Knowledge - Knowledge

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sense of how to evaluate information sources... The days when everything you saw on a screen had been carefully filtered, vetted, edited and checked are long gone. Product placement, advertorials and sponsorship are all becoming more common. An educated audience is the only realistic way to ensure that we are not duped, tricked, fleeced or offended by the media we consume, and learning that online information sources may not be as accurate as they pretend to be is an important part of that education. I use the Knowledge a lot. It is a good starting point for serious research, but I would never accept something that I read there without checking.

1587:, identified that among 42 entries tested, the difference in accuracy was not significant: the average science entry in Knowledge contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three. In the pairs of articles reviewed, eight serious errors such as misinterpretations of important concepts were detected, four from each encyclopaedia. Reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Knowledge and 123 in Britannica. Additionally, it was found that Knowledge articles are 2.6 times as long as Britannica articles, meaning that there is a lower error/omission per word ratio in Knowledge. 182: 961:, a feature of Nupedia.com in which the public could write articles that could be incorporated into Nupedia after review. It was relaunched off-site after Nupedia's Advisory Board of subject experts disapproved of its production model. Knowledge thereafter operated as a standalone project without control from Nupedia. Its policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, though it is similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbias" policy. There were otherwise few rules initially. Knowledge gained early contributors from Nupedia, 120: 1249: 974: 867: 750: 923:, and in being free of bias, due to its public nature and potentially broad base of contributors. Nupedia had a seven-step review process by appointed subject-area experts, but later came to be viewed as too slow for producing a limited number of articles. Funded by Bomis, there were initial plans to recoup its investment by the use of advertisements. It was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, switching to the GFDL before Knowledge's founding at the urging of 1162: 3760: 173: 608: 3897: 3780: 3770: 996:. Wales mentioned that he heard the concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld, an employee of Bomis who showed him the same wiki, in December 2000, but it was after Sanger heard of its existence in January 2001 from Ben Kovitz, a regular at the wiki, that he proposed the creation of a wiki for Nupedia to Wales and Knowledge's history started. Under a similar concept of free content, though not wiki-based production, the 3800: 581: 1788:

Seigenthaler's main criticisms. He also gave his opinion that encyclopedias as a whole (whether print or online) were not usually appropriate for primary sources and should not be relied upon as authoritative (as some were doing), but that nonetheless on balance Knowledge was more reliable as "background reading" on subjects than most online sources. He stated that Knowledge was a "work in progress".

3790: 1627:. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Knowledge was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light", and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. However, these links are offered as background sources for the reader, not as sources used by the writer, and the "enhanced perspectives" are not intended to serve as reference material themselves. 145: 1578:, that Knowledge provides a good starting point for research, and that articles are in general reasonably sound. However, these studies also suggest that due to its novel editorial model, it suffers omissions and inaccuracies which can sometimes be serious. A separate study suggests that in many cases, vandalism is reverted fairly quickly, but that this does not always happen. 1349:, which number just over a thousand. Administrators are the largest such group, privileged with the ability to prevent articles from being edited, delete articles, or block users from editing in accordance with community policy. Any editor with a significant history of positive contributions and a firm understanding of Knowledge's policies and guidelines can be 855: 942:

bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source for content. So there's little downside, as far as I can determine.

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many edit sessions a piece of text has survived (red for new text, yellow for text that has survived 50 edits, green if 100, black if more than 150 edits). However, these proposals for provenance are quite controversial. Aaron Krowne wrote a rebuttal article in which he criticized McHenry's methods, and labeled them "

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as to its vintage. In this way a reader can know "who has used the facilities before him" and how long the community has had to process the information in an article to provide calibration on the "sense of security". For example, Cross proposes a temporal provenance scheme which colors text based how

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It is the same with search engine results. Just because something comes up in the top 10 on MSN Search or Google does not automatically give it credibility or vouch for its accuracy or importance... One benefit that might come from the wider publicity that Knowledge is currently receiving is a better

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and inconsistency. Knowledge has also been criticized for its use of dubious sources, its biased but neutrally written perspective towards certain point of views, its disregard for credentials, its lack of understanding and international nature, and its vulnerability to vandalism and special interest

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sufficient fluency are encouraged to manually translate articles. The various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", though they may diverge on subtler points of policy and practice. Articles and images are shared between Knowledge editions, the former through "

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Knowledge has been accused of deficiencies in comprehensiveness because of its voluntary nature, and of reflecting the systemic biases of its contributors. For example, like any Internet group, the site can become dominated by cliques of habitual users who express both condescension and hostility to

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Knowledge has traditionally measured its status by article count. In its first two years, it grew at a few hundred or fewer new articles per day; by 2004, this had accelerated to a total of 1,000 to 3,000 per day (counting all editions). The English Knowledge reached its 100,000-article milestone on

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No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. Jimmy Wales thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not. (…) As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally

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Regular users often maintain a "watchlist" of articles of interest to them, so that they can easily keep tabs on all recent changes to those articles, including new updates, discussions, and vandalism. Most past edits to Knowledge articles also remain viewable after the fact, and are stored on "edit

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Some take advantage of Knowledge's openness to add nonsense to the encyclopedia. This real-time, collaborative model allows editors to rapidly update existing topics as they develop and to introduce new ones as they arise. However, this collaboration also sometimes leads to "edit wars" and prolonged

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had gone undetected, and steps being taken to address them. He stated that one problem was that Knowledge's use had grown faster than its self-monitoring system could comfortably handle, and that therefore new page creation would be deliberately restricted to account-holders only, addressing one of

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found that his biography had been written largely as a hoax, which had gone undetected for almost four months; this discovery led to several policy decisions within Wikimedia regarding creation of articles and the overview process, intended to address some of the flaws which had allowed the hoax to

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Some users have been temporarily or permanently blocked from editing Knowledge. Vandalism or the minor infraction of policies may result in a warning or temporary block, while long-term or permanent blocks for prolonged and serious infractions are given by Jimmy Wales or, on its English edition, an

