134:
1984:
1419:
924:(surrender/ peace)". Upon the capture of towns and fortresses, Muhammad bin Qasim performed executions as part of his military strategy, but they were limited to the
1219:
There is controversy regarding the conquest and subsequent conversion of Sindh. This is usually voiced in two antagonistic perspectives viewing Qasim's actions:
736:
Muhammad bin Qasim's expedition was actually the third attempt, the first having failed due to stiffer-than-expected opposition as well as heat, exhaustion and
574:
valley to the seaports of Sindh, an important link in the ancient Silk Road. They had earlier unsuccessfully sought to gain control of the route, via the
1204:
528:
747:
by maintaining close contact with Muhammad bin Qasim in the form of regular reports and then regularly issuing orders. The army which departed from
282:
book THE Jats ,Their Role and contribution to the socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North -West India Volume 2 Pages 43 to 52</ref>
274:
book THE Jats ,Their Role and contribution to the socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North -West India Volume 2 Pages 43 to 52</ref>
743:
Hajjaj had put more care and planning into this campaign than the first campaign under Badil bin Tuhfa. Hajjaj superintended this campaign from
151:
93:
31:
28:
1055:, being heavier on the upper classes and light for the poor. In addition, three percent of government revenue was allocated to the Brahmins.
996:
Religion; the widespread belief in the prophecy of Muslim success, as well as Dahir's marriage to his sister which alienated him from others.
1282:
period, c. 870, the local emirs shook off all allegiance to the caliphs and by the 10th century the region was split into two weak states,
1117:
A small minority who converted to Islam were granted exemption from slavery and taxes. Hindus and Buddhists were included in the status of
1312:
missionaries to expand Muslim influence. From Debal, which remained an important port until the 12th century, commercial links with the
801:
in the process of freeing the kidnapped women. He then settled a garrison of four thousand colonists in one quarter Debal and built a
72:
692:; new non-Arab converts; who were usually allied with Hajjaj's political opponents and thus frequently forced to participate in the
1581:
during this time used to flow to the east of Nerun. An earthquake at in the 10th century caused it to change to its current course.
1255:
upon the native Sindhis and permitting them to participate in his administration, but treating them as "noncitizens" (i.e. in the
147:
89:
1424:, The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire Last accessed September 11, 2007
999:
The Samanis persuading the population to submit and not take up arms in self-defence because Buddhism was a religion of peace.
1268:
Qasim's presence and rule was very brief. His conquest for the Umayyads brought Sindh into the gambit of the Muslim world
1015:
non-interference in their religious practice, so long as the natives paid their taxes and tribute. He established Islamic
1278:
killed Jaisimha and recaptured the territory before his successors once again struggled to hold and keep it. During the
1231:
toleration, with the destruction of temples seen as a reflection of the more basic, religiously motivated intolerance.
675:. It was a period of great expansion of the Umayyads under the governorship of Hajjaj, the first governor of both the
527:
A member of the Thaqeef tribe, which is still settled in and around the city of Taif, Muhammad bin Qasim's father was
1096:
a considerable number of Jats were also captured as prisoners of war and deported to Iraq and elsewhere as slaves.
570:
According to Berzin, Umayyad interest in the region stemmed from their desire to control the trade route down the
2005:, Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May, 2006
1488:, Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May, 2006
1251:
co-operation of "infidels". It is contended that Qasim may have struck a middle ground, conferring the status of
887:); arrest their sons and daughters for hostages and imprison them. Whoever does not fight against us..grant them
672:
645:
of Debal in one of their raids had kidnapped Muslim women travelling from Sri Lanka to Arabia, thus providing a
1136:, where conversion to Islam was slow and took centuries, and generally came from among the ranks of Buddhists.
1076:,Zainul-akhbar and Tarikh-I-baihaqi have recorded battles between the Jats and forces of Muhammad bin Qasim .
789:
and Mids as well as other irregulars that heard of successes in Sindh. When Muhammad bin Qasim passed through
174:
111:
201:, I am sure a concise summary can be extracted from the sources to represent the information more succintly.
