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infant's needs in any context could be described as mothering behavior and is regulated by many systems in the maternal brain.<ref name="barrett and fleming">{{cite journal|last=Barrett|first=Jennifer|author2=Fleming, Alison S.|title=Annual
Research Review: All mothers are not created equal: neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|date=1 April 2011|volume=52|issue=4|pages=368–397|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02306.x|pmid=20925656}}</ref> Research has shown that hormones such as ], ], ] and ] are essential for the onset and the maintenance of maternal behavior in rats, and other mammals as well.<ref name="bridges 2008">{{cite book|last=Bridges|first=R|title=Neurobiology of the parental brain|year=2008|publisher=Academic|location=Amsterdam}}</ref><ref name="bridges 1990">{{cite book|last=Bridges|first=R.S|title=Endocrine regulation of parental behavior in rodents, Mammalian parenting: Biochemical, neurobiological and behavioral determinants|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|pages=93–117}}</ref><ref name="insel 1990">{{cite book|last=Insel|first=T|title=Oxytocin and maternal behavior, Mammalian parenting: biochemical, neurobiological and behavioral determinants|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|pages=260–280}}</ref><ref name="numan 2007">{{cite journal|last=Numan|first=M|title=Motivational systems and the neural circuitry of maternal behavior in the rat.|journal=Developmental Psychobiology|date=Jan 2007|volume=49|issue=1|pages=12–21|pmid=17186513|doi=10.1002/dev.20198|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pryce 1995">{{cite book|author1=Pryce C.R |author2=Martin RD |author3=Skuse D |title=Motherhood in human and nonhuman primates|year=1995|publisher=Karger|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="rosenblatt 1998">{{cite journal|last=Rosenblatt|first=JS|author2=Olufowobi, A |author3=Siegel, HI |title=Effects of pregnancy hormones on maternal responsiveness, responsiveness to estrogen stimulation of maternal behavior, and the lordosis response to estrogen stimulation.|journal=Hormones and Behavior|date=Apr 1998|volume=33|issue=2|pages=104–14|pmid=9647936|doi=10.1006/hbeh.1998.1441|s2cid=38510815}}</ref> Mothering behavior has also been classified within the basic drives (sexual desire, hunger and thirst, fear, power/dominance etc.).<ref name="sewards and sewards 2002">{{cite journal|last=Sewards|first=TV|author2=Sewards, MA|title=Fear and power-dominance drive motivation: neural representations and pathways mediating sensory and mnemonic inputs, and outputs to premotor structures.|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|date=Aug 2002|volume=26|issue=5|pages=553–79|pmid=12367590|doi=10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00020-9|s2cid=25374502|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259839}}</ref>
258:
infant's needs in any context could be described as mothering behavior and is regulated by many systems in the maternal brain.<ref name="barrett and fleming">{{cite journal|last=Barrett|first=Jennifer|author2=Fleming, Alison S.|title=Annual
Research Review: All mothers are not created equal: neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|date=1 April 2011|volume=52|issue=4|pages=368–397|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02306.x|pmid=20925656}}</ref> Research has shown that hormones such as ], ], ] and ] are essential for the onset and the maintenance of maternal behavior in rats, and other mammals as well.<ref name="bridges 2008">{{cite book|last=Bridges|first=R|title=Neurobiology of the parental brain|year=2008|publisher=Academic|location=Amsterdam}}</ref><ref name="bridges 1990">{{cite book|last=Bridges|first=R.S|title=Endocrine regulation of parental behavior in rodents, Mammalian parenting: Biochemical, neurobiological and behavioral determinants|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|pages=93–117}}</ref><ref name="insel 1990">{{cite book|last=Insel|first=T|title=Oxytocin and maternal behavior, Mammalian parenting: biochemical, neurobiological and behavioral determinants|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|pages=260–280}}</ref><ref name="numan 2007">{{cite journal|last=Numan|first=M|title=Motivational systems and the neural circuitry of maternal behavior in the rat.|journal=Developmental Psychobiology|date=Jan 2007|volume=49|issue=1|pages=12–21|pmid=17186513|doi=10.1002/dev.20198|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pryce 1995">{{cite book|author1=Pryce C.R |author2=Martin RD |author3=Skuse D |title=Motherhood in human and nonhuman primates|year=1995|publisher=Karger|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="rosenblatt 1998">{{cite journal|last=Rosenblatt|first=JS|author2=Olufowobi, A |author3=Siegel, HI |title=Effects of pregnancy hormones on maternal responsiveness, responsiveness to estrogen stimulation of maternal behavior, and the lordosis response to estrogen stimulation.|journal=Hormones and Behavior|date=Apr 1998|volume=33|issue=2|pages=104–14|pmid=9647936|doi=10.1006/hbeh.1998.1441|s2cid=38510815}}</ref> Mothering behavior has also been classified within the basic drives (sexual desire, hunger and thirst, fear, power/dominance etc.).<ref name="sewards and sewards 2002">{{cite journal|last=Sewards|first=TV|author2=Sewards, MA|title=Fear and power-dominance drive motivation: neural representations and pathways mediating sensory and mnemonic inputs, and outputs to premotor structures.|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|date=Aug 2002|volume=26|issue=5|pages=553–79|pmid=12367590|doi=10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00020-9|s2cid=25374502|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259839
292:
2010|volume=33|issue=10|pages=465–73|pmid=20832872|doi=10.1016/j.tins.2010.07.003|pmc=3076301}}</ref> Research on this topic is continuing to expand as more researchers examine fathers. Many of the brain regions and networks responsible for parental behavior are responsible for parental behavior in human fathers after having a child.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The
Paternal Brain in Action: A Review of Human Fathers' fMRI Brain Responses to Child-Related Stimuli |date=2021 |pmc=8233834 |last1=Provenzi |first1=L. |last2=Lindstedt |first2=J. |last3=De Coen |first3=K. |last4=Gasparini |first4=L. |last5=Peruzzo |first5=D. |last6=Grumi |first6=S. |last7=Arrigoni |first7=F. |last8=Ahlqvist-Björkroth |first8=S. |journal=Brain Sciences |volume=11 |issue=6 |page=816 |doi=10.3390/brainsci11060816 |pmid=34202946 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Changes in hormones, brain activation and brain structure (mainly changes in gray matter) are seen in both human mothers and fathers, with hormonal changes beginning in both males and females before the birth of their children, with changes continuing to develop after the birth of children.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-abstract/33/7/4156/6691667 |title= First-time fathers show longitudinal gray matter cortical volume reductions: evidence from two international samples |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>
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2010|volume=33|issue=10|pages=465–73|pmid=20832872|doi=10.1016/j.tins.2010.07.003|pmc=3076301}}</ref> Research on this topic is continuing to expand as more researchers examine fathers. Many of the brain regions and networks responsible for parental behavior are responsible for parental behavior in human fathers after having a child.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The
