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3745:, which remains the high-street and main tourist attraction in the city, runs north to south for a little over five kilometres (3.1 miles). This makes it one of the longest commercial streets in the world. Most of the building façades, many of which date back to the 19th century, have been renovated. It is the site of most restaurants, bars and cafes in Łódź's city centre. Important monuments of architecture along Piotrkowska Street are the Old Town Hall, the Descent Of The Holy Spirit Church, the
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3160:
3847:, and a broken oak tree with leaves stemming from the tree (symbolizing death, especially death at a young age). As of 2014, the cemetery has an area of 39.6 hectares (98 acres). It contains approximately 180,000 graves, approximately 65,000 labelled tombstones, ohels and mausoleums. Many of these monuments have significant architectural value; 100 of these have been declared historical monuments and have been in various stages of restoration. The mausoleum of
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industry declined dramatically in 1990 and 1991, and no major textile company survives in Łódź. However, countless small companies still provide a significant output of textiles, mostly for export. Łódź is no longer a significant industrial centre, but it has become a major hub for the business services sector in Poland owing to the availability of highly skilled workers and active cooperation between local universities and the business sector.
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3773:'s industrial empire, hosts a shopping mall, numerous restaurants, 4-star hotel, multiplex cinema, factory museum, bowling and fitness facilities and a science exhibition centre. Opened in 2006, it quickly became a centre of cultural entertainment and shopping, as well as a recognizable city landmark attracting both domestic and foreign tourists. Another example is the former factory of
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capital of Poland". As a result, Łódź grew from a population of 13,000 in 1840 to over 500,000 in 1913. By the time right before World War I Łódź had become one of the most densely populated industrial cities in the world, with 13,280 inhabitants per km, and also one of the most polluted. The textile
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of 2,292 persons per square kilometre (5,940/sq mi), as of
December 2020. Approximately 55.7 per cent of inhabitants are of working age (18–64 years), which is a considerable decrease from 64.1 per cent in 2010. An estimated 29.1 per cent is of post-working age compared to 21.8 per cent ten
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Among the 14 registered museums to be found in Łódź, there is the independent Book Art Museum, awarded the
American Printing History Association's Institutional Award for 2015 for its outstanding contribution to the study, recording, preservation, and dissemination of printing history in Poland over
9678:
The
Government of the State of Qatar has formally requested BIE approval to change the opening dates of Expo 2021 Doha to 2 October 2023 – 28 March 2024. The request follows in depth discussions on the global impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The Executive Committee of the BIE unanimously agreed to
5816:
Montwiłła-Mireckiego, Karolew-Retkinia Wschód, Koziny, Lublinek-Pienista, Retkinia Zachód-Smulsko, Stare
Polesie, Zdrowie-Mania, Złotno, Śródmieście-Wschód, Osiedle Katedralna, Andrzejów, Dolina Łódki, Mileszki, Nowosolna, Olechów-Janów, Stary Widzew, Stoki, Widzew-Wschód, Zarzew, and Osiedle nr 33.
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has three branches, two of which (ms1 and ms2) display collections of 20th and 21st-century art. The newest addition to the museum, ms2 was opened in 2008 in the
Manufaktura complex. The unique collection of the Museum is presented in an unconventional way. Instead of a chronological lecture on the
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was opened. It is considered to be the largest and most modern of all train stations in Poland and is designed to handle increased traffic after the construction of the tunnel. It also serves as a multimodal transport hub, featuring an underground intercity bus station, and is integrated with a new
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to participate in many different sports for all ages and sexes. Many of these traditional clubs still survive. Originally they were owned directly by a public body, but have become independently operated by clubs or private companies. However, they get public support through the cheap rent of land
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In the 2018 general ranking of state-owned tertiary education institutions in Poland, the
University of Łódź came 20th (6th place among universities) and Lodz University of Technology 12th (6th place among technical universities). The Medical University of Łódź was ranked 5th among Polish medical
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going from the east to the west, intersect northeast of the city. As of 2012, the A2 is complete to Warsaw and the northern section of A1 is largely completed. With these connections, the advantages of the city's central location should increase even further. Work has also begun on upgrading the
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and other subsidies from the city. Some of their sections have gone professional and separated from the clubs as private companies. For example, Budowlani S.A is a private company that owns the only professional rugby team in Łódź, while Klub
Sportowy Budowlani remains a community amateur club.
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List of the 36 units or neighbourhoods: Bałuty-Centrum, Bałuty-Doły, Bałuty
Zachodnie, Julianów-Marysin-Rogi, Łagiewniki, Radogoszcz, Teofilów-Wielkopolska, Osiedle Wzniesień Łódzkich, Chojny, Chojny-Dąbrowa, Górniak, Nad Nerem, Piastów-Kurak, Rokicie, Ruda, Wiskitno, Osiedle im. Józefa
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The
Municipal Transport Company – Łódź (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne – Łódź), owned by the Łódź City Government, is responsible for operating 58 bus routes and 19 tram lines. The tram network is one of the longest in the country and was the first electrified cable tramway in
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1098:(1863–1864), a unit of 300 Polish insurgents entered the city without resistance and seized weapons, and later on, there were also clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian troops in the city. In 1864, the inhabitants of adjacent villages were permitted to settle in Łódź
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became one of Europe's largest industrial complexes, employing 5,000 workers within a single facility. The years 1870–1890 saw the most intense industrialisation, which was marked by social inequalities and dire working conditions. Łódź soon became a notable centre of the
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with its open-air display of wooden architecture, the
Cinematography Museum, located in Scheibler Palace, and the Museum of Independence Traditions, occupying the building of a historical Tsarist prison from the late 19th century. A more unusual establishment, the
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Because of rapid and, consequently, chaotic development in the previous century, Łódź did not possess the adequate infrastructure and living standards for its inhabitants. Pollution was acute, sanitary conditions were poor and the authorities did not invest in a
3088:, which had developed in the city in the nineteenth century owing to the abundance of rivers used to power the industry's fulling mills, bleaching plants and other machinery. Because of the growth in this industry, the city has sometimes been called the "Polish
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3351:Łódź has a number of long distance and local railway stations. There are two main stations in the city, but with no direct rail connection between them—a legacy of 19th-century railway network planning. Originally constructed in 1866, the centrally-located
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The local government's efforts to transform the former industrial city into a thriving urban environment and tourist destination formed the basis for the city's failed bid to organise the 2022 International EXPO exhibition on the subject of urban renewal.
1710:, not exceeding 300 metres in elevation. Topographically, the Łódź region is generally characterised by a flat landscape, with only several highlands which do not exceed 50 metres above the terrain level. The soil is predominantly sandy (62%) followed by
9876:
3790:('Łagiewnicki Forest') is recognized as the largest forested area within the administrative borders of any city in Europe. It has an area of 1,245 ha and is cut across by a number of hiking trails that traverse the hilly landscape on the western edge of
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Out of a total of 44 parks in Łódź (as of 2014), 11 have historical status, the oldest of them dating back to the middle of the 19th century. The largest of these, Józef Piłsudski Park (188.21 hectares (0.7267 sq mi)), is located near the
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Many neglected tenement houses and factories throughout the entire city centre have been renovated in recent years as part of the ongoing revitalization project run by the local authorities. The best example of urban regeneration in Łódź is the
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3658:) is the most notable academy for future actors, directors, photographers, camera operators and TV staff in Poland. It was founded on 8 March 1948 and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt following the
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2662:) – Bałuty, Górna, Polesie, Śródmieście, and Widzew. In January 1993, the system of boroughs was abolished and the city became a single entity with no real subdivisions. In April 2000, a system of 36 neighbourhoods or dependent units (
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and ageing are major impediments for the future development of the city, putting strain on social infrastructure and medical services. As a result of the continuing demographic crisis and rapid population loss, Łódź was overtaken by
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in the voivodeship, is the head of the combined government administration, acts as supervisory authority over local government units and as a higher-level authority within the meaning of the provisions on administrative proceedings.
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network operating from the city's various train stations. Bus and tram services are operated by a municipal public transport company. There are 193 km (120 mi) of bicycle routes throughout the city (as in January 2019).
1644:, Teofilów, Widzew, Radogoszcz, and Chojny. These block housing estates were constructed between 1960 and 1990, covering an area of almost 30 square kilometres (12 sq mi) and accommodating a large part of the populace.
9424:
Krakowiak, p. 88. Krakowiak also lists 13 more institutions that operate as museums but are not registered with the National Institute for Museums and Public Collections (p. 95), bringing the total number of museums in Łódź to
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1224:, Łódź grew exponentially and was one of the world's most densely populated industrial cities, with a population density of 13,200 inhabitants per square kilometre (34,000/sq mi) by 1914. In the aftermath of the
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universities, six higher education establishments operating for more than a half of the century, and a number of smaller schools of higher education. The tertiary institutions with the most students in Łódź include:
3371:. For this reason most intercity train traffic goes to this day through Łódź Kaliska station, despite its relative distance from the city centre, and Łódź Fabryczna serves mainly as a terminal station for trains to
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located 6 kilometres (4 miles) from the city centre. Flights connect the city with destinations in Europe including Turkey. In 2014 the airport handled 253,772 passengers. It is the 8th largest airport in Poland.
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railway connection with Warsaw, which reduced the 2-hour travel time to make the 137 km (85 mi) journey 1.5 hours in 2009. As of 2018, travel time from Łódź to Warsaw is around 1.2 hours with the modern
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became an early tourist attraction. In the 2000s the city's main street, the Piotrkowska Street, was revitalized, providing space for shops and restaurants. By 2011 the city hosted around 60 festivals per year.
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1213:(1905), approximately 100,000 unemployed labourers went on a mass strike, barricaded the streets and clashed with troops. Officially, 151 demonstrators were killed and thousands were wounded. In 1912, the
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in Łódź is one of the lowest in Poland; mass attendance was estimated at 26% in 2013 and fell to 17% by 2023. Statistics also show that the city and its environs have one of the highest concentration of
5844:
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702:(from 1870) brought rapid growth in textile manufacturing and in population owing to the inflow of migrants, notably Germans and Jews. Ever since the industrialization of the area, the city has been
752:Łódź experienced a sharp demographic and economic decline after 1989. It was only in the 2010s that the city began to experience revitalization of its neglected downtown area. Łódź is ranked by the
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1527:) operated in the city and aided the Jewish people throughout its existence. However, only 877 Jews were still alive by 1945. Of the 223,000 Jews in Łódź before the invasion, 10,000 survived
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development of art, works of art representing various periods and movements are arranged into a story touching themes and motifs important for the contemporary public. The third branch of
11283:
3375:. The situation will be remedied in 2026 after the construction of a tunnel connecting the two, which is likely to make Łódź Poland's main railway hub. The tunnel will additionally serve
1013:, became the president of a commission that subdivided the works two major phases; the first (1821–23) comprised the creation of a new city centre with an octagonal square (contemporary
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gave Łódź a role of greater importance from a cultural viewpoint, which before the war had belonged exclusively to Warsaw and Kraków. Early students of the School include the directors
11159:
1590:, Łódź informally and temporarily took over the functions of Poland's capital, and most of the government and country administration resided in the city prior to the reconstruction of
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47:
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3839:). Between 1940 and 1944, approximately 43,000 burials took place within the grounds of this rounded-up cemetery. In 1956, a monument by Muszko in memory of the victims of the
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system for the city, dubbed the Łódź Metro by the media and local authorities. Three new stations are being constructed on the underground line, one serving the needs of the
9096:
Kaczmarek, Sylwia; Marcinczak, Szymon (2013). "The Blessing in Disguise: Urban Regeneration in Poland in a Neo-Liberal Milieu". In Leary, Michael E.; McCarthy, John (eds.).
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3784:Łódź also provides plenty of green spaces for recreation. Woodland areas cover 9.61% of the city, with parks taking up an additional 2.37% of the area of Łódź (as of 2014).
8955:
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2871:, the total population of 604,000 included 375,000 (59%) Poles, 192,000 (32%) Jews and 54,000 (9%) Germans. By 1939, the Jewish minority had grown to well over 200,000.
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system until the 1920s. From 1918 to 1939, many cultural, educational and scientific institutions were created, including elementary schools, museums, art galleries and
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3139:, Ireland to its plant in Łódź, largely because the labour costs in Poland are a fraction of those in Ireland. The city's investor friendly policies have attracted 980
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Kossert, Andreas (2010). "Religion in urban everyday life: shaping modernity in Lódz and Manchester, 1820-1914". In Berglund, Bruce R.; Porter-Szűcs, Brian (eds.).
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propose the postponement of Horticultural Expo 2021 Doha, with the BIE General Assembly to vote on the recommendation during its next meeting on 1 December 2020.
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720:. The contrasts greatly reflected on the architecture of the city, where luxurious mansions coexisted with red-brick factories and dilapidated tenement houses.
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3049:(ZGWŻ) manages the Łódź municipality; the local base is situated at a newer synagogue on Pomorska Street where the Community maintains kosher facilities and a
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population (11% in 1921, 9.2% in 1931) that had its origins with the migration of German-speaking weavers and textile workers throughout the 19th century. The
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from 2021/22 to 23/24 among them. As a result, the Horticultural Expo in Łódź has been rescheduled to 2029 to maintain a required time interval between them.
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craftsmen settled in the city, encouraged by exemptions from tax obligations. Their settlement in Poland was encouraged by renowned philosopher and statesman
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Despite its large population and economic output, Łódź did not serve as the seat of its province until the 20th century. Following the establishment of the
3794:. A "natural complex which has remained nearly intact as oak-hornbeam and oak woodland," the forest is also rich in history, and its attractions include a
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4013:, located in one of the city's many industrial palaces, also has more traditional art on display, presenting works by European and Polish masters such as
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was partially shot in Łódź. Chava Rosenfarb's Yiddish trilogy "The Tree of Life" (1972; English translation 1985) portrays life within the Łódź Ghetto.
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1086:(1830–1831). The suppression of tariffs allowed the city to freely export its goods to Russia, where the demand for textiles was high. Poland's first
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Kozlowski, Remigiusz; Palczewska, Anna; Jablonski, Jakub (2016). "The Scope and Capabilities of ITS – The Case of Łódź". In Mikulski, Jerzy (ed.).
4300:
4236:) was once a well-established comfort and party food in the city. Łódź and the surrounding region is also known for having a strong preference for
3405:
transport interchange serving taxis and local trams and buses. The construction of the new Łódź Fabryczna station was part of a broader project of
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rates among Poland's major cities, a legacy of the city's industrial past, when the textile factories attracted large numbers of female employees.
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Cox, Wendell (2014). "International Shrinking Cities: Analysis, Classification, and Prospects". In Richardson, Harry W.; Nam, Chang Woon (eds.).
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and a lower life expectancy than in other parts of Poland. Łódź was the country's second largest city until 2007, when it lost its position to
3111:
The city benefits from its central location in Poland. A number of firms have located their logistics centres in the vicinity. Two motorways,
1702:Łódź covers an area of approximately 293 square kilometres (113 sq mi) and is located in the centre of Poland. The city lies in the
11143:
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There is also a number of private-owned institutions of higher learning in Łódź. The largest of these are the University of Social Sciences (
11205:
9549:
9125:
Strumiłło, Krystyna (2016). "Adaptive Reuse of Buildings as an Important Factor of Sustainable Development". In Charytonowicz, Jerzy (ed.).
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4206:. These were once the staples of the working-class population employed in textile factories. Popular breads and baked goods include the
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1310:
953:), at the time had only 190 residents, 44 occupied dwellings, a church and a prison. In 1806, Łódź was incorporated into the Napoleonic
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At the end of the Second World War Łódź was the only large Polish city besides Kraków which war had not destroyed. The creation of the
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museum offers tourists a chance to visit the municipal sewer designed in the early years of the 20th century by the British engineer
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2620:, who began his term as early as 1470. The first individual who held the title of "president" was Karol Tangermann, a close aide of
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complex, occupying a large area of a former cotton factory dating back to the nineteenth century. The site, which was the heart of
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The industrial development and demographic surge made Łódź one of the largest cities in Poland. Under the German occupation during
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style, it is the tallest building in the city and one of Poland's tallest churches since the completion of the tower in 1927. The
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3662:. However, in the end the school remained in Łódź and became one of the best-known institutions of higher education in the city.
2668:) was imposed by the City Council for administrative purposes only; these units have no local governing or regulatory authority.
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9598:"Szkoła Mistrzostwa Sportowego im. K. Górskiego w Łodzi – Oficjalna strona internetowa Szkoły Mistrzostwa Sportowego w Łodzi"
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3319:, beginning its operation on 23 December 1898. The regional tramway network also connects Łódź with the adjacent cities of
1240:. Subsequently, the textile industry of Łódź stalled and its population briefly decreased as ethnic Germans left the city.
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Atlas historyczny Polski. Województwo sieradzkie i województwo łęczyckie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Część I. Mapy, plany
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3327:(since 2024), which are within the Łódź Agglomeration. The rolling stock largely comprises older but modernised wagons by
1722:(equivalent to 4.2% of the whole country) is considerably low compared to other cities, regions, and provinces of Poland.
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economy after 1989 and the resulting economic crisis, but the economic growth which followed has not reversed the trend.
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Rise and decline of industry in Central and Eastern Europe a comparative study of cities and regions in eleven countries
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Recent years have seen many foreign companies opening and establishing their offices in Łódź. The Indian IT company
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Ledniowski, Krzysztof; Gola, Beata (2020). "Niemiecki obóz dla małoletnich Polaków w Łodzi przy ul. Przemysłowej".
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6081:"Integrated Approach as a Means of Leading the Degraded Post-Industrial Areas Out of Crisis – A Case Study of Lodz"
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is widely celebrated and annual marches take place on Piotrkowska Street, in front of the Cathedral. Despite this,
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3167:Łódź is situated near the geographical centre of Poland, only a short distance away from the motorway junction in
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Bitwy i potyczki 1863-1864. Na podstawie materyałów drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu
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1102:. The development of railways in the region was also instrumental in expanding the textile industry; in 1865 the
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9028:"Museums in Łódź as an Element of Tourism Space and the Connection Between Museums and the City's Tourism Image"
3179:) Polish transport corridors meet, which positions the city on two of the ten major trans-European routes: from
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was imposed on the city's inhabitants aged 16 to 60; many were subsequently deported to Germany. As part of the
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4466:Łódź was planned to host the Horticultural Expo in 2024. However, multiple Expo events were delayed due to the
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The turn of the 20th century coincided with cultural and technological progress; in 1899, the first stationary
1110:, was opened, thus providing a train connection to larger markets. In 1867, the city was incorporated into the
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universities. Leading courses taught in Łódź include administration (3rd place), law (4th) and biology (4th).