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indexing. It grew to approximately 20,000 articles, and 18 language editions, by the end of its first year. It had 26 language editions by the end of 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Knowledge coexisted until the former's servers went down, permanently, in 2003,

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Supporters argue that Knowledge does meet all the criteria for the basic definition of the word 'encyclopedia'. One difference from book encyclopedias is online web editing with Knowledge's history function. A deleted text will remain in the history tab and other users can look up an individual's

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Articles are always subject to editing, unless the article is protected for a short time due to the aforementioned vandalism or revert wars. Knowledge does not declare any of its articles to be "complete" or "finished". The authors of articles need not have any expertise or qualifications in the

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With increased usage and awareness, there has been an increasing number of references to Knowledge in popular culture. Many parody Knowledge's openness, with characters vandalising or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles. Still others feature characters using the references as a

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During December 2005, Knowledge had about 27,000 users who made at least five edits that month; 17,000 of these active users worked on the English edition. A more active group of about 4,000 users made more than 100 edits per month, over half of these users having worked in the English edition.

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software, which then pass the request to one of the Apache web servers for page-rendering from the database. The web servers serve pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the Wikipedias. To increase speed further, rendered pages for anonymous users are cached in a filesystem until

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Knowledge has a set of policies identifying types of information appropriate for inclusion. These policies often are cited in disputes over whether particular content should be added, revised, transferred to a sister project, or removed. One of Knowledge's core policies is that articles must be

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consists of users who are proportionally few, but highly active. Emigh and Herring argue that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity,

1291:. Wikimedia has begun building a global network of caching servers with the addition of three such servers in France. A new Dutch cluster is also online now. In spite of all this, Knowledge page load times remain quite variable. The ongoing status of Knowledge's website is posted by users at a 595:

Language editions operate independently from one another. Editions are not bound to the content of other language editions, nor are articles on the same subject required to be translations of each other. Automated translation of articles is explicitly disallowed, though multilingual editors of

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An experimental feature planned for the German version of Knowledge has been reported which could eventually improve the quality of editing for Knowledge and protect it from vandalism. The concept being tested is to still allow anyone to make article edits, but to only allow editors judged as

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Knowledge's content has been reflected and forked by hundreds of resources from database dumps. Knowledge content has also been used in academic studies, books and conferences, albeit more rarely, and very recently, in movies. Knowledge was once used in a United States court case, and the

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was awarded a Web Creation Award from the Japan Advertisers Association. This award, normally given to individuals for great contributions to the Web in Japanese, was accepted by a long-standing contributor on behalf of the project. Knowledge has received plaudits from sources including

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Knowledge has become increasingly controversial as it has gained prominence and popularity, with critics alleging that Knowledge's open nature makes it unauthoritative and unreliable, with unconfirmed information that is often without any proper sources, that it exhibits severe

1241:. Several rounds of modifications were made to improve performance in response to increased demand. Ultimately, the software was rewritten again, this time by Lee Daniel Crocker. Instituted in July 2002, this Phase III software was called MediaWiki. It was licensed under the 1701:

editor-in-chief Dale Hoiberg has argued this case, as has former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger who stated in 2004 that "when it comes to relatively specialized topics (outside of the interests of most of the contributors), the project's credibility is very uneven."

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Knowledge entries are "stylistically homogenous, typically describe only a single, core sense of an item, and are often presented in a standard format" (attributed partly to policies and partly to the norms of conventional print encyclopedias "which Knowledge effectively

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Almost all visitors may edit Knowledge's content: registered users can also create new articles. Changes made to pages are instantly displayed. Knowledge is built on the expectation that collaboration among users will improve articles over time, in much the same way that

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A common criticism is that editors, being volunteers, write on what interests them, and what they are aware of. Therefore coverage both within topics, and across the encyclopedia, is uneven and may at times be seriously unbalanced, with obvious and notable omissions.

1638:) are more prone to be edited poorly, but this is uncertain — often such articles receive extra attention and strong consensus exactly because they are the subject of heated debate. Other articles that do not produce such emotive responses may tend to be more stable. 1364:

Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger has said that having the GFDL license as a "guarantee of freedom is a strong motivation to work on a 💕". In a study of Knowledge as a community, economics professor Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low

1658:, who wrote, "the question is whether something is more likely to be true coming from a source whose resume sounds authoritative or a source that has been viewed by hundreds of thousands of people (with the ability to comment) and has survived." 619:'s audience measurement service, the English sub-domain (en.wikipedia.org) receives approximately 60% of Knowledge's cumulative traffic, with the remaining 40% being splintered between the numerous other languages in which Knowledge is offered. 1590:

Critics of Knowledge often charge that allowing anyone to edit makes Knowledge an unreliable work, and that some editors may employ clever use of semantics to make possibly biased statements sound more credible. Knowledge contains no formal

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in February 2002. Later that year, Wales announced that Knowledge would not display advertisements, and its website was moved to wikipedia.org. Various other projects have since forked from Knowledge for editorial reasons, such as

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on its English edition was cited often by the press shortly after the incident. Its editors have also argued that, as a website, Knowledge is able to include articles on a greater number of subjects than print encyclopedias may.

2219:. Further, many editions that have more articles also have fewer contributors. Although the French, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish and Italian Wikipedias have more articles than the Spanish Knowledge, they have fewer users. 446:", allowing visitors to add, remove, or otherwise edit and change its content. It therefore is possible for large numbers of people to create articles and update them quickly as new information becomes available; it also means 1434:

stated "We want to let anybody edit but we don't want to show vandalized versions. It would be fun for me to announce to the press that the front page of Knowledge is open for public editing for the first time in five years".