2114:
956:
Muhammad bin Qasim's success has been partly ascribed to Dahir being an unpopular Hindu king ruling over a
668:
637:
region of al-Hind inhabited largely by semi-nomadic tribes whose activities disturbed much of the Western
1161:
2124:
2109:
1987:"Part I: The Umayyad Caliphate (661 - 750 CE), The First Muslim Incursion into the Indian Subcontinent"
1954:
1422:"Part I: The Umayyad Caliphate (661 - 750 CE), The First Muslim Incursion into the Indian Subcontinent"
701:
709:
2119:
1149:
163:
100:
793:
while raising forces, he had to re-subdue the restive Umayyad towns of Fannazbur and Arman Belah (
2129:
1825:
1144:
Muhammad bin Qasim had begun preparations for further expansions when Hajjaj died, as did Caliph
1132:
did occur, the social dynamics of Sindh were not too different from other Muslim regions such as
562:
to lead an army towards South Asia into what are today the Sindh and Punjab regions of Pakistan.
1383:
1993:
1989:, The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire
1735:
1678:
1378:
656:
667:
The campaign for the conquest of Sindh under Qasim was launched during the same period as the
1308:
Coastal trade and a Muslim colony in Sindh allowed for cultural exchanges and the arrival of
1283:
1157:
833:
66:
1238:
conduct of Arab Muslims" and attribute their actions to a "superior civilizational complex".
531:
who died when Muhammad bin Qasim was young, leaving his mother in charge of his education.
555:, where he succeeded in putting down a rebellion. At the age of seventeen, he was sent by
8:
2104:
2099:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1153:
651:
to the rising power of the Umayyad Caliphate that enabled them to gain a foothold in the
589:
According to Wink, Umayyad interest in the region was galvanized by the operation of the
536:
408:
1894:
The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama
1320:
intensified as Sindh became the "hinge of the Indian Ocean Trade and overland passway."
544:
134:
Quote appears to make no sense in this section. It needs to introduced and summarized.
1338:
488:
170:
107:
1384:
Online Version of the History of the Rise of Mahommedan Power in India by Ferishta,
808:
From Debal the Arab army then marched north taking towns such as Nerun and Sadusan (
1852:
by Stanley Lane-Poole, Published by Haskell House Publishers Ltd. NY 1970. Page 10
1759:
A Glossary of the Tribes and castes of the Punjab and North -West Frontier Province
1361:
1300:
812:) peacefully. A mosque was built to replace the main temples, and one-fifth of the
705:
16:
1770:
1766:
1089:
1052:
1032:
was stationed with a troop of cavalry to manage each town on a hereditary basis
456:
879:
The military strategy was outlined by Hajjaj to Muhammad bin Qasim in a letter:
860:
729:
552:
2093:
1968:
980:
961:
766:
765:. At the borders of Sindh he was joined by an advance guard and six thousand
198:
871:
asking them to submit and pay tribute before his recall ended the campaign.
47:
2006:
1489:
1313:
969:
638:
591:
504:
1896:, Cambridge University Press, June 22, 2000, ISBN 0-521-62285-9, pg. 34.
1824:. English translation by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Delhi Reprint, 1979.
1734:. English translation by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Delhi Reprint, 1979.
1578:
1333:
Muhammad bin Qasim is sometimes called the "the first Pakistani citizen".
1317:
1129:
965:
852:
697:
647:
575:
571:
492:
464:
1996:. English translation by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Delhi Reprint, 1979.
1677:. English translation by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Delhi Reprint, 1979
785:. The army that eventually captured Sindh would later be swelled by the
2003:
FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES
1762:
1486:
FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES
1328:, Pakistan's second major port is named in honor of Muhammad bin Qasim.
1325:
1145:
984:
786:
559:
512:
418:
1192:
1073:
856:
848:
829:
630:
608:
1058:
551:. Under Hajjaj's patronage, Muhammad bin Qasim was made governor of
1291:
1256:
957:
945:
782:
770:
684:
634:
600:
583:
496:
1084:
The narrative in the Chach Nama conveys that Chach humiliated the
515:
and continues to lend the Sindh province of Pakistan the nickname
1295:
1279:
1243:
941:
868:
822:
794:
752:
725:
613:
532:
480:
472:
443:
412:
1379:
Online Version of the Chach Nama, Last accessed 3 September 2007
928:(fighting men), whose surviving dependents were also enslaved.
2051:, Brill Academic Publishers, August 1, 2002, ISBN 0-391-04173-8
1931:, Kessinger Publishing, June 1, 2004, ISBN 1-4191-3994-0 pg.45.