3045:. All were destroyed during the Second World War, except for the defunct 19th-century Synagoga Reicherów. The
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3420:. There are also many other stations and train stops in the city, many of which were upgraded as part of the
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1282:
738:
78:
11267:
10780:
5054:
4540:
4001:
3950:
3889:
3875:
3820:
1567:
1544:
1507:) in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the region, who were systematically sent to
1341:
1225:
221:
20:
12586:
10644:
4893:
862:
699:
541:
11981:
10252:
8925:
8600:"Poland as a Regional Logistic Hub Serving the Development of the Northern Corridor of the New Silk Route"
7757:
5607:
4147:
2693:
years earlier. In 2020, 54.39 per cent (365,500) of all residents were women. Łódź has one of the highest
180:
11999:
4312:
3806:
and the city's botanical garden, and together with them it comprises an extensive green complex known as
3758:
3634:). In the 2018 ranking of private universities in Poland the former was ranked 9th, and the latter 23rd.
2940:
2939:, which is often reserved for special occasions or during religious holidays. Constructed in 1912 in the
2585:
assembly comprising 37 elected deputies. The term in office for deputies is 5 years. Łódź also acts as a
1659:
1602:
870:
5893:
4127:
3324:
2847:
Historically, Łódź was multi-ethnic and its diverse population comprised migrants from other regions of
1632:. However, as a result, the inner-city and historical areas fell in significance and degenerated into a
1575:
1407:. After fierce resistance, a Polish delegation surrendered to the Germans on 8 September, and the first
12036:
8084:
6334:
5951:
4421:
4038:
3424:
commuter rail project. The rail service, founded as part of a major regional rail upgrade and owned by
2972:
962:
932:
672:
569:
10144:
9635:
9546:
5985:
3537:
3467:
1610:
1142:
84:
13269:
12592:
12078:
11642:
10355:
10103:
4936:
4066:
4014:
3261:
3144:
3140:
2860:
1286:
1248:
1165:
1107:
708:
12048:
11533:
9434:
7891:"Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988"
3920:
3523:
1745:
Climate data for Łódź, elevation: 68 m (223 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
1210:
373:
159:
11935:
11900:
11826:
10478:"New-Build Gentrification in the Post-Socialist City: Łódź and Leipzig Two Decades After Socialism"
8255:"A Small River Within the Urban Space: the Evolution of the Relationship Using the Example of Łódź"
8028:
8011:
5781:
5762:
4400:
4304:
4049:
3212:
3172:
2815:
At its peak in 1988 the population was around 854,000; however, this has since declined due to low
2694:
2645:
2637:
1477:
1404:
1202:
1197:
905:
746:
559:
387:
353:
285:
13147:
13030:
12955:
12776:
10137:
Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)
5175:
4519:
4177:
3425:
2597:
1614:
1270:
838:
645:
318:
107:
12903:
11820:
10140:
9605:
9156:
Długoński, Andrzej; Szumański, Marek (2015). "Analysis of Green Infrastructure in Lodz, Poland".
5904:
5088:
4090:(1937). Roth's novel depicts the city on the eve of a workers' riot in 1919. Reymont's novel was
3249:
2944:
2586:
1508:
772:
610:
12975:
12548:
11366:
Through a Catholic lens: religious perspectives of nineteen film directors from around the world
11203:
7809:
7794:
7782:
7632:
5602:
5155:
2621:
1392:
1111:
1027:
situated south of the old marketplace; the second stage (1824–28) involved the establishment of
1002:
981:
832:
5120:
5024:
4972:
4086:
4061:
3962:
3774:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3176:
3116:
3112:
3030:
3008:
2992:
2920:
2629:
1512:
1368:
1266:
1206:
1122:
997:
In 1820, the government of the Congress Kingdom designated Łódź and its rural surroundings for
801:. There is no unanimous consensus on its precise origin, but popular theories link it with the
717:
605:
600:
595:
305:
13100:
12748:
12646:
12554:
12391:
11986:
9003:
8642:
6370:
6368:
5006:
4331:
3851:
is perhaps the largest Jewish tombstone in the world and the only one decorated with mosaics.
3746:
3401:
3352:
3215:, an international airport, and long-distance and regional railways. It is at the centre of a
3100:
2936:
2902:
2546:
1309:
scene, with 34 movie theatres opened by 1939. On 13 September 1925, the city's first airport,
1214:
1170:
1159:
67:
13005:
12668:
12501:
12406:
10580:
Advancing Sustainability at the Sub-National Level: the Potential and Limitations of Planning
6217:
5594:
5184:
5115:
5111:
4951:(born 1951), alpine and high-altitude climber, the 20th man to climb all 14 eight-thousanders
4814:
4296:
4137:
3368:
3360:
2996:
2868:
2566:
2550:
1678:
866:
520:
358:
13249:
12820:
9303:
8361:
6096:
4866:
4425:
3293:
1258:
13181:
12713:
9169:
6365:
6092:
4773:
4406:
4356:
4081:
3387:
complex, another one serving Koziny neighbourhood and the third one located in the area of
3204:
1707:
1498:
1430:
1396:
1237:
1188:
939:. In 1798, the Kuyavian bishops' ownership over the region was formally revoked during the
530:
12781:
10947:
The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present
9378:
8711:
Statistic taken from the Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport Knowledge article on 19 July 2015.
7472:
4438:
4377:
4109:
1053:
164:
8:
13080:
13025:
9806:
Natural environment of Poland and its protection in Łódź University Geographical Research
9803:
Marszał, Tadeusz; Kobojek, Elżbieta; Niewiadomski, Arkadiusz; Tołoczko, Wojciech (2014).
6105:
6080:
6024:
4384:
4076:
1674:
1400:
1217:
was completed and its tower at 104 metres (341 ft) is one of the tallest in Poland.
820:
809:
River Łódka on which the modern city was founded. It may have also derived from the term
703:
13095:
13060:
10613:
Poland in the geographical centre of Europe: political, social and economic consequences
10364:
8798:"Superdworzec już jest, będzie (prawie) metro. Łódź ma być komunikacyjnym centrum kraju"
5036:
4854:
4626:(1908–1974), writer, mathematician and Britain's leading academic TV figure of the 1970s
4560:
4396:
4032:, an art gallery within a historical mansion, which holds paintings from all over Europe
3978:
3848:
3840:
3812:
serving the recreational needs of the city. Another notable park located in Łódź is the
3770:
1694:
1354:
1345:
1126:
1117:
The infrastructure and edifices of Łódź were built at the expense of industrialists and
1063:
742:
10423:
10109:
9225:
9173:
9049:
8141:"Skład narodowościowy, wyznaniowy i językowy ludności Łodzi w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej"
8111:"Polskie zagłębie ateizmu zaczyna się we Włocławku? Poznaj tajemnice "zaklętego kręgu""
7687:
6110:
6012:
4960:
4872:
4709:
4691:
4596:
4584:
4572:
4566:
4352:
3959:
Muzeum Tradycji Niepodległościowych (Independence Traditions Museum) with three parts:
3824:
3742:
3715:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3388:
2689:
2601:
1703:
1490:
1376:
1321:
1032:
990:
958:
936:
695:
676:
589:
53:
13055:
13050:
11879:
Ludzie którzy zbudowali Łódź Leksykon architektów i budowniczych miasta (do 1939 roku)
11564:
Case studies on modern European economy : entrepreneurs, inventions, institutions
10365:"Socio-Economic Changes in Lodz – The Result of Twenty Years of System Transformation"
7412:
4848:
4681:
11939:
11904:
11882:
11867:
11830:
11806:
11776:
11745:
11714:
11681:
11648:
11614:
11606:
11568:
11541:. Łódź: Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning, Lodz University of Technology.
11506:
11473:
11440:
11409:
11370:
11339:
11306:
11273:
11240:
11149:
11116:
11083:
11050:
11017:
10984:
10951:
10918:
10885:
10852:
10819:
10786:
10753:
10720:
10687:
10656:
10617:
10584:
10551:
10518:
10499:
10462:
10379:
10324:
10291:
10258:
10225:
10192:
10159:
10086:
Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion
10072:
10041:
10008:
9975:
9941:
9899:
9866:
9845:
9810:
9743:
9283:
9243:
9181:
9130:
9101:
9067:
8896:
8611:
8533:
8487:
8369:
8326:
8279:
8227:
8206:
8064:
7763:
7382:
7352:
7221:
7165:
6223:
6118:
5946:
5392:
5193:
From top, left to right: honorary consulates of Denmark, Czechia, Ukraine and Albania
5078:
5018:
4994:
4906:
4887:
4752:
4703:
4697:
4605:
4523:
4486:
4467:
4018:
3968:
3340:
2948:
2932:
2916:
2685:
2478:
2431:
2383:
1673:
in Łódź collapsed and the city suffered from social and economic decline. The city's
1473:
1467:
1387:
defended the city against the German assault by forming a line of resistance between
1290:
1192:
1083:
1031:
colonies and a linear street system along with an arterial north-south thoroughfare,
998:
477:
12686:
12010:
10494:
10477:
7502:
7442:
7322:
5126:
4772:(1914–1972), Israeli pioneer in study of electrochemistry of biopolymers; killed in
4748:
4270:
3655:
Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera w Łodzi
1384:
1380:
896:. For centuries, it remained a small remote settlement situated among woodlands and
756:
on the "Sufficiency" level of global influence and is internationally known for its
13045:
12846:
12367:
10489:
10431:
10415:
9352:
9233:
9215:
9165:
9057:
9039:
8862:"Łódź Fabryczna: największy podziemny dworzec kolejowy w Polsce i trzeci w Europie"
8673:
8523:
8269:
7295:
6100:
5678:
5645:
5012:
5000:
4878:
4842:
4836:
4826:
4796:
4647:
4617:
4512:
4258:, a mixed-use development complex situated in a heritage-listed red brick factory.
4187:
3844:
3711:
3529:
3356:
3057:
1670:
1629:
1298:
1278:
1277:
was characterised by considerable economic hardship and industrial stagnation. The
1130:
1118:
1095:
798:
13090:
13035:
12337:
7907:
5926:
4912:
3803:
3798:
friary dating back to the early 18th century and two 17th-century wooden chapels.
3734:
2529:
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020), WeatherAtlas (UV)
873:. The document enumerated the privileges of its inhabitants, notably the right to
13206:
13196:
13065:
13010:
12043:
12030:
12003:
11929:
11894:
11713:(in Polish). Łódź: Muzeum Historii Miasta Łodzi, Centrum Informacji Kulturalnej.
9927:"Charakterystyka powierzchni miejskich Łodzi z klimatologicznego punktu widzenia"
9553:
9441:
9310:
9010:
8405:(Report). Association of Business Service Leaders (ABSL). 2019. pp. 28, 55.
7247:
6191:
6142:
5931:
5754:
5729:
5413:
5199:Łódź is home to fourteen foreign consulates, i.e. honorary consulates general of
5132:
5099:
4988:
4966:
4948:
4918:
4784:
4724:
4635:
4623:
4600:
4308:
4292:
4255:
4029:
3900:
3659:
3507:
3316:
3061:
2855:. In 1913, Łódź had a population of 506,100 people, of whom 251,700 (49.7%) were
2828:
2641:
2633:
2625:
1606:
1540:
1457:
1274:
1024:
954:
788:
687:
683:
383:
13201:
12840:
12515:
12352:
10067:
Wardzyńska, Maria (2009b). "Obozy niemieckie na okupowanych terenach polskich".
7532:
7283:
7271:
4429:
4291:
The city has experience as a host for international sporting events such as the
3076:
3017:
was once the city's second largest denomination (33.4% in 1931), with up to 250
1481:
1305:
which prior to the First World War did not exist. Łódź also began developing an
61:
13161:
13075:
13040:
12920:
12730:
12692:
12427:
11803:Łódź Ghetto : A Community History Told in Diaries, Journals, and Documents
9628:"Spółdzielczy Klub Sportowy START Łódź ul. św. Teresy 56/58 – Oficjalny serwis"
8060:
Organizacja Kościoła Rzymskokatolickiego na ziemiach polskich od X do XXI wieku
7926:
6155:
5872:"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions"
5795:
5224:
5042:
4982:
4954:
4942:
4897:
4820:
4808:
4802:
4736:
4671:
4254:
Major food venues are primarily located at Piotrkowska Street, for example the
4163:
3823:, one of the largest of its kind in Europe, was established in 1892. After the
3674:
3298:
3264:: Gdańsk – Tczew – Toruń – Łódź – Piotrków Trybunalski – Radomsko – Częstochowa
3151:
in Łódź to 6.5 per cent in December 2008, from 20 per cent four years earlier.
3042:
3004:
2832:
1637:
1625:
1621:
1427:
incorporated Łódź into a new administrative subdivision of Nazi Germany called
1424:
1418:
1302:
970:
924:
in 1535 and 1577, with the latter illustrating a boat-like vessel and a turned
886:
765:
691:
13020:
12857:
12266:
11749:
10752:. Vol. 1: Rendezvous in Cambridge 1899-1939. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
9718:"Misje dyplomatyczne, urzędy konsularne i organizacje międzynarodowe w Polsce"
9657:
5105:
4730:
3685:(one of the founders of the so-called Black Series of Polish Documentary) and
1601:. Many migrated into the suburbs and occupied the empty properties. Under the
1582:, one of many post-war utilitarian residential areas on the outskirts of Łódź.
175:
137:
13243:
13105:
12872:
12852:
12024:
11718:
11618:
11610:
11413:
11395:
11343:
11013:
Lodz and Getto Litzmannstadt : promised land and croaking hole of Europe
10660:
10503:
10427:
10383:
10076:
9945:
9773:[Summary of the 56. extraordinary session of the Łódź City Council],
9568:"Poland and Hungary awarded upcoming editions of European Universities Games"
9247:
9229:
9185:
9177:
9071:
9053:
8615:
8537:
8528:
8373:
8330:
8283:
8274:
7971:"GUS: Wrocław stał się trzecim największym miastem Polski, wyprzedzając Łódź"
7950:
6374:
6122:
6114:
5956:
5580:
5445:
5072:
4860:
4769:
4718:
4659:
4641:
4629:
4611:
4554:
4497:
4388:
4248:
4237:
4208:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4024:
3974:
3678:
3649:
3406:
3380:
3336:
3255:
DK14: Łowicz – Stryków – Łódź – Zduńska Wola – Sieradz – Złoczew – Walichnowy
3220:
3216:
3034:
2856:
2145:
1586:
Following liberation by Soviet forces on 19 January 1945, and the end of the
1536:
1528:
1461:
1446:
1306:
1229:
1178:
1091:
1056:, who acted as the director of the Department of Trade, Crafts and Industry.
921:
893:
882:
761:
734:
268:
255:
127:
12564:
10419:
8431:
8202:
Próby odnowy życia religijnego w Królestwie Polskim po powstaniu styczniowym
7215:
4712:(born 1976), Polish political scientist and diplomat, Consul General at the
3721:
1494:
operated a camp for kidnapped Polish children from various regions in Łódź.
13171:
13015:
12980:
12771:
12765:
12680:
12057:
11925:
9268:
See Jaskulski and Szmidt, p. 29, for a map of tourism trails in the forest.
9220:
9044:
6053:
5093:
5084:
5048:
5030:
4832:
4778:
4757:
4687:
4665:
4653:
4578:
4456:
4413:
4339:
4195:
3828:
3670:
3437:
3148:
2836:
1719:
1587:
1364:
1087:
966:
917:
776:
724:
12825:
12798:
12529:
12508:
12480:
12420:
12231:
11605:(in Polish) (1). Urząd Miasta Łodzi Biuro Analiz Medialnych i Wydawnictw.
8720:
Sourced from the Łódź article on the Polish Knowledge site on 19 July 2015
7531:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from
7501:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from
7471:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from
7441:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from
7411:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from
7381:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from
7351:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from
7321:(in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from
4662:(1919/1922–2009), politician, human rights activist and Holocaust survivor
4399:– association football (four time Polish champions, semi-finalists of the
3689:, who at the end of the 1950s became famous as one of the founders of the
3394:
In December 2016, a few years after the demolition of the old building of
13070:
12628:
12598:
11204:
Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys (2021).
11112:
Urban Environmentalism: Global Change and the Mediation of Local Conflict
10188:
Hitler's Slaves: Life Stories of Forced Labourers in Nazi-Occupied Europe
5552:
5270:
5066:
4976:
4882:
4742:
4590:
4548:
4528:
4335:
4323:
4274:
4071:
3992:
3766:
3493:
3448:, with plans for further expansion after the construction of the tunnel.
3384:
3104:
2971:
is the largest of the Protestant denominations. The city falls under the
2851:. In 1839, approximately 78 per cent (6,648) of the total population was
2617:
1617:
was opened, later becoming Poland's primary academy of drama and cinema.
1221:
1134:
1069:
1028:
944:
913:
802:
713:
660:
143:
12862:
12719:
12697:
12674:
12615:
8979:"Janusz Morgenstern, reżyser m.in. "Stawki większej niż życie" nie żyje"
7658:
4482:
3706:
3246:: Wrocław – Sieradz – Łódź – Piotrków Trybunalski – Warszawa – Białystok
3159:
760:, a cradle for the most renowned Polish actors and directors, including
652:. As of 2023, Łódź has a population of 655,279, making it the country's
12792:
12635:
11856:
10406:
Szukalski, Piotr; Martinez-Fernandez, Cristina; Weyman, Tamara (2013).
9238:
9062:
8314:
5537:
5240:
5060:
4930:
4790:
4763:
4675:
4364:
4360:
4347:
4259:
4203:
4114:
3795:
3332:
3089:
2960:
2820:
904:
bishops. It was administratively located in the Brzeziny County in the
12570:
12441:
12281:
12157:
10436:
4262:
are a common sight around the city centre and several neighbourhoods.
3168:
2841:
121:
12759:
12754:
12724:
12603:
12298:
12213:
12052:
11815:"A Stairwell in Lodz," Constance Cappel, 2004, Xlibris, (in English).
11502:
Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance
11398:"Prace i materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi"
9204:"The Tourism Attractiveness of Landforms in Łagiewnicki Forest, Łódź"
8569:"Europe Finally Wakes Up To The New Silk Road, And This Could Be Big"
7810:
Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys 2021
7795:
Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys 2021
7783:
Statistical Office in Łódź – Łódzkie Centre for Regional Surveys 2021
6917:
5509:
5328:
5301:
5236:
4460:
4452:
4343:
4319:
4182:
4168:
3985:
3367:
was built more than thirty years later on the central section of the
3320:
3018:
3000:
2980:
2968:
2924:
2816:
2658:
2562:
1410:
1325:
1155:
1138:
1035:. Many of the early dwellings were timber cottages built for housing
916:
and farming until the 19th century. The earliest two versions of the
806:
511:
12891:
12867:
12786:
12702:
12494:
12434:
12399:
12195:
12175:
12137:
11647:(in Polish). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo.
