Hepatitis - Knowledge

2102: 2914:(AH) in its severe form has a one-month mortality as high as 50%. Most people who develop AH are men but women are at higher risk of developing AH and its complications likely secondary to high body fat and differences in alcohol metabolism. Other contributing factors include younger age <60, binge pattern drinking, poor nutritional status, obesity and hepatitis C co-infection. It is estimated that as much as 20% of people with AH are also infected with hepatitis C. In this population, the presence of hepatitis C virus leads to more severe disease with faster progression to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and increased mortality. Obesity increases the likelihood of progression to cirrhosis in cases of alcoholic hepatitis. It is estimated that 70% of people who have AH will progress to cirrhosis. 3089:. The restaurant was purchasing its green onion stock from farms in Mexico at the time. It is believed that the green onions may have been contaminated through the use of contaminated water for crop irrigation, rinsing, or icing or by handling of the vegetables by infected people. Green onion had caused similar outbreaks of hepatitis A in the southern United States prior to this, but not to the same magnitude. The CDC believes that the restaurant's use of a large communal bucket for chopped raw green onion allowed non-contaminated plants to be mixed with contaminated ones, increasing the number of vectors of infection and amplifying the outbreak. The restaurant was closed once it was discovered to be the source, and over 9,000 people were given hepatitis A 1904: 2829:

infected, 25% become lifetime carriers of the virus. Risk of infection is highest among intravenous drug users, people with high-risk sexual behaviors, healthcare workers, people who had multiple transfusions, organ transplant patients, dialysis patients and newborns infected during the birthing process. Close to 780,000 deaths in the world are attributed to hepatitis B. The most endemic regions are in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia, where as many as 10% of adults are chronic carriers. Carrier rates in developed nations are significantly lower, encompassing less than 1% of the population. In endemic regions, transmission is thought to be associated with exposure during birth and close contact between young infants.

2561:, delineated as genotypes 1–6. Genotype 1 (GT1), which is the most prevalent genotype in the United States and around the world, can now be cured with a direct acting antiviral regimen. First-line therapy for GT1 is a combination of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir (SOF/LDV) for 12 weeks for most patients, including those with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Certain patients with early disease need only 8 weeks of treatment while those with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis who have not responded to prior treatment require 24 weeks. Cost remains a major factor limiting access to these drugs, particularly in low-resource nations; the cost of the 12-week GT1 regimen (SOF/LDV) has been estimated at US$ 94,500. 2640:(CS with NAC), and corticosteroids with pentoxifylline (CS with PTX). Data suggest that CS alone or CS with NAC are most effective at reducing short-term mortality. Unfortunately, corticosteroids are contraindicated in some patients, such as those who have active gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, kidney failure, or pancreatitis. In these cases PTX may be considered on a case-by-case basis in lieu of CS; some evidence shows PTX is better than no treatment at all and may be comparable to CS while other data show no evidence of benefit over placebo. Unfortunately, there are currently no drug treatments that decrease these patients' risk of dying in the longer term, at 3–12 months and beyond. 3114:, the likelihood of being infected with hepatitis C virus was six times greater in those who also had HIV. The prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection worldwide was estimated to be 6.2% representing more than 2.2 million people. Intravenous drug use was an independent risk factor for HCV infection. In the WHO study, the prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection was markedly higher at 82.4% in those who injected drugs compared to the general population (2.4%). In a study of HIV-HCV co-infection among HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM), the overall prevalence of anti-hepatitis C antibodies was estimated to be 8.1% and increased to 40% among HIV positive MSM who also injected drugs. 2445:(PEG IFN) is dosed just once a week as a subcutaneous injection and is both more convenient and effective than standard interferon. Although it does not develop resistance as do many of the oral antivirals, it is poorly tolerated and requires close monitoring. PEG IFN is estimated to cost about $ 18,000 per year in the United States, compared to $ 2,500–8,700 for the oral medications. Its treatment duration is 48 weeks, unlike oral antivirals which require indefinite treatment for most patients (minimum one year). PEG IFN is not effective in patients with high levels of viral activity and cannot be used in immunosuppressed patients or those with cirrhosis. 1706:(NASH) is a history of excessive alcohol use. Thus, in patients who have no or negligible alcohol use, the diagnosis is unlikely to be alcoholic hepatitis. In those who drink alcohol, the diagnosis may just as likely be alcoholic or nonalcoholic hepatitis especially if there is concurrent obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this case, alcoholic and nonalcoholic hepatitis can be distinguished by the pattern of liver enzyme abnormalities; specifically, in alcoholic steatohepatitis AST>ALT with ratio of AST:ALT>2:1 while in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ALT>AST with ratio of ALT:AST>1.5:1. 2274: 885:, cirrhosis, and liver cancer (most severe, least reversible). Hepatitis usually develops over years-long exposure to alcohol, occurring in 10 to 20% of alcoholics. The most important risk factors for the development of alcoholic hepatitis are quantity and duration of alcohol intake. Long-term alcohol intake in excess of 80 grams of alcohol a day in men and 40 grams a day in women is associated with development of alcoholic hepatitis (1 beer or 4 ounces of wine is equivalent to 12g of alcohol). Alcoholic hepatitis can vary from asymptomatic 1571: 2903:

infected pregnant women, Hepatitis E infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis with third trimester mortality rates as high as 30%. Those with weakened immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients, are also susceptible. Infection is rare in the United States but rates are high in the developing world (Africa, Asia, Central America, Middle East). Many genotypes exist and are differentially distributed around the world. There is some evidence of hepatitis E infection of animals, serving as a reservoir for human infection.

2186: 2972:, but these vaccines were stabilized with human serum, presumably contaminated with hepatitis viruses, which often created epidemics of hepatitis. It was suspected these epidemics were due to a separate infectious agent, and not due to the yellow fever virus itself, after noting 89 cases of jaundice in the months after vaccination out of a total 3,100 patients that were vaccinated. After changing the seed virus strain, no cases of jaundice were observed in the subsequent 8,000 vaccinations. 1356: 2865:

population. Most chronic carriers of hepatitis C are unaware of their infection status. The most common mode of transmission of hepatitis C virus is exposure to blood products via blood transfusions (prior to 1992) and intravenous drug injection. A history of intravenous drug injection is the most important risk factor for chronic hepatitis C. Other susceptible populations include those engaged in high-risk sexual behavior, infants of infected mothers, and healthcare workers.