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history" pages sorted chronologically, making it possible to see former versions of any page at any time. The only exceptions are the entire histories of articles that have been deleted, and many individual edits that contain

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Note that the article count, however, is a limited metric for comparing the editions, for a variety of reasons. In some Knowledge versions, for example, nearly half of the articles are short articles created automatically by

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The same fluidity that allows articles to be patchy has also led to Knowledge being praised for making it possible for articles to be updated or created in response to current events. For example, the then-new article on the

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groups. Critics of Knowledge include Knowledge's own editors (and ex-editors), representatives of other encyclopedias, and even subjects of articles, especially those that find information presenting them in a bad light.

1747:, the community view is argued that Knowledge is valuable for being a social community. That is, authors can be asked to defend or clarify their work, and disputes are readily seen. Knowledge editions also often contain 1971: 1736:" or "problem users" and blocked from editing. Its community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article (a common complaint about 163: 1641:

Other commentators have drawn a middle ground, that it contains much valuable knowledge and has some reliability, even if the degree is not yet assessed with certainty. People taking such a view include

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Currently Knowledge encompasses 171 "active" language editions (ones with 100+ articles). In total, Knowledge contains 250 language editions of varying states, with a combined 5 million articles.

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Emigh and Herring (2005) in a study of Knowledge, note that there are not yet many formal studies of Knowledge or its model. Their main conclusions regarding style and encyclopedic quality were:

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specifies that extended confirmed protection can be applied to combat disruption, if semi-protection has proven to be ineffective. Extended confirmed protection may also be applied to enforce

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subjects that they edit, and users are warned that their contributions may be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will" by anyone who wishes to do so. Its articles are not controlled or

540:, and commercial use of content, provided that its authors are attributed and this content remains available under the GFDL. When an author contributes original material to the project, the 414:. Information is sometimes unconfirmed and questionable, lacking proper sources that, in the eyes of most Wikipedians, is necessary for an article to be considered "high quality". However, 379:, and there have been proposals for an English DVD or print edition. Since its inception, Knowledge has steadily risen in popularity, and has spawned several sister projects. According to 4921: 3878: 1373:

software create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that a "creative construction" approach encourages participation. Knowledge has been viewed as an experiment in a variety of

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over it is retained by them, but they agree to make the work available under the GFDL. However, a significant proportion of images and sounds on Knowledge are not free. Items such as

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are other wikis in which articles are developed by numerous authors, and there is no formal process of review. Unlike many encyclopedias, Knowledge has licensed its content under the

364:. Wales has described Knowledge as "an effort to create and distribute a multi-lingual 💕 of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". 1595:

process for fact-checking, and the editors themselves may not be well-versed in the topics they write about, leading to criticism that its contents lack authority, and according to

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Knowledge has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Critics allege that non-expert editing undermines quality. Because contributors usually submit

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discourage their students from using any encyclopedia as a reference in academic work, preferring primary sources instead. A critical website, Knowledge Watch, was created by

777: 1664:, a well known technology writer, commented that the debate is probably symptomatic of much learning about information which is happening in society today, arguing that: 1623:

Academic circles have not been exclusively dismissive of Knowledge as a reference. Knowledge articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in

520:, early 2006), articles increasingly include an extensive reference section to support the information presented in the article and to allow verification of the article. 809:

violations, and other content that could incur legal liability or be otherwise detrimental to Knowledge. These edits may only be viewed by Knowledge administrators.

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Former Nupedia editor-in-chief Larry Sanger criticized Knowledge in late 2004 for having, according to Sanger, an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for

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Note that this user count includes both sockpuppets, accounts solely used for vandalism, and unused accounts. The number of true accounts is significantly less.

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development as well). It has also been described as "cult-like", although, as these instances demonstrate, not always with entirely negative connotations.

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A variety of studies to date have tended to suggest that some Knowledge articles (scientific articles most notably) are of a similar degree of accuracy to

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In response to this criticism, proposals have been made to provide various forms of provenance for material in Knowledge articles. The idea is to provide

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Knowledge has been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability, comprehensiveness and authority. It is criticised as having no or limited utility as a

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The "In Memoriam: September 11" site is not widely considered a "sister project" as of 2006; there has been calls to close the site, or move it to

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In 2006, in a Multiscope research, the Dutch Knowledge was rated the third best Dutch language site (after Google and Gmail), with a score of 8.3.

1263:. In January 2005, the project ran on 39 dedicated servers located in Florida. This configuration included a single master database server running 131:

Extended confirmed protection prevents edits from all unregistered editors and registered users with fewer than 30 days tenure and 500 edits. The

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as saying: "The premise of Knowledge is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection. That premise is completely unproven." and former

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The following is a list of the largest editions — those containing over 100,000 articles — sorted by number of articles as of

2372: 1966: 1525:, a core of active and vigilant users watching for problems, and editors' expectations of encyclopedic text drawn from the wider culture. 937:, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki alongside Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote: 789:

by any particular user or editorial group; decisions on the content and editorial policies of Knowledge are instead made largely through

597: 1430:"trustworthy" to make edits live on the public site. The process by which trustworthiness would be established is yet to be determined. 509:

truth on their subjects, but rather to describe them impartially from all significant viewpoints. Following the introduction of a more

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The "recent changes" page shows the newest edits to the English Knowledge. This page is often watched by users who revert vandalism.

501:", presenting all note-worthy perspectives on an issue along with the evidence supporting them. The project also forbids the use of 1981: 1026:, which abandoned "neutral point-of-view" in favor of multiple complementary articles written from a "sympathetic point-of-view". 398:

There has been controversy over Knowledge's reliability and accuracy, with the site receiving criticism for its susceptibility to

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users not involved in the "in-group" — habitual users also feel a sense of "ownership" over "their" pages, leading to edit wars.

1599:, that "t will never be an encyclopedia, but it will contain extensive knowledge that is quite valuable for different purposes." 1330:

According to Wikimedia, one-quarter of Knowledge's traffic comes from users without accounts, who are less likely to be editors.

3841: 2654: 3326: 2937: 884:(in 1998-1999) had used similar ideas before Knowledge was founded — and Knowledge began as a complementary project for 1620:

criticized the wiki approach on the grounds that "What certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him".