Paternal Brain in Action: A Review of Human Fathers' fMRI Brain Responses to Child-Related Stimuli |date=2021 |pmc=8233834 |last1=Provenzi |first1=L. |last2=Lindstedt |first2=J. |last3=De Coen |first3=K. |last4=Gasparini |first4=L. |last5=Peruzzo |first5=D. |last6=Grumi |first6=S. |last7=Arrigoni |first7=F. |last8=Ahlqvist-Björkroth |first8=S. |journal=Brain Sciences |volume=11 |issue=6 |page=816 |doi=10.3390/brainsci11060816 |pmid=34202946 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Changes in hormones, brain activation and brain structure (mainly changes in gray matter) are seen in both human mothers and fathers, with hormonal changes beginning in both males and females before the birth of their children, with changes continuing to develop after the birth of children.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article-abstract/33/7/4156/6691667 |title= First-time fathers show longitudinal gray matter cortical volume reductions: evidence from two international samples |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>
349:, but changes in the father's brain occur alongside the mother. Research on this topic is continuing to expand as more researchers examine fathers. Many of the brain regions and networks responsible for parental behavior are responsible for parental behavior in human fathers after having a child. Changes in hormones, brain activation and brain structure (mainly changes in gray matter) are seen in both human mothers and fathers, with hormonal changes beginning in both males and females before the birth of their children, with changes continuing to develop after the birth of children.
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796:) were found among these post-traumatically stressed mothers of toddlers compared to mothers of toddlers without PTSD in response to stressful parent-child interactions as well as, within a different sample, in response to menacing adult male-female interactions. In the latter study, this pattern of corticolimbic dysregulation was linked to less observed
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The amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex also contain receptors for the hormones which are most likely to be changing behavior at the time of pregnancy, and may be the sites where these changes occur. Increased activity has also been observed in the amygdala as the mother is responding to emotions
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Parental experience, as well as changing hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum, cause changes in the '''parental brain'''.<ref name="leuner et al 2010" /> Displaying ] towards infant cues, processing those cues and being motivated to engage socially with her infant and attend to the
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Parental experience, as well as changing hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum, cause changes in the '''parental brain'''.<ref name="leuner et al 2010" /> Displaying ] towards infant cues, processing those cues and being motivated to engage socially with her infant and attend to the
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Different areas/structures of the brain are associated with different factors which contribute to maternal behavior. One's own infant acts as a special stimulus which triggers activation of different areas of the brain. These brain areas together allow for maternal behavior and related systems.
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In the first few days after giving birth the levels of cortisol are high which correlates with maternal approach behavior and positive maternal attitudes. Mothers with high levels of cortisol were also found to be more vocal towards their children. Mothers who experienced adversity in their own
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towards infant cues, processing those cues and being motivated to engage socially with her infant and attend to the infant's needs in any context could be described as mothering behavior and is regulated by many systems in the maternal brain. Research has shown that hormones such as
556:(DLPFC) plays a role in the attention, cognitive flexibility and working memory of the mother. It helps the mother identify infant cues. In any environment and efficiently, it allows for the decision-making and action planning process involved in attending to the infant's cues.
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in the paternal brain has also been correlated with a more positive response to the infant's cry. Similar to mothers, fathers have a reduction of gray matter in the orbitofrontal cortex areas, and increase of gray matter in the hypothalamus and amygdala after having a child.
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Less is known about the ], but changes in the father's brain occur alongside the mother. <ref name="leuner et al 2010">{{cite journal|last=Leuner|first=B|author2=Glasper, ER |author3=Gould, E |title=Parenting and plasticity.|journal=Trends in
Neurosciences|date=Oct
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Less is known about the ], but changes in the father's brain occur alongside the mother. <ref name="leuner et al 2010">{{cite journal|last=Leuner|first=B|author2=Glasper, ER |author3=Gould, E |title=Parenting and plasticity.|journal=Trends in
Neurosciences|date=Oct
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Rat mothers provide high levels of maternal care (licking and grooming) to their offspring if they themselves received high maternal care as a pup from their own mothers. Rat mothers who received low levels of maternal care as pups have lower levels of expression of the
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during mother-child play. Decreased ventral-medial prefrontal cortex activity in violence-exposed mothers, in response to viewing their own and unfamiliar toddlers in video-clips of separation versus play, has also been associated with increased PTSD symptoms,
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Seifritz E, Esposito F, Neuhoff JG, Lüthi A, Mustovic H, Dammann G, von
Bardeleben U, Radue EW, Cirillo S, Tedeschi G, Di Salle F (15 December 2003). "Differential sex-independent amygdala response to infant crying and laughing in parents versus nonparents".
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as associated with specific patterns of maternal neural activation in response to viewing silent video-stimuli of stressful parent-toddler interactions such as separation versus less-stressful ones such as play. Importantly, less medial
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are essential for the onset and the maintenance of maternal behavior in rats, and other mammals as well. Mothering behavior has also been classified within the basic drives (sexual desire, hunger and thirst, fear, power/dominance etc.).
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These changes in the brain may occur in order to promote appropriate mothering behavior. The mother's positive attitude towards the infant can be used as a predictor for the increase in gray matter in the above stated brain structures.
1234:
Rosenblatt, JS; Olufowobi, A; Siegel, HI (April 1998). "Effects of pregnancy hormones on maternal responsiveness, responsiveness to estrogen stimulation of maternal behavior, and the lordosis response to estrogen stimulation".