697: 3068:

cirrhosis, while the monthly cost of people with decompensated (worsening) cirrhosis is almost five times as large at $ 3,682. The wide-ranging effects of hepatitis make it difficult to estimate indirect costs, but studies have speculated that the total cost is $ 6.5 billion annually in the United States. In Canada, 56% of HCV related costs are attributable to cirrhosis and total expenditures related to the virus are expected to peak at CAD$ 396 million in the year 2032.

2499:(RBV), which in combination have historically been the basis of therapy for HCV. Duration of and response to these treatments varies based on genotype. These agents are poorly tolerated but are still used in some resource-poor areas. In high-resource countries, they have been supplanted by direct acting antiviral agents, which first appeared in 2011; these agents target proteins responsible for viral replication and include the following three classes: 1790: 39: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1910: 2590: 2844: 2818: 3013:, a researcher at the NIH who did not set out to research hepatitis, but rather studied lipoprotein genetics. He travelled across the globe collecting blood samples, investigating the interplay between disease, environment, and genetics with the goal of designing targeted interventions for at-risk people that could prevent them from getting sick. He noticed an unexpected interaction between the blood of a patient with 524:, is a rare and life-threatening complication of acute hepatitis that can occur in cases of hepatitis B, D, and E, in addition to drug-induced and autoimmune hepatitis. The complication more frequently occurs in instances of hepatitis B and D co-infection at a rate of 2–20% and in pregnant women with hepatitis E at rate of 15–20% of cases. In addition to the signs of acute hepatitis, people can also demonstrate signs of 1907: 2068: 1896: 406: 2472:

EASL and WHO recommend treating when HBV DNA levels are detectable at any level. In patients with decompensated cirrhosis, treatment and evaluation for liver transplantation are recommended in all cases if HBV DNA is detectable. Currently, multidrug treatment is not recommended in treatment of chronic HBV as it is no more effective in the long term than individual treatment with entecavir or tenofovir.

3150:(AASLD) recommends antiviral therapy in pregnant women whose viral load exceeds 200,000 IU/mL. A growing body of evidence shows that antiviral therapy initiated in the third trimester significantly reduces transmission to the neonate. A systematic review of the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry database found that there was no increased risk of congenital anomalies with 2786:

Infection rates are highest in low resource countries with inadequate public sanitation and large concentrated populations. In such regions, as much as 90% of children younger than 10 years old have been infected and are immune, corresponding both to lower rates of clinically symptomatic disease and outbreaks. The availability of a childhood

3064:

complications. Chronic hepatitis B infections are not as endemic in the United States, but accounted for $ 357 million in hospitalization costs in the year 1990. That number grew to $ 1.5 billion in 2003, but remained stable as of 2006, which may be attributable to the introduction of effective drug therapies and vaccination campaigns.

3001:

with all of the educational and support resources that would come along with it. Others in the medical community spoke out in support of Krugman's research in terms of its widespread benefits and understanding of the hepatitis virus, and Willowbrook continues to be a commonly cited example in debates about medical ethics.

2699:

co-morbid medical conditions or initial presenting symptoms of ascites, edema, or encephalopathy. Overall, the mortality rate for acute hepatitis is low: ~0.1% in total for cases of hepatitis A and B, but rates can be higher in certain populations (super infection with both hepatitis B and D, pregnant women, etc.).

2685:

the initial phase has been completed, a maintenance phase that consists of lower dose corticosteroids, and in combination therapy, azathioprine until liver blood markers are normalized. Treatment results in 66–91% of patients achieving normal liver test values in two years, with the average being 22 months.

1155:

of cases present with signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis. As with other autoimmune diseases, autoimmune hepatitis usually affects young females (though it can affect patients of either sex of any age), and patients can exhibit classic signs and symptoms of autoimmunity such as fatigue, anemia, anorexia,

3054:

Overall, hepatitis accounts for a significant portion of healthcare expenditures in both developing and developed nations, and is expected to rise in several developing countries. While hepatitis A infections are self-limited events, they are associated with significant costs in the United States. It

2988:

in New York, a crowded urban facility where hepatitis infections were highly endemic to the student body. Krugman injected students with gamma globulin, a type of antibody. After observing the temporary protection against infection this antibody provided, he then tried injected live hepatitis virus

2684:

Treatment of autoimmune hepatitis consists of two phases; an initial and maintenance phase. The initial phase consists of higher doses of corticosteroids which are tapered down over a number of weeks to a lower dose. If used in combination, azathioprine is given during the initial phase as well. Once

2606:

First-line treatment of alcoholic hepatitis is treatment of alcoholism. For those who abstain completely from alcohol, reversal of liver disease and a longer life are possible; patients at every disease stage have been shown to benefit by prevention of additional liver injury. In addition to referral

2438:

is recommended to be extended to at least a year. All patients should be monitored for viral reactivation, which if identified, requires restarting treatment. Lamivudine is generally safe and well tolerated. Many patients develop resistance, which is correlated with longer treatment duration. If this

2304:

Diet: A high-calorie diet is recommended. Many people develop nausea and cannot tolerate food later in the day, so the bulk of intake may be concentrated in the earlier part of the day. In the acute phase of the disease, intravenous feeding may be needed if patients cannot tolerate food and have poor

2189:

Worldwide prevalence of HDV among HBV carriers in 2015. Eight genotypes have been identified worldwide by comparative phylogenetic analysis. Genotype 1 is the most frequent and has variable pathogenicity, Genotypes 2 and 4 are found in East Asia causing relatively mild disease. Genotype 3 is found in

2120:

For babies born to a mother with hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, the first dose is unique – in addition to the vaccine, the hepatitis immune globulin should also be administered, both within 12 hours of birth. These newborns should also be regularly tested for infection for at least the

1383:

leading to an inflammatory response which causes cellular damage and death, including viral-induced apoptosis via the induction of the death receptor-mediated signaling pathway. Depending on the strength of the immune response, the types of immune cells involved and the ability of the virus to evade

683:

Hepatitis B and C can present either acutely or chronically. Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20

679:

are exposed to infected blood and body fluids, such as semen and vaginal secretions. Viral particles have also been found in saliva and breastmilk. Kissing, sharing utensils, and breastfeeding do not lead to transmission unless these fluids are introduced into open sores or cuts. Many families who do

369:

affects about 5 million people. Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer. In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. The word is derived from the

6427:

The main cause of mortality after percutaneous liver biopsy is intraperitoneal haemorrhage as shown in a retrospective Italian study of 68 000 percutaneous liver biopsies in which all six patients who died did so from intraperitoneal haemorrhage. Three of these patients had had a laparotomy, and all

3076:

The largest outbreak of hepatitis A virus in United States history occurred among people who ate at a now-defunct Mexican food restaurant located in Monaca, Pennsylvania in late 2003. Over 550 people who visited the restaurant between September and October 2003 were infected with the virus, three of

3067:

People infected with chronic hepatitis C tend to be frequent users of the health care system globally. It has been estimated that a person infected with hepatitis C in the United States will result in a monthly cost of $ 691. That number nearly doubles to $ 1,227 for people with compensated (stable)

3063:

Hepatitis B accounts for a much larger percentage of health care spending in endemic regions like Asia. In 1997 it accounted for 3.2% of South Korea's total health care expenditures and resulted in $ 696 million in direct costs. A large majority of that sum was spent on treating disease symptoms and

3059:

are approximately $ 1817 and $ 2459 respectively per case, and that an average of 27 work days is lost per infected adult. A 1997 report demonstrated that a single hospitalization related to hepatitis A cost an average of $ 6,900 and resulted in around $ 500 million in total annual healthcare costs.

2864:

treatment in the 1950s–1980s. Currently in the United States, approximately 3.5 million adults are estimated to be infected. Hepatitis C is particularly prevalent among people born between 1945 and 1965, a group of about 800,000 people, with prevalence as high as 3.2% versus 1.6% in the general U.S.

2855:

is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is a common medical reason for liver transplantation due to its severe complications. It is estimated that 130–180 million people in the world are affected by this disease representing a little more than 3% of the world population.

2790:

has significantly reduced infections in the United States, with incidence declining by more than 95% as of 2013. Paradoxically, the highest rates of new infection now occur in young adults and adults who present with worse clinical illness. Specific populations at greatest risk include: travelers to

2754:

Chronic hepatitis C progresses towards cirrhosis, with estimates of cirrhosis prevalence of 16% at 20 years after infection. While the major causes of mortality in hepatitis C is end stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma is an important additional long term complication and cause of death in

2698:

Nearly all patients with hepatitis A infections recover completely without complications if they were healthy prior to the infection. Similarly, acute hepatitis B infections have a favorable course towards complete recovery in 95–99% of patients. Certain factors may portend a poorer outcome, such as

2434:

costly. Generally, the course of treatment is a minimum of one year with a minimum of six additional months of "consolidation therapy." Based on viral response, longer therapy may be required, and certain patients require indefinite long-term therapy. Due to a less robust response in Asian patients,

2361:

In healthy patients, 95–99% recover with no long-lasting effects, and antiviral treatment is not warranted. Age and comorbid conditions can result in a more prolonged and severe illness. Certain patients warrant hospitalization, especially those who present with clinical signs of ascites, peripheral

1737:

The purpose of screening for viral hepatitis is to identify people infected with the disease as early as possible, even before symptoms and transaminase elevations may be present. This allows for early treatment, which can both prevent disease progression and decrease the likelihood of transmission

10079:

Anonychuk, Andrea M.; Tricco, Andrea C.; Bauch, Chris T.; Pham, Ba'; Gilca, Vladimir; Duval, Bernard; John-Baptiste, Ava; Woo, Gloria; Krahn, Murray (2008-01-01). "Cost-effectiveness analyses of hepatitis A vaccine: a systematic review to explore the effect of methodological quality on the economic

8323:

Singh, Siddharth; Murad, Mohammad Hassan; Chandar, Apoorva K.; Bongiorno, Connie M.; Singal, Ashwani K.; Atkinson, Stephen R.; Thursz, Mark R.; Loomba, Rohit; Shah, Vijay H. (2015-10-01). "Comparative Effectiveness of Pharmacological Interventions for Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis: A Systematic Review

3017:

that had received multiple transfusions and a protein found in the blood of an indigenous Australian person. He named the protein the "Australia antigen" and made it the focus of his research. He found a higher prevalence of the protein in the blood of patients from developing countries, compared

2462:

First-line treatments currently used include PEG IFN, entecavir, and tenofovir, subject to patient and physician preference. Treatment initiation is guided by recommendations issued by The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the European Association for the Study of the

2433:

was the first approved oral nucleoside analogue. While effective and potent, lamivudine has been replaced by newer, more potent treatments in the Western world and is no longer recommended as first-line treatment. It is still used in areas where newer agents either have not been approved or are too

1154:

Autoimmune hepatitis can present anywhere within the spectrum from asymptomatic to acute or chronic hepatitis to fulminant liver failure. Patients are asymptomatic 25–34% of the time, and the diagnosis is suspected on the basis of abnormal liver function tests. Some studies show between 25% and 75%

897:

Many chemical agents, including medications, industrial toxins, and herbal and dietary supplements, can cause hepatitis. The spectrum of drug-induced liver injury varies from acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis to acute liver failure. Toxins and medications can cause liver injury through a variety

3000:

in 1966, arguing that parents were unaware to the risks of consent and that the research was done to benefit others at the expense of children. Moreover, he argued that poor families with mentally disabled children often felt pressured to join the research project to gain admission to the school,

2902:

manifests as large outbreaks and epidemics associated with fecal contamination of water sources. It accounts for more than 55,000 deaths annually with approximately 20 million people worldwide thought to be infected with the virus. It affects predominantly young adults, causing acute hepatitis. In

2785:

associated with fecal contamination of water and food sources. Hepatitis A viral infection is predominant in children ages 5–14 with rare infection of infants. Infected children have little to no apparent clinical illness, in contrast to adults in whom greater than 80% are symptomatic if infected.

1746:

Hepatitis A causes an acute illness that does not progress to chronic liver disease. Therefore, the role of screening is to assess immune status in people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, as well as in people with known liver disease for whom hepatitis A infection could lead to liver

2960:

recorded the first documentation of an epidemic jaundice, in particular noting the uniquely fulminant course of a cohort of patients who all died within two weeks. He wrote, "The bile contained in the liver is full of phlegm and blood, and erupts...After such an eruption, the patient soon raves,

2883:

virus causes chronic and fulminant hepatitis in the context of co-infection with the hepatitis B virus. It is primarily transmitted via non-sexual contact and via needles. Susceptibility to hepatitis D differs by geographic region. In the United States and Northern Europe, populations at risk are

2490:

Once it is acquired, persistence of the hepatitis C virus is the rule, resulting in chronic hepatitis C. The goal of treatment is prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The best way to reduce the long-term risk of HCC is to achieve sustained virological response (SVR). SVR is defined as an