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Editors keep track of changes to articles by checking the difference between two revisions of a page, displayed here in red.

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and four other locations around the world. MediaWiki is Phase III of the program's software. Originally, Knowledge ran on

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Statistically speaking, "the language of Knowledge entries is as formal as that in the traditional print encyclopedia".

73: 37: 102: 82: 1674: 1661: 1081:. This figure had doubled less than a year later, with the millionth article in the English edition being created on 94: 2896:

Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Knowledge

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Knowledge receives over 2000 page requests per second. More than 100 servers have been set up to handle the traffic.

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There are currently plans to license the usage of the Knowledge trademark for some products, such as books or DVDs.

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servers. By September 2005, its server cluster had grown to around 100 servers in four locations around the world.

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for Nupedia and later Knowledge. Nupedia was described by Sanger as differing from existing encyclopedias in being

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Currently Knowledge has more than five million articles in many languages, including more than 1.4 million in the

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Susceptibility to, and exclusion and removal of, false information (a criterion specific to the Knowledge process)

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Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in a perceived English-centric Knowledge, users of the

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for the "community" category. Knowledge was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby. In September 2004, the

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servers. Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to two load-balancing servers running the

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invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses, which can lead to a

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Knowledge's first sister project, "In Memoriam: September 11 Wiki", was created in October 2002 to detail the

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Knowledge won two major awards in May 2004. The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities, awarded by

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Knowledge was served from a single server until 2004, when the server setup was expanded into a distributed

1067:. Knowledge reached its one millionth article, among the 105 language editions that existed at the time, on 4916: 4891: 4865: 4786: 3538: 2298: 1941: 1707: 1418: 1816:; this came with a €10,000 ($ 12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in 1000:

project existed alongside Nupedia early in its history. It subsequently became inactive, and its creator,

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of Knowledge, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Knowledge are often unjustly labeled "

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database in January 2002. This software, Phase II, was written specifically for the Knowledge project by

993: 388: 4267: 4013: 3997: 371:. There are 250 language editions of Knowledge, and 17 of them have more than 50,000 articles each. The 4734: 1242: 1030: 3885: 1574: 423: 302:, allowing most articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the Web site. Knowledge's main 3914: 3752: 790: 3393: 2079: 1292: 4055: 3831: 3826: 3490: 3258: 2810: 2510: 1535: 1346: 829:, a collection of Knowledge articles that have been verified, ready for printing or burning to CD. 506: 4284: 3417: 457:

use traditional multi-lingual editorial policies and article ownership such as the expert-written

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Although Knowledge has a policy of citing reputable sources, this is only sometimes adhered to.

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criticized Knowledge in that he couldn't even change the article about himself in Knowledge.

430:. This study was challenged by Encyclopædia Britannica, who described it as "fatally flawed". 4744: 4364: 3217: 2179: 2066: 1961: 1414: 1342: 604:

repository. Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions.

4194: 4080: 383:, Knowledge ranks among the top fifteen most visited sites, and many of its pages have been 4781: 4739: 4639: 4441: 4357: 4250: 3910: 3846: 3192: 2945: 2783: 2755: 2658: 2635: 2612: 2589: 2482: 2018: 1813: 1737: 1321:, played a significant part in the early development of Knowledge and the network itself. 1308: 1304: 1226:

for links; later it was also possible to use double brackets. Knowledge began running on a

874: 849: 703: 557: 415: 341: 214: 3603: 3559: 3515: 3471: 3251: 3117: 2976: 2917: 2715: 2565: 2446: 2393: 2347: 2092: 2052:"Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature" 8: 4508: 4462: 4320: 3578: 3064:, Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences. ( 2552: 1919: 1895: 1835: 447: 172: 150: 48: 1397:. Its founder has replied that it is not intended as one, though that is a consequence. 1317:, an online advertising company that caters to a generally male audience and has hosted 611:

Knowledge's article count has shown rapid growth in some of the major language editions.

4901: 4839: 4729: 4711: 4644: 4488: 4483: 3590: 3546: 3502: 3494: 3458: 3104: 2702: 2433: 2380: 2334: 1923:. Founder Jimmy Wales was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by 1913: 1825: 1744: 1268: 1017: 673: 565: 481: 384: 303: 4764: 4661: 4544: 4493: 4228: 3686:

Cross, Tom. "Puppy smoothies: Improving the reliability of open, collaborative Wikis"

3303: 3279: 3234: 3222: 2963: 2871: 2797: 1871: 1859: 1853: 1784: 1012: 802: 733: 723: 713: 693: 633: 601: 561: 532:, the license through which Knowledge's articles are made available, is one of many " 502: 439: 368: 21: 4604: 4159: 4110: 3534: 2824: 2506: 1678: 4911: 4850: 4754: 4749: 4584: 4549: 4478: 4368: 4198: 4007: 3937: 2502: 1729: 1724:

controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices." Editors on

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Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal

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Comprehensiveness, scope and coverage within articles and in the range of articles

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Knowledge is wide open. Why is it growing so fast? Why isn't it full of nonsense?

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found that the two were close in terms of the accuracy of their articles on the

4569: 4559: 4539: 4498: 4324: 4068: 3184: 3080:"Knowledge and Britannica about as accurate in science entries, reports Nature" 2993: 2585: 1986: 1889: 1748: 1733: 1635: 1617: 1480: 1386: 1248: 1189: 1128: 973: 762:

develops. Some of Knowledge's editors have explained its editing process as a "

616: 545: 380: 307: 270: 204: 4594: 3617: 2751: 2031: 1334: 4885: 4706: 4609: 4574: 4534: 4099: 3816: 2631: 1976: 1925: 1901: 1841: 1500: 1448: 1398: 1238: 1230: 1001: 966: 866: 749: 403: 266: 4301: 2202: 667: 4832: 4759: 4599: 4579: 4404: 4372: 4349: 4147: 4071: 3966: 3582: 3450: 3421: 3307: 3275: 3141: 2867: 2775: 2616: 2460: 2410: 2361: 2315: 2294: 2216: 1996: 1883: 1865: 1821: 1772: 1647: 1608: 1197: 1188:. As well as allowing articles to be written, it includes a basic internal 1139: 1103: 1068: 916: 908: 822: 345: 277: 274: 224: 1654:'s "Given enough eyeballs, all errors are shallow") and technology figure 1338: 737: 727: 717: 707: 697: 687: 677: 657: 647: 4776: 4696: 4686: 4564: 4554: 4513: 4204: 4185: 4000: 3988: 3974: 3650: 3287: 3196: 3093: 2913: 2478: 2130: 2014: 1947:

source, or positively comparing a character's intelligence to Knowledge.