1287:
1252:
1175:
There are two accounts regarding the details of Qasim's fate:
1169:
1118:
1111:
1016:
897:
851:, where his generals made peaceful treaty settlements with the
841:
809:
802:
798:
790:
774:
757:
748:
737:
689:
652:
604:
596:
556:
415:
1918:, Routledge (UK), December 1, 2003, ISBN 0-415-32814-4 pg.102.
2070:
2035:
1208:
1196:
1185:
1181:
1133:
1105:
captive and their wealth confiscated. The temple housing the
1048:
1044:
883:"My ruling is given:Kill anyone belonging to the combatants (
864:
817:
813:
778:
693:
626:
622:
579:
548:
540:
508:
484:
439:
2025:, Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1980, ISBN 90-04-06117-7
2074:
2039:
1765:
and based on the Census Report for the Punjab 1883, by Sir
1309:
1172:, Makran and Sindh; he immediately placed Qasim in chains.
1165:
1128:, was created to oversee the secular governors. While some
1085:
912:
837:
762:
744:
618:
500:
428:
476:
468:
1656:, 712-1764, G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York, 1970. p. 9-10
1341:
is observed in Pakistan, in honor of Muhammad bin Qasim.
720:
192:
1009:
1944:, Routledge (UK), February 1, 1997, ISBN 0-7007-0470-1
1942:
Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind
1393:
Religion and Society in Arab Sind By Derryl N. Maclean
1067:
394:
54:
2060:, Brill Academic Publishers, 2004, ISBN 9-004-09249-8
543:. . Another paternal uncle of Muhammad bin Qasim was
2086:, Brill Academic Publishers, 1989 ISBN 9-004-08551-3
1072:
Significant Medieval Muslim chronicles such as the
751:
in 710 CE under Muhammad bin Qasim was 6,000 Syrian
1002:
The laboring under disabilities of the Lohana Jats.
1720:The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians
874:
1769:and the census report for the Punjab 1892 by Sir
1059:Incorporation of ruling elite into administration
2091:
1290:on the upper Indus, which were soon captured by
1005:Defections from among Dahirs chiefs and nobles.
867:, and subsequently 10,000 cavalry were sent to
399:Muhammad Bin Qasim leading his troops in battle
2014:Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, 712-1764
1773:. Published By the Asian Educational Services
1028:) were maintained. A Muslim officer called an
507:). The conquest of Sindh and Punjab began the
387:Imád-uddín Muhammad bin Qasim bin Yusuf Sakifi
300:'''Passage from the Zainul-Akhbar'''<br>
2058:Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World
2049:Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World
2023:Religionen - Islam in the Indian Subcontinent
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1121:(protected people) was conferred upon them.
847:With Sindh secured Qasim sent expeditions to
1888:
1886:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
603:shipping in the past, from the mouth of the
565:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1880:by U.T. Thakkur, University of Bombay 1959
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1836:
1834:
1684:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1047:. The tax enforced on the natives was the
993:The concept of Jihad as a morale booster.
696:on the frontier - such as Kabul, Sind and
331:'''Passage from the Chachnama'''<br>
1955:"History books contain major distortions"
1883:
1591:
1589:
1587:
855:. Sea trade from Central India passed to
805:over the remains of the original temple.
1803:by Stanly Lane-Poole, Pub 1970, Page 10.
1493:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
719:
2030:Appleby, R Scott & Martin E Marty,
1871:
1855:
1831:
1659:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1160:, once tortured by Hajjaj and a son of
1156:and Qasim. He also appointed Yazid ibn
732:(modern state boundaries shown in red).
244:==Jat clashes with Muhammad bin Qasim==
237:==Jat clashes with Muhammad bin Qasim==
2092:
1584:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
951:
129:
1404:
979:Superior military equipment; such as
673:an offensive against the Kabul Shahan
193:→Jat clashes with Muhammad bin Qasim
2016:, G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York, 1970
1654:Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule
1598:
1428:
1203:Muhammad bin Qasim had a son called
1079:
1010:Administration by Muhammad bin Qasim
662:
80:
46:
1969:"KARACHI: Babul Islam day observed"
1453:
1068:Jat clashes with Muhammad bin Qasim
460:
205:
188:
162:
145:
138:
125:
99:
87:
13:
948:– into his administration.