2471:

levels, and in certain cases, family history of HCC and liver biopsy. In patients with compensated cirrhosis, treatment is recommended regardless of HBeAg status or ALT level, but recommendations differ regarding HBV DNA levels; AASLD recommends treating at DNA levels detectable above 2x10 IU/mL;

2082:

For children 12 months of age or older, the vaccination is given as a shot into the muscle in two doses 6–18 months apart and should be started before the age 24 months. The dosing is slightly different for adults depending on the type of the vaccine. If the vaccine is for hepatitis A

2041:

Hepatitis D is extremely rare. Symptoms include chronic diarrhea, anal and intestinal blisters, purple urine, and burnt popcorn scented breath. Screening consists of a blood test that detects the anti-hepitits D virus antibbody. If anti-hepitits D virus antibody is present, a confirmatory test to

687:

Unlike hepatitis B, most cases of hepatitis C lead to chronic infection. Hepatitis C is the second most common cause of cirrhosis in the US (second to alcoholic hepatitis). In the 1970s and 1980s, blood transfusions were a major factor in spreading hepatitis C virus. Since widespread screening of

2746:

Acute hepatitis B infections become less likely to progress to chronic forms as the age of the patient increases, with rates of progression approaching 90% in vertically transmitted cases of infants compared to 1% risk in young adults. Overall, the five-year survival rate for chronic hepatitis B

2964:

Given the poor sanitary conditions of war, infectious jaundice played a large role as a major cause of mortality among troops in the Napoleonic Wars, the American Revolutionary War, and both World Wars. During World War II, estimates of soldiers affected by hepatitis were upwards of 10 million.

3818:

Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Zian; Coates, Matthew M.; Coggeshall, Megan; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina;

3200:

vertical transmission range from 2–8%; a 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis found the risk to be 5.8% in HCV-positive, HIV-negative women. The same study found the risk of vertical transmission to be 10.8% in HCV-positive, HIV-positive women. Other studies have found the risk of vertical

3134:

cases each year, with 35–50% of transmission from mother to neonate in endemic countries. Vertical transmission occurs largely via a neonate's exposure to maternal blood and vaginal secretions during birth. While the risk of progression to chronic infection is approximately 5% among adults who

2948:

Initial accounts of a syndrome that we now think is likely to be hepatitis begin to occur around 3000 B.C. Clay tablets that served as medical handbooks for the ancient Sumerians described the first observations of jaundice. The Sumerians believed that the liver was the home of the soul, and

2828:

is the most common cause of viral hepatitis in the world with more than 240 million chronic carriers of the virus, 1 million of whom are in the United States. In approximately two-thirds of patients who develop acute hepatitis B infection, no identifiable exposure is evident. Of those acutely

2758:

Rates of mortality increase with progression of the underlying liver disease. Series of patients with compensated cirrhosis due to HCV have shown 3,5, and 10-year survival rates of 96, 91, and 79% respectively. The 5-year survival rate drops to 50% upon if the cirrhosis becomes decompensated.

1985:

For people in the groups above whose exposure is ongoing, screening should be periodic, though there is no set optimal screening interval. The AASLD recommends screening men who have sex with men who are HIV-positive annually. People born in the US between 1945 and 1965 should be screened once

1644:

can all identify steatosis (fatty changes) of the liver tissue and nodularity of the liver surface suggestive of cirrhosis. CT and especially MRI are able to provide a higher level of detail, allowing visualization and characterize such structures as vessels and tumors within the liver. Unlike

2680:

Autoimmune hepatitis is commonly treated by immunosuppressants such as the corticosteroids prednisone or prednisolone, the active version of prednisolone that does not require liver synthesis, either alone or in combination with azathioprine, and some have suggested the combination therapy is

3717:

Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Dilegge, Tina; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.;

2486:

The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (AASLD-IDSA) recommend antiviral treatment for all patients with chronic hepatitis C infection except for those with additional chronic medical conditions that limit their life expectancy.

569:

purposes or to evaluate non-specific symptoms. As the inflammation progresses, patients can develop constitutional symptoms similar to acute hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and joint pain. Jaundice can occur as well, but much later in the disease process and is

2730:

Despite the relatively benign course of most viral cases of hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis represents a rare but feared complication. Fulminant hepatitis most commonly occurs in hepatitis B, D, and E. About 1–2% of cases of hepatitis E can lead to fulminant hepatitis, but pregnant women are

2750:

Most patients who acquire hepatitis D at the same time as hepatitis B (co-infection) recover without developing a chronic infection. In people with hepatitis B who later acquire hepatitis D (superinfection), chronic infection is much more common at 80–90%, and liver disease progression is

1222:

diseases involving abnormal storage of minerals. In hemochromatosis, excess amounts of iron accumulate in multiple body sites, including the liver, which can lead to cirrhosis. In Wilson's disease, excess amounts of copper accumulate in the liver and brain, causing cirrhosis and dementia.

2610:

Severe alcoholic hepatitis has a poor prognosis and is notoriously difficult to treat. Without any treatment, 20–50% of patients may die within a month, but evidence shows treatment may extend life beyond one month (i.e., reduce short-term mortality). Available treatment options include

1629:

are elevated in most cases of hepatitis regardless of whether the person shows any symptoms. The degree of elevation (i.e. levels in the hundreds vs. in the thousands), the predominance for AST vs. ALT elevation, and the ratio between AST and ALT are informative of the diagnosis.

564:

Acute cases of hepatitis are seen to be resolved well within a six-month period. When hepatitis is continued for more than six months it is termed chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic early in its course and is detected only by liver laboratory studies for

3819:

Foreman, Kyle; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fraser, Maya S.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Huynh, Chantal; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kinfu, Yohannes; et al. (October 2016).

2731:

particularly susceptible, occurring in up to 20% of cases. Mortality rates in cases of fulminant hepatitis rise over 80%, but those patients that do survive often make a complete recovery. Liver transplantation can be life-saving in patients with fulminant liver failure.

1586:. In general, for viral hepatitis and other acute causes of hepatitis, the person's blood tests and clinical picture are sufficient for diagnosis. For other causes of hepatitis, especially chronic causes, blood tests may not be useful. In this case, liver biopsy is the 614:

Causes of hepatitis can be divided into the following major categories: infectious, metabolic, ischemic, autoimmune, genetic, and other. Infectious agents include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Metabolic causes include prescription medications, toxins (most notably

5701:

Alexopoulou, Alexandra; Deutsch, Melanie; Ageletopoulou, Johanna; Delladetsima, Johanna K.; Marinos, Evangelos; Kapranos, Nikiforos; Dourakis, Spyros P. (May 2003). "A fatal case of postinfantile giant cell hepatitis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia".