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Published copies of selected Knowledge articles are also available from

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Knowledge can be assessed for reliability in several areas, including:

1223: 1219: 1161: 1132: 1110: 1061: 1045: 958: 947: 931: 833: 637: 623: 476: 411: 326: 3973:, essay within Sanger's English Knowledge user page, wiki revision of 3960: 3954: 1720: 600:" links and pages to request translations, and the latter through the 4791: 4771: 4676: 4671: 4180: 4151: 3949: 3902:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated

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Identification of reputable third party source references (citations)

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either do not consider Wales to be a dictator, or consider him to be

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Page requests are processed by first passing to a front-end layer of

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Knowledge itself runs on its own in-house created software, known as

1096: 1053: 1049: 1033:; The Wikimedia Foundation was created from Knowledge and Nupedia on 806: 766: 541: 510: 407: 399: 311: 299: 90: 858:

Knowledge originally developed out of another encyclopedia project,

548:, song samples, or copyrighted news photos are used with a claim of 4691: 4666: 4341: 4292: 4239: 4135: 4092: 4088: 3730: 3621: 3401: 3377: 3283: 3084: 2875: 2852: 2828: 2639: 2486: 2464: 2425: 2414: 2253: 2237: 2187: 2161: 2115: 1847: 1830: 1634:. It is possible that articles subject to strong opinions (such as 1488: 1410: 1382: 1378: 1204: 1200: 1147: 1075: 1052:, a collection of quotations, a week after Wikimedia launched; and 1040:. Knowledge and its sister projects thereafter operated under this 997: 978: 962: 920: 797:

retains final judgement on Knowledge policies and user guidelines.

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An example of Knowledge's range in language editions: Knowledge in

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illustrating the editing process on a selected Knowledge article,

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Can History be Open Source? Knowledge and the Future of the Past

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For an expanded list maintained by Knowledge contributors, see

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The Main Page of English-language Knowledge at various times:

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This article is currently under extended confirmed protection.

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Links to content created under a Wikimedia Foundation project

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Viegas, Fernanda B., Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave, "

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Knowledge achieves its results by social means, including

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Wales and Sanger attribute the concept of using a wiki to

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to this revision, which may differ significantly from the

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For some articles there is a spoken version available in

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of more formally written encyclopedias. Many university

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Maintenance tasks are performed by a group of volunteer

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format. The encyclopedia is also available on a CD from

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Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with

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in the field of general encyclopedic knowledge via the

1048:, a dictionary project, was launched in December 2002; 536:" licenses that permit the redistribution, creation of 4314:

Growing Knowledge Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy

2422:"The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir" 919:, in not having size limitations, due to being on the 333:

as a complement to the expert-written and now defunct

3948:, policy-related and technical discussions regarding 1252:

Overview of system architecture, May 2006 (see also:

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The Early History of Nupedia and Knowledge: A Memoir