891:(safety) and settle their tribute(
769:and later reinforcements from the
633:. At the time, Sindh was the wild
522:
381:
379:Revision as of 12:06, 4 March 2009
148:Revision as of 12:06, 4 March 2009
90:Revision as of 12:04, 4 March 2009
35:
2146:
2084:Religion and Society in Arab Sind
1681:, last accessed 30 September 2006
1388:, Last accessed 12 September 2007
1372:
728:rule under Muhammad bin Qasim in
1276:Junaid Ibn Abdur Rahman al-Marri
990:Troop discipline and leadership.
825:of Bhatta and the western Jats.
393:
2034:, University of Chicago Press,
1961:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1899:
1843:
1815:
1806:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1751:
1741:
1725:
1712:
1646:
964:and his kin as usurpers of the
875:Military and political strategy
715:
2021:Schimmel, Annemarie Schimmel,
1738:, last accessed 3 October 2006
1718:H. M. Elliot and John Dowson,
1571:
1562:
1553:
1444:
1214:
595:and others. They had operated
499:). He was born in the city of
1:
1978:
1207:who later became governor of
621:shipping from their bases at
453:Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi
377:
338:
327:
318:
307:
296:
287:
262:
251:
2032:Fundamentalisms Comprehended
1398:
669:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
18:Browse history interactively
7:
1927:Federal Research Division.
1828:, last accessed 15 May 2007
1345:
1162:Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah
1099:
10:
2151:
1929:"Pakistan a Country Study"
1294:who set up an independent
863:" to surrender and accept
483:general who conquered the
190:
127:
1262:
1150:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
1124:An eccelastical office, "
566:Umayyad interest in Sindh
434:
424:
404:
392:
385:
345:
334:
323:
314:
303:
292:
260:
249:
216:
213:
144:
86:
1139:
777:transferred directly to
724:Extent and expansion of
702:their conquest of Persia
519:(The Gateway of Islam).
1615:Wink (2002) pg. 204-206
1286:on the lower Indus and
1148:, who was succeeded by
1126:sadru-I-Islam al affal"
781:by sea along with five
85:
1791:Wink (2002) pg 187-188
1550:Wink (2004) pg 201-205
1191:The Persian historian
975:Along with this were:
903:
733:
372:==Treatment of Jats ==
365:==Treatment of Jats ==
1164:, as the governor of
1158:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
920:(capitulation)" and "
881:
723:
2077:, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0
2042:, ISBN 0-226-50888-9
2012:Stanley Lane-Poole,
1709:Appleby. pg. 291-292
1235:Voluntary conversion
2115:History of Pakistan
2082:Maclean, Derryl N.
1916:The Shade of Swords
1757:page 358 Volume 11
1441:Wink (2002), pg.164
1367:Abdullah Shah Ghazi
1357:Qutaibah bin Muslim
1352:Battle of Rajasthan
1259:, but not of it)..
1228:Coercive conversion
1154:Qutaibah bin Muslim
952:Reasons for success
755:and detachments of
704:- such as those at
659:and Sindh regions.
537:Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
409:Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
199:WP:Not a quote farm
130:→Treatment of Jats
2001:Nicholas F. Gier,
1985:Alexander Berzin,
1892:Markovits, Claude
1812:Wink (2002) pg. 53
1559:Wink (2004) pg 131
1484:Nicholas F. Gier,
1450:Wink (2002), 51-52
1420:Alexander Berzin,
1107:great idol (sanam)
1035:Everywhere taxes (
1024:) and Chieftains (
734:
617:and now did so to
545:Muhammad bin Yusuf
491:regions along the
411:, Governor to the
160:
97:
2125:Umayyad Caliphate
2110:Islam in Pakistan
1595:Derryl pg. 37-39
1339:Yom-e-Babul Islam
1205:Umro bin Muhammad
1080:Treatment of Jats
960:majority who saw
683:halves of the ex-
663:Political setting
578:, from the Turki-
450:
449:
376:
197:Removing quotes,
146:
88:
68:
2142:
2120:History of Sindh
2067:India: A History
1973:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1940:Cheesman, David
1938:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1905:Keay, pg 186-187
1903:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1868:Derryl pg.31-33
1866:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1682:
1672:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1643:Derryl pg.22-29
1641:
1616:
1613:
1596:
1593:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1491:
1482:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1426:
1417:
1386:"MAHOMED KASIM."