1906: 3718:

Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Tom; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kawashima, Toana; et al. (October 2016).

2414:

is safe, well tolerated, less prone to developing resistance, and the most potent of the existing hepatitis B antivirals; it is thus a first-line treatment choice. It is not recommended for lamivudine-resistant patients or as monotherapy in patients who are HIV

2607:

to psychotherapy and other treatment programs, treatment should include nutritional and psychosocial evaluation and treatment. Patients should also be treated appropriately for related signs and symptoms, such as ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and infection.

8034:

Messori, Andrea; Badiani, Brigitta; Trippoli, Sabrina (2015-12-01). "Achieving Sustained Virological Response in Hepatitis C Reduces the Long-Term Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Updated Meta-Analysis Employing Relative and Absolute Outcome Measures".

341:. Medications may be used to treat chronic viral hepatitis. Antiviral medications are recommended in all with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their life expectancy. There is no specific treatment for NASH; physical activity, a 2342:, especially the elderly and those who had a pre-existing liver disease, especially hepatitis C. Mortality risk factors include greater age and chronic hepatitis C. In these cases, more aggressive supportive therapy and liver transplant may be necessary. 1226:

When the liver is involved, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and Wilson's disease tend to present as hepatitis in the neonatal period or in childhood. Hemochromatosis typically presents in adulthood, with the onset of clinical disease usually after age 50.

2422:

was the first therapy approved for chronic hepatitis B. It has several side effects, most of which are reversible with removal of therapy, but it has been supplanted by newer treatments for this indication. These include long-acting interferon bound to

1070:, which additionally involves liver cell death, liver inflammation and possible fibrosis. Factors accelerating progression from NAFLD to NASH are obesity, older age, non-African American ethnicity, female gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, higher 10687:"A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part 1: Immunization of Infants, Children, and Adolescents" 5561: 2935:. Worldwide, the estimated prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma related to NAFLD is 15–30%. NASH is thought to be the primary cause of cirrhosis in approximately 25% of patients in the United States, representing 1–2% of the general population. 3219:

are at significant risk of developing fulminant hepatitis with maternal mortality rates as high as 20–30%, most commonly in the third trimester . A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 studies that included 3968 people found maternal

2207:

Hepatitis E is spread primarily through the oral-fecal route but may also be spread by blood and from mother to fetus. The mainstay of hepatitis E prevention is similar to that for hepatitis A (namely, good hygiene and clean water practices).

7908:

Wright NMJ, Millson CE, Tompkins CNE (2005). What is the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to reduce hepatitis C infection and the associated morbidity? Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe (Health Evidence Network report;

3060:

Cost effectiveness studies have found widespread vaccination of adults to not be feasible, but have stated that a combination hepatitis A and B vaccination of children and at risk groups (people from endemic areas, healthcare workers) may be.

486:

and potentially a persistently enlarged liver. All cases of hepatitis A and E are expected to fully resolve after 1–2 months. Most hepatitis B cases are also self-limiting and will resolve in 3–4 months. Few cases of hepatitis C will resolve

2457:

is a nucleotide analogue and an antiretroviral drug that is also used to treat HIV infection. It is preferred to adefovir both in lamivudine-resistant patients and as initial treatment since it is both more potent and less likely to develop

1338:

The specific mechanism varies and depends on the underlying cause of the hepatitis. Generally, there is an initial insult that causes liver injury and activation of an inflammatory response, which can become chronic, leading to progressive

2116:

Routine vaccination for hepatitis B starts with the first dose administered as a shot into the muscle before the newborn is discharged from the hospital. An additional two doses should be administered before the child is 18 months.

1131:. Other autoantibodies that are less common but more specific to autoimmune hepatitis are the antibodies against liver kidney microsome 1 (LKM1) and soluble liver antigen (SLA). Autoimmune hepatitis can also be triggered by drugs (such as 364:

Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people. In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and

2926:

in the United States by 2020, supplanting chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C. About 20–45% of the U.S. population have NAFLD and 6% have NASH. The estimated prevalence of NASH in the world is 3–5%. Of NASH patients who develop

3018:

to those from developed ones, and noted associations of the antigen with other diseases like leukemia and Down Syndrome. Eventually, he came to the unifying conclusion that the Australia antigen was associated with viral hepatitis.

2194:

The hepatitis D virus requires that a person first be infected with hepatitis B virus, so prevention efforts should focus on limiting the spread of hepatitis B. In people who have chronic hepatitis B infection and are at risk for

3135:

contract the virus, it is as high as 95% among neonates subject to vertical transmission. The risk of viral transmission is approximately 10–20% when maternal blood is positive for HBsAg, and up to 90% when also positive for

499:

can present very similarly to acute viral hepatitis, with slight variations in symptoms depending on the cause. Cases of drug-induced hepatitis can manifest with systemic signs of an allergic reaction including rash, fever,

1645:

steatosis and cirrhosis, no imaging test is able to detect liver inflammation (i.e. hepatitis) or fibrosis. Liver biopsy is the only definitive diagnostic test that is able to assess inflammation and fibrosis of the liver.

2334:

Hepatitis A usually does not progress to a chronic state, and rarely requires hospitalization. Treatment is supportive and includes such measures as providing intravenous (IV) hydration and maintaining adequate nutrition.

2702:

In contrast to hepatitis A & B, hepatitis C carries a much higher risk of progressing to chronic hepatitis, approaching 85–90%. Cirrhosis has been reported to develop in 20–50% of patients with chronic hepatitis C.

3029:

at London's Middlesex Hospital, and named the virion the 42-nm "Dane particle". Based on its association with the surface of the hepatitis B virus, the Australia antigen was renamed to "hepatitis B surface antigen" or

680:

not have safe drinking water or live in unhygienic homes have contracted hepatitis because saliva and blood droplets are often carried through the water and blood-borne illnesses spread quickly in unsanitary settings.

2252:

In the United States new cases of hepatitis B decreased 75% from 1990 to 2004. The group that saw the greatest decrease was children and adolescents, likely reflecting the implementation of the 1999 guidelines.

1330:, and in such cases, biopsy often shows large multinucleated cells in the liver tissue. This disease is termed giant cell hepatitis and may be associated with viral infection, autoimmune disorders, and drug toxicity. 7158: 2856:

In the developing regions of Africa, Asia and South America, prevalence can be as high as 10% of the population. In Egypt, rates of hepatitis C infection as high as 20% have been documented and are associated with

2597:

Similar to hepatitis A, treatment of hepatitis E is supportive and includes rest and ensuring adequate nutrition and hydration. Hospitalization may be required for particularly severe cases or for pregnant women.