10412:
OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working Papers
6446:
6434:
4489:, one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century, was born in Łódź
3781:, which was turned into a mixed-use complex of offices and housing.
3441:
3310:
Piotrkowska Centrum tram station, also known as "The Unicorn Stable"
3184:
3180:
2824:
2553:(left) serves as the seat of city authorities and the local council.
1522:
13116:
12810:
12576:
12487:
12448:
12240:
12204:
12070:
11402:
Prace i materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi
9768:
9496:"Czy warto odwiedzić Łódź? Te powody rozwieją wszelkie wątpliwości"
9462:"'HollyŁódź': A Film Lover's Guide to Poland's Most Cinematic City"
6521:
6424:
6422:
6025:"Łódź – Warszawa trasa i odległość na mapie • dojazd PKP, BUS, PKS"
5408:
5381:
5285:
4924:
4536:
4493:
4368:
4191:
3528:Łódź is a thriving center of academic life. Łódź hosts three major
3476:
3258:
DK72: Konin – Turek – Poddębice – Łódź – Brzeziny – Rawa Mazowiecka
3136:
3093:
3060:
diocese, initially created in 1910. The Marivites are followers of
3022:
2953:
2864:
1641:
1579:
1472:, Polish intellectuals from the city and region were imprisoned at
1317:
transmission from a newly-founded broadcasting station took place.
1020:
986:
706:
and struggled with social inequalities, as documented in the novel
680:
192:
12652:
12413:
12290:
11772:
Borderlands: comparing border security in North America and Europe
10547:
Water systems analysis, design, and planning: urban infrastructure
9802:
7713:
7301:
7289:
7277:
6929:
6905:
1718:(8%), and organogenic formations (6%) from regional wetlands. The
1515:, and the last major ghetto to be liquidated, in August 1944. The
1082:
barrier which was imposed on Congress Poland following the failed
912:
of the Kingdom of Poland. The economy was predominantly driven by
12835:
12581:
12522:
12473:
12322:
12314:
11178:
Ludność Łodzi i innych wielkich miast w Polsce w latach 1984-2006
10683:
Independence Day: Myth, Symbol, and the Creation of Modern Poland
10476:
Holm, Andrej; Marcińczak, Szymon; Ogrodowczyk, Agnieszka (2015).
10408:"Lódzkie Region: Demographic Challenges Within an Ideal Location"
10405:
8315:"Fluctuations in the Development of Cities. A Case Study of Lodz"
8205:(in Polish). Toruń: Europejskie Centrum Edukacyjne. p. 140.
7932:
7073:
5560:
5548:
5525:
5488:
5472:
5429:
5424:
5397:
5365:
5344:
5333:
5296:
5280:
5252:
5248:
5228:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5200:
4638:(1925–2024), Holocaust survivor, teacher, psychologist and author
4245:
4241:
3729:
3433:
3339:. Among the popular models for buses are Mercedes Conecto LF and
3328:
3234:: Gdańsk – Toruń – Łódź – Częstochowa – Cieszyn (national border)
3208:
3128:
3121:
3085:
3065:
3014:
2852:
2844:
and dropped to become the country's fourth-largest city in 2022.
2664:
2605:
1532:
1435:
on 9 November 1939, and on 11 April 1940 the city was renamed to
1388:
1329:
1293:
in Russia put an end to the most profitable trade with the East.
1079:
1049:
1036:
1010:
901:
878:
874:
668:
12609:
12535:
6977:
6716:
6419:
3652:
National Higher School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź (
3587:
Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna w Łodzi
1628:, where the population from the old core was relocated into new
12951:
12815:
12804:
12707:
12658:
12621:
12466:
12360:
12330:
12306:
12259:
12222:
12117:
11535:
New Image of Post-factory Buildings in Lodz in Kopernika Street
10881:
Festivalisation of Urban Spaces: Factors, Processes and Effects
8674:"Our destinations – Port Lotniczy Łódź im. Władysława Reymonta"
7187:"Polish Minister and Union Reach Compromise on Meat Ration Cut"
6509:
6485:
6409:
6407:
5898:
5493:
5461:
5440:
5376:
5312:
5232:
5204:
4372:
4217:
3445:
3372:
3252:: Pabianice – Konstantynów Łódzki – Aleksandrów Łódzki – Zgierz
3200:
3196:
3192:
3050:
2988:
2848:
2590:
1591:
816:
769:
649:
641:
537:
516:
325:
298:
12641:
11996:
9971:
Between history and archaeology papers in honour of Jacek Lech
6989:
6941:
4060:
Three major novels depict the development of industrial Łódź:
2927:
was established in December 1920 and has been elevated to the
659:Łódź first appears in records in 14th-century. It was granted
19:
This article is about the city in Poland. For other uses, see
12890:
The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by a
12878:
12830:
12663:
12559:
12541:
12383:
12375:
12344:
12273:
10323:(in Polish). Łódź: Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
10185:
von Plato, Alexander; Leh, Almut; Thonfeld, Cristoph (2010).
9771:"Podsumowanie LVI nadzwyczajnej sesji Rady Miejskiej w Łodzi"
7216:
Alastair M. Morrison; J. Andres Coca-Stefaniak, eds. (2020).
6965:
6953:
6668:
6463:
6461:
5702:
5690:
5687:
5657:
5556:
5520:
5504:
5456:
5360:
5349:
5244:
4221:
4108:'s family flees pre-World War II Berlin and settles in Łódź.
3843:
was erected at the cemetery. It features a smooth obelisk, a
3429:
3025:
in existence prior to 1939 and a strong cultural output. The
2987:, which seasonally serves as a concert hall. There is also a
2827:. A major contributing factor was the abrupt transition from
2578:
1598:
1442:
1415:
troops entered in the early hours of 9 September. The German
1314:
1236:
restored in November 1918, the local population disarmed the
897:
12033: (archived 5 September 2019) —English language newspaper
9895:
Growth and Change in Post-socialist Cities of Central Europe
8890:
7241:"Poland to invest in Łódź despite failed bid for Expo 2022."
6770:
6748:
6746:
6497:
6404:
6341:
6260:
4714:
Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in New York City
3599:
Akademia Muzyczna im. Grażyny i Kiejstuta Bacewiczów w Łodzi
3084:
Before 1990, the economy of Łódź was heavily reliant on the
3064:
and a considerable minority; there are only three Mariavite
1605:, the city's industry and private companies were subject to
1480:
or murdered in the forests of Łagiewniki and the village of
749:. The city became Poland's temporary seat of power in 1945.
12009:
11269:
Shapers of Urban Form: Explorations in Morphological Agency
11213:. Łódź: Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny GUS).
9627:
7739:
7737:
7735:
6799:
6797:
5477:
5317:
4307:, with the opening and final of the latter taking place at
3207:, a regular cargo rail connection with the Chinese city of
3188:
3132:
2608:, the province's governor who is the representative of the
1715:
1711:
1633:
1423:
paramilitary death squad entered the city on 12 September.
848:
396:
11991:
11976:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7025:
6881:
6869:
6833:
6809:
6620:
6458:
5705:
5654:
3998:Łódź has one of the best museums of modern art in Poland.
3753:. Other important churches in the city center include the
3741:
The most notable and recognizable landmark of the city is
3628:) and the University of Humanities and Economics in Łódź (
3135:
announced that it will shift production from its plant in
2983:. The only active Lutheran church in Łódź is the historic
961:, the duchy was dissolved and the town became part of the
622:
10475:
9597:
8918:"The New Centre of Łódź has a Local Action Plan – URBACT"
8509:"Łódź in the Regional and National Transportation System"
7956:
7102:
7061:
7049:
6743:
6289:
6287:
4501:
3991:
The Centre for Science and Technology EC1 in former Łódź
1173:, completed in 1912, is one of Poland's tallest churches.
976:
925:
11046:
A Modern History of European Cities: 1815 to the Present
9327:"Jewish Lodz Cemetery – About Cemetery At Bracka Street"
9127:
Advances in Human Factors and Sustainable Infrastructure
7732:
7131:
7129:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7001:
6794:
6758:
6644:
6632:
6608:
6219:
A Catalog of Holocaust Medals: A History Etched in Metal
6085:
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
5991:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
4656:(born 1980), China's first Chinese speaking Polish actor
4620:(1901–1960), industrial coding and classification expert
3007:
temples. Łódź is considered to be one of the centres of
2604:– a regional assembly. The city is also the seat of the
2524:
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
1738:). The lowest temperature was recorded in January 1987.
1649:
hunger demonstration of local mothers and their children
1624:
after World War II was conducted in accordance with the
648:, and is located 120 km (75 mi) south-west of
11855:"Lodz – The Last Ghetto in Poland," Michal Unger,
11299:
Reddaway, W. F.; Penson, J. H.; Halecki, Oskar (2016).
8063:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Aspra-JR. p. 288.
7815:
7261:
7259:
6782:
6733:
6731:
6692:
6078:
671:
bishops and clergy until the late 18th century. In the
11969:
11680:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
11396:
Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne w Łodzi (1976).
11331:
10851:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
8769:"Łódź: Tunel średnicowy – kolejne dwa lata opóźnienia"
7988:
7914:
6857:
6845:
6586:
6584:
6569:
6533:
6440:
6311:
6284:
6272:
5547:, Łódź terminated the partnership with Russian cities
3611:
Akademia Sztuk Pięknych im. Wł. Strzemińskiego w Łodzi
3302:
Mercedes Conecto LF buses are heavily utilised in Łódź
3240:: Świecko (national border) – Poznań – Łódź – Warszawa
2688:(GUS), Łódź was inhabited by 672,185 people and had a
1654:
861:Łódź first appears in a 1332 written record issued by
11298:
10785:(in Polish). Łódź: Archidiecezjalne Wydawn. Łódzkie.
9455:
9453:
7633:"Monthly weather forecast and Climate – Lodz, Poland"
7141:
7126:
7085:
6704:
6680:
6545:
6452:
6392:
6299:
6197:
5714:
5684:
5666:
5651:
4037:
the last 35 years. Other notable museums include the
2863:, 75,000 (14.8%) were Germans, and 6,300 (1.3%) were
737:. The city's population was persecuted and its large
644:
and a former industrial centre. It is the capital of
11677:
Innovative Solutions for Creating Sustainable Cities
11148:. Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press.
11145:
God's Playground; A History of Poland in Two Volumes
10184:
9769:
Dorota Adamska, City Council Office (2 March 2022),
9694:(in Polish). Urząd Miasta Łodzi. 23 September 2020.
9402:
9400:
8056:
7256:
7114:
7013:
6935:
6923:
6911:
6893:
6821:
6728:
6656:
6596:
6473:
6248:
6136:"4 Billion PLN for Revitalization of Downtown Łódź."
5699:
5570:
4632:(1928–2023), Holocaust survivor, activist and author
3131:
has one of its centres in the city. In January 2009
3115:
spanning from the north to the south of Poland, and
2680:
Female employees at a textile factory in Łódź, 1950s
2628:. The first president of Łódź under the independent
1531:
in other places. The Germans also created camps for
1456:, with Polish and Jewish establishments closed, and
1332:
activity in Polish politics during the interbellum.
1285:
closed western markets to Polish textiles while the
1162:
in May 1892 was quelled by a military intervention.
1129:, who sponsored schools, hospitals, orphanages, and
892:
officially granted town rights to the village under
741:
minority was forced into a walled zone known as the
9095:
7755:
6581:
6557:
6380:
5696:
5681:
5648:
5114:(born 1984), engineer and reserve astronaut of the
5087:(1928–2012), computer manufacturer, the founder of
2656:Łódź was previously divided into 5 major boroughs (
1137:composed of twelve factories, power plants, worker
1133:. From 1872 to 1892, Poznański established a major
12020:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 862.
11338:. 1. Vol. 10. Selinsgrove: University Press.
10642:
10461:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 11–27.
9746:(in Polish). Biuletyn informacji publicznej Łódź.
9450:
9155:
8468:"AFP: Dell seeks refuge in Poland as crisis bites"
7938:
7756:Podolska, Joanna; Waingertner, Przemysław (2008).
6722:
6527:
6375:Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne w Łodzi 1976
6215:
6079:Cysek-Pawlak, Monika; Krzysztofik, Sylwia (2017).
2975:, though the congregation is headquartered at the
1640:block housing estates were constructed, including
11744:(in Polish). Łódź: Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Łodzi.
10848:Jozef Pilsudski: Founding Father of Modern Poland
10320:Województwo łódzkie 1919-2009: studia i materiały
9459:
9397:
8465:
7720:(in Polish). Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej. 2024
7694:(in Polish). Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej. 2024
7665:(in Polish). Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej. 2024
7599:
6353:
6048:
6046:
4933:(born 1974), Polish-British guitarist and teacher
3107:– a textile factory that became a shopping centre
2935:. The primary church for Catholic worship is the
1597:Łódź also experienced an influx of refugees from
1320:The ideological orientation of Łódź was strongly
869:, which transferred the village of Łodzia to the
13241:
12950:
8057:Jakubowski, Wojciech; Stolarczyk, Marek (2011).
7184:
7037:
6054:"Lodz Tourism: Tourist Information Lodz, Poland"
4055:
2959:Historically, Łódź had a strong and influential
2616:In medieval times, the town was governed by the
1562:
1379:in September 1939, the Polish forces of General
1324:and the city was a notable centre of socialist,
11822:Ghettostadt: Łódź and the making of a Nazi city
11184:. Łódź: Urząd Statystyczny w Łodzi. p. 5.
10716:Breakthrough: the Gorlice-Tarnow Campaign, 1915
10108:The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944 by
9201:
8008:Ghettostadt: Łódź and the Making of a Nazi City
7933:Szukalski, Martinez-Fernandez & Weyman 2013
7427:
4311:. Łódź will also host the sixth edition of the
3831:in 1939, this cemetery became a part of Łódź's
3637:
3047:Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Poland
1647:In mid-1981 Łódź became famous for its massive
1335:
843:
754:Globalization and World Cities Research Network
11266:Larkham, Peter J.; Conzen, Michael P. (2014).
11075:
10134:
9692:"Rok 2029: nowy termin Zielonego Expo w Łodzi"
9445:AEPM: Association of European Printing Museums
9202:Jaskulski, Marcin; Szmidt, Aleksander (2015).
8831:"Łódź będzie miała 'metro'. I to już niedługo"
8604:Journal of Management, Marketing and Logistics
8134:
8132:
8091:(in Polish). Kuria Metropolitalna Łódzka. 2024
7625:
7457:
7253:. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017
7079:
6971:
6959:
6674:
6515:
6503:
6043:
5265:List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland
4593:(born 1952), politician, former Prime Minister
4380:– association football, volleyball, basketball
4190:and potato soup, often served with mushrooms,
2600:, one of Poland's 16 provinces, and hosts the
2589:, exercising the powers and duties of a local
1243:
1078:In 1851, the Imperial authorities abolished a
985:One of the first city plans, illustrating the
13132:
12936:
12086:
11893:Trunk, Isaiah; Shapiro, Robert Moses (2006).
11768:
11265:
10317:Badziak, Kazimierz; Łapa, Małgorzata (2009).
10152:Trunk, Isaiah; Shapiro, Robert Moses (2006).
9522:"Barszcz czy grzybowa? Wiemy, co wolą Polacy"
9435:"Discover the Book Art Museum, Łódź, Poland."
9197:
9195:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9120:
9118:
9098:The Routledge Companion to Urban Regeneration
9091:
9089:
8948:"Rekordowy rok Łódzkiej Kolei Aglomeracyjnej"
8671:
8022:
8020:
7487:
6428:
6413:
6347:
6216:Szperling, Severin; Szperling, Julie (2010).
5258:
4766:(1914–2000), diplomat and anti-nazi resistant
4301:2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship
4176:Among the traditional dishes of Łódź and the
3761:, Lutheran part of Ogrodowa Street Cemetery.
3071:
2965:Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession
1195:, settled in the city and began printing the
12062:
11924:
10517:. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN).
10354:(in Polish). Rapperswil: Fundusz Wydawniczy
10221:The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath
10151:
10071:(in Polish). Vol. 4, no. 99. IPN.
9838:Christianity and Modernity in Eastern Europe
8180:(in Polish). Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska. 2024
8085:"Parafia Świętego Stanisława Kostki w Łodzi"
7762:(in Polish). Łódź: Tow. Naukowe. p. 6.
7055:
7031:
6995:
6983:
5980:
5978:
5839:
5837:
5775:
4043:
4008:
3999:
3807:
3785:
3653:
3629:
3623:
3609:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3545:
3395:
3331:and newer Polish-manufactured types such as
3211:operating since 2013. Łódź is served by the
2915:The majority of believers in Łódź adhere to
1520:
1502:
1465:
1436:
1428:
1416:
1408:
1358:
1252:
1182:
1146:
1090:loom commenced operations at Ludwik Geyer's
1067:
1040:
1014:
948:
810:
792:
728:
11864:Gmachy użyteczności publicznej dawnej Łodzi
11593:
11108:
11076:Liszewski, Stanisław; Young, Craig (1997).
10782:Atlas architektury dawnej Łodzi: do 1939 r.
10316:
10083:
10066:
10007:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
9277:
8859:
8792:
8790:
8500:
8492:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
8461:
8459:
8457:
8234:(in Polish). Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej
8129:
7743:
7547:
7397:
7067:
6947:
6887:
6815:
6467:
6266:
4921:(1921–2010), Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice
3416:The third-largest train station in Łódź is
3147:was one of the factors which decreased the
1313:, commenced operations. In 1930, the first
852:
205:
13139:
13125:
12943:
12929:
12093:
12079:
11079:A Comparative Study of Łódź and Manchester
10745:
10510:
10372:Geografický časopis (Geographical Journal)
9968:Werra, Dagmara H.; Woźny, Marzena (2018).
9967:
9809:. Łódź: University Press. pp. 79–99.
9556:, ARCHIVE.FIBA.com, Retrieved 5 June 2016.
9489:
9487:
9192:
9144:
9115:
9086:
8506:
8138:
8052:
8050:
8017:
7609:(in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018.
7583:(in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018.
7573:
7557:(in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018.
7375:"Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza"
7108:
6752:
6638:
6626:
6185:"Poland's Łódź named UNESCO City of Film."