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Feldman, R; Gordon, I; Schneiderman, I; Weisman, O; Zagoory-Sharon, O (September 2010). "Natural variations in maternal and paternal care are associated with systematic changes in oxytocin following parent-infant contact".
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to their own mothers display higher amygdala sensitivity to negative emotional stimuli, like hearing their infant cry. Having more difficulty dealing with stress makes mothers less responsive to their infant's cues.
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Barrett, Jennifer; Fleming, Alison S. (1 April 2011). "Annual
Research Review: All mothers are not created equal: neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences".
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Francis, DD; Young, LJ; Meaney, MJ; Insel, TR (May 2002). "Naturally occurring differences in maternal care are associated with the expression of oxytocin and vasopressin (V1a) receptors: gender differences".
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Belsky, J; Jaffee, SR; Sligo, J; Woodward, L; Silva, PA (March–April 2005). "Intergenerational transmission of warm-sensitive-stimulating parenting: a prospective study of mothers and fathers of 3-year-olds".
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Schechter, DS; Moser, DA; Paoloni-Giacobino, A; Stenz, A; Gex-Fabry, M; Aue, T; Adouan, W; Cordero, MI; Suardi, F; Manini, A; Sancho
Rossignol, A; Merminod, G; Ansermet, F; Dayer, AG; Rusconi Serpa, S (2015).
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Castro-Fornieles, J; Bargalló, N; Lázaro, L; Andrés, S; Falcon, C; Plana, MT; Junqué, C (January 2009). "A cross-sectional and follow-up voxel-based morphometric MRI study in adolescent anorexia nervosa".
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Leuner, B; Mirescu, C; Noiman, L; Gould, E (2007). "Maternal experience inhibits the production of immature neurons in the hippocampus during the postpartum period through elevations in adrenal steroids".
2754:"Methylation of NR3C1 is related to maternal PTSD, parenting stress and maternal medial prefrontal cortical activity in response to child separation among mothers with histories of violence exposure"
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Different hormone levels in the maternal brain and the overall well being of the mother account for 40%–50% of differences in the mother's attachment to her infant. Mothers experience a decrease in
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Lemche, E; Giampietro, VP; Surguladze, SA; Amaro, EJ; Andrew, CM; Williams, SC; Brammer, MJ; Lawrence, N; Maier, MA; Russell, TA; Simmons, A; Ecker, C; Joraschky, P; Phillips, ML (August 2006).
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Moser, DA; Aue, T; Favez, N; Kutlikova, H; Suardi, F; Cordero, MI; Rusconi Serpa, S; Schechter, DS. "Violence-related PTSD and neural activation when seeing emotional male-female interactions".
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Shingo, T; Gregg, C; Enwere, E; Fujikawa, H; Hassam, R; Geary, C; Cross, JC; Weiss, S (3 January 2003). "Pregnancy-stimulated neurogenesis in the adult female forebrain mediated by prolactin".
487:. All these hormones are involved in some way in activating maternal behavior in the brain. The following are other behavioral changes necessary for mothering that the MPOA is responsible for:
15:
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Darnaudéry M, Perez-Martin M, Del Favero F, Gomez-Roldan C, Garcia-Segura LM, Maccari S (August 2007). "Early motherhood in rats is associated with a modification of hippocampal function".
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Rees, SL; Panesar, S; Steiner, M; Fleming, AS (March 2006). "The effects of adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement on induction of maternal behavior in the virgin female rat".
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Featherstone, RE; Fleming, AS; Ivy, GO (February 2000). "Plasticity in the maternal circuit: effects of experience and partum condition on brain astrocyte number in female rats".
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in the maternal brain correlate with maternal behaviors such as gazing, vocalization, positive affect, affectionate touch and other similar mother-infant relationship behaviors.
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Protopopescu, X; Butler, T; Pan, H; Root, J; Altemus, M; Polanecsky, M; McEwen, B; Silbersweig, D; Stern, E (2008). "Hippocampal structural changes across the menstrual cycle".
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Williams, MA; McGlone, F; Abbott, DF; Mattingley, JB (15 January 2005). "Differential amygdala responses to happy and fearful facial expressions depend on selective attention".
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species, including humans, the father plays a significant role in caring for his young. Similar to the changes that occur in the maternal brain, the same areas of the brain (
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and provide that same experience for their own children. Mothers that had negative experiences involving their families undergo neurobiological changes which lead to high
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Alter: title, template type. Add: pages, doi-access, pmid, doi, page, issue, volume, journal, pmc, date, authors 1-8. Removed proxy/dead URL that duplicated identifier. |
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Kaffman, A; Meaney, MJ (March–April 2007). "Neurodevelopmental sequelae of postnatal maternal care in rodents: clinical and research implications of molecular insights".
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Schechter, DS; Moser, D; Wang, Z; Marsh, R; Hao, XJ; Duan, Y; Yu, S; Gunter, B; Murphy, D; McCaw, J; Kangarlu, A; Willheim, E; Myers, M; Hofer, M; Peterson, BS (2012).
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Fleming, AS; Corter, C; Stallings, J; Steiner, M (December 2002). "Testosterone and prolactin are associated with emotional responses to infant cries in new fathers".
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Kozorovitskiy, Y; Hughes, M; Lee, K; Gould, E (September 2006). "Fatherhood affects dendritic spines and vasopressin V1a receptors in the primate prefrontal cortex".
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Matthiesen, AS; Ransjö-Arvidson AB; Nissen E; Uvnäs-Moberg K. (2001). "Postpartum maternal oxytocin release by newborns: effects of infant hand massage and sucking".
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Francis, D; Diorio, J; Liu, D; Meaney, MJ (5 November 1999). "Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat".
684:. Postpartum increase in gray matter volumes may help the mother activate the motivation to perform maternal behavior in response to cue from their offspring.
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Martorell, GA; Bugental, DB (December 2006). "Maternal variations in stress reactivity: implications for harsh parenting practices with very young children".
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levels are positively correlated with the amount of affection the father displays towards the child. In humans, and in other primate species, lower levels of
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Killgore, WD; Yurgelun-Todd, DA (April 2004). "Activation of the amygdala and anterior cingulate during nonconscious processing of sad versus happy faces".