11029: 11014: 2439:

occurs, an additional antiviral is added. Lamivudine as a single treatment is contraindicated in patients coinfected with HIV, as resistance develops rapidly, but it can be used as part of a multidrug regimen.

1690:) and antibodies. The combination of antigen and antibody positivity can provide information about the stage of infection (acute or chronic), the degree of viral replication, and the infectivity of the virus. 5540: 2491:

undetectable viral load at 12 weeks after treatment completion and indicates a cure. Currently available treatments include indirect and direct acting antiviral drugs. The indirect acting antivirals include

10826:

Shi, Zhongjie; Yang, Yuebo; Ma, Lin; Li, Xiaomao; Schreiber, Ann (2010-07-01). "Lamivudine in late pregnancy to interrupt in utero transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1384:

the body's defense, infection can either lead to clearance (acute disease) or persistence (chronic disease) of the virus. The chronic presence of the virus within liver cells results in multiple waves of

1097:

can demonstrate inflammation and fibrosis characteristic of NASH. 9 to 25% of patients with NASH develop cirrhosis. NASH is recognized as the third most common cause of liver disease in the United States.

1598:. Biopsy is typically not the initial diagnostic test because it is invasive and is associated with a small but significant risk of bleeding that is increased in people with liver injury and cirrhosis. 3821:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1218:

mutation in the gene for alpha-1-antitrypsin results in the abnormal accumulation of the mutant AAT protein within liver cells, leading to liver disease. Hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease are both

3559: 3720:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 3146:

recommends screening all pregnant women for HBV at their first prenatal visit. It is safe for non-immune pregnant women to receive the HBV vaccine. Based on the limited available evidence, the

2281:

Because people with alcoholic hepatitis may have no symptoms, it can be difficult to diagnose and the number of people with the disease is probably higher than many estimates. Programs such as

1989:

Screening consists of a blood test that detects anti-hepatitis C virus antibody. If anti-hepatitis C virus antibody is present, a confirmatory test to detect HCV RNA indicates chronic disease.

2381:

In these rare, more severe acute cases, patients have been successfully treated with antiviral therapy similar to that used in cases of chronic hepatitis B, with nucleoside analogues such as

1286:

Hepatitis can also occur in neonates and is attributable to a variety of causes, some of which are not typically seen in adults. Congenital or perinatal infection with the hepatitis viruses,

1112:

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease caused by an abnormal immune response against liver cells. The disease is thought to have a genetic predisposition as it is associated with certain

3687: 3207:

For women who are HCV-positive and HIV-negative, breastfeeding is safe. CDC guidelines suggest avoiding it if a woman's nipples are cracked or bleeding to reduce the risk of transmission.

461:, poor appetite, joint pain, and headaches. Fever, when present, is most common in cases of hepatitis A and E. Late in this phase, people can experience liver-specific symptoms, including 7368: 5100:

Abdelmalek, MF; Diehl AM (2015). "Chapter 364: Nonalcoholic Liver Diseases and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis". In Kasper, D; Fauci, A; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (eds.).

1475:

eventually develops setting up events that lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Microscopically, changes that can be seen include steatosis with large and swollen hepatocytes (

6724:

Neuman, Manuela G.; French, Samuel W.; French, Barbara A.; Seitz, Helmut K.; Cohen, Lawrence B.; Mueller, Sebastian; Osna, Natalia A.; Kharbanda, Kusum K.; Seth, Devanshi (2014-12-01).

2319:

should be observed. Isolation is usually not needed, except in cases of hepatitis A and E who have fecal incontinence, and in cases of hepatitis B and C who have uncontrolled bleeding.

3400: 688:

blood products for hepatitis C began in 1992, the risk of acquiring hepatitis C from a blood transfusion has decreased from approximately 10% in the 1970s to 1 in 2 million currently.

1578:

Diagnosis of hepatitis is made on the basis of some or all of the following: a person's signs and symptoms, medical history including sexual and substance use history, blood tests,

471:

follow the prodrome after about 1–2 weeks and can last for up to 4 weeks. The non-specific symptoms seen in the prodromal typically resolve by this time, but people will develop an

10608: 2101: 2261:

Hepatitis C infections each year had been declining since the 1980s, but began to increase again in 2006. The data are unclear as to whether the decline can be attributed to

7166: 1244:(also known as shock liver) results from reduced blood flow to the liver as in shock, heart failure, or vascular insufficiency. The condition is most often associated with 11952: 2575:

Hepatitis D is difficult to treat, and effective treatments are lacking. Interferon alpha has proven effective at inhibiting viral activity but only on a temporary basis.

1833:

Born in the United States whose parents are from countries where the prevalence of hepatitis B is very high (defined as ≥8% of the population), and who were not vaccinated

9263:

Wree, Alexander; Broderick, Lori; Canbay, Ali; Hoffman, Hal M.; Feldstein, Ariel E. (2013-11-01). "From NAFLD to NASH to cirrhosis-new insights into disease mechanisms".

7655: 1671:

antigen), anti-viral antibodies (such as the anti-hepatitis B surface antibody or anti-hepatitis A antibody), or viral DNA/RNA. In early infection (i.e. within 1 week),

7049:

Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: Systematic Review to Update the 2004 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation

10014:

Koslap-Petraco, Mary Beth; Shub, Mitchell; Judelsohn, Richard (2008). "Hepatitis A: Disease Burden and Current Childhood Vaccination Strategies in the United States".

1679:

antibodies are present and remain in the body for up to years. Therefore, when a patient is positive for IgG antibody but negative for IgM antibody, he is considered

873:

Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S. Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of

10479: 6892:

Voise, Nathan (Oct 2011). "Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A shot at hepatitis prevention".

2672:

The main treatment of NASH is gradual weight loss and increased physical activity. In the United States, no medications have been approved to treat this disease.

2136:

There are currently no vaccines available in the United States for hepatitis C or E. In 2015, a group in China published an article regarding the development of a

2884:

intravenous drug users and people who receive multiple transfusions. In the Mediterranean, hepatitis D is predominant among hepatitis B virus co-infected people.

2401:

Chronic hepatitis B management aims to control viral replication, which is correlated with progression of disease. Seven drugs are approved in the United States:

649:

is the most common type of hepatitis worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. Viral hepatitis is caused by five different viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E).

10568:

Platt, Lucy; Easterbrook, Philippa; Gower, Erin; McDonald, Bethan; Sabin, Keith; McGowan, Catherine; Yanny, Irini; Razavi, Homie; Vickerman, Peter (2016-02-24).