5613:International Festival of Comics and Games
5145:
5102:(born 1957), astronomer and astrophysicist
4985:(1908–2005), physicist, Nobel Prize winner
4829:(born 1988), karateka and nutrition expert
4700:(1922–2013), Holocaust survivor and writer
4446:
3956:Natural History Museum, University of Łódź
3631:Akademia Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna w Łodzi
2903:Catholic Basilica of St. Stanislaus Kostka
2651:
1539:deported from abroad, who were ultimately
768:. In 2017, the city was inducted into the
11531:
11469:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945
10844:
10778:
10749:Michał Kalecki: An Intellectual Biography
10679:
10576:
10493:
10435:
10349:
10158:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
10104:"The Agony of the Łódź Ghetto, 1941–1944"
10033:
9891:
9316:. . 3 April 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
9237:
9219:
9158:Journal of Urban Planning and Development
9124:
9061:
9043:
9025:
8825:
8823:
8527:
8312:
8273:
7749:
7345:"Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza"
7096:
7007:
6776:
6764:
6698:
6650:
6614:
6491:
6333:(in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historii
6278:
6104:
5975:
5834:
4957:(1890–1970), Israeli painter and sculptor
4674:(1877–1938), businessman, founder of the
2636:(1917–1919), who subsequently became the
1145:. By the end of the century, Scheibler's
11432:
11174:
11009:
10543:
10283:
10097:(in Polish). Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
9381:. Fundacja Monumentum Iudaicum Lodzese.
8787:
8454:
8219:
8192:
7920:
7682:
7680:
7517:
7495:"Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm"
7367:
7337:
7307:
6827:
6788:
6539:
6317:
6194:Radio Poland. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
4575:(born 1950), cameraman and film director
4535:
4518:
4507:
4492:
4481:
4280:
4269:
4202:) served with potato dumplings and pork
4162:
4023:
3728:
3720:
3705:
3305:
3297:
3158:
3099:
3075:
2675:
2640:. The incumbent president since 2010 is
2545:
1693:
1658:
1574:
1566:
1349:
1247:
1187:) was opened in Łódź. In the same year,
1164:
1058:
980:
847:
455:
99:Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit
11818:
11603:Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Historii Łodzi
11505:. Lanham: University Press of America.
11498:
11042:
10976:
10943:
10712:
10287:Działo się w Łodzi, It Happened in Łódź
10254:Case White: The Invasion of Poland 1939
10250:
10114:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
10004:Black and White Cinema: A Short History
9835:
9493:
9484:
9447:. January 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
9280:Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Historii Łodzi
8566:
8400:Business Services Sector in Poland 2019
8362:"The Best Bras Might Be Made in Poland"
8359:
8252:
8198:
8166:
8047:
7994:
7968:
7957:Holm, Marcińczak & Ogrodowczyk 2015
7908:"Statistics Poland - National Censuses"
7555:"Łódź Absolutna temperatura maksymalna"
6875:
6863:
6851:
6839:
6686:
6575:
6563:
6551:
6293:
5984:
4569:(1913–1995), theatre director and actor
3701:
3279:The city has an international airport:
3033:were the primary places of worship for
2218:Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)
1497:The German authorities established the
1452:The city became subjected to immediate
1261:Monument and Holy Spirit Church in 1930
1220:Despite the impending crisis preceding
1094:in 1839. During the first weeks of the
1048:During this time, a sizeable number of
797:, directly translates to 'boat' in the
416:293.25 km (113.22 sq mi)
13242:
11843:from the original on 28 September 2023
11789:from the original on 28 September 2023
11756:from the original on 28 September 2023
11737:
11725:from the original on 28 September 2023
11694:from the original on 28 September 2023
11673:
11581:from the original on 28 September 2023
11560:
11519:from the original on 28 September 2023
11486:from the original on 28 September 2023
11465:
11453:from the original on 28 September 2023
11420:from the original on 28 September 2023
11383:from the original on 28 September 2023
11362:
11350:from the original on 28 September 2023
11319:from the original on 28 September 2023
11286:from the original on 28 September 2023
11253:from the original on 28 September 2023
11232:
11162:from the original on 28 September 2023
11141:
11129:from the original on 28 September 2023
11109:Brand, Peter; Thomas, Michael (2013).
11096:from the original on 28 September 2023
11063:from the original on 28 September 2023
11030:from the original on 28 September 2023
10997:from the original on 28 September 2023
10964:from the original on 28 September 2023
10931:from the original on 28 September 2023
10898:from the original on 28 September 2023
10865:from the original on 28 September 2023
10832:from the original on 28 September 2023
10799:from the original on 28 September 2023
10766:from the original on 28 September 2023
10733:from the original on 28 September 2023
10700:from the original on 28 September 2023
10667:from the original on 28 September 2023
10649:Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
10630:from the original on 28 September 2023
10609:
10597:from the original on 28 September 2023
10564:from the original on 28 September 2023
10531:from the original on 28 September 2023
10514:East Central Europe: A Concise History
10459:Shrinking Cities: A Global Perspective
10444:from the original on 28 September 2023
10337:from the original on 28 September 2023
10304:from the original on 28 September 2023
10271:from the original on 28 September 2023
10238:from the original on 28 September 2023
10205:from the original on 28 September 2023
10172:from the original on 28 September 2023
10092:
10054:from the original on 28 September 2023
10021:from the original on 28 September 2023
9988:from the original on 28 September 2023
9924:
9912:from the original on 28 September 2023
9879:from the original on 28 September 2023
9858:
9823:from the original on 28 September 2023
9698:from the original on 28 September 2023
9565:
8860:Rogaczewska, Beata (1 November 2016).
8841:from the original on 19 September 2017
8820:
8597:
8340:from the original on 28 September 2023
7581:"Łódź Absolutna temperatura minimalna"
7315:"Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza"
7160:Ash, Timothy Garton (1 January 1999).
7147:
7135:
7019:
6737:
6710:
6479:
6398:
6386:
6305:
6203:
5963:from the original on 16 September 2018
5882:from the original on 15 February 2023.
5135:(born 1959), politician, Mayor of Łódź
4668:(born 1947), Israeli basketball player
3930:Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum
3041:, the largest of its kind, served the
2714:
1730:Łódź has a humid continental climate (
1613:was inaugurated. On 8 March 1948, the
1511:. It was the second-largest ghetto in
1215:Archcathedral of St. Stanislaus Kostka
1171:Archcathedral of St. Stanislaus Kostka
1141:, a private fire station, and a large
977:Partitions and development (1815–1918)
745:, from where they were sent to German
667:and it remained a private town of the
13120:
12924:
12074:
12061:
11640:
11548:from the original on 26 December 2022
11191:from the original on 13 November 2017
10983:. New York: Parkstone International.
10910:
10877:
10811:
10362:
10217:
10000:
9955:from the original on 13 November 2017
9892:Cudny, Waldemar; Kunc, Josef (2021).
9514:
8985:from the original on 15 February 2018
8466:(AFP)–24 Jan 2009 (24 January 2009).
8380:from the original on 30 December 2019
8077:
8026:
7969:Wołodko, Maciej (20 September 2022).
7826:
7706:
7677:
7651:
7265:
7120:
6899:
6803:
6662:
6602:
6590:
6254:
6145:lodzpost.com. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
6129:
5780:
5761:
5728:
4727:(1913–1945), Łódź ghetto photographer
3967:Mausoleum and museum in Radogoszcz –
3163:Major road network in the city (2009)
2557:The city's governance is executed by
747:concentration and extermination camps
13255:Cities and towns in Łódź Voivodeship
13146:
12100:
10284:Wojalski, Mirosław Zbigniew (1992).
10101:
10069:Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej
10040:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
9662:Bureau International des Expositions
9333:from the original on 7 November 2016
9278:Grzegorczyk, Arkadiusz, ed. (2015).
8976:
8731:"About MPK – MPK-Lodz Spolka z o.o."
8684:from the original on 3 February 2016
8442:from the original on 6 November 2020
8412:from the original on 11 January 2020
8360:Cormier, Amanda (25 December 2019).
7613:from the original on 21 January 2022
7587:from the original on 21 January 2022
7561:from the original on 21 January 2022
7218:Routledge Handbook of Tourism Cities
7043:
6236:from the original on 8 February 2023
5624:
5045:(born 1952), track-and-field athlete
4733:(1891–1951), engraver and printmaker
4477:
4424:Łódź have three professional clubs:
3988:museum of stop-motion film animation
1201:(The Worker; p. 1894–1939), an
782:
241:Location of Łódź in Łódź Voivodeship
11706:
11016:. Toronto: Art Gallery of Ontario.
10456:
9974:. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing.
8653:from the original on 15 August 2019
8353:
8225:
7944:
7159:
6453:Reddaway, Penson & Halecki 2016
6359:
6166:from the original on 24 August 2020
5828:
5075:(born 1970), art critic and curator
4393:SKS Start Łódź – football, swimming
4158:
3835:known as the enclosed Łódź ghetto (
3755:Alexander Nevsky Orthodox Cathedral
3287:
3080:High-rise buildings in central Łódź
3029:, commonly known as Alte Szil, and
2999:), dating back to 1888, as well as
2569:. The power is divided between the
1655:Contemporary history (1990–present)
1551:camp, four transit camps for Poles
1488:, and from 1942 to 1945 the German
424:2,496 km (964 sq mi)
13:
11955:– via Google Books, preview.
11851:– via Google Books, preview.
11661:from the original on 15 April 2023
11596:"Okres Pradziejów i Średniowiecza"
10122:from the original on 31 March 2020
9750:from the original on 5 August 2023
9668:from the original on 12 April 2023
9638:from the original on 28 April 2022
9608:from the original on 11 March 2022
9578:from the original on 14 April 2018
9472:from the original on 30 March 2024
9460:Alena Aniskiewicz (21 June 2017).
9385:from the original on 18 April 2012
9359:from the original on 13 March 2013
9282:. Łódź: MyDesign. pp. 59–61.
9170:10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000242
8958:from the original on 4 August 2017
8872:from the original on 4 August 2017
8775:from the original on 11 April 2024
8567:Shepard, Wade (10 November 2016).
8117:(in Polish). Gazeta Pomorska. 2023
7639:from the original on 3 August 2020
7465:"Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej"
7435:"Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm"
6936:von Plato, Leh & Thonfeld 2010
6924:von Plato, Leh & Thonfeld 2010
6912:von Plato, Leh & Thonfeld 2010
6162:. Globalization and World Cities.
6156:"The World According to GaWC 2020"
6031:from the original on 2 August 2018
5861:Data for territorial unit 1061000.
4900:leader and mercenary commander in
4422:Ekstraklasa of Polish beach soccer
3854:
2929:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Łódź
2709:
1403:, who encircled the city with the
1395:. The attack was conducted by the
900:, which was privately held by the
14:
13281:
11961:
11928:; Shapiro, Robert Moses (2008) .
11801:Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides,
11628:from the original on 9 March 2022
11220:from the original on 16 June 2022
11115:. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis.
10680:Biskupski, Mieczysław B. (2012).
10393:from the original on 24 July 2018
9842:Central European University Press
9781:from the original on 2 March 2022
9566:Pavitt, Michael (13 April 2018).
8977:Dana, Przemek (16 January 2015).
8893:Challenge of Transport Telematics
8740:from the original on 8 April 2022
8645:[Bike roads statistics].
8579:from the original on 22 July 2018
8547:from the original on 17 July 2018
8293:from the original on 13 July 2018
7525:"Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)"
7185:James M. Markham (28 July 1981).
7162:The Polish Revolution: Solidarity
5851:from the original on 19 June 2023
5081:(1897–1986), composer and pianist
4817:(born 1985), mixed martial artist
4472:Horticultural Expo in Doha, Qatar
2937:Basilica of St. Stanislaus Kostka
2536:
1664:EC1 Science and Technology Center
1486:forcibly taken from their parents
941:secularisation of church property
28:Place in Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
13180:
12989:
11769:Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (2017).
11236:The History of Poland Since 1863
10884:. Cham: Springer International.
9762:
9736:
9710:
9684:
9650:
9620:
9590:
9559:
9540:
9494:Salamon, Natalia (12 May 2023).
9428:
9418:
9409:
9371:
9345:
9319:
9296:
9271:
9262:
9019:
9014:Poland's Official Travel Website
8997:
8970:
8940:
8910:
8884:
8853:
8808:from the original on 9 July 2018
8761:
8752:
8723:
8714:
8705:
8696:
8665:
8635:
8591:
8560:
8432:"Pociągi Łódź – Warszawa – Omio"
8424:
8392:
8306:
8246:
8103:
8000:
7962:
7900:
7883:
7866:
7849:
7832:
7197:from the original on 13 May 2022
6060:from the original on 12 May 2016
5809:
5677:
5644:
5587:
5573:
5519:
5503:
5487:
5471:
5455:
5439:
5423:
5407:
5391:
5375:
5359:
5343:
5327:
5311:
5295:
5279:
5221:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5183:
5174:
5163:
5154:
4875:(1926–2024), author and survivor
4515:, notable architect and designer
3913:
3899:
3882:
3868:
3821:Jewish Cemetery at Bracka Street
3506:
3492:
3475:
3460:
3171:where the two main north–south (
2977:Church of St. Peter and St. Paul
2892:
2883:
1698:Panorama of the Łódź city center
1555:from the city and region, and a
609:
604:
599:
594:
454:
311:
291:
227:
220:
186:
174:
158:
136:
120:
106:
92:
77:
60:
46:
11594:Grzegorczyk, Arkadiusz (2008).
11332:Susquehanna University (1975).
11305:. Cambridge: University Press.
11302:The Cambridge History of Poland
11239:. Cambridge: University Press.
10645:"Acta Universitatis Lodziensis"
10495:10.37040/geografie2015120020164
10356:Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu
10118:. The Simon Wiesenthal Center.
10001:Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2015).
9795:
9775:Urząd Miasta Łodzi, uml.lodz.pl
8035:(in Polish). Instytut Niedziela
7234:
7209:
7178:
7153:
6323:
6209:
6178:
6148:
6072:
6056:. staypoland.com. eTravel S.A.
5063:(born 1978), actor and musician
4650:(born 1954), American architect
4277:, the main indoor arena of Łódź
2671:
1269:, it became the capital of the
1232:occupation on 6 December. With
1019:; Liberty Square) and arranged
957:. In the aftermath of the 1815
487: • Metro density
11977:Public Transport Official Site
11335:Susquehanna University Studies
11175:Obraniak, Włodzimierz (2007).
10944:Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (2001).
10914:Revolutionary social democracy
9100:. Routledge. pp. 98–106.
8139:Rzepkowski, Arkadiusz (2008).
6222:. Wheatmark, Inc. p. 31.
6106:10.1088/1757-899X/245/8/082036
6017:
6006:
5939:
5932:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
5919:
5886:
5864:
5631:
5129:(born 1990), volleyball player
4991:(1903–1994), nuclear physicist
4721:(born 1984), basketball player
4551:(1938–2007), Israeli physicist
4416:(three times Polish champions)
4367:(two times Polish champions),
4359:(two times Polish champions),
4338:(six times Polish champions),
3281:Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport
3275:Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport
2923:in Poland. The first Catholic
2624:, when it was still a part of
583:Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport
1:
13265:Holocaust locations in Poland
13216:Seat (not part of the county)
11877:Stefański, Krzysztof (2009).
11862:Stefański, Krzysztof (2000).
11010:van Pelt, Robert Jan (2015).
10845:Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2022).
10779:Stefański, Krzysztof (2003).
10511:Roszkowski, Wojciech (2015).
10350:Zieliński, Stanisław (1913).
8895:. Springer. pp. 305–16.
5994:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
5823:
5207:, and honorary consulates of
4056:Łódź in literature and cinema
3862:Primary cultural institutions
3849:Izrael and Eleanora Poznański
3751:St. Matthew's Lutheran Church
3554:Lodz University of Technology
3483:Łódź University of Technology
2907:St. Matthew's Lutheran Church
2541:
1736:Köppen climate classification
1563:Post World War II (1945–1989)
935:in 1793, Łódź was annexed by
675:in 1793, Łódź was annexed to
12910:· Voivodeship cities are in
11892:
11825:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
11775:. Ottawa: University Press.
11532:Strumiłło, Krystyna (2015).
11433:Podgarbi, Bronisław (1990).
11369:. Lanham: Sheed & Ward.
11233:Leslie, Roy Francis (1983).
10713:DiNardo, Richard L. (2010).
10686:. Oxford: University Press.
10191:. New York: Berghahn Books.
9129:. Springer. pp. 51–59.
9004:"Piotrkowska Street Stroll."
8029:"Łódź: Kościelne statystyki"
5039:(1958–2001), cinematographer
4894:Konstantin Petrovich Nechaev
4793:(born 1929), Israeli actress
3644:National Film School in Łódź
3638:National Film School in Łódź
3606:Academy of Fine Arts In Łódź
3582:National Film School in Łódź
3575:Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi
3451:
3154:
1689:
1336:Second World War (1939–1945)
1228:(1914), the city came under
844:Early beginnings (1332–1815)
700:Second Industrial Revolution
679:before becoming part of the
228:
7:
12898:) instead of a town mayor (
11819:Horwitz, Gordon J. (2009).
11472:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
11436:The Jewish Cemetery in Lodz
10643:University of Łódź (1979).
10544:Karamouz, Mohammad (2021).
10088:(in Polish). Warszawa: IPN.
10084:Wardzyńska, Maria (2009a).
10034:Wieviorka, Annette (2006).
8507:Wiśniewski, Szymon (2017).
8313:Lamprecht, Mariusz (2014).
8148:Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
7529:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020
7499:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020
7469:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020
7439:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020
7409:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020
7379:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020
7349:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020
7319:Normy klimatyczne 1991–2020
6441:Susquehanna University 1975
5566:
5545:Russian invasion of Ukraine
5139:Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm
5021:(born 1948), fantasy writer
4823:(1966-2022), fantasy writer
4313:European Universities Games
4028:Herbst Palace, designed by
3941:City of Lodz History Museum
3725:Light Move Festival in Łódź
2874:
2610:Polish Council of Ministers
2288:Average precipitation days
2004:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1864:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1244:Restored Poland (1918–1939)
1158:movement and the so-called
989:and new development around
663:in 1423 by the Polish King
471:2,245/km (5,810/sq mi)
10:
13286:
11992:Łódź Special Economic Zone
11829:. pp. 27, 54–55, 62.
11082:. Łódź: University Press.
11043:Wakeman, Rosemary (2020).
10977:Charles, Victoria (2015).
10616:. New York: Nova Science.
10610:Czerny, Miroslawa (2006).
9925:Kłysik, Kazimierz (1998).
9353:"The New Cemetery in Łódź"
9314:Archiwum Państwowe w Łodzi
9304:"Najstarsze łódzkie parki.
8253:Kobojek, Elżbieta (2017).