1362:Muslim conquests
1301:Mahmud of Ghazni
1064:administration.
611:coast, in their
462:
397:
383:
382:
203:
202:
196:
183:
178:
159:
154:
136:
135:
133:
120:
115:
96:
69:
60:
59:
57:
52:
50:
42:
39:
21:
19:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2135:Muslim generals
2090:
2089:
2069:, Grove Press,
1981:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:Edward Maclagan
1767:Denzil Ibbetson
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1685:
1673:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1619:
1614:
1599:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1494:
1483:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1429:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1375:
1348:
1265:
1217:
1142:
1102:
1090:Denzil Ibbetson
1082:
1070:
1061:
1053:progressive tax
1039:) and tribute (
1012:
954:
877:
718:
665:
568:
529:Qasim bin Yusuf
525:
523:Life and career
503:(in modern day
495:(now a part of
400:
388:
373:
366:
357:
352:
343:
332:
321:
312:
301:
290:
283:
275:
265:
256:
245:
238:
229:
224:
209:
204:
191:
189:
187:
186:
185:
181:
168:
166:
161:
155:
150:
142:
140:← Previous edit
137:
128:
126:
124:
123:
122:
118:
105:
103:
98:
92:
84:
83:
82:
81:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
65:
61:
55:
53:
48:
45:
43:
40:
38:Content deleted
37:
34:
29:← Previous edit
26:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:Islam in India
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1994:The Chach-Nama
1991:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1957:. Daily Times.
1946:
1933:
1920:
1907:
1898:
1882:
1878:Sindhi Culture
1870:
1854:
1850:Medieval India
1842:
1840:Keay, pg. 185
1830:
1826:Online version
1822:The Chach-Nama
1814:
1805:
1801:Medieval India
1793:
1784:
1775:
1750:
1740:
1736:Online version
1732:The Chach-Nama
1724:
1711:
1683:
1679:Online version
1675:The Chach-Nama
1658:
1645:
1617:
1597:
1583:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1492:
1452:
1443:
1427:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1373:External links
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1305:
1304:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1216:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1141:
1138:
1101:
1098:
1081:
1078:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
953:
950:
876:
873:
730:medieval India
717:
714:
664:
661:
567:
564:
547:, governor of
524:
521:
448:
447:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
421:
406:
402:
401:
398:
390:
389:
386:
380:
375:
374:
371:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
355:
353:
350:
347:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
322:
319:
316:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
288:
285:
284:
280:
278:
276:
272:
270:
267:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
252:
250:
247:
246:
243:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
180:
179:
164:
143:
117:
116:
101:
70:
64:
62:
44:
36:
27:
23:
22:
14:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2147:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:Wink, Andre,
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:Wink, Andre,
2046:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1788:
1782:Schimmel pg.4
1779:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:and Lohanas.
1087:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:siege engines
978:
977:
976:
973:
971:
967:
963:
962:Chach of Alor
959:
949:
947:
943:
937:
935:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:
909:
902:
900:
899:
894:
890:
886:
880:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
731:
727:
722:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
660:
658:
654:
650:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
563:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
454:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
427:
423:
420:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
396:
391:
384:
378:
370:
368:
363:
361:
360:
356:
354:
351:
349:
348:
340:
337:
329:
326:
320:
317:
309:
306:
298:
295:
289:
286:
279:
277:
271:
269:
268:
264:
259:
253:
248:
242:
240:
235:
233:
232:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:
212:
208:
200:
194:
176:
172:
167:
158:
153:
149:
141:
131:
113:
109:
104:
95:
91:
73:
58:
51:
41:Content added
33:
30:
20:
2083:
2066:
2065:Keay, John,
2057:
2048:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2002:
1986:
1963:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1914:Akbar, M.J,
1910:
1901:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1849:
1845:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1761:compiled by
1758:
1753:
1743:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1674:
1653:
1648:
1573:
1568:Keay pg. 184
1564:
1555:
1485:
1446:
1421:
1385:
1314:Persian Gulf
1249:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1202:
1174:
1143:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1106:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1071:
1062:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
974:
955:
938:
933:
930:
925:
921:
917:
911:
907:
904:
896:
892:
888:
884:
882:
878:
846:
827:
807:
767:camel riders
756:
742:
735:
716:The campaign
680:
676:
666:
646:
642:
639:Indian Ocean
612:
590:
588:
569:
526:
516:
505:Saudi Arabia
461:محمد بن قاسم
452:
451:
438:Conquest of
435:Battles/wars
1579:Indus River
1318:Middle East
1215:Controversy
1130:proselytism
1051:- it was a
966:Rai Dynasty
918:ahd-e-wasiq
853:Rashtrakuta
834:Brahmanabad
828:At Ar-rur (
698:Transoxania
657:Balochistan
648:casus belli
576:Khyber Pass
572:Indus River
517:Bab-e-Islam
493:Indus river
465:31 December
207:Next edit →
32:Next edit →
2105:715 deaths
2100:695 births
2094:Categories
1979:References
1763:H. A. Rose
1326:Port Qasim
1146:Al-Walid I
985:Mongol bow
926:ahl-i-harb
885:ahl-i-harb
710:Qādisiyyah
609:Sri Lankan
560:Al-Walid I
513:South Asia
419:Al-Walid I
405:Allegiance
255:{{expand}}
1399:Footnotes
1244:polemical
1193:Baladhuri
1074:Chachnama
946:Shramanas
857:Byzantium
849:Surashtra
830:Nawabshah
783:catapults
631:Kathiawar
535:governor
479:) was an
1346:See also
1316:and the
1292:Ismailis
1284:Mansurah
1257:Khilafat
1242:Various
1100:Religion
983:and the
958:Buddhist
942:Brahmins
908:anwattan
836:, Alor (
771:governor
685:Sassanid
635:frontier
601:Sassanid
584:Gandhara
497:Pakistan
444:Umayyads
442:for the
217:Line 70:
214:Line 70:
175:contribs
112:contribs
56:Wikitext
1971:. Dawn.
1296:Fatimid
1280:Abassid
1026:dihqans
898:dhimmah
869:Kannauj
823:Thakore
795:Lasbela
753:cavalry
726:Umayyad
706:Salasal
614:bawarij
607:to the
597:preying
533:Umayyad
511:era in
509:Islamic
481:Umayyad
473:18 July
471:–
413:Umayyad
165:Tigeroo
102:Tigeroo
1288:Multan
1263:Legacy
1253:Dhimmi
1170:Kirman
1119:Dhimmi
1112:bazaar
1094:(aman)
1041:kharaj
1017:Sharia
916:" or "
842:Multan
840:) and
818:slaves
810:Sehwan
803:mosque
799:temple
791:Makran
775:Makran
758:mawali
749:Shiraz
738:scurvy
694:Jihads
690:mawali
653:Makran
605:Tigris
580:Shahis
557:Caliph
553:Persia
489:Punjab
463:) (c.
457:Arabic
416:Caliph
67:Inline
49:Visual
2071:May 1
2036:May 1
1209:Sindh
1197:Mosul
1186:Syria
1182:harem
1140:Death
1134:Egypt
1049:jizya
1045:Zakat
895:) as
893:amwal
865:Islam
814:booty
779:Debal
761:from
681:Ajami
677:Arabi
627:Debal
623:Kutch
599:upon
549:Yemen
541:Sindh
485:Sindh
440:Sindh
184:edits
182:3,575
121:edits
119:3,575
2075:2001
2040:2004
1577:The
1310:Sufi
1166:Fars
1086:Jats
1030:amil
1022:Rais
970:Meds
944:and
934:sulh
922:aman
913:Sulh
901:..."
889:aman
861:Hind
838:Aror
816:and
787:Jats
763:Iraq
745:Kufa
708:and
679:and
671:and
643:Mids
629:and
619:Arab
592:Mids
501:Taif
487:and
429:Emir
425:Rank
171:talk
157:undo
152:edit
108:talk
94:edit
1037:mal
773:of
582:of
477:715
469:695
2096::
2073:,
2038:,
1885:^
1857:^
1833:^
1748:52
1686:^
1661:^
1620:^
1600:^
1586:^
1495:^
1455:^
1430:^
1406:^
1211:.
1168:,
740:.
712:.
655:,
625:,
475:,
467:,
459::
195::
173:|
132::
110:|
1303:.
1199:.
1020:(
987:.
906:(
455:(
446:.
177:)
169:(
114:)
106:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