141:
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Noriuchi, M; Kikuchi, Y; Senoo, A (15 February 2008). "The functional neuroanatomy of maternal love: mother's response to infant's attachment behaviors".
1280:"Fear and power-dominance drive motivation: neural representations and pathways mediating sensory and mnemonic inputs, and outputs to premotor structures"
837:. In human mothers, lower hippocampal volume has been associated with a lower ability to regulate emotions and stress, which can be linked with decreased
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Glucocorticoids are not essential for displaying maternal behaviors, but in mothers, the levels of glucocorticoids are elevated as to initiate lactation.
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Larger gray matter and increased activations of the following brain areas occur in mothers who had experienced higher quality maternal care as infants:
2691:"Comorbid dissociation dampens limbic activation in violence-exposed mothers with PTSD who are exposed to video-clips of their child during separation"
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receptors in this area of the paternal brain. With age, this effect is reversed, and is therefore believed to be driven by father-infant interactions.
1954:
Platek, SM; Kemp, SM (February 2009). "Is family special to the brain? An event-related fMRI study of familiar, familial, and self-face recognition".
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Pawluski, JL; Galea, LA (12 October 2007). "Reproductive experience alters hippocampal neurogenesis during the postpartum period in the dam".
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Bredy, TW; Grant, RJ; Champagne, DL; Meaney, MJ (November 2003). "Maternal care influences neuronal survival in the hippocampus of the rat".
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Meaney, MJ (2001). "Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations".
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Flemming, A.S; Steiner M; Andreson V (1987). "Hormonal and attitudinal correlates of maternal behavior during the early postparpregnancy".
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The developmental and evolutionary psychology of intergenerational transmission of attachment in
Attachment and bonding: A new synthesis
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Endocrine regulation of parental behavior in rodents, Mammalian parenting: Biochemical, neurobiological and behavioral determinants
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1571:"The relation between early life adversity, cortisol awakening response and diurnal salivary cortisol levels in postpartum women"
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Provenzi, L.; Lindstedt, J.; De Coen, K.; Gasparini, L.; Peruzzo, D.; Grumi, S.; Arrigoni, F.; Ahlqvist-Björkroth, S. (2021).
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occur in the paternal brain. These hormonal changes occur through the father's interaction with the mother and his offspring.
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Kim, Pilyoung; Leckman, James F.; Mayes, Linda C.; Newman, Michal-Ann; Feldman, Ruth; Swain, James E. (30 September 2009).
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Raji, CA; Ho, AJ; Parikshak, NN; Becker, JT; Lopez, OL; Kuller, LH; Hua, X; Leow, AD; Toga, AW; Thompson, PM (March 2010).
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seen in negative (fearful) faces, positive faces or familiar faces that her baby makes. Primate mothers with damage to the
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in the paternal brain correlates with the effectiveness of the father's response to the baby's cry. Increased levels of
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Recent research has begun to look at how maternal psychopathology affects the maternal brain in relation to parenting.
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3630:"Brain basis of early parent-infant interactions: psychology, physiology, and in vivo functional neuroimaging studies"
1418:"Hormonal and experiential correlates of maternal responsiveness during pregnancy and the puerperium in human mothers"
1383:"First-time fathers show longitudinal gray matter cortical volume reductions: evidence from two international samples"
3088:"Human attachment security is mediated by the amygdala: evidence from combined fMRI and psychophysiological measures"
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Mak, GK; Weiss, S (June 2010). "Paternal recognition of adult offspring mediated by newly generated CNS neurons".
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Kozorovitskiy, Y; et al. (2007). "Fatherhood influences neurogenesis in the hippocampus of California mice".
2642:"An fMRI study of the brain responses of traumatized mothers to viewing their toddlers during separation and play"
2299:"The plasticity of human maternal brain: Longitudinal changes in brain anatomy during the early postpartum period"
1997:
Franzen, EA; Myers, RE (May 1973). "Neural control of social behavior: prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex".
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97:
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Kim, Pilyoung; Leckman, James F.; Mayes, Linda C.; Feldman, Ruth; Wang, Xin; Swain, James E. (1 January 2010).
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1819:"General and specific responsiveness of the amygdala during explicit emotion recognition in females and males"
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Parental experience, as well as changing hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum, cause changes in the
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Oxytocin and maternal behavior, Mammalian parenting: biochemical, neurobiological and behavioral determinants
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McEwen, BS (July 2007). "Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain".
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Derntl, B; Habel, U; Windischberger, C; Robinson, S; Kryspin-Exner, I; Gur, RC; Moser, E (4 August 2009).
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Women who had a positive experience involving their family in their childhood are more likely to be more
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Fernandez-Duque, E; et al. (2009). "The biology of paternal care in human and non-human primates".
1329:"The Paternal Brain in Action: A Review of Human Fathers' fMRI Brain Responses to Child-Related Stimuli"
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Mayes, L.C; Leckman, J.F (2007). "Parental representation and subclinical changes in postpartum mood".
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has also been associated with mothers who received low quality maternal care early in their own life.
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Lonstein, JS; De Vries, GJ (August 2000). "Sex differences in the parental behavior of rodents".
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Furuta, M; Bridges, RS (21 April 2005). "Gestation-induced cell proliferation in the rat brain".
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3175:"Perceived quality of maternal care in childhood and structure and function of mothers' brain"
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Moser, DA; Aue, T; Wang, Z; Rusconi-Serpa, S; Favez, N.; Peterson, BS; Schechter, DS (2014).
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Bartels, A; Zeki, S (March 2004). "The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love".
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Heim, C; Nemeroff, CB (January 2009). "Neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder".
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973:
899:
789:
781:
722:
In human mothers there was a correlation between increased gray matter volume in the
708:
553:
546:
525:
514:
507:
496:
3614:
3527:
3417:
3373:
3288:
3045:
2964:
2867:
2722:
2455:
2237:
2183:
2140:
1983:
1940:
1897:
1694:
1602:
1313:
1264:
3698:
3690:
3677:
Kim, P.; Rigo, P.; Mayes, L. C.; Feldman, R.; Leckman, J. F.; Swain, J. E. (2014).