7080:Ledniowski & Gola 2020
6972:Ledniowski & Gola 2020
6960:Ledniowski & Gola 2020
6675:Liszewski & Young 1997
6516:Liszewski & Young 1997
6504:Liszewski & Young 1997
5952:Collins English Dictionary
5262:
5259:Twin towns – sister cities
5027:(1820–1881), industrialist
4945:(born 1933), film director
4939:(born 1959), film director
4915:(born 1951), archaeologist
4739:(born 1990), tennis player
4684:(born 1997), tennis player
4614:(1918–2019), film producer
4453:Specialized Expo 2022/2023
4409:- motorcycle speedway team
4121:
4098:in 1975. In the 1990 film
4039:Central Museum of Textiles
3937:Central Museum of Textiles
3907:Central Museum of Textiles
3714:and his childhood home at
3696:
3641:
3570:Medical University of Łódź
3521:
3444:, and on selected days to
3422:Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna
3291:
3272:
3268:
3072:Economy and infrastructure
2973:Lutheran Diocese of Warsaw
2528:
2523:
1744:
1725:
1517:Polish resistance movement
1509:German extermination camps
1363:), was the second-largest
1339:
1257:(Liberty Square) with the
963:Congress Kingdom of Poland
943:. The town, governed by a
933:Second Partition of Poland
857:– seal dating back to 1577
836:
830:
826:
805:village of Łodzia and the
694:client state, at the 1815
673:Second Partition of Poland
18:
13215:
13189:
13178:
13154:
12998:
12987:
12962:
12904:Cities with powiat rights
12888:
12740:
12458:
12251:
12186:
12148:
12128:
12108:
12068:
11710:Dzieje Łodzi przemysłowej
11641:Rymut, Kazimierz (1987).
10550:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
10102:Peck, Abraham J. (1997).
9934:Folia Geographica Physica
9859:Müller, Bernhard (2005).
9026:Krakowiak, Beata (2015).
9016:. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
8835:Wyborcza.pl: Magazyn Łódź
8598:Bentyn, Zbigniew (2016).
7607:"Łódź Średnia wilgotność"
7164:. Yale University Press.
6429:Larkham & Conzen 2014
6414:Larkham & Conzen 2014
5536:Łódź belongs also to the
4851:(born 1995), rally driver
4811:(1892–1965), cryptologist
4799:(born 1972), opera singer
4706:(born 1946), Polish actor
4363:(Polish champions 1953),
4244:(borscht) for the Polish
4148:Schiller's Studio Theatre
4044:
4009:
4000:
3973:exhibition Kuźnia Romów (
3792:Łódź Hills Landscape Park
3396:
3359:for a branch line of the
3213:national motorway network
3203:. It is also part of the
3043:Reformed Jewish community
2808:
2727:—
2476:
2429:
2381:
2334:
2287:
2217:
2143:
2073:
2003:
1933:
1863:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1441:after German general and
1409:
1283:German–Polish customs war
1147:
727:Łódź was briefly renamed
617:
588:
578:
568:
558:
548:
527:
510:
499:
494:
490:440/km (1,100/sq mi)
486:
475:
467:
449:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
407:
394:
379:
369:
364:
352:
344:
336:
324:
304:
284:
249:
215:
202:
154:
40:
33:
12063:Articles related to Łódź
11936:Indiana University Press
11903:, Bloomington, Indiana.
11901:Indiana University Press
11827:Harvard University Press
10878:Cudny, Waldemar (2016).
10746:Toporowski, Jan (2013).
10577:Feitelson, Eran (2017).
10363:Cudny, Waldemar (2012).
10251:Forczyk, Robert (2019).
10218:Crowe, David M. (2021).
10141:Uniwersytet Jagielloński
8529:10.18778/1733-3180.19.04
8275:10.18778/1733-3180.19.01
8012:Harvard University Press
7220:. Taylor & Francis.
7056:Trunk & Shapiro 2006
7032:Trunk & Shapiro 2006
6996:Trunk & Shapiro 2006
6984:Trunk & Shapiro 2006
4760:(1912–1943), épée fencer
4587:(born 1989), high jumper
4305:2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup
4265:
4194:sausage and bread – and
4152:Teatr Studyjny Schillera
4050:William Heerlein Lindley
3759:Karol Scheibler's Chapel
3594:Academy of Music in Łódź
3514:Academy of Music in Łódź
3428:, operates on routes to
2638:prime minister of Poland
1636:. A number of extensive
1603:Polish People's Republic
1476:and then either sent to
1001:industrial development.
440:162 m (531 ft)
432:278 m (912 ft)
13260:City counties of Poland
12587:Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski
12042:20 October 2018 at the
12017:Encyclopædia Britannica
11987:Historic images of Łódź
11859:, 600 pages (in Hebrew)
11741:Łódź w latach 1945–1960
11738:Rosset, Edward (1962).
11674:Albert, Sylvie (2020).
11499:Brunell, Laura (2005).
11466:Lerski, Halina (1996).
11272:. New York: Routledge.
11142:Davies, Norman (1982).
10420:10.1787/5k4818gt720p-en
10224:. New York: Routledge.
10145:Biblioteka Jagiellońska
10093:Datner, Szymon (1968).
9898:. New York: Routledge.
9309:31 January 2022 at the
8199:Górecki, Artur (2010).
7759:Prezydenci miasta Łodzi
7744:Badziak & Łapa 2009
7405:"Miesięczna suma opadu"
6816:Badziak & Łapa 2009
6723:University of Łódź 1979
6528:University of Łódź 1979
6468:Brand & Thomas 2013
6160:GaWC – Research Network
6097:2017MS&E..245h2036C
5905:Oxford University Press
5146:International relations
5033:(born 1981), footballer
5015:(born 1978), footballer
4969:(born 1989), footballer
4745:(born 1944), journalist
4644:(1921–2016), translator
4599:(born 1999), model and
4447:Horticultural Expo 2029
4286:Stadion Miejski Widzewa
3892:, gallery of modern art
3747:Łódź Catholic Cathedral
3625:Społeczna Akademia Nauk
3402:new underground station
3346:
2945:Feast of Corpus Christi
2652:Administrative division
2596:Łódź is the capital of
2587:city with powiat rights
2577:), a title held by the
1484:. Polish children were
1460:press banned. Low-wage
1066:'s industrial complex (
910:Greater Poland Province
863:Władysław the Hunchback
773:Creative Cities Network
380: • City mayor
11931:Łódź Ghetto: A History
11896:Łódź Ghetto: a history
11363:Malone, Peter (2007).
11049:. London: Bloomsbury.
10818:. Kraków: Biały Kruk.
10155:Łódź Ghetto: A History
10037:The Era of the Witness
9221:10.1515/tour-2015-0003
9045:10.1515/tour-2015-0008
8643:"Statystyki rowerówek"
8027:Bugaj, Marcin (2023).
7688:"Rada Miejska w Łodzi"
7109:Werra & Woźny 2018
6494:, pp. 22, 35, 47.
6335:Polskiej Akademii Nauk
5799:
5776:
5758:
5619:Bednarska Street, Łódź
5025:Karl Wilhelm Scheibler
4890:(1923–2013), physician
4845:(born 1946), architect
4781:(1900–1973), conductor
4544:
4533:
4516:
4505:
4490:
4288:
4278:
4173:
4087:The Brothers Ashkenazi
4033:
3963:Radegast train station
3814:Józef Poniatowski Park
3808:
3786:
3738:
3726:
3718:
3654:
3630:
3624:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3546:
3413:(New Centre of Łódź).
3311:
3303:
3164:
3108:
3081:
3056:Łódź is the seat of a
3031:Ezras Israel Synagogue
3011:' activity in Poland.
2993:Polish Reformed Church
2921:religious denomination
2681:
2630:Second Polish Republic
2554:
1708:Central European Plain
1699:
1666:
1609:. On 24 May 1945, the
1583:
1572:
1521:
1503:
1466:
1437:
1429:
1417:
1372:
1369:German-occupied Europe
1359:
1267:Second Polish Republic
1262:
1253:
1207:Polish Socialist Party
1183:
1174:
1123:Karl Wilhelm Scheibler
1075:
1068:
1041:
1015:
1007:Administrative Council
994:
949:
871:Bishopric of Włocławek
858:
854:Sigillum oppidi Lodzia
853:
811:
793:
729:
506:€16.839 billion (2020)
429:Highest elevation
210:("From a boat a ship")
206:
16:City in central Poland
12002:14 April 2012 at the
11997:Łódź-Lublinek Airport
11934:. Bloomington, Ind.:
11707:Puś, Wiesław (1987).
11567:. London: Routledge.
11561:Berend, Ivan (2013).
10950:. London: Routledge.
10583:. London: Routledge.
10139:(in Polish). Kraków:
9552:7 August 2016 at the
8516:Space-Society-Economy
8262:Space-Society-Economy
8089:archidiecezja.lodz.pl
7097:Cudny & Kunc 2021
5901:UK English Dictionary
5847:. Statistics Poland.
5595:European Union portal
5116:European Space Agency
5055:Władysław Strzemiński
5009:(born 1949), animator
4975:(1867–1925), writer,
4815:Karolina Kowalkiewicz
4787:(1898–1951), sculptor
4563:(1909–1969), composer
4541:Władysław Strzemiński
4539:
4522:
4511:
4496:
4485:
4297:2011 EuroBasket Women
4284:
4273:
4166:
4142:Teatr Stefana Jaracza
4138:Stefan Jaracz Theatre
4027:
3732:
3724:
3709:
3377:Łódź Commuter Railway
3369:Warsaw-Kalisz railway
3361:Warsaw-Vienna railway
3309:
3301:
3227:Major roads include:
3162:
3103:
3079:
2859:, 171,900 (34%) were
2701:Historical population
2679:
2567:Juliusz Heinzl Palace
2565:, currently based at
2561:, a local council or
2551:Juliusz Heinzl Palace
2549:
1697:
1662:
1578:
1571:A city street in 1981
1570:
1547:, as well as a penal
1353:
1342:Battle of Łódź (1939)
1251:
1203:underground newspaper
1168:
1108:Warsaw–Vienna railway
1062:
984:
890:Władysław II Jagiełło
851:
665:Władysław II Jagiełło
640:is a city in central
529: • Summer (
437:Lowest elevation
359:Juliusz Heinzl Palace
269:51.77694°N 19.45472°E
21:Łódź (disambiguation)
12976:Piotrków Trybunalski
12593:Siemianowice Śląskie
12549:Piotrków Trybunalski
10911:Blanc, Eric (2021).
10812:Bujak, Adam (2007).
10257:. New York: Osprey.
9865:. Berlin: Springer.
9744:"Miasta Partnerskie"
9440:24 July 2018 at the
9009:29 July 2017 at the
8954:. 22 December 2016.
8758:Grzegorczyk, p. 144.
7246:18 July 2018 at the
6986:, pp. XI, 9–13.
6190:31 July 2018 at the
6141:19 July 2018 at the
5608:Łódź Design Festival
5057:(1893–1952), painter
5051:(1900–1942), painter
4997:(1887–1982), pianist
4937:Władysław Pasikowski
4863:(born 1981), actress
4774:Lod Airport Massacre
4401:1982–83 European Cup
4357:association football
4082:Israel Joshua Singer
4015:Stanisław Wyspiański
3947:Herbst Palace Museum
3702:Landmarks and events
3667:National Film School
3500:National Film School
3068:across the country.
2985:St. Matthew's Church
2622:Rajmund Rembieliński
1794:Record high °C (°F)
1615:National Film School
1504:Ghetto Litzmannstadt
1431:Reichsgau Wartheland
1393:Piotrków Trybunalski
1360:Ghetto Litzmannstadt
1287:Bolshevik Revolution
1114:, a local province.
1112:Piotrków Governorate
1100:without restrictions
1003:Rajmund Rembieliński
758:National Film School
570:Vehicle registration
468: • Density
12647:Tomaszów Mazowiecki
12555:Ostrów Wielkopolski
12392:Gorzów Wielkopolski
9355:. Lodz ShtetLinks.
8804:. 2 December 2016.
8672:www.lifemotion.pl.
8226:Saładaj, Sławomir.
7959:, pp. 169–170.
7302:Marszał et al. 2014
7290:Marszał et al. 2014
7278:Marszał et al. 2014
7082:, pp. 148–149.
6950:, pp. 203–205.
6878:, pp. 260–261.
6842:, pp. 179–180.
6806:, pp. 126–127.
6779:, pp. 118–119.
6431:, pp. 153–154.
5899:Oxford Dictionaries
5141:(born 1949), writer
5123:(born 1972), singer
5108:, cartoon character
5069:(1894–1951), artist
5007:Zbigniew Rybczyński
4927:(born 1980), rapper
4909:(1929–1994), writer
4805:(1933–1991), writer
4608:(1916–2000), writer
4581:(1937–1997), writer
3733:Orientarium in the
3693:of Cinematography.
3563:Politechnika Łódzka
3325:Konstantynów Łódzki
3009:Jehovah's Witnesses
2867:. According to the
2702:
2335:Average snowy days
2074:Record low °C (°F)
1934:Daily mean °C (°F)
1675:industrial heritage
1478:concentration camps
1401:Johannes Blaskowitz
1273:in 1919. The early
1234:Polish independence
1135:textile manufactory
906:Łęczyca Voivodeship
791:name for the city,
654:fourth largest city
265: /
13155:Urban-rural gminas
12821:Skarżysko-Kamienna
11644:Nazwy miast Polski
10110:Lucjan Dobroszycki
10095:Las sprawiedliwych
9572:insidethegames.biz
9528:. 22 December 2022
8702:Wiśniewski, p. 79.
8366:The New York Times
8006:Gordon J Horwitz.
7535:on 15 January 2022
7505:on 21 January 2022
7475:on 15 January 2022
7445:on 15 January 2022
7385:on 15 January 2022
7355:on 15 January 2022
7325:on 3 December 2021
7191:The New York Times
6348:Brunet-Jailly 2017
6337:. 1998. p. 3.
6027:. www.trasa.info.
5935:. Merriam-Webster.
5675:American English:
4963:(1848–1909), rabbi
4961:Adolph Moses Radin
4873:Ruth Minsky Sender
4869:(1929–2014), actor
4867:Stanisław Mikulski
4710:Maciej Golubiewski
4692:Holocaust survivor
4597:Karolina Bielawska
4585:Sylwester Bednarek
4573:Andrzej Bartkowiak
4567:Aleksander Bardini
4557:(1885–1954), Rabbi
4545:
4534:
4517:
4506:
4491:
4322:it was common for
4289:
4279:
4224:in various forms (
4212:baguette roll and
4174:
4034:
3825:invasion of Poland
3743:Piotrkowska Street
3739:
3727:
3719:
3716:Piotrkowska Street
3691:Polish Film School
3687:Janusz Morgenstern
3683:Kazimierz Karabasz
3547:Uniwersytet Łódzki
3538:University of Łódź
3468:University of Łódź
3411:Nowe Centrum Łodzi
3389:Piotrkowska Street
3312:
3304:
3165:
3145:Foreign investment
3109:
3082:
2869:1931 Polish census
2700:
2690:population density
2682:
2602:voivodeship sejmik
2559:Urząd Miasta Łodzi
2555:
1700:
1679:Polish Art Nouveau
1667:
1611:University of Łódź
1584:
1573:
1491:Sicherheitspolizei
1377:invasion of Poland
1373:
1263:
1259:Tadeusz Kościuszko
1175:
1106:, a branch of the
1104:Łódź–Koluszki line
1076:
1074:) pictured in 1895
1021:housing allotments
995:
991:Piotrkowska Street
987:housing allotments
959:Congress of Vienna
859:
696:Congress of Vienna
686:; the city joined
421: • Metro
274:51.77694; 19.45472
54:Piotrkowska Street
13237:
13236:
13231:
13230:
13114:
13113:
12918:
12917:
12782:Starogard Gdański
11910:978-0-253-34755-8
11887:978-83-61253-44-0
10917:. Boston: Brill.
10815:Polish Cathedrals
9406:Krakowiak, p. 88.
9379:"Jewish Cemetery"
9302:Kaniewska, Anna.
9289:978-83-939822-0-2
9136:978-3-319-41940-4
9107:978-0-415-53904-3
8952:kurierkolejowy.eu
8319:Studia Regionalia
7829:, pp. 11–12.
7635:. Weather Atlas.
7415:on 9 January 2022
7304:, pp. 91–92.
6998:, p. XXXIII.
6926:, pp. 87–88.
6530:, pp. 22–23.
6518:, pp. 16–17.
6269:, pp. 12–13.
6229:978-1-60494-421-1
5845:"Local Data Bank"
5642:British English:
5625:Explanatory notes
5563:on 2 March 2022.
5559:, the capital of
5531:
5515:
5499:
5483:
5467:
5451:
5435:
5419:
5403:
5387:
5371:
5355:
5339:
5323:
5307:
5291:
5121:Michał Wiśniewski
5096:(1894–1953), poet
5079:Alexandre Tansman
5019:Andrzej Sapkowski
4995:Arthur Rubinstein
4973:Władysław Reymont
4907:Zbigniew Nienacki
4888:Henry Morgentaler
4857:(1873–1918), poet
4753:Marxian economist
4704:Piotr Fronczewski
4698:Joseph Friedenson
4678:cosmetics company
4606:Kazimierz Brandys
4526:, best known for
4524:Andrzej Sapkowski
4487:Arthur Rubinstein
4478:Notable residents
4468:COVID-19 pandemic
4451:Łódź bid for the
4383:KS Społem Łódź –
4172:sour potato soup.
4110:Paweł Pawlikowski
4067:The Promised Land
4062:Władysław Reymont
4019:Henryk Rodakowski
3977:forge) in former
3969:Radogoszcz prison
3921:Łódź Philharmonic
3890:ms2 Muzeum Sztuki
3833:eastern territory
3524:Education in Łódź
3341:Solaris Urbino 18
3323:(since 2023) and
3175:) and east–west (
3149:unemployment rate
3143:by January 2009.
3141:foreign investors
2949:church attendance
2933:Pope John Paul II
2917:Roman Catholicism
2821:outward migration
2813:
2812:
2686:Statistics Poland
2571:President of Łódź
2533:
2532:
2479:ultraviolet index
2384:relative humidity
1630:residential areas
1468:Intelligenzaktion
1419:Einsatzgruppe III
1205:published by the
1193:Marshal of Poland
1131:places of worship
1119:business magnates
1084:November Uprising
1054:Stanisław Staszic
999:centrally planned
823:name Włodzisław.