1324: 1311:, with hardware making up almost 60% of the budget. 505:. Knowledge articles do not attempt to determine an 899:, a Web portal company. Its principal figures were 53: 2174: 2172: 2021:", March 8 2005, <wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org> 1972:List of media personalities to vandalise Knowledge 1222:by Clifford Adams (Phase I). At first it required 1203:system for page enhancement, and features such as 572:, maintain (noncomprehensive) lists of such uses. 4338:"The Many Voices of Knowledge, Heard in One Place 2938:"Knowledge is not an oligarchy or a dictatorship" 1567: 4883: 3271: 3269: 3015:"Death by Knowledge: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles" 3013:Frank Ahrens, The Washington Post (2006-07-09). 2586:Knowledge, the 💕, reaches its 100,000th article 2501: 2050:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (March 22, 2006). 1546:Accuracy of information provided within articles 149:to ask for uncontroversial changes supported by 3945: 2405: 2403: 2169: 873:, Knowledge co-founder and current head of the 825:, and an editorial team is working on creating 3447:"Log on and join in, but beware the web cults" 2180:Complete list of language Wikipedias available 1606:s executive editor, Ted Pappas, was quoted in 1142:, the scope of the mark is for: "Provision of 1109:. The mark was granted registration status on 970:and its text was incorporated into Knowledge. 238: 4856:Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects 4426: 4321:Know It All: Can Knowledge conquer expertise? 4255:: The Kid’s All Right (And So’s the Old Man)" 4203:comparison between Knowledge and Britannica, 3927: 3266: 2655:English Knowledge Publishes Millionth Article 2632:Knowledge Publishes 500,000th English Article 2141: 812: 4160:Interview with Jimmy Wales, CEO of WikiPedia 3637:Professor James Fetzer Exposes Knowledge.org 3280:Why Knowledge Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism 2400: 2290: 2288: 1438: 1307:. Its 4th Quarter 2005 costs were $ 321,000 880:The Knowledge concept was not novel — 4065:Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You 4022:, from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine 3211: 2146: 1795:on each interval of text in an article and 984:, two and a half months after its founding. 450:and disagreement about content are common. 4433: 4419: 4310:, Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46 3933: 3218:"A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light" 1820:later that year. The second was a Judges' 1761: 1751:in which the community answers questions. 1507:work history to gauge the author's merit. 1419:one who rarely gives non-negotiable orders 953:, as a single English-language edition at 298:. Knowledge is written collaboratively by 61:Revision as of 03:45, 12 November 2006 by 4050:Reports and news articles (chronological) 3884: 2285: 1555:Susceptibility to editorial and systemic 1210:Knowledge runs on a cluster of dedicated 1093:United States Patent and Trademark Office 560:website refers to Knowledge's article on 4440: 3896: 3062:A Genre Analysis of Online Encyclopedias 3054: 3052: 3050: 2872:Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of 💕s 2768: 2409: 2360: 2314: 1982:Congressional staffer edits to Knowledge 1247: 1160: 1156: 1091:The Wikimedia Foundation applied to the 972: 865: 853: 775: 748: 606: 579: 4384:, a library video course on Knowledge, 4195:Internet encyclopaedias go head to head 3837:Knowledge:Why Knowledge is not so great 3822:Knowledge:Knowledge in academic studies 3327:Knowledge attacked by ignorant reporter 1783:, Wales discussed the reasons that the 1425:Future directions for authoring content 1116:. Trademark protection was accorded by 60: 14: 4884: 3906:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 3842:Knowledge:Replies to common objections 3374:Knowledge:Replies to common objections 3131: 3129: 3127: 2609:Knowledge Reaches One Million Articles 1467: 4414: 4232:responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica 3491:"Knowledge: The know-it-all Web site" 3047: 2994:Can German engineering fix Knowledge? 2525:"Wikinfo - Sympathetic point of view" 1935: 44: 25: 3618:Knowledge:Researching with Knowledge 3572: 3528: 3484: 3418:Wiki-fiddlers defend Clever Big Book 1245:and used by all Wikimedia projects. 1015:forked from Knowledge to create the 773:disputes when editors do not agree. 575: 402:, uneven quality and inconsistency, 139:. Please discuss any changes on the 113: 17: 3124: 3060:Collaborative Authoring on the Web: 2823:Paragraph's statistics taken from " 2774: 2575:, <wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org> 946:Knowledge was formally launched on 460:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 111: 80: 4316:The New York Times (June 17, 2006) 3957:, parent organization of Knowledge 3742: 3440: 2740:Wikimedia servers at wikimedia.org 2492:,<wikipedia-l@wikipedia.org> 433: 112: 4938: 4463:Knowledge community (Wikipedians) 4407:, a satirical parody of Knowledge 3852: 2927:, <wikien-l@wikimedia.org>. 1325:Authorship and management process 1008:, lent his support to Knowledge. 564:in the "further reading" list of 422:of sections of Knowledge and the 418:performed by the science journal 47:. The present address (URL) is a 3895: 3886: 3874: 3798: 3788: 3778: 3768: 3758: 2685: 1303:Knowledge is funded through the 180: 171: 161: 118: 4802:Monkey selfie copyright dispute 4176:"A false Knowledge 'biography'" 3715: 3691: 3679: 3659: 3648:Knowledge: "A Work in Progress" 3641: 3630: 3610: 3566: 3522: 3478: 3434: 3410: 3386: 3366: 3339: 3316: 3296: 3205: 3178: 3155: 3072: 3038: 3027: 3006: 2983: 2930: 2907: 2888: 2861: 2837: 2817: 2744: 2733: 2722: 2679: 2670: 2647: 2624: 2601: 2578: 2566:Announcing Wikimedia Foundation 2558: 2537: 2517: 2495: 2472: 2453: 2354: 2308: 2262: 2242: 2222: 2208: 2195: 977:Knowledge's English edition on 523: 3994:, from nostalgia.wikipedia.org 3579:"Who owns your Knowledge bio?" 2549:Proposals for closing projects 2135: 2124: 2104: 2086: 2043: 2024: 2008: 1568:Accuracy and comprehensiveness 1529: 1413:" of Knowledge; however, most 491:GNU Free Documentation License 455:Internet encyclopedia projects 13: 1: 4268:The Six Sins of the Knowledge 4111:Heavy metal umlaut: the movie 2002: 1957:Internet encyclopedia project 1464:go undetected for that time. 337:, and now is operated by the 321:Knowledge was launched as an 310:, with additional servers in 195:Internet encyclopedia project 4866:Knowledge for World Heritage 4787:WikiConference North America 3535:"What is it with Knowledge?" 