3649:
3641:
3594:
3550:
3507:
3465:
3445:
3401:
3397:
3353:
3319:
3311:
3268:
3233:
3194:
3186:
3144:
3107:
3099:
3025:
2990:
2944:
2898:
2863:
2813:
2775:
2765:
2702:
2661:
2653:
2612:
2604:
2565:
2541:
2521:
2482:
2478:
2435:
2390:
2355:
2318:
2310:
2260:
2217:
2163:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2053:
2045:
2006:
1963:
1920:
1877:
1840:
1830:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1756:
Newborns placed skin-to-skin with their mothers to study maternal oxytocin release.
1739:
1729:
1674:
1651:
1631:
1586:
1582:
1521:
1495:
1451:
1429:
1350:
1340:
1291:
1244:
1191:
1107:
1062:
1054:
802:
768:
734:
723:
716:
688:
664:
571:
serve for processing the smell, touch and vocalization associated with the infant.
16:
2902:
2498:
3694:
2706:
963:
923:
730:
669:
608:
564:
200:
172:
2359:
2296:
1678:
3736:
3148:
2690:
2394:
1180:"Motivational systems and the neural circuitry of maternal behavior in the rat"
1058:
907:
903:
865:
830:
649:
The volume of gray matter increases postpartum in the following brain regions:
628:
346:
183:
134:
115:
1518:
Maternal responsiveness in humans: Emotional, cognitive and biological factors
1499:
991:
of the paternal brain have been linked in some species to recognition of kin.
536:
3725:
3344:
Wynne-Edwards, KE (September 2001). "Hormonal changes in mammalian fathers".
2770:
2554:
1345:
785:
130:
2221:
2100:
1835:
44:
3712:
3663:
3606:
3562:
3519:
3457:
3449:
3409:
3365:
3357:
3280:
3245:
3208:
3156:
3121:
3085:
3072:
3037:
3002:
2956:
2910:
2875:
2825:
2789:
2714:
2675:
2626:
2577:
2533:
2490:
2447:
2402:
2367:
2332:
2272:
2229:
2175:
2132:
1975:
1932:
1889:
1854:
1803:
1751:
1686:
1643:
1594:
1434:
1417:
1364:
1305:
1248:
1205:
1119:
1076:
1008:
984:
951:
939:
895:
712:
654:
636:
620:
612:
603:
Postpartum, new neuron production is suppressed due to decreased levels of
540:
Skin-to-skin contact with a newborn helps to increase the mother's oxytocin
468:
415:
338:
2657:
2067:
2018:
1910:
1816:
1443:
1256:
3386:
977:
955:
834:
793:
757:
616:
480:
383:
305:
3324:
1568:
966:
which are thought to suppress the production of new cells in the brain.
771:
and colleagues have studied specifically interpersonal violence-related
760:
such as enhancing spatial navigation learning and behaviors linked with
3627:
3237:
2525:
2123:
1635:
1570:
959:
872:
This allows the mother to be more sensitive to her own infant's needs.
750:
643:
592:
568:
3628:
Swain, JE; Lorberbaum, JP; Kose, S; Strathearn, L (March–April 2007).
3435:
3103:
2608:
1196:
1179:
745:
may also be factors which trigger the maternal brain to change during
3015:
2314:
1012:
931:
906:
etc.) are activated in the father, and hormonal changes occur in the
887:
825:. This causes lower maternal responsiveness to their infant's needs.
746:
742:
704:
632:
588:
472:
464:
419:
411:
379:
375:
371:
334:
330:
3554:
3497:
2750:
1279:
619:
postpartum in the rat maternal brain. Maternal experience increases
3511:
2923:
2802:
1664:
1004:
969:
935:
927:
919:
891:
692:
659:
611:
mother rats. Mother-infant interaction is also thought to suppress
604:
584:
580:
560:
503:
492:
476:
432:
395:
367:
363:
326:
3634:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
2983:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
2511:
2199:
1569:
Gonzalez, A; Jenkins, JM; Steiner, M; Fleming, AS (January 2009).
1007:
in both fathers and mothers, but not in non-parents. The level of
2590:
1620:
1412:
1326:
761:
2888:
1233:
646:
due to the increased interaction of the mother with the infant.
805:
and decreased methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene.
738:
484:
2345:
962:. Just like in mothers, fathers also have increased levels of
595:
period cause changes in the structures of the maternal brain.
854:
3583:
627:(SBZ) which is responsible for producing the neurons of the
549:
have also been associated with disrupted maternal behavior.
2031:
1485:
715:
begin to change during pregnancy due to the high levels of
2976:
2974:
2468:
950:
In father rats, just as in the mother rats, a decrease in
2688:
2462:
1867:
1218:
1096:
1040:
756:
Maternal experience alters behaviors which stem from the
2096:
2094:
2092:
1714:
2971:
2639:
2505:
2339:
2244:
1770:"Amygdala activation predicts gaze toward fearful eyes"
1717:
Maternal Behavior in Neill's physiology of reproduction
1463:
1461:
1271:
3215:
3052:
2646:
Journal of Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
1481:
1479:
1167:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 260–280.
942:
have been linked to the display of paternal behavior.
51:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3134:
3128:
2409:
2089:
1152:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–117.
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
972:
fathers have enhanced dendritic spine density in the
3577:
3295:
3258:
2195:
2193:
2074:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1458:
726:
and positive emotional feelings towards the infant.
691:
activates positive responses to the pup stimuli via
642:
In animals, structures of the mother's brain change
3676:
2917:
2882:
1476:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
3534:
3424:
3380:
3332:
2735:
1515:
1381:
1277:
1083:
463:(MPOA) of the hypothalamus contains receptors for
3221:
3168:
3166:
3079:
2980:
2796:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2250:
2190:
2153:
2032:Xerri, C; Stern, JM; Merzenich, MM (March 1994).
1609:
1041:Leuner, B; Glasper, ER; Gould, E (October 2010).
3723:
3621:
3058:
3009:
2832:
2025:
1996:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1025:
833:receptor gene and lower synaptic density in the
808:
3679:"Neural Plasticity in Fathers of Human Infants"
3301:
1658:
1416:; Ruble, D; Krieger, H; Wong, PY (April 1997).