819:and the personal
783:Name and toponymy
775:and named UNESCO
718:Władysław Reymont
709:The Promised Land
635:
634:
450: • City
413: • City
374:Łódź City Council
370: • Body
207:Ex navicula navis
13277:
13270:Magdeburg rights
13184:
13148:Łódź East County
13141:
13134:
13127:
13118:
13117:
12993:
12956:Łódź Voivodeship
12945:
12938:
12931:
12922:
12921:
12896:prezydent miasta
12777:Wodzisław Śląski
12669:Kędzierzyn-Koźle
12502:Jastrzębie-Zdrój
12407:Dąbrowa Górnicza
12102:Cities of Poland
12095:
12088:
12081:
12072:
12071:
12059:
12058:
12021:
12013:
11982:City map of Łódź
11973:
11972:
11970:Official website
11956:
11954:
11952:
11921:
11919:
11917:
11852:
11850:
11848:
11805:, Viking, 1989.
11798:
11796:
11794:
11765:
11763:
11761:
11734:
11732:
11730:
11703:
11701:
11699:
11670:
11668:
11666:
11637:
11635:
11633:
11627:
11600:
11590:
11588:
11586:
11557:
11555:
11553:
11547:
11540:
11528:
11526:
11524:
11495:
11493:
11491:
11462:
11460:
11458:
11429:
11427:
11425:
11392:
11390:
11388:
11359:
11357:
11355:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11262:
11260:
11258:
11229:
11227:
11225:
11219:
11212:
11200:
11198:
11196:
11190:
11183:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11105:
11103:
11101:
11072:
11070:
11068:
11039:
11037:
11035:
11006:
11004:
11002:
10973:
10971:
10969:
10940:
10938:
10936:
10907:
10905:
10903:
10874:
10872:
10870:
10841:
10839:
10837:
10808:
10806:
10804:
10775:
10773:
10771:
10742:
10740:
10738:
10709:
10707:
10705:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10639:
10637:
10635:
10606:
10604:
10602:
10573:
10571:
10569:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10507:
10497:
10472:
10453:
10451:
10449:
10439:
10414:(5/2013): 1–56.
10402:
10400:
10398:
10392:
10369:
10359:
10346:
10344:
10342:
10313:
10311:
10309:
10280:
10278:
10276:
10247:
10245:
10243:
10214:
10212:
10210:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10148:
10131:
10129:
10127:
10116:, Washington D.C
10098:
10089:
10080:
10063:
10061:
10059:
10030:
10028:
10026:
9997:
9995:
9993:
9964:
9962:
9960:
9954:
9931:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9888:
9886:
9884:
9855:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9790:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9740:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9729:
9714:
9708:
9707:
9705:
9703:
9688:
9682:
9681:
9675:
9673:
9658:"Expo 2021 Doha"
9654:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9643:
9624:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9563:
9557:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9491:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9477:
9457:
9448:
9432:
9426:
9422:
9416:
9413:
9407:
9404:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9390:
9375:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9364:
9349:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9323:
9317:
9300:
9294:
9293:
9275:
9269:
9266:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9241:
9223:
9199:
9190:
9189:
9153:
9142:
9140:
9122:
9113:
9111:
9093:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9065:
9047:
9023:
9017:
9001:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8924:. Archived from
8914:
8908:
8906:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8827:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8794:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8765:
8759:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8727:
8721:
8718:
8712:
8709:
8703:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8689:
8669:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8639:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8627:
8618:. Archived from
8595:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8564:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8546:
8531:
8513:
8504:
8498:
8497:
8491:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8470:. Archived from
8463:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8428:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8411:
8404:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8385:
8357:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8339:
8310:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8292:
8277:
8259:
8250:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8145:
8136:
8127:
8126:
8124:
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8107:
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7864:
7863:
7861:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7813:
7812:, pp. 7, 8.
7807:
7798:
7792:
7786:
7785:, pp. 3, 7.
7780:
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7753:
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7077:
7071:
7068:Wardzyńska 2009b
7065:
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7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
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6957:
6951:
6948:Wardzyńska 2009a
6945:
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6897:
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6888:Wardzyńska 2009a
6885:
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6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6629:, pp. 9–10.
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6339:
6338:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6267:Grzegorczyk 2008
6264:
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5829:Inline citations
5817:
5813:
5807:
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5331:
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5316:
5315:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5187:
5178:
5167:
5158:
5112:Sławosz Uznański
5037:Piotr Sobociński
5013:Marek Saganowski
5001:Arnold Rutkowski
4879:Zew Wawa Morejno
4855:Tadeusz Miciński
4843:Daniel Libeskind
4837:Washington, D.C.
4827:Anna Lewandowska
4797:Tomasz Konieczny
4648:Elizabeth Diller
4618:Edward G. Brisch
4561:Grażyna Bacewicz
4513:Daniel Libeskind
4455:but lost out to
4442:
4178:Łódź Voivodeship
4159:Cuisine and food
4092:made into a film
4047:
4046:
4012:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3917:
3903:
3886:
3872:
3811:
3789:
3771:Izrael Poznański
3737:, opened in 2022
3712:Artur Rubinstein
3657:
3633:
3627:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3549:
3510:
3496:
3479:
3464:
3426:Łódź Voivodeship
3399:
3398:
3357:terminus station
3288:Public transport
3086:textile industry
3058:Mariavite Church
2896:
2887:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2598:Łódź Voivodeship
2338:
2291:
1742:
1741:
1677:and examples of
1671:textile industry
1620:The spatial and
1535:, including the
1526:
1506:
1471:
1440:
1434:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1362:
1303:public libraries
1299:sewage treatment
1279:Great Depression
1271:Łódź Voivodeship
1256:
1186:
1152:
1151:
1127:Izrael Poznański
1096:January Uprising
1073:
1064:Izrael Poznański
1044:
1018:
952:
877:land, establish
856:
839:Timeline of Łódź
814:
799:English language
796:
732:
716:–winning author
646:Łódź Voivodeship
631:
628:
626:
624:
613:
608:
603:
598:
553:90-001 to 94–413
534:
458:
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317:
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231:
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178:
162:
140:
124:
110:
96:
87:, Museum of Łódź
85:Poznański Palace
81:
64:
50:
31:
30:
13285:
13284:
13280:
13279:
13278:
13276:
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13232:
13227:
13211:
13207:Gmina Nowosolna
13197:Gmina Andrespol
13185:
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12994:
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12958:
12949:
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12736:
12714:Piekary Śląskie
12454:
12247:
12182:
12144:
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12104:
12099:
12064:
12044:Wayback Machine
12037:The Łódź Ghetto
12031:Wayback Machine
12008:
12004:Wayback Machine
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11489:
11487:
11480:
11456:
11454:
11447:
11439:. Łódź: Artus.
11423:
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11313:
11289:
11287:
11280:
11256:
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11247:
11223:
11221:
11217:
11210:
11207:Łódź in figures
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9560:
9554:Wayback Machine
9547:2009 EuroBasket
9545:
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9442:Wayback Machine
9433:
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9415:Krakowiak, p 91
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9011:Wayback Machine
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8959:
8946:
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8941:
8931:
8929:
8928:on 8 March 2021
8916:
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8903:
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8875:
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8858:
8854:
8844:
8842:
8837:. 18 May 2016.
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8647:rowerowalodz.pl
8641:
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8625:
8623:
8622:on 22 July 2018
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8443:
8436:www.pl.omio.com
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8232:um.pabianice.pl
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7718:bip.uml.lodz.pl
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7692:bip.uml.lodz.pl
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7248:Wayback Machine
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7074:
7066:
7062:
7054:
7050:
7042:
7038:
7030:
7026:
7018:
7014:
7010:, pp. 7–8.
7006:
7002:
6994:
6990:
6982:
6978:
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6966:
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6946:
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6822:
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6810:
6802:
6795:
6787:
6783:
6775:
6771:
6763:
6759:
6753:Roszkowski 2015
6751:
6744:
6736:
6729:
6721:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6685:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6661:
6657:
6649:
6645:
6639:Toporowski 2013
6637:
6633:
6627:Toporowski 2013
6625:
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6613:
6609:
6601:
6597:
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6198:
6192:Wayback Machine
6183:
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6143:Wayback Machine
6134:
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5835:
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5810:
5786:
5785:
5767:
5766:
5763:[lɔt͜ʃ]
5749:
5734:
5733:
5730:[wut͡ɕ]
5719:
5715:
5695:
5680:
5676:
5667:
5647:
5643:
5639:Pronunciation:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5603:History of Łódź
5593:
5588:
5586:
5579:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5534:
5518:
5502:
5486:
5470:
5454:
5438:
5422:
5406:
5390:
5374:
5358:
5342:
5326:
5310:
5294:
5278:
5267:
5261:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5180:
5179:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5160:
5159:
5148:
5133:Hanna Zdanowska
5100:Andrzej Udalski
4989:Stefan Rozental
4967:Damian Radowicz
4949:Piotr Pustelnik
4919:Marian P. Opala
4849:Mikołaj Marczyk
4785:Katarzyna Kobro
4725:Mendel Grossman
4682:Magdalena Fręch
4636:Bat-Sheva Dagan
4624:Jacob Bronowski
4601:Miss World 2021
4480:
4449:
4436:
4309:Stadion Widzewa
4293:2009 EuroBasket
4268:
4256:OFF Piotrkowska
4161:
4124:
4058:
4030:Hilary Majewski
3953:(Museum of Art)
3933:Book Art Museum
3927:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3855:Museums in Łódź
3787:Las Łagiewnicki
3704:
3699:
3660:Warsaw Uprising
3646:
3640:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3485:rector's office
3480:
3472:
3471:
3470:rector's office
3465:
3454:
3349:
3317:Congress Poland
3296:
3290:
3277:
3271:
3157:
3074:
3062:Old Catholicism
3039:Great Synagogue
3027:Stara Synagogue
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2674:
2654:
2646:Civic Coalition
2642:Hanna Zdanowska
2634:Leopold Skulski
2626:Congress Poland
2575:Prezydent Łodzi
2544:
2539:
2534:
2336:
2289:
2282:
2277:
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2078:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1728:
1692:
1669:After 1989 the
1657:
1607:nationalisation
1565:
1557:racial research
1513:occupied Europe
1458:Polish-language
1348:
1338:
1275:interwar period
1246:
1230:Imperial German
1189:Józef Piłsudski
1143:eclectic palace
1025:greenfield land
1009:and prefect of
979:
955:Duchy of Warsaw
867:Duke of Łęczyca
846:
841:
835:
833:History of Łódź
829:
785:
688:Congress Poland
684:Duchy of Warsaw
621:
579:Primary airport
554:
528:
384:Hanna Zdanowska
337:First mentioned
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12749:Świętochłowice
12744:
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11994:
11989:
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11979:
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11963:
11962:External links
11960:
11958:
11957:
11945:978-0253347558
11944:
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11836:978-0674038790
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10693:978-0199658817
10692:
10677:
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10622:
10607:
10589:
10574:
10556:
10541:
10523:
10508:
10488:(2): 164–187.
10473:
10468:978-0415643962
10467:
10454:
10403:
10360:
10347:
10329:
10314:
10296:
10290:. Łódź: ZORA.
10281:
10264:978-1472834973
10263:
10248:
10231:978-0367541248
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8760:
8751:
8722:
8713:
8704:
8695:
8664:
8634:
8590:
8559:
8499:
8474:on 25 May 2012
8453:
8423:
8391:
8352:
8305:
8245:
8218:
8211:
8191:
8178:kehilalodz.com
8165:
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8069:
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8016:
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7882:
7865:
7848:
7831:
7814:
7799:
7787:
7775:
7768:
7748:
7731:
7705:
7676:
7659:"Urząd Miasta"
7650:
7624:
7598:
7572:
7546:
7516:
7486:
7456:
7426:
7396:
7366:
7336:
7306:
7294:
7282:
7270:
7268:, p. 120.
7255:
7233:
7226:
7208:
7177:
7170:
7152:
7150:, p. 175.
7140:
7138:, p. 172.
7125:
7123:, p. 207.
7113:
7111:, p. 481.
7101:
7084:
7072:
7060:
7048:
7036:
7024:
7012:
7008:Wieviorka 2006
7000:
6988:
6976:
6974:, p. 147.
6964:
6962:, p. 149.
6952:
6940:
6928:
6916:
6904:
6902:, p. 168.
6892:
6890:, p. 114.
6880:
6868:
6866:, p. 260.
6856:
6854:, p. 212.
6844:
6832:
6820:
6818:, p. 160.
6808:
6793:
6791:, p. 386.
6781:
6777:Feitelson 2017
6769:
6767:, p. 118.
6765:Feitelson 2017
6757:
6755:, p. 207.
6742:
6727:
6715:
6713:, p. 195.
6703:
6699:Biskupski 2012
6691:
6679:
6677:, p. 117.
6667:
6665:, p. 292.
6655:
6653:, p. 102.
6651:Stefański 2003
6643:
6631:
6619:
6617:, p. 138.
6615:Zimmerman 2022
6607:
6605:, p. 127.
6595:
6580:
6578:, p. 161.
6568:
6556:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6508:
6496:
6492:Zieliński 1913
6484:
6472:
6470:, p. 149.
6457:
6455:, p. 279.
6445:
6433:
6418:
6416:, p. 153.
6403:
6401:, p. 210.
6391:
6379:
6364:
6352:
6350:, p. 178.
6340:
6322:
6310:
6308:, p. 324.
6298:
6296:, p. 161.
6283:
6279:Strumiłło 2015
6271:
6259:
6257:, p. 145.
6247:
6228:
6208:
6206:, p. 387.
6196:
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5808:
5806:
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5804:
5803:
5793:
5782:[lɔtʃ]
5744:
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5725:
5673:
5629:
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5404:
5388:
5372:
5356:
5340:
5324:
5308:
5292:
5275:
5260:
5257:
5225:Czech Republic
5192:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5127:Paweł Zatorski
5124:
5118:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5043:Andrzej Sontag
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
5003:, opera singer
4998:
4992:
4986:
4983:Joseph Rotblat
4980:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4943:Roman Polanski
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:White movement
4891:
4885:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4830:
4824:
4821:Feliks W. Kres
4818:
4812:
4809:Jan Kowalewski
4806:
4803:Jerzy Kosinski
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:Michał Kalecki
4746:
4740:
4737:Jerzy Janowicz
4734:
4728:
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4716:
4707:
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4695:
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4679:
4672:Max Factor Sr.
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4350:
4332:Budowlani Łódź
4267:
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3858:
3856:
3853:
3775:Karl Scheibler
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3675:Roman Polanski
3642:Main article:
3639:
3636:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3567:
3551:
3522:Main article:
3512:
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3459:
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3457:
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3453:
3450:
3397:Łódź Fabryczna
3379:, providing a
3353:Łódź Fabryczna
3348:
3345:
3289:
3286:
3273:Main article:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3253:
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3235:
3156:
3153:
3073:
3070:
2941:Gothic Revival
2919:, the largest
2901:
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2537:Administration
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2434:
2432:sunshine hours
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2015:
2010:
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1727:
1724:
1691:
1688:
1656:
1653:
1626:Athens Charter
1622:urban planning
1564:
1561:
1425:Arthur Greiser
1381:Juliusz Rómmel
1337:
1334:
1245:
1242:
1226:Battle of Łódź
1184:Gabinet Iluzji
1160:Łódź rebellion
1005:, head of the
978:
975:
971:Russian Empire
887:King of Poland
881:and engage in
845:
842:
831:Main article:
828:
825:
784:
781:
766:Roman Polanski
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545:
535:
525:
524:
514:
508:
507:
504:
497:
496:
492:
491:
488:
484:
483:
480:
473:
472:
469:
465:
464:
451:
447:
446:
442:
441:
438:
434:
433:
430:
426:
425:
422:
418:
417:
414:
410:
409:
405:
404:
399:
397:Sejm of Poland
392:
391:
381:
377:
376:
371:
367:
366:
362:
361:
356:
350:
349:
346:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
328:
322:
321:
308:
302:
301:
288:
282:
281:
247:
246:
240:
234:
233:
226:
225:
219:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
204:
200:
199:
191:
185:
179:
173:
172:
171:
163:
157:
156:
155:
152:
151:
142:
135:
134:
133:
126:
119:
118:
112:
105:
104:
103:
98:
91:
90:
83:
76:
75:
74:
68:Łódź Fabryczna
66:
59:
58:
52:
45:
44:
43:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13282:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13247:
13245:
13224:
13221:
13220:
13218:
13214:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13194:
13192:
13188:
13183:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13159:
13157:
13153:
13149:
13142:
13137:
13135:
13130:
13128:
13123:
13122:
13119:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13003:
13001:
12999:Land counties
12997:
12992:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12971:
12968:
12967:
12965:
12963:City counties
12961:
12957:
12953:
12946:
12941:
12939:
12934:
12932:
12927:
12926:
12923:
12913:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12897:
12893:
12887:
12881:
12880:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12848:
12844:
12842:
12839:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12806:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12794:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12767:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12750:
12746:
12745:
12743:
12739:
12733:
12732:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12715:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12688:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12676:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12654:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12637:
12633:
12631:
12630:
12626:
12624:
12623:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12611:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12594:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12572:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12550:
12546:
12544:
12543:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12531:
12527:
12525:
12524:
12520:
12518:
12517:
12513:
12511:
12510:
12506:
12504:
12503:
12499:
12497:
12496:
12492:
12490:
12489:
12485:
12483:
12482:
12478:
12476:
12475:
12471:
12469:
12468:
12464:
12463:
12461:
12457:
12451:
12450:
12446:
12444:
12443:
12439:
12437:
12436:
12432:
12430:
12429:
12425:
12423:
12422:
12418:
12416:
12415:
12411:
12409:
12408:
12404:
12402:
12401:
12397:
12395:
12394:
12393:
12388:
12386:
12385:
12381:
12379:
12378:
12377:
12372:
12370:
12369:
12365:
12363:
12362:
12358:
12356:
12355:
12354:
12349:
12347:
12346:
12342:
12340:
12339:
12338:Bielsko-Biała
12335:
12333:
12332:
12328:
12326:
12325:
12324:
12319:
12317:
12316:
12312:
12310:
12309:
12308:
12303:
12301:
12300:
12296:
12294:
12293:
12292:
12287:
12285:
12284:
12283:
12278:
12276:
12275:
12271:
12269:
12268:
12264:
12262:
12261:
12257:
12256:
12254:
12250:
12244:
12243:
12242:
12237:
12235:
12234:
12233:
12228:
12226:
12225:
12224:
12219:
12217:
12216:
12215:
12210:
12208:
12207:
12206:
12201:
12199:
12198:
12197:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12185:
12179:
12178:
12177:
12172:
12170:
12169:
12168:
12163:
12161:
12160:
12159:
12154:
12153:
12151:
12147:
12141:
12140:
12139:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12127:
12121:
12120:
12119:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12107:
12103:
12096:
12091:
12089:
12084:
12082:
12077:
12076:
12073:
12067:
12060:
12054:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12041:
12038:
12035:
12032:
12028:
12027:
12026:The Łódź Post
12023:
12019:
12018:
12012:
12007:
12005:
12001:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11971:
11966:
11965:
11947:
11941:
11937:
11933:
11932:
11927:
11926:Trunk, Isaiah
11923:
11912:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11897:
11891:
11888:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11873:
11872:83-86699-45-0
11869:
11865:
11861:
11858:
11854:
11842:
11838:
11832:
11828:
11824:
11823:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11811:0-670-82983-8
11808:
11804:
11800:
11788:
11784:
11782:9780776627151
11778:
11774:
11773:
11767:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11742:
11736:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11711:
11705:
11693:
11689:
11687:9781527535930
11683:
11679:
11678:
11672:
11660:
11656:
11650:
11646:
11645:
11639:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11597:
11592:
11580:
11576:
11574:9780415639941
11570:
11566:
11565:
11559:
11544:
11537:
11536:
11530:
11518:
11514:
11508:
11504:
11503:
11497:
11485:
11481:
11475:
11471:
11470:
11464:
11452:
11448:
11442:
11438:
11437:
11431:
11419:
11415:
11411:
11408:. Łódź: PWN.