3189:The Faith-Based Encyclopedia 2695:"Growing on volunteer power" 2205:", Knowledge. (March 9 2005) 2019:Knowledge is an encyclopedia 1942:Knowledge in popular culture 1714: 1708:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 1353:to become an administrator. 793:and, occasionally, by vote. 352:; Sanger resigned from both 7: 4808:Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA 4504:Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight 4307:Journal of American History 3394:Critical views of Knowledge 3058:Emigh & Herring (2005) 1950: 1685: 1254:meta:Server layout diagrams 994:Portland Pattern Repository 568:. Some Knowledge users, or 24:of this page, as edited by 10: 4943: 4735:List of Wikimedia chapters 3699:The FUD-based Encyclopedia 3263:(subscription access only) 1939: 1745:researching with Knowledge 1679:What is it with Knowledge? 1533: 1442: 1298: 1243:GNU General Public License 1031:September 11, 2001 attacks 847: 843: 813:Knowledge in other formats 744: 4922:Advertising-free websites 4824: 4722: 4627: 4522: 4471: 4455: 4448: 4263:Vol. 14 No. 3, March 2006 3751:by searching Knowledge's 3747:Find more information on 2827:" (Knowledge Statistics, 2555:, discusses this process. 2034:", Knowledge Statistics, 1807: 1699:Encyclopædia Britannica's 1439:Criticism and controversy 955:http://www.wikipedia.com/ 791:consensus decision-making 438:Knowledge uses a type of 252: 244: 239:http://www.wikipedia.org/ 234: 220: 210: 200: 188: 179: 170: 4056:Knowledge:Press coverage 3832:Knowledge:Press coverage 3827:Knowledge:Press releases 3044:www.wikipedia-watch.org/ 2511:Free Software Foundation 2203:Translation into English 2142:http://he.wikipedia.org/ 1604:Encyclopædia Britannica' 1536:Reliability of Knowledge 391:by other sites, such as 375:has been distributed on 369:English-language version 4650:Censorship of Knowledge 4220:Encyclopedia Britannica 4172:Seigenthaler, John, Sr. 3930:, multi-lingual portal 3904:Error: no date provided 3034:Wide World of WIKIPEDIA 3003:, <CNET News.com> 2461:Multilingual statistics 2299:Q & A about Nupedia 1762:Responses to criticisms 1581:One of the studies, by 1575:Encyclopædia Britannica 1042:non-profit organization 895:under the ownership of 424:Encyclopædia Britannica 373:German-language edition 133:policy on community use 45:03:45, 12 November 2006 4846:Wikimedian of the Year 4530:Hampton Lintorn-Catlin 4098:. Preliminary report " 4039:Open Directory Project 3859:Listen to this article 3812:Knowledge:Introduction 3764:Dictionary definitions 3703:Free Software Magazine 3598:Check date values in: 3554:Check date values in: 3510:Check date values in: 3466:Check date values in: 3242:Check date values in: 3166:Academia and Knowledge 3112:Check date values in: 2971:Check date values in: 2918:Re: Illegitimate block 2710:Check date values in: 2441:Check date values in: 2388:Check date values in: 2342:Check date values in: 2074:Cite journal requires 1992:User-generated content 1683: 1461:John Seigenthaler, Sr. 1443:Further information: ] 1261:multitier architecture 1256: 1166: 985: 944: 877: 863: 781: 754: 612: 589: 146:submit an edit request 4927:General encyclopedias 4365:Textbook free for all 3356:) and Chicago Times ( 2131:Knowledge as a source 1962:List of encyclopedias 1666: 1359:Arbitration Committee 1319:soft-core pornography 1251: 1164: 1157:Software and hardware 976: 939: 869: 857: 779: 752: 610: 583: 499:neutral point of view 406:, and preference for 137:arbitration sanctions 4897:Online encyclopedias 4861:Google and Knowledge 4782:WikiConference India 4442:Wikimedia Foundation 4358:The Atlantic Monthly 4130:, from Slashdot and 4044:Template:SourceWatch 3971:Origins of Knowledge 3955:Wikimedia Foundation 3915:More spoken articles 3847:Knowledge:Statistics 3667:Knowledge:Provenance 3376:", Knowledge, 22:53 3193:Tech Central Station 2946:Wikimedia Foundation 2894:Andrea Ciffolilli, " 2784:The Atlantic Monthly 2756:Wikimedia Foundation 2659:Wikimedia Foundation 2636:Wikimedia Foundation 2613:Wikimedia Foundation 2590:Wikimedia Foundation 2483:Re: Sanger's memoirs 1814:Prix Ars Electronica 1738:open-source software 1455:At the end of 2005, 1369:of participating in 1305:Wikimedia Foundation 1271:software, and seven 875:Wikimedia Foundation 850:History of Knowledge 760:open-source software 558:Parliament of Canada 344:. It was created by 342:Wikimedia Foundation 215:Wikimedia Foundation 4917:Virtual communities 4892:2001 establishments 4340:", New York Times, 4249:Berinstein, Paula, 4144:Worldwide Wikimania 4102:" available on the 3485:Lu Stout, Kristie ( 2553:Wikimedia Meta-Wiki 2375:. Internet Archive. 2329:. Internet Archive. 2327:"Let's make a wiki" 2230:Knowledge sociology 1920:The Daily Telegraph 1896:The Financial Times 1836:The Washington Post 1797:temporal provenance 1721:Knowledge community 1468:The Knowledge model 1385:systems, including 1214:servers located in 475:. Projects such as 410:or popularity over 167: 87:← Previous revision 4907:Wikimedia projects 4840:Knowledge Monument 4730:Wikimedia movement 4712:Abstract Knowledge 4645:List of Wikipedias 4489:Dariusz Jemielniak 4484:Lisa Seitz-Gruwell 4285:The Knowledge FAQK 3961:Knowledge Signpost 3573:Orlowski, Andrew ( 3416:Andrew Orlowski, " 3329:", Joi Ito's Web, 2825:Active wikipedians 2805:Unknown parameter 2729:MediaWiki Homepage 2373:"Knowledge is up!" 2154:List of Wikipedias 1936:In popular culture 1826:Japanese Knowledge 1257: 1180:system written in 1167: 1018:Enciclopedia Libre 992:'s WikiWikiWeb or 986: 878: 864: 782: 764:socially Darwinian 755: 613: 590: 566:Civil Marriage Act 482:Enciclopedia Libre 280:project. The name 160: 4874: 4873: 4662:Wikimedia Commons 4623: 4622: 4545:Florence Devouard 4494:Rebecca MacKinnon 4300:Rosenzweig, Roy, 3879: 3441:Arthur, Charles ( 3257:CS1 maint: year ( 3244:|accessdate= 3212:Linden, Hartmut ( 3168:", Many-to-Many, 2551:", a page of the 1872:Chicago Sun-Times 1854:Los Angeles Times 1793:source provenance 1785:Seigenthaler hoax 1459:after journalist 1457:controversy arose 1367:transaction costs 1013:Spanish Knowledge 602:Wikimedia Commons 576:Language editions 562:same-sex marriage 503:original research 416:a 2005 comparison 356:and Knowledge on 260: 259: 158: 157: 4934: 4878:Template:Link FA 4851:Tides Foundation 4816:Knowledge Engine 4585:Patricio Lorente 4550:Oscar van Dillen 4509:Esra'a Al Shafei 4479:Maryana Iskander 4453: 4452: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4412: 4411: 4363:Pearson, Helen, 4360:, September 2006 4336:Levine, Robert, 4132:Open Sources 2.0 4008:Internet Archive 3938:English language 3934:en.wikipedia.org 3899: 3898: 3890: 3888: 3881: 3880: 3868: 3866: 3860: 3802: 3794:Images and media 3792: 3782: 3772: 3762: 3737: 3719: 3713: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3663: 3657: 3645: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3586: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3542: 3529:Thompson, Bill ( 3526: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3498: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3454: 3438: 3432: 3414: 3408: 3390: 3384: 3370: 3364: 3343: 3337: 3320: 3314: 3300: 3294: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3230: 3228: 3227:. Retrieved 2005 3209: 3203: 3182: 3176: 3159: 3153: 3135:Simon Waldman, " 3133: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3100: 3076: 3070: 3056: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3010: 3004: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2934: 2928: 2911: 2905: 2892: 2886: 2865: 2859: 2841: 2835: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2748: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2697:. Business Line. 