3163:
2415:
2279:
1953:
1767:
1719:. San Diego, CA: Elsevier. pp. 1921–1993.
1511:
1509:
1227:
635:is the hormone which mediates the increase in
3478:
3343:
3252:
2843:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 169–198.
2147:
1904:
1861:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1562:
1488:Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology
1401:
999:Being exposed to crying babies activates the
401:
299:Latest revision as of 23:45, 13 December 2023
150:Latest revision as of 23:45, 13 December 2023
2253:Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research
1990:
1723:
976:. This increase correlates with increase in
719:experienced by the mother during this time.
196:
3540:
2847:
2738:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
2548:
2374:
1947:
1810:
1506:
1141:
1126:
913:
357:
3472:
2080:
1701:
1467:
1100:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
3702:
3653:
3491:
3323:
3198:
3111:
2938:
2779:
2769:
2665:
2616:
2584:
2429:
2322:
2122:
2057:
1844:
1834:
1793:
1433:
1354:
1344:
1295:
1221:Motherhood in human and nonhuman primates
1212:
1195:
1171:
1156:
1066:
910:to ensure display of parenting behavior.
1278:Sewards, TV; Sewards, MA (August 2002).
535:
431:childhood, had higher daily patterns of
304:
1147:
1132:
502:stimulus salience (changes made by the
87:Revision as of 18:10, 24 September 2023
3724:
3261:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
2853:
2838:
2380:
2085:. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 31–60.
1968:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.027
1284:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1219:Pryce C.R; Martin RD; Skuse D (1995).
203:: doi updated in citation with #oabot.
1715:Numan M; Fleming A.S; Levy F (2006).
1470:The Neurobiology of Parental Behavior
1376:
1374:
1177:
1162:
574:
491:mother's affect (changes made by the
3316:10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164334
3018:The European Journal of Neuroscience
1768:Gamer, M; Büchel, C (15 July 2009).
945:
598:
77:
43:
994:
698:
195:
164:
147:
140:
127:
96:
84:
13:
2168:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.031
2050:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01710.1994
1371:
1135:Neurobiology of the parental brain
442:
410:correlates with a higher ratio of
301:
32:
3758:
2265:10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.01.008
1520:. Vol. 19. pp. 83–136.
881:
386:and interaction with the infant.
352:
3646:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01731.x
3191:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00923.x
3030:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.02965.x
2995:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01730.x
2949:10.1046/j.0007-1331.2002.00776.x
2818:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00852.x
2570:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.013
2440:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.003
1925:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.017
1882:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.033
1744:10.1046/j.1523-536x.2001.00013.x
1516:Corter, C; Flemming A.S (1990).
1112:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02306.x
3670:
2868:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1161
2744:
2729:
2682:
2633:
2558:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1761:
1320:
513:attention (changes made by the
450:
3402:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.01.013
2483:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.018
2115:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.05.012
1786:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1883-09.2009
1587:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.012
554:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1:
3599:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00697-8
3273:10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00036-1
2927:Journal of Neuroendocrinology
2903:10.1126/science.286.5442.1155
2856:Annual Review of Neuroscience
2593:"Brain structure and obesity"
1526:10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60201-6
1297:10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00020-9
1019:
809:Early experiences and shaping
773:posttraumatic stress disorder
297:
253:
245:
3695:10.1080/17470919.2014.933713
3225:Infant Mental Health Journal
3137:Journal of Family Psychology
2707:10.3109/10253890.2013.816280
2011:10.1016/0028-3932(73)90002-x
524:memory (changes made by the
18:Browse history interactively
7:
2360:10.1037/0735-7044.114.1.158
2038:The Journal of Neuroscience
1774:The Journal of Neuroscience
1679:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.08.012
1468:Numan, M; Insel, T (2003).
1184:Developmental Psychobiology
425:
389:
10:
3763:
3742:Developmental neuroscience
3149:10.1037/0893-3200.20.4.641
2395:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006
1059:10.1016/j.tins.2010.07.003
1043:"Parenting and plasticity"
841:as a mother. Mothers with
402:Estradiol and progesterone
1500:10.1080/02646838708403495
1178:Numan, M (January 2007).
918:An increase in levels of
422:, than at the beginning.
212:
209:
146:
83:
3481:Society for Neuroscience
3390:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2771:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00690
2103:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2081:Rosenblatt, J.S (2002).
1575:Psychoneuroendocrinology
1346:10.3390/brainsci11060816
914:Paternal hormonal effect
860:superior temporal sulcus
607:and increased levels of
530:medial prefrontal cortex
519:medial prefrontal cortex
408:mother-infant attachment
358:Maternal hormonal effect
345:Less is known about the
2758:Frontiers in Psychology
2348:Behavioral Neuroscience
2303:Behavioral Neuroscience
2222:10.1126/science.1076647
1836:10.1186/1471-2202-10-91
1047:Trends in Neurosciences
309:Maternal affection, by
82:
3450:10.1006/hbeh.2002.1840
3358:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1699
1435:10.1006/hbeh.1997.1376
1249:10.1006/hbeh.1998.1441
1137:. Amsterdam: Academic.
729:Other changes such as
541:
435:levels, and were less
313:
3587:Biological Psychiatry
3438:Hormones and Behavior
3346:Hormones and Behavior
3179:Developmental Science
2471:Biological Psychiatry
2383:Physiological Reviews
2083:Handbook of parenting
1667:Hormones and Behavior
1422:Hormones and Behavior
1237:Hormones and Behavior
1148:Bridges, R.S (1990).
876:Postpartum depression
866:middle frontal cortex
784:activity and greater
539:
308:
3304:Annu. Rev. Anthropol
3067:(1 Suppl 1): 13–24.
843:insecure attachments
839:maternal sensitivity
815:maternally sensitive
798:maternal sensitivity
775:(PTSD) and comorbid
461:Medial Preoptic Area
437:maternally sensitive
322:maternal sensitivity
137:. | #UCB_CommandLine
3683:Social Neuroscience
3543:Nature Neuroscience
3500:Nature Neuroscience
3092:Human Brain Mapping
2658:10.1093/scan/nsr069
2597:Human Brain Mapping
2214:2003Sci...299..117S
2044:(3 Pt 2): 1710–21.