11407:
11404:(in Polish).
11403:
11399:
11394:
11382:
11378:
11372:
11368:
11367:
11361:
11349:
11345:
11341:
11337:
11336:
11330:
11318:
11314:
11308:
11304:
11303:
11297:
11285:
11281:
11279:9781317812517
11275:
11271:
11270:
11264:
11252:
11248:
11242:
11238:
11237:
11231:
11216:
11209:
11208:
11202:
11187:
11180:
11179:
11173:
11161:
11157:
11151:
11147:
11146:
11140:
11128:
11124:
11122:9780203970263
11118:
11114:
11113:
11107:
11095:
11091:
11089:9788371710957
11085:
11081:
11080:
11074:
11062:
11058:
11056:9781350017665
11052:
11048:
11047:
11041:
11029:
11025:
11023:9781894243803
11019:
11015:
11014:
11008:
10996:
10992:
10990:9781844847679
10986:
10982:
10981:
10975:
10963:
10959:
10957:9781351541305
10953:
10949:
10948:
10942:
10930:
10926:
10924:9789004449930
10920:
10916:
10915:
10909:
10897:
10893:
10891:9783319319971
10887:
10883:
10882:
10876:
10864:
10860:
10858:9780674984271
10854:
10850:
10849:
10843:
10831:
10827:
10825:9788360292372
10821:
10817:
10816:
10810:
10798:
10794:
10788:
10784:
10783:
10777:
10765:
10761:
10759:9781137315397
10755:
10751:
10750:
10744:
10732:
10728:
10726:9780313081835
10722:
10718:
10717:
10711:
10699:
10695:
10689:
10685:
10684:
10678:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10641:
10629:
10625:
10619:
10615:
10614:
10608:
10596:
10592:
10590:9781351960656
10586:
10582:
10581:
10575:
10563:
10559:
10557:9780367528454
10553:
10549:
10548:
10542:
10530:
10526:
10524:9788364091483
10520:
10516:
10515:
10509:
10505:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10474:
10470:
10464:
10460:
10455:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10404:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10366:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10348:
10336:
10332:
10330:9788361253501
10326:
10322:
10321:
10315:
10303:
10299:
10293:
10289:
10288:
10282:
10270:
10266:
10260:
10256:
10255:
10249:
10237:
10233:
10227:
10223:
10222:
10216:
10204:
10200:
10198:9781845459901
10194:
10190:
10189:
10183:
10171:
10167:
10161:
10157:
10156:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10133:
10121:
10117:
10115:
10111:
10105:
10100:
10096:
10091:
10087:
10082:
10078:
10074:
10070:
10065:
10053:
10049:
10047:9780801443312
10043:
10039:
10038:
10032:
10020:
10016:
10014:9780813572444
10010:
10006:
10005:
9999:
9987:
9983:
9981:9781784917722
9977:
9973:
9972:
9966:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9928:
9923:
9911:
9907:
9905:9780367484477
9901:
9897:
9896:
9890:
9878:
9874:
9872:9783540404781
9868:
9864:
9863:
9857:
9853:
9851:9789639776654
9847:
9843:
9839:
9834:
9822:
9818:
9816:9788379691340
9812:
9808:
9807:
9801:
9800:
9780:
9777:(in Polish),
9776:
9772:
9765:
9749:
9745:
9739:
9723:
9722:Portal Gov.pl
9719:
9713:
9697:
9693:
9687:
9680:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9653:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9623:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9593:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9562:
9555:
9551:
9548:
9543:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9501:
9497:
9490:
9488:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9456:
9454:
9446:
9443:
9439:
9436:
9431:
9421:
9412:
9403:
9401:
9384:
9380:
9374:
9358:
9354:
9348:
9332:
9328:
9322:
9315:
9312:
9308:
9305:
9299:
9291:
9285:
9281:
9274:
9265:
9249:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9198:
9196:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9164:(3): n. pag.
9163:
9159:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9138:
9132:
9128:
9121:
9119:
9109:
9103:
9099:
9092:
9090:
9073:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9022:
9015:
9012:
9008:
9005:
9000:
8984:
8980:
8973:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8913:
8904:
8902:9783319496450
8898:
8894:
8887:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8856:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8824:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8793:
8791:
8774:
8770:
8764:
8755:
8739:
8735:
8732:
8726:
8717:
8708:
8699:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8668:
8652:
8649:(in Polish).
8648:
8644:
8638:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8610:(2): 135–44.
8609:
8605:
8601:
8594:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8563:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8522:(19): 65–86.
8521:
8517:
8510:
8503:
8495:
8489:
8473:
8469:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8427:
8408:
8401:
8395:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8356:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8256:
8249:
8233:
8229:
8222:
8214:
8212:9788362363100
8208:
8204:
8203:
8195:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8153:
8150:(in Polish).
8149:
8142:
8135:
8133:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8090:
8086:
8080:
8072:
8070:9788375452624
8066:
8062:
8061:
8053:
8051:
8034:
8030:
8023:
8021:
8014:. 2009. p. 3.
8013:
8009:
8003:
7997:, p. 40.
7996:
7991:
7976:
7972:
7965:
7958:
7953:
7947:, p. 14.
7946:
7941:
7934:
7929:
7922:
7921:Obraniak 2007
7917:
7909:
7903:
7892:
7886:
7875:
7874:"1970 census"
7869:
7858:
7857:"1960 census"
7852:
7841:
7840:"1950 census"
7835:
7828:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7811:
7806:
7804:
7796:
7791:
7784:
7779:
7771:
7769:9788387749866
7765:
7761:
7760:
7752:
7745:
7740:
7738:
7736:
7719:
7715:
7709:
7693:
7689:
7683:
7681:
7664:
7660:
7654:
7638:
7634:
7628:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7586:
7582:
7576:
7560:
7556:
7550:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7490:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7460:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7430:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7340:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7303:
7298:
7292:, p. 91.
7291:
7286:
7280:, p. 90.
7279:
7274:
7267:
7262:
7260:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7237:
7229:
7227:9780429534805
7223:
7219:
7212:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7181:
7173:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7144:
7137:
7132:
7130:
7122:
7117:
7110:
7105:
7098:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7081:
7076:
7070:, p. 30.
7069:
7064:
7057:
7052:
7045:
7040:
7034:, p. XI.
7033:
7028:
7022:, p. 69.
7021:
7016:
7009:
7004:
6997:
6992:
6985:
6980:
6973:
6968:
6961:
6956:
6949:
6944:
6938:, p. 88.
6937:
6932:
6925:
6920:
6914:, p. 87.
6913:
6908:
6901:
6896:
6889:
6884:
6877:
6872:
6865:
6860:
6853:
6848:
6841:
6836:
6829:
6828:Wojalski 1992
6824:
6817:
6812:
6805:
6800:
6798:
6790:
6789:Karamouz 2021
6785:
6778:
6773:
6766:
6761:
6754:
6749:
6747:
6740:, p. 57.
6739:
6734:
6732:
6725:, p. 23.
6724:
6719:
6712:
6707:
6701:, p. 28.
6700:
6695:
6689:, p. 14.
6688:
6683:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6659:
6652:
6647:
6641:, p. 10.
6640:
6635:
6628:
6623:
6616:
6611:
6604:
6599:
6593:, p. 33.
6592:
6587:
6585:
6577:
6572:
6565:
6560:
6554:, p. 28.
6553:
6548:
6542:, p. 12.
6541:
6540:van Pelt 2015
6536:
6529:
6524:
6517:
6512:
6506:, p. 16.
6505:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6482:, p. 44.
6481:
6476:
6469:
6464:
6462:
6454:
6449:
6443:, p. 51.
6442:
6437:
6430:
6425:
6423:
6415:
6410:
6408:
6400:
6395:
6388:
6383:
6377:, p. 48.
6376:
6371:
6369:
6362:, p. 10.
6361:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6320:, p. 33.
6319:
6318:Podgarbi 1990
6314:
6307:
6302:
6295:
6290:
6288:
6280:
6275:
6268:
6263:
6256:
6251:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6212:
6205:
6200:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6181:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6132:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6091:(8): 082036.
6090:
6086:
6082:
6075:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6047:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6009:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5981:
5979:
5962:
5958:
5957:HarperCollins
5954:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5922:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5838:
5833:
5812:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5778:
5770:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5746:Other names:
5745:
5737:
5731:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5710:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5662:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5585:
5582:
5581:Poland portal
5571:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5186:
5177:
5166:
5157:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5073:Adam Szymczyk
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4913:Marek Olędzki
4911:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4896:(1883–1946),
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:(1916–2011),
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4861:Izabella Miko
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:Aharon Katzir
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:(1899–1970),
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4719:Marcin Gortat
4717:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:(1927–2008),
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4660:Marek Edelman
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4642:Karl Dedecius
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4630:Sabina Citron
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4612:Artur Brauner
4610:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4555:Yehuda Ashlag
4553:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4499:
4498:Marcin Gortat
4495:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4412:Sroki Łódź -
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:track cycling
4386:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4272:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4249:Christmas Eve
4247:
4243:
4239:
4238:mushroom soup
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4128:Grand Theatre
4126:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4106:Solomon Perel
4103:
4102:
4101:Europa Europa
4097:
4096:Andrzej Wajda
4093:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4040:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:Muzeum Sztuki
4003:
4002:Muzeum Sztuki
3994:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3951:Muzeum Sztuki
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3908:
3902:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3876:Museum of Art
3871:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3710:Sculpture of
3708:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3679:Andrzej Wajda
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3650:Leon Schiller
3645:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3515:
3509:
3501:
3495:
3484:
3478:
3469:
3463:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:urban renewal
3403:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:rapid transit
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:Moderus Gamma
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3294:Trams in Łódź
3285:
3282:
3276:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3221:commuter rail
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:New Silk Road
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3124:Dart trains.
3123:
3118:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:Orthodox Jews
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2967:representing
2966:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2684:According to
2678:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:Mean monthly
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2146:precipitation
2142:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:forced labour
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Romani people
1534:
1530:
1529:the Holocaust
1525:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:forced labour
1459:
1455:
1454:Germanisation
1450:
1448:
1447:Karl Litzmann
1444:
1439:
1438:Litzmannstadt
1433:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:entertainment
1304:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1254:Plac Wolności
1250:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1209:. During the
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1191:, the future
1190:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:White Factory
1089:
1088:steam-powered
1085:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1016:plac Wolności
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
983:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:Magdeburg Law
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
855:
850:
840:
834:
824:
822:
818:
813:
808:
804:
800:
795:
790:
780:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
762:Andrzej Wajda
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:Karl Litzmann
731:
730:Litzmannstadt
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:
705:
704:multinational
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
630:
620:
616:
612:
607:
602:
597:
593:
591:
587:
584:
581:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
561:
557:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:
532:
526:
522:
518:
515:
513:
509:
505:
503:
500: •
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
479:
476: •
474:
470:
466:
462:
452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395: •
393:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
372:
368:
363:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
329:
327:
323:
320:
309:
307:
303:
300:
289:
287:
283:
278:
250:Coordinates:
248:
223:
214:
208:
201:
194:
189:
182:
177:
166:
161:
153:
145:
139:
129:
128:White Factory
123:
115:
109:
95:
86:
80:
69:
63:
55:
49:
39:
32:
26:
22:
13222:
13202:Gmina Brójce
13190:Rural gminas
13172:Gmina Tuszyn
13101:Zduńska Wola
13081:Skierniewice
12981:Skierniewice
12969:
12911:
12907:
12899:
12895:
12877:
12845:
12841:Zduńska Wola
12803:
12791:
12772:Starachowice
12766:Skierniewice
12764:
12747:
12729:
12712:
12685:
12681:Stalowa Wola
12673:
12651:
12634:
12627:
12620:
12608:
12591:
12569:
12547:
12540:
12528:
12521:
12516:Jelenia Góra
12514:
12507:
12500:
12493:
12486:
12479:
12472:
12465:
12447:
12440:
12433:
12426:
12419:
12412:
12405:
12398:
12390:
12389:
12382:
12374:
12373:
12366:
12359:
12353:Zielona Góra
12351:
12350:
12343:
12336:
12329:
12321:
12320:
12313:
12305:
12304:
12297:
12289:
12288:
12280:
12279:
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12221:
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12203:
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12194:
12193:
12174:
12173:
12166:
12165:
12164:
12156:
12155:
12136:
12135:
12116:
12115:
12049:Łódź, Poland
12025:
12015:
12011:"Lodz"
11951:29 September
11949:. Retrieved
11930:
11914:. Retrieved
11895:
11881:, Łódź 2009
11878:
11866:, Łódź 2000
11863:
11845:. Retrieved
11821:
11802:
11791:. Retrieved
11771:
11758:. Retrieved
11740:
11727:. Retrieved
11709:
11696:. Retrieved
11676:
11663:. Retrieved
11643:
11630:. Retrieved
11602:
11583:. Retrieved
11563:
11550:. Retrieved
11534:
11521:. Retrieved
11501:
11488:. Retrieved
11468:
11455:. Retrieved
11435:
11422:. Retrieved
11405:
11401:
11385:. Retrieved
11365:
11352:. Retrieved
11334:
11321:. Retrieved
11301:
11288:. Retrieved
11268:
11255:. Retrieved
11235:
11222:. Retrieved
11206:
11193:. Retrieved
11177:
11164:. Retrieved
11144:
11131:. Retrieved
11111:
11098:. Retrieved
11078:
11065:. Retrieved
11045:
11032:. Retrieved
11012:
10999:. Retrieved
10979:
10966:. Retrieved
10946:
10933:. Retrieved
10913:
10900:. Retrieved
10880:
10867:. Retrieved
10847:
10834:. Retrieved
10814:
10801:. Retrieved
10781:
10768:. Retrieved
10748:
10735:. Retrieved
10719:. ABC-CLIO.
10715:
10702:. Retrieved
10682:
10669:. Retrieved
10652:
10648:
10632:. Retrieved
10612:
10599:. Retrieved
10579:
10566:. Retrieved
10546:
10533:. Retrieved
10513:
10485:
10481:
10458:
10446:. Retrieved
10411:
10395:. Retrieved
10375:
10371:
10351:
10339:. Retrieved
10319:
10306:. Retrieved
10286:
10273:. Retrieved
10253:
10240:. Retrieved
10220:
10207:. Retrieved
10187:
10174:. Retrieved
10154:
10136:
10124:. Retrieved
10107:
10094:
10085:
10068:
10056:. Retrieved
10036:
10023:. Retrieved
10003:
9990:. Retrieved
9970:
9957:. Retrieved
9937:
9933:
9914:. Retrieved
9894:
9881:. Retrieved
9861:
9837:
9825:. Retrieved
9805:
9796:Bibliography
9783:, retrieved
9774:
9764:
9752:. Retrieved
9738:
9728:20 September
9726:. Retrieved
9721:
9712:
9700:. Retrieved
9686:
9677:
9670:. Retrieved
9652:
9640:. Retrieved
9632:sksstart.com
9631:
9622:
9610:. Retrieved
9601:
9592:
9580:. Retrieved
9571:
9561:
9542:
9530:. Retrieved
9525:
9516:
9504:. Retrieved
9499:
9474:. Retrieved
9465:
9444:
9430:
9420:
9411:
9387:. Retrieved
9373:
9361:. Retrieved
9347:
9335:. Retrieved
9321:
9313:
9298:
9279:
9273:
9264:
9251:. Retrieved
9214:(2): 27–35.
9211:
9207:
9161:
9157:
9126:
9097:
9075:. Retrieved
9038:(2): 87–96.
9035:
9031:
9021:
9013:
8999:
8987:. Retrieved
8972:
8960:. Retrieved
8951:
8942:
8930:. Retrieved
8926:the original
8921:
8912:
8892:
8886:
8874:. Retrieved
8865:
8855:
8843:. Retrieved
8834:
8810:. Retrieved
8801:
8777:. Retrieved
8763:
8754:
8742:. Retrieved
8733:
8725:
8716:
8707:
8698:
8686:. Retrieved
8677:
8667:
8655:. Retrieved
8646:
8637:
8624:. Retrieved
8620:the original
8607:
8603:
8593:
8581:. Retrieved
8572:
8562:
8549:. Retrieved
8519:
8515:
8502:
8476:. Retrieved
8472:the original
8444:. Retrieved
8435:
8426:
8414:. Retrieved
8394:
8382:. Retrieved
8365:
8355:
8342:. Retrieved
8322:
8318:
8308:
8295:. Retrieved
8268:(19): 7–20.
8265:
8261:
8248:
8236:. Retrieved
8231:
8221:
8201:
8194:
8182:. Retrieved
8177:
8168:
8156:. Retrieved
8151:
8147:
8119:. Retrieved
8114:
8105:
8093:. Retrieved
8088:
8079:
8059:
8037:. Retrieved
8033:niedziela.pl
8032:
8007:
8002:
7995:Kossert 2010
7990:
7978:. Retrieved
7974:
7964:
7952:
7940:
7935:, p. 7.
7928:
7923:, p. 5.
7916:
7902:
7885:
7868:
7851:
7834:
7797:, p. 7.