8372:"The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of STeroids Or Pentoxifylline for Alcoholic Hepatitis (STOPAH): a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial" 7052:. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 7451: 10433:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003-11-28). "Hepatitis A outbreak associated with green onions at a restaurant—Monaca, Pennsylvania, 2003".

8370:

Thursz, Mark; Forrest, Ewan; Roderick, Paul; Day, Christopher; Austin, Andrew; O'Grady, John; Ryder, Stephen; Allison, Michael; Gleeson, Dermot (2015-12-01).

3446:

Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.

1439:, chronic excess alcohol use is the culprit. Though the inciting event may differ, the progression of events is similar and begins with accumulation of free 4835:

Lee, WM; Dienstag, JL (2015). "Chapter 361: Toxic and Drug-Induced Hepatitis". In Kasper, D; Fauci, A; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (eds.).

3201:

transmission to be as high as 44% among HIV-positive women. The risk of vertical transmission is higher when the virus is detectable in the mother's blood.

3154:; for this reason, along with its potency and low risk of resistance, the AASLD recommends this drug. A 2010 systematic review and meta-analysis found that 2658:

may be used to evaluate the severity and prognosis in alcoholic hepatitis and evaluates the efficacy of using alcoholic hepatitis corticosteroid treatment.

3162: 3147: 2014: 1935: 1810: 11130: 10361:

Myers, Robert P.; Krajden, Mel; Bilodeau, Marc; Kaita, Kelly; Marotta, Paul; Peltekian, Kevork; Ramji, Alnoor; Estes, Chris; Razavi, Homie (2014-05-01).

3567: 4801:

Mailliard, ME; Sorrell, MF (2015). "Chapter 363: Alcoholic Liver Disease". In Kasper, D; Fauci, A; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (eds.).

7523: 2408:, a nucleotide analogue, has been used to supplement lamivudine in patients who develop resistance, but is no longer recommended as first-line therapy. 1574:

Histopathology of acute hepatitis with lobular disarray and associated lymphocytic inflammation, acidophil body formation (arrow) and bilirubinostasis.

3902: 3037:

Blumberg continued to study the antigen, and eventually developed the first hepatitis B vaccine using plasma rich in HBsAg, for which he received the

7888: 2079:

for all children beginning at age one, as well as for those who have not been previously immunized and are at high risk for contracting the disease.

10694: 684:

to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. Infection in infants and children frequently leads to chronic infection.

11634: 2989:

into students. Krugman also controversially took feces from infected students, blended it into milkshakes, and fed it to newly admitted children.

2681:

preferred to allow for lower doses of corticosteroids to reduce associated side effects, although the result of treatment efficacy is comparative.

10248:

Lavanchy, D. (2004-03-01). "Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures".

7402: 7360: 3695: 1879:). If HBsAg is present, a second test – usually done on the same blood sample – that detects the antibody for the hepatitis B core antigen (anti- 995:

linked more than 16% of cases of hepatotoxicity to herbal and dietary supplements. In the United States, herbal and dietary supplements – unlike

6806: 1431:

is seen in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease and is the culmination of a cascade of events that began with injury. In the case of

2244:

In the United States, universal immunization has led to a two-thirds decrease in hospital admissions and medical expenses due to hepatitis A.

1179:. Autoimmune hepatitis increases the risk for cirrhosis, and the risk for liver cancer is increased by about 1% for each year of the disease. 7094: 6932: 3408: 4477: 1272:). The condition usually resolves if the underlying cause is treated successfully. Ischemic hepatitis rarely causes permanent liver damage. 11229: 5133: 4679:

Friedman, Lawrence S. (2015). "Chapter 16: Liver, Biliary Tract, & Pancreas Disorders". In Papadakis, M; McPhee, SJ; Rabow, MW (eds.).

2006: 1927: 1806: 5213: 3158:

initiated early in the third trimester also significantly reduced mother-to-child transmission of HBV, without any known adverse effects.

1830:

Born in countries where the prevalence of hepatitis B is high (defined as ≥2% of the population), whether or not they have been vaccinated

185:. Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes ( 10569: 7702: 5038: 5017: 4713:

Harder, A; Mehlhorn, H (2008). "Diseases Caused by Adult Parasites or Their Distinct Life Cycle Stages". In Weber, O; Protzer, U (eds.).

4358: 2655: 2216:

As excessive alcohol consumption can lead to hepatitis and cirrhosis, the following are maximal recommendations for alcohol consumption:

1451:'s ability to maintain lipid homeostasis leading to a toxic effect as fat molecules accumulate and are broken down in the setting of an 8010: 7881:"Commentary | U.S. 2013 Surveillance Data for Viral Hepatitis | Statistics & Surveillance | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC" 7006: 5517: 4050:

Dienstag, JL (2015). "Chapter 360: Acute Viral Hepatitis". In Kasper, D; Fauci, A; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (eds.).

2992:

His research was received with much controversy, as people protested the questionable ethics surrounding the chosen target population.

11268: 10304:

Younossi, Z. M.; Kanwal, F.; Saab, S.; Brown, K. A.; El-Serag, H. B.; Kim, W. R.; Ahmed, A.; Kugelmas, M.; Gordon, S. C. (2014-03-01).

3082: 1998: 1919: 1883:) can differentiate between acute and chronic infection. People who are high-risk whose blood tests negative for HBsAg can receive the 1798: 991:

are another important cause of hepatitis; these are the most common causes of drug-induced hepatitis in Korea. The United-States-based

2312:

are not recommended as a treatment option for acute viral hepatitis and may even cause harm, such as development of chronic hepatitis.

1047:

Non-alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of non-alcoholic liver disease (NALD), which ranges in severity and reversibility from

12428: 10651:

Tassopoulos, NC; et al. (June 1987). "Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis in Greek adults".

8725:"Estimation of stage-specific fibrosis progression rates in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis and meta-regression" 5679: 3375: 2451:

is effective but not recommended as first-line treatment; as compared to entecavir, it is both less potent and more resistance prone.

910:

cause idiosyncratic and unpredictable reactions that vary by person. There are wide variations in the mechanisms of liver injury and

5075: 4226:

Dienstag, JL (2015). "Chapter 362: Chronic Hepatitis". In Kasper, D; Fauci, A; Hauser, S; Longo, D; Jameson, J; Loscalzo, J (eds.).