1223:. New York: Karger.
1133:Bridges, R (2008).
823:insecure attachment
625:subventricular zone
366:and an increase in
311:Edward Hodges Baily
3747:Neuroendocrinology
3238:10.1002/imhj.20136
2839:Belsky, J (2005).
2526:10.1002/hipo.20468
1636:10.1002/hipo.20278
1472:. Springer-Verlag.
575:Postpartum changes
542:
314:
162:
94:
3104:10.1002/hbm.20206
2806:Child Development
2609:10.1002/hbm.20870
1197:10.1002/dev.20198
1163:Insel, T (1990).
1001:prefrontal cortex
989:prefrontal cortex
974:prefrontal cortex
946:In animal fathers
900:prefrontal cortex
790:entorhinal cortex
782:prefrontal cortex
709:prefrontal cortex
599:In animal mothers
547:prefrontal cortex
526:nucleus accumbens
515:nucleus accumbens
508:nucleus accumbens
497:prefrontal cortex
296:
148:
85:
65:
3754:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3538:
3532:
3531:
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3489:
3488:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3433:
3422:
3421:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3341:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2942:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2897:(5442): 1155–8.
2886:
2880:
2879:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2748:
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2741:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2620:
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2582:
2581:
2552:
2546:
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2509:
2503:
2502:
2466:
2460:
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2433:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2315:10.1037/a0020884
2294:
2277:
2276:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2208:(5603): 117–20.
2197:
2188:
2187:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1999:Neuropsychologia
1994:
1988:
1987:
1956:Neuropsychologia
1951:
1945:
1944:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1823:BMC Neuroscience
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
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1759:
1758:
1727:
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1720:
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1618:
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1560:
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1483:
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1455:
1437:
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1396:
1394:
1388:academic.oup.com
1385:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1275:
1269:
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1231:
1225:
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1216:
1210:
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1199:
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1169:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1038:
995:In human fathers
853:middle temporal
803:parenting stress
769:Daniel Schechter
724:substantia nigra
699:In human mothers
689:substantia nigra
687:Postpartum, the
665:substantia nigra
260:|doi-access=free
204:
198:
190:
180:
161:
156:
138:
122:
112:
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3755:
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3752:
3751:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3675:
3671:
3640:(3–4): 262–87.
3626:
3622:
3593:(12): 1367–75.
3582:
3578:
3555:10.1038/nn.2550
3539:
3535:
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3220:
3216:
3171:
3164:
3133:
3129:
3084:
3080:
3057:
3053:
3014:
3010:
2989:(3–4): 224–44.
2979:
2972:
2940:10.1.1.319.5416
2922:
2918:
2887:
2883:
2852:
2848:
2837:
2833:
2801:
2797:
2749:
2745:
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2730:
2687:
2683:
2638:
2634:
2589:
2585:
2553:
2549:
2510:
2506:
2467:
2463:
2431:10.1.1.214.3081
2414:
2410:
2379:
2375:
2344:
2340:
2295:
2280:
2249:
2245:
2198:
2191:
2152:
2148:
2099:
2090:
2079:
2075:
2030:
2026:
1995:
1991:
1952:
1948:
1909:
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1866:
1862:
1815:
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1766:
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1728:
1724:
1713:
1702:
1663:
1659:
1619:
1610:
1567:
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1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1514:
1507:
1484:
1477:
1466:
1459:
1411:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1325:
1321:
1276:
1272:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1176:
1172:
1161:
1157:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1095:
1084:
1039:
1026:
1022:
997:
964:glucocorticoids
948:
924:glucocorticoids
916:
884:
821:reactivity and
811:
788:activity (i.e.
731:menstrual cycle
701:
670:globus pallidus
609:glucocorticoids
601:
577:
565:parietal cortex
453:
445:
443:Glucocorticoids
428:
404:
392:
360:
355:
293:
285:
275:
270:
263:
262:}}</ref>
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12:
11:
5:
3760:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3719:
3718:
3689:(5): 522–535.
3669:
3620:
3576:
3533:
3512:10.1038/nn1753
3490:
3471:
3444:(4): 399–413.
3423:
3396:(8): 1133–41.
3379:
3331:
3294:
3251:
3232:(3): 281–295.
3214:
3185:(4): 662–673.
3162:
3127:
3078:
3051:
3024:(10): 2903–9.
3008:
2970:
2916:
2881:
2846:
2831:
2795:
2743:
2728:
2681:
2632:
2583:
2547:
2504:
2461:
2424:(3): 1155–66.
2408:
2389:(3): 873–904.
2373:
2338:
2309:(5): 695–700.
2278:
2243:
2189:
2146:
2088:
2073:
2024:
1989:
1946:
1903:
1876:(4): 1215–23.
1860:
1809:
1780:(28): 9123–6.
1760:
1722:
1700:
1657:
1608:
1561:
1552:|journal=
1534:
1505:
1475:
1457:
1400:
1370:
1333:Brain Sciences
1319:
1270:
1226:
1211:
1170:
1155:
1140:
1125:
1106:(4): 368–397.
1082:
1053:(10): 465–73.
1023:
1021:
1018:
996:
993:
947:
944:
915:
912:
908:paternal brain
904:olfactory bulb
886:In only 6% of
883:
882:Paternal brain
880:
870:
869:
863:
857:
831:glucocorticoid
810:
807:
700:
697:
674:
673:
667:
662:
657:
629:olfactory bulb
600:
597:
576:
573:
534:
533:
522:
511:
500:
452:
449:
444:
441:
427:
424:
418:at the end of
403:
400:
394:The levels of
391:
388:
359:
356:
354:
353:Maternal brain
351:
347:paternal brain
318:parental brain
300:
295:
294:
290:
288:
286:
282:
280:
277:
276:
273:
271:
268:
265:
264:
259:
256:
254:
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248:
246:
243:
242:
239:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
187:
182:
181:
166:
145:
119:
114:
113:
98:
67:
61:
59:
41:
33:
27:
23:
22:
14:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3759:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3506:(9): 1094–5.