7790:
7778:
7758:
7751:
7722:. Retrieved
7717:
7708:
7696:. Retrieved
7691:
7667:. Retrieved
7662:
7653:
7641:. Retrieved
7627:
7615:. Retrieved
7601:
7589:. Retrieved
7575:
7563:. Retrieved
7549:
7537:. Retrieved
7533:the original
7528:
7519:
7507:. Retrieved
7503:the original
7498:
7489:
7477:. Retrieved
7473:the original
7468:
7459:
7447:. Retrieved
7443:the original
7438:
7429:
7417:. Retrieved
7413:the original
7408:
7399:
7387:. Retrieved
7383:the original
7378:
7369:
7357:. Retrieved
7353:the original
7348:
7339:
7327:. Retrieved
7323:the original
7318:
7309:
7297:
7285:
7273:
7251:Radio Poland
7250:
7236:
7217:
7211:
7199:. Retrieved
7190:
7180:
7161:
7155:
7143:
7116:
7104:
7075:
7063:
7058:, p. L.
7051:
7039:
7027:
7015:
7003:
6991:
6979:
6967:
6955:
6943:
6931:
6919:
6907:
6895:
6883:
6876:Forczyk 2019
6871:
6864:Forczyk 2019
6859:
6852:Forczyk 2019
6847:
6840:Brunell 2005
6835:
6823:
6811:
6784:
6772:
6760:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6687:DiNardo 2010
6682:
6670:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6610:
6598:
6576:Wandycz 2001
6571:
6564:Wakeman 2020
6559:
6552:Charles 2015
6547:
6535:
6523:
6511:
6499:
6487:
6475:
6448:
6436:
6394:
6389:, p. 5.
6382:
6355:
6343:
6330:
6325:
6313:
6301:
6294:Brunell 2005
6281:, p. 1.
6274:
6262:
6250:
6238:. Retrieved
6218:
6211:
6199:
6180:
6168:. Retrieved
6159:
6150:
6131:
6088:
6084:
6074:
6062:. Retrieved
6033:. Retrieved
6019:
6008:
5996:. Retrieved
5989:
5967:16 September
5965:. Retrieved
5950:
5941:
5930:
5921:
5911:16 September
5909:. Retrieved
5897:
5888:
5876:ec.europa.eu
5875:
5866:
5853:. Retrieved
5811:
5633:
5542:
5535:
5530:(since 2015)
5514:(since 2014)
5498:(since 2008)
5482:(since 2003)
5466:(since 1999)
5450:(since 1996)
5434:(since 1996)
5418:(since 1996)
5402:(since 1995)
5386:(since 1994)
5370:(since 1993)
5354:(since 1993)
5338:(since 1991)
5336:, Lithuania
5322:(since 1991)
5306:(since 1988)
5290:(since 1972)
5268:
5198:
5094:Julian Tuwim
5085:Jack Tramiel
5049:Natan Spigel
5031:Ebi Smolarek
4833:Nathan Lewin
4779:Paul Kletzki
4758:Roman Kantor
4688:Dov Freiberg
4666:Jacob Eisner
4654:Karl Dominik
4579:Jurek Becker
4527:
4465:
4457:Buenos Aires
4450:
4419:
4414:Rugby league
4317:
4290:
4253:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4213:
4207:
4199:
4196:cabbage soup
4181:
4175:
4167:
4151:
4141:
4132:Teatr Wielki
4131:
4113:
4099:
4085:
4075:
4065:
4059:
4035:
3997:
3837:Ghetto Field
3836:
3832:
3829:Nazi Germany
3818:
3800:
3783:
3763:
3740:
3671:Andrzej Munk
3664:
3647:
3621:
3617:
3557:
3541:
3527:
3438:Skierniewice
3415:
3393:
3365:Łódź Kaliska
3350:
3313:
3278:
3226:
3166:
3126:
3110:
3083:
3055:
3013:
2958:
2914:
2846:
2837:Depopulation
2833:market-based
2814:
2695:feminisation
2683:
2672:Demographics
2663:
2657:
2655:
2615:
2595:
2583:Rada Miejska
2582:
2574:
2558:
2556:
2148:mm (inches)
1731:
1729:
1720:forest cover
1701:
1684:
1668:
1646:
1619:
1596:
1588:World War II
1585:
1496:
1489:
1482:Lućmierz-Las
1451:
1405:X Army Corps
1374:
1319:
1295:
1264:
1219:
1196:
1176:
1116:
1077:
1047:
996:
967:client state
930:
922:seal emblems
920:appeared on
918:coat of arms
860:
786:
777:City of Film
751:
725:World War II
722:
707:
658:
637:
636:
330:
203:Motto:
181:Coat of arms
25:
13167:Gmina Rzgów
12858:Bolesławiec
12847:Świnoujście
12368:Ruda Śląska
12267:Częstochowa
10448:25 November
10397:25 November
10378:(1): 3–27.
9724:(in Polish)
9672:15 November
9502:(in Polish)
9239:11089/20692
9063:11089/20697
8989:14 February
8657:10 November
8446:14 February
8384:30 December
8228:"Mariawici"
8154:(1): 87–104
8115:pomorska.pl
7148:Kłysik 1998
7136:Müller 2005
7020:Datner 1968
6738:Czerny 2006
6711:Berend 2013
6480:Leslie 1983
6399:Malone 2007
6387:Rosset 1962
6306:Lerski 1996
6204:Albert 2020
6170:3 September
5555:, and with
5553:Kaliningrad
5416:, Portugal
5106:Miś Uszatek
5067:Arthur Szyk
4977:Nobel Prize
4955:Ze'ev Raban
4883:Chief Rabbi
4743:Josef Joffe
4731:Józef Hecht
4591:Marek Belka
4549:Daniel Amit
4532:book series
4529:The Witcher
4437: [
4397:Widzew Łódź
4275:Atlas Arena
4260:Food trucks
4230:zimne nóżki
4188:sour cereal
4080:(1924) and
4077:Hotel Savoy
4072:Joseph Roth
3993:power plant
3979:Łódź Ghetto
3944:Film Museum
3841:Łódź Ghetto
3779:Księży Młyn
3767:Manufaktura
3530:state-owned
3418:Łódź Widzew
3400:station, a
3385:Manufaktura
3105:Manufaktura
3092:" and the "
3005:Evangelical
2956:in Poland.
2931:in 1992 by
2905:(left) and
2618:burgomaster
1499:Łódź Ghetto
1375:During the
1355:Łódź Ghetto
1346:Łódź Ghetto
1238:German army
1222:World War I
1181:in Poland (
1149:Księży Młyn
1070:Manufaktura
1042:domy tkaczy
1033:Piotrkowska
1029:cotton mill
945:burgomaster
914:agriculture
885:. In 1423,
817:willow tree
815:denoting a
743:Łódź Ghetto
714:Nobel Prize
661:town rights
549:Postal code
345:City rights
331:city county
306:Voivodeship
272: /
144:Manufaktura
114:Księży Młyn
13244:Categories
12892:city mayor
12793:Tarnobrzeg
12565:Inowrocław
12109:1,000,000+
11857:Yad Vashem
11750:1150542144
11654:8304024365
11512:0761829555
11479:1282427539
11446:8385132007
11246:0521226457
11155:0231043260
10792:8387931888
10623:1594546037
10437:11089/5816
10297:8390080605
10165:0253347556
10112:, and The
9940:: 173–85.
9702:8 November
9602:smslodz.pl
9466:culture.pl
9389:12 January
9363:12 January
9337:25 January
8744:12 October
8688:28 January
8416:11 January
7975:Wrocław.pl
7827:Cudny 2012
7643:14 January
7617:20 January
7591:20 January
7565:20 January
7539:20 January
7509:20 January
7479:20 January
7449:20 January
7419:20 January
7389:20 January
7359:20 January
7329:20 January
7266:Cudny 2016
7171:0300095686
7121:Dixon 2015
6900:Crowe 2021
6804:Cudny 2016
6663:Bujak 2007
6603:Cudny 2016
6591:Blanc 2021
6255:Rymut 1987
6240:8 February
5824:References
5543:After the
5538:Eurocities
5496:, Hungary
5480:, Ukraine
5432:, Finland
5400:, Georgia
5352:, Ukraine
5304:, Germany
5288:, Germany
5263:See also:
5241:Luxembourg
5061:Borys Szyc
4931:Adam Palma
4791:Lea Koenig
4764:Jan Karski
4694:and writer
4676:Max Factor
4407:Orzeł Łódź
4365:volleyball
4361:basketball
4348:volleyball
4204:cracklings
3796:Franciscan
3363:, whereas
3333:Pesa Swing
3292:See also:
3090:Manchester
3019:synagogues
2961:Protestant
2581:, and the
2542:Government
2290:(≥ 0.1 mm)
1474:Radogoszcz
1367:in all of
1340:See also:
1121:, chiefly
837:See also:
821:Old Polish
681:Napoleonic
445:Population
365:Government
260:19°27′17″E
257:51°46′37″N
13096:Wieruszów
13061:Poddębice
13046:Pabianice
13031:Łódź East
13006:Bełchatów
12972:(capital)
12900:burmistrz
12826:Ciechanów
12799:Kołobrzeg
12760:Zawiercie
12755:Wejherowo
12731:Ostrołęka
12725:Legionowo
12693:Bełchatów
12604:Pabianice
12530:Mysłowice
12509:Nowy Sącz
12481:Grudziądz
12428:Włocławek
12421:Wałbrzych
12299:Sosnowiec
12232:Białystok
12214:Bydgoszcz
12053:JewishGen
11719:749443747
11619:749406762
11611:1731-092X
11414:0458-1520
11344:0361-8250
10980:Factories
10661:643789098
10655:(21–22).
10504:1212-0014
10482:Geografie
10428:2079-4797
10384:1335-1257
10077:1641-9561
9946:1427-9711
9754:8 January
9532:14 August
9506:14 August
9248:0867-5856
9230:2080-6922
9186:0733-9488
9178:1943-5444
9112:(p. 103).
9072:0867-5856
9054:2080-6922
8922:urbact.eu
8632:(p. 142).
8616:2148-6670
8538:1733-3180
8374:0362-4331
8331:0860-3375
8325:: 77–91.
8284:1733-3180
8238:15 August
8184:15 August
8158:15 August
8121:15 August
8095:15 August
8039:15 August
7980:14 August
7724:14 August
7698:14 August
7669:14 August
7201:13 August
7044:Peck 1997
6123:1757-8981
6115:1757-899X
5751:‹See Tfd›
5540:network.
5510:Guangzhou
5448:, Mexico
5384:, Israel
5320:, France
5302:Stuttgart
5237:Lithuania
5089:Commodore
4543:, painter
4500:, former
4461:Argentina
4344:wrestling
4320:communism
4315:in 2022.
4216:bun with
4200:kapuśniak
4183:zalewajka
4169:Zalewajka
3986:Se-ma-for
3452:Education
3409:known as
3321:Pabianice
3191:and from
3155:Transport
3023:shtiebels
3001:Methodist
2997:Calvinist
2981:Pabianice
2969:Lutherans
2925:bishopric
2829:socialist
2817:fertility
2659:dzielnica
2644:from the
2563:town hall
1690:Geography
1411:Wehrmacht
1385:Army Łódź
1326:communist
1322:left-wing
1291:Civil War
1211:June Days
1156:socialist
1139:tenements
950:burmistrz
931:With the
807:canalised
560:Area code
512:Time zone
482:1,100,000
354:City Hall
13086:Tomaszów
13066:Radomsko
13056:Piotrków
13051:Pajęczno
13011:Brzeziny
12952:Counties
12873:Oświęcim
12863:Nowa Sól
12853:Żyrardów
12811:Radomsko
12720:Racibórz
12698:Świdnica
12675:Przemyśl
12616:Pruszków
12577:Stargard
12488:Jaworzno
12449:Koszalin
12252:100,000+
12241:Katowice
12205:Szczecin
12187:250,000+
12149:500,000+
12129:750,000+
12040:Archived
12000:Archived
11847:21 March
11841:Archived
11787:Archived
11754:Archived
11723:Archived
11692:Archived
11665:20 April
11659:Archived
11632:20 April
11623:Archived
11579:Archived
11552:20 April
11543:Archived
11517:Archived
11484:Archived
11451:Archived
11418:Archived
11381:Archived
11348:Archived
11317:Archived
11284:Archived
11251:Archived
11224:22 April
11215:Archived
11186:Archived
11160:Archived
11127:Archived
11094:Archived
11061:Archived
11028:Archived
10995:Archived
10962:Archived
10929:Archived
10896:Archived
10863:Archived
10830:Archived
10797:Archived
10764:Archived
10731:Archived
10698:Archived
10671:29 April
10665:Archived
10628:Archived
10595:Archived
10562:Archived
10529:Archived
10442:Archived
10388:Archived
10335:Archived
10302:Archived
10269:Archived
10236:Archived
10203:Archived
10170:Archived
10126:25 March
10120:Archived
10052:Archived
10019:Archived
9986:Archived
9950:Archived
9910:Archived
9877:Archived
9821:Archived
9779:archived
9748:Archived
9696:Archived
9666:Archived
9642:12 March
9636:Archived
9612:12 March
9606:Archived
9582:14 April
9576:Archived
9550:Archived
9476:30 March
9470:Archived
9438:Archived
9383:Archived
9357:Archived
9331:Archived
9307:Archived
9141:(p. 56).
9083:(p. 93).
9007:Archived
8983:Archived
8962:3 August
8956:Archived
8907:(p. 308)
8876:3 August
8870:Archived
8845:3 August
8839:Archived
8812:3 August
8806:Archived
8779:26 April
8773:Archived
8738:Archived
8682:Archived
8651:Archived
8577:Archived
8542:Archived
8488:cite web
8478:11 April
8440:Archived
8407:Archived
8378:Archived
8350:(p. 82).
8335:Archived
8303:(p. 10).
8288:Archived
7945:Cox 2014
7714:"Władze"
7637:Archived
7611:Archived
7585:Archived
7559:Archived
7244:Archived
7195:Archived
6360:Puś 1987
6234:Archived
6188:Archived
6164:Archived
6139:Archived
6058:Archived
6035:2 August
6029:Archived
5998:11 April
5961:Archived
5880:Archived
5849:Archived
5727:Polish:
5567:See also
5528:, China
5512:, China
5464:, Spain
5414:Barreiro
5382:Tel Aviv
5368:, China
5286:Chemnitz
5269:Łódź is
4925:O.S.T.R.
4839:attorney
4426:Grembach
4378:SMS Łódź
4369:handball
4353:ŁKS Łódź
4303:and the
4251:supper.
4226:galareta
4209:angielka
4192:kielbasa
4112:'s film
4070:(1898),
3804:Łódź Zoo
3757:and the
3749:and the
3735:Łódź Zoo
3217:regional
3137:Limerick
3094:lingerie
3066:dioceses
2954:atheists
2875:Religion
2865:Russians
2809:Source:
2593:county.
2477:Average
2472:1,767.3
2382:Average
2337:(≥ 0 cm)
2213:(22.76)
2144:Average
2139:(−24.0)
2134:(−12.3)
2084:(−17.3)
2079:(−24.0)
1704:lowlands
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1397:8th Army
1311:Lublinek
1289:and the
1281:and the
1198:Robotnik
902:Kuyavian
879:pastures
803:medieval
669:Kuyavian
590:Highways
453:655,279
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13076:Sieradz
13041:Opoczno
13026:Łęczyca
12908:italics
12906:are in
12836:Sieradz
12741:35,000+
12582:Gniezno
12571:Suwałki
12523:Siedlce
12474:Legnica
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12323:Olsztyn
12315:Gliwice
12282:Rzeszów
12158:Wrocław
12029:at the
11916:6 March
11195:27 July
9959:27 July
9827:29 July
9785:2 March
9526:Onet.pl
9500:Lodz.pl
9259:(p. 27)
9253:28 July
9208:Tourism
9077:18 July
9032:Tourism
8932:19 July
8734:lodz.pl
8678:lodz.pl
8626:20 July
8583:22 July
8551:17 July
8344:13 July
8297:13 July
8174:"O nas"
6093:Bibcode
5855:10 July
5615:in Łódź
5561:Belarus
5549:Ivanovo
5526:Chengdu
5430:Tampere
5398:Rustavi
5366:Tianjin
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5253:Ukraine
5249:Moldova
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5217:Austria
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1989:(39.0)
1984:(47.5)
1979:(56.7)
1974:(65.7)
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1964:(62.8)
1959:(56.8)
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1944:(31.5)
1939:(29.3)
1929:(55.8)
1924:(36.3)
1919:(44.2)
1914:(55.4)
1909:(66.4)
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1899:(76.8)
1894:(72.9)
1889:(66.9)
1884:(57.9)
1879:(45.3)
1874:(37.2)
1869:(34.2)
1859:(99.7)
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1844:(78.6)
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1834:(99.7)
1829:(99.1)
1824:(97.3)
1819:(90.9)
1814:(85.8)
1809:(74.8)
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13106:Zgierz
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13036:Łowicz
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12708:Zgierz
12703:Będzin
12659:Mielec
12629:Zamość
12622:Leszno
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12176:Poznań
12138:Kraków
12118:Warsaw
11942:
11907:
11885:
11870:
11833:
11809:
11793:18 May
11779:
11760:18 May
11748:
11729:18 May
11717:
11698:18 May
11684:
11651:
11617:
11609:
11585:18 May
11571:
11523:18 May
11509:
11490:18 May
11476:
11457:18 May
11443:
11424:18 May
11412:
11387:18 May
11373:
11354:18 May
11342:
11323:18 May
11309:
11290:18 May
11276:
11257:18 May
11243:
11166:18 May
11152:
11133:18 May
11119:
11100:18 May
11086:
11067:18 May
11053:
11034:18 May
11020:
11001:18 May
10987:
10968:18 May
10954:
10935:18 May
10921:
10902:18 May
10888:
10869:18 May
10855:
10836:18 May
10822:
10803:18 May
10789:
10770:18 May
10756:
10737:18 May
10723:
10704:18 May
10690:
10659:
10634:18 May
10620:
10601:18 May
10587:
10568:18 May
10554:
10535:18 May
10521:
10502:
10465:
10426:
10382:
10341:18 May
10327:
10308:18 May
10294:
10275:18 May
10261:
10242:18 May
10228:
10209:18 May
10195:
10176:18 May
10162:
10075:
10058:18 May
10044:
10025:18 May
10011:
9992:18 May
9978:
9944:
9916:18 May
9902:
9883:18 May
9869:
9848:
9813:
9286:
9246:
9228:
9184:
9176:
9133:
9104:
9070:
9052:
8899:
8614:
8573:Forbes
8557:p. 66.
8536:
8372:
8329:
8282:
8209:
8067:
7766:
7224:
7168:
6226:
6121:
6113:
6064:3 July
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316:
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1907:19.1
1902:24.6
1897:24.9
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1887:19.4
1882:14.4
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