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2651: 2645: 2628: 2622: 2605: 2599: 2582: 2576: 2562: 2556: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2507:"The 💕 Project" 2503:Richard Stallman 2499: 2493: 2476: 2470: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2429: 2407: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2376: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2330: 2312: 2306: 2292: 2283: 2266: 2260: 2246: 2240: 2226: 2220: 2212: 2206: 2199: 2193: 2176: 2167: 2150: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2128: 2122: 2108: 2102: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2062: 2060: 2047: 2041: 2028: 2022: 2012: 1681: 1405:has referred to 1138:. Technically a 1006:Richard Stallman 925:Richard Stallman 538:derivative works 497:written from a " 428:natural sciences 323:English language 184: 175: 168: 165: 159: 148: 122: 114: 99:Newer revision → 77: 56: 54:current revision 46: 42: 41: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4882: 4881: 4875: 4870: 4820: 4718: 4619: 4590:Katherine Maher 4518: 4467: 4444: 4439: 4380:Hubbard, John, 4319:Schiff, Stacy, 4283:Sjöberg, Lore, 4251:"Knowledge and 4126:Sanger, Larry, 4063:Meyers, Peter, 4010:Wayback Machine 3919: 3918: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3862:(2 parts, 3861: 3858: 3855: 3808: 3797: 3787: 3777: 3767: 3766:from Wiktionary 3756: 3753:sister projects 3745: 3743:Further reading 3740: 3720: 3716: 3697:Aaron Krowne, " 3696: 3692: 3688:. First Monday. 3684: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3631: 3615: 3611: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3527: 3523: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3483: 3479: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3415: 3411: 3391: 3387: 3371: 3367: 3344: 3340: 3321: 3317: 3301: 3297: 3274: 3267: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3183: 3179: 3160: 3156: 3134: 3125: 3113: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3057: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3011: 3007: 2990:Daniel Terdiman 2988: 2984: 2972: 2970: 2961: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2912: 2908: 2893: 2889: 2866: 2862: 2842: 2838: 2822: 2818: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2788: 2786: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2758: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2723: 2711: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2652: 2648: 2629: 2625: 2606: 2602: 2583: 2579: 2563: 2559: 2542: 2538: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2500: 2496: 2477: 2473: 2458: 2454: 2442: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2408: 2401: 2389: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2359: 2355: 2343: 2341: 2332: 2331: 2313: 2309: 2293: 2286: 2270:Power structure 2267: 2263: 2247: 2243: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2177: 2170: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2125: 2109: 2105: 2091: 2087: 2075: 2073: 2064: 2063: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2029: 2025: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1953: 1944: 1938: 1914:Reader's Digest 1810: 1764: 1756:James H. Fetzer 1749:reference desks 1717: 1688: 1682: 1673: 1570: 1538: 1532: 1470: 1444: 1441: 1427: 1415:Knowledge users 1403:Knowledge Watch 1327: 1301: 1184:and built upon 1159: 990:Ward Cunningham 913:editor-in-chief 852: 846: 838:Print on Demand 815: 747: 578: 546:corporate logos 526: 516:functionality ( 436: 434:Characteristics 221:Created by 191: 154: 144: 130: 123: 110: 109: 108: 107: 106: 91:Latest revision 79: 78: 67: 65: 52: 31: 29: 12: 11: 5: 4940: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4804: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4605:María Sefidari 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4570:Aaron Halfaker 4567: 4562: 4560:Arnnon Geshuri 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4540:Bishakha Datta 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4499:Raju Narisetti 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4392: 4391: 4378: 4361: 4347: 4334: 4325:The New Yorker 4317: 4311: 4298: 4281: 4272:YoursDaily.com 4264: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4226: 4191: 4169: 4157: 4141: 4124: 4107: 4085:Visualizations 4077: 4069:New York Times 4060: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4011: 3995: 3980: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3924: 3923: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3882: 3871: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3853:External links 3851: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3806:from Wikinews 3786:from Wikiquote 3776:from Wikibooks 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3714: 3690: 3678: 3669:", Knowledge ( 3658: 3640: 3629: 3620:", Knowledge ( 3609: 3565: 3521: 3477: 3433: 3409: 3385: 3365: 3338: 3315: 3295: 3265: 3204: 3185:Robert McHenry 3177: 3154: 3123: 3071: 3046: 3037: 3026: 3005: 2982: 2929: 2906: 2904:December 2003. 2887: 2860: 2836: 2816: 2767: 2743: 2732: 2721: 2678: 2669: 2646: 2623: 2600: 2577: 2564:Jimmy Wales: " 2557: 2536: 2516: 2494: 2471: 2463:", Knowledge, 2452: 2399: 2353: 2307: 2284: 2261: 2252:", Knowledge ( 2241: 2221: 2207: 2201:For example, " 2194: 2168: 2145: 2134: 2123: 2114:", LEGISINFO ( 2103: 2085: 2076:|journal= 2042: 2032:Visits per day 2030:See plots at " 2023: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1987:Self-reference 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1952: 1949: 1940:Main article: 1937: 1934: 1890:Globe and Mail 1809: 1806: 1763: 1760: 1716: 1713: 1687: 1684: 1671: 1636:George W. 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