3505:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:(2): 139–45.
3351:
3347:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:(6): 669–86.
3266:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:(8): 623–35.
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:CNS Spectrums
3055:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2933:(5): 349–53.
2932:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:(2): 384–96.
2811:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:(5): 493–50.
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:(8): 969–79.
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:(3): 353–64.
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:(3): 331–40.
2563:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2520:(10): 985–8.
2519:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:(4): 415–23.
2476:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:(1): 158–72.
2353:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:(7): 803–12.
2108:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:(2): 141–57.
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:(3): 849–58.
1961:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:(2): 417–25.
1918:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:(3): 337–45.
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:(6): 434–42.
1629:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1545:
1537:
1535:9780120045198
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1428:(2): 145–58.
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1290:(5): 553–79.
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:(2): 104–14.
1242:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
879:
877:
873:
867:
864:
861:
858:
856:
852:
851:
850:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
826:
824:
820:
816:
806:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:limbic system
783:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
696:
694:
690:
685:
683:
678:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
594:
591:in the early
590:
586:
582:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
538:
531:
527:
523:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
489:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
448:
440:
438:
434:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
399:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
350:
348:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
320:. Displaying
319:
312:
307:
303:
298:
289:
287:
281:
279:
278:
274:
272:
269:
267:
266:
255:
247:
244:
240:
238:
235:
233:
232:
226:
224:
219:
217:
216:
208:
202:
185:
178:
174:
169:
160:
155:
151:
143:
136:
132:
117:
110:
106:
101:
92:
88:
70:
55:
48:
38:Content added
30:
20:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3549:(6): 753–8.
3546:
3542:
3536:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3441:
3437:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3349:
3345:
3325:11336/104368
3307:
3303:
3297:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3182:
3178:
3143:(4): 641–7.
3140:
3136:
3130:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3021:
3017:
3011:
2986:
2982:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2761:
2757:
2746:
2737:
2731:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2306:
2302:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2205:
2201:
2162:(1): 53–67.
2159:
2156:Neuroscience
2155:
2149:
2106:
2102:
2082:
2076:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1755:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1627:
1623:
1581:(1): 76–86.
1578:
1574:
1564:
1517:
1491:
1487:
1469:
1425:
1421:
1393:11 September
1391:. Retrieved
1387:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1190:(1): 12–21.
1187:
1183:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1103:
1099:
1050:
1046:
1009:testosterone
998:
985:neurogenesis
982:
968:
952:neurogenesis
949:
940:testosterone
917:
896:hypothalamus
885:
874:
871:
848:
827:
812:
777:dissociation
766:
755:
728:
721:
713:hypothalamus
702:
686:
679:
675:
655:hypothalamus
648:
641:
637:neurogenesis
621:neurogenesis
613:neurogenesis
602:
578:
558:
551:
543:
469:progesterone
458:
454:
451:Neuroanatomy
446:
429:
416:progesterone
405:
393:
361:
344:
339:progesterone
317:
315:
302:
131:Use this bot
99:Citation bot
3310:: 115–130.
2862:: 1161–92.
2514:Hippocampus
2259:(1): 61–6.
2124:10261/71909
1738:(1): 13–9.
1624:Hippocampus
1494:: 193–205.
1414:Fleming, AS
983:Changes in
978:vasopressin
956:hippocampus
835:hippocampus
794:hippocampus
758:hippocampus
617:hippocampus
579:Changes in
481:vasopressin
384:parturition
135:Report bugs
3726:Categories
2418:NeuroImage
1913:NeuroImage
1870:NeuroImage
1339:(6): 816.
1020:References
960:postpartum
751:postpartum
653:bilateral
644:postpartum
593:postpartum
569:brain stem
374:caused by
3732:Parenting
3571:205433066
2935:CiteSeerX
2426:CiteSeerX
1554:ignored (
1544:cite book
1013:prolactin
932:prolactin
888:mammalian
747:pregnancy
743:nutrition
735:hydration
705:amygadala
695:neurons.
633:Prolactin
589:prolactin
473:prolactin
465:estradiol
420:pregnancy
412:estradiol
380:pregnancy
376:lactation
372:prolactin
335:estradiol
331:prolactin
121:5,219,504
3713:24958358
3664:17355399
3615:12644453
3607:14675800
3563:20453850
3528:11852516
3520:16921371
3458:12488107
3418:23925657
3410:20153585
3374:36193536
3366:11534974
3289:11751600
3281:10940441
3246:28640466
3209:20590729
3157:17176199
3122:16284946
3073:19169190
3046:20323905
3038:14656341
3003:17355397
2965:16005801
2957:12000539
2911:10550053
2876:11520931
2826:15784089
2790:26074844
2723:34731243
2715:23777332
2676:22021653
2627:19662657
2578:18486147
2534:18767068
2491:17686467
2456:15237043
2448:15006682
2403:17615391
2368:10718271
2333:20939669
2273:15862628
2238:38577726
2230:12511652
2184:46107114
2176:17869008
2141:33878419
2133:17640823
1984:12674158
1976:19159636
1941:17638688
1933:15627583
1898:14190300
1890:15050549
1855:19653893
1804:19605649
1752:11264623
1695:23974254
1687:16297919
1644:17397044
1603:12408292
1595:18835661
1365:34202946
1314:25374502
1306:12367590
1265:38510815
1206:17186513
1120:20925656
1077:20832872
1005:amygdala
1003:and the
970:Marmoset
936:Oxytocin
928:estrogen
920:oxytocin
892:amygdala
693:dopamine
660:amygdala
639:in SBZ.
605:estrogen
585:oxytocin
581:estrogen
561:thalamus
504:amygdala
493:amygdala
477:oxytocin
433:cortisol
426:Cortisol
396:oxytocin
390:Oxytocin
368:oxytocin
364:estrogen
327:oxytocin
177:contribs
109:contribs
53:Wikitext
3704:4144350
3655:4318551
3466:9172039
3200:3974609
3113:6871466
2891:Science
2781:4447998
2764:: 690.
2667:3501701
2618:2826530
2542:5144570
2324:4318549
2210:Bibcode
2202:Science
2068:8126565
2059:6577528
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