582:, a condition in which the liver's ability to function is permanently impeded. This results in jaundice, weight loss, coagulopathy, 7429: 7247: 1813:

recommend routine hepatitis B screening for certain high-risk populations. Specifically, these populations include people who are:

9072: 2651:) without causing side effects, but a firm recommendation cannot be made for or against milk thistle without further study. 1051:(NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis to liver cancer, similar to the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease. 570:

typically a sign of advanced disease. Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal functions of the liver which can result in acne,

11123: 8927: 8898: 8780:

Fattovich, G (1997). "Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective follow-up study of 384 patients".

7795: 7491: 7310: 6863: 4549: 4448: 2301:

Activity: Many people with hepatitis prefer bed rest, though it is not necessary to avoid all physical activity while recovering.

2667: 8692:

Abbas, Zaigham; Ali, Syed Salman; Shazi, Lubna (2015-06-02). "Interferon alpha versus any other drug for chronic hepatitis D".

7647: 5461:

Teckman, Jeffrey H. (2013-03-07). "Liver Disease in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: Current Understanding and Future Therapy".

3876: 2177:, abstaining from the use of injection drugs, safe needle and sharps practices in healthcare settings, and safe sex practices. 2105:

WHO-UNICEF estimates of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-BD) coverage in countries from the European WHO region in the years 2000–2015

1054:

Non-alcoholic liver disease occurs in people with little or no history of alcohol use, and is instead strongly associated with

67: 10720:

Terrault, Norah A.; Bzowej, Natalie H.; Chang, Kyong-Mi; Hwang, Jessica P.; Jonas, Maureen M.; Murad, M. Hassan (2016-01-01).

1435:, this cascade is initiated by changes in metabolism associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and lipid dysregulation. In 11496: 9535: 7593: 5673: 5109: 4844: 4810: 4235: 4133: 4097: 4059: 3640:"Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis C virus" 3038: 1420:

are the cytokines that drive the antiviral response. In chronic Hepatitis B and C, natural killer cell function is impaired.

970: 11408: 11148: 3466: 2984:

continued this research into the 1950s and 1960s, most infamously with his experiments on mentally disabled children at the

2734:

Hepatitis D infections can transform benign cases of hepatitis B into severe, progressive hepatitis, a phenomenon known as

1128: 10469: 8099:

Thiagarajan, Prarthana; Ryder, Stephen D. (2015-12-01). "The hepatitis C revolution part 1: antiviral treatment options".

3081:

physicians noticed a significant increase in cases of hepatitis A in the county. After conducting its investigation, the

2297:

The treatment of hepatitis varies according to the type, whether it is acute or chronic, and the severity of the disease.

2161:, the mainstay of prevention aside from vaccination is good hygiene, access to clean water and proper handling of sewage. 707:

can also infect the liver and activate the immune response, resulting in symptoms of acute hepatitis with increased serum

8289: 7918: 4088:

Rutherford, A; Dienstag, JL (2016). "Chapter 40: Viral Hepatitis". In Greenberger, NJ; Blumberg, RS; Burakoff, R (eds.).

3529: 1093:. As the disease progresses, symptoms typical of chronic hepatitis may develop. While imaging can show fatty liver, only 8511:"Prednisone for chronic active liver disease: dose titration, standard dose, and combination with azathioprine compared" 4371: 11709: 11116: 10506:"Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV+ men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 10504:

Jordan, Ashly E.; Perlman, David C.; Neurer, Joshua; Smith, Daniel J.; Des Jarlais, Don C.; Hagan, Holly (2016-01-28).

7864: 5555: 4770: 4730: 4688: 4581: 4419: 3233: 1621:. Characteristic patterns of liver enzyme abnormalities can point to certain causes or stages of hepatitis. Generally, 482:

The recovery phase is characterized by resolution of the clinical symptoms of hepatitis with persistent elevations in

12381: 12228: 9212:

Singal, Ashwani K.; Anand, Bhupinder S. (2007-09-01). "Mechanisms of synergy between alcohol and hepatitis C virus".

7159:"ACOG Practice Bulletin: Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists: Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy" 6999:"Recommendations for Identification and Public Health Management of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection" 4389: 4352: 3204:

Evidence does not indicate that mode of delivery (i.e. vaginal vs. cesarean) has an effect on vertical transmission.

2510: 1432: 1120:

may be present and are helpful in diagnosis. Auto-antibodies found in patients with autoimmune hepatitis include the

1048: 1042: 620: 3277: 1018:

database for consumers to track all known prescription and non-prescription compounds associated with liver injury.

12126: 10570:"Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis" 10050: 3320: 3127: 307: 8484: 661:, are more common in developing countries, and are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis. 12267: 11879: 11862: 11367: 11362: 11239: 7228:"Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection and HCV-Related Chronic Disease" 3107: 1686:

In the case of hepatitis B, blood tests exist for multiple virus antigens (which are different components of the

1207: 1025:

can occur accidentally or intentionally through ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. The industrial toxin

7046:

Chou, Roger; Dana, Tracy; Bougatsos, Christina; Blazina, Ian; Zakher, Bernadette; Khangura, Jessi (2014-01-01).

2791:

endemic regions, men who have sex with men, those with occupational exposure to non-human primates, people with

1914:

ABHD5CGI-58-the-Chanarin-Dorfman-Syndrome-Protein-Mobilises-Lipid-Stores-for-Hepatitis-C-Virus-ppat.1005568.s014

12121: 12077: 11971: 11793: 11392: 10942:"Case-fatality risk of pregnant women with acute viral hepatitis type E: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 8823: 4374:

Phần nội dung "Yếu tố nguy cơ mắc bệnh viêm gan tự miễn". Bệnh viện đa khoa quốc tế Vinmec. Truy cập 28/12/2023

1479:), evidence of cellular injury and cell death (apoptosis, necrosis), evidence of inflammation in particular in 1203: 1191: 627:

and genetic causes of hepatitis involve genetic predispositions and tend to affect characteristic populations.

303: 10777:

Wang, Liming; Kourtis, Athena P.; Ellington, Sascha; Legardy-Williams, Jennifer; Bulterys, Marc (2013-12-01).

6481:

Pratt, DS; Kaplan, MM (Apr 27, 2000). "Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients".

6330:"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic cirrhosis: Comparison with viral hepatitis-associated steatosis" 2647:

extracts may improve survival in alcoholic liver disease and improve certain liver tests (serum bilirubin and

12332: 12178: 7515: 2648: 2017:

recommend screening people at high risk for hepatitis D infection. These populations include people who are:

1938:

recommend screening people at high risk for hepatitis C infection. These populations include people who are:

1004: 938: 299: 7615: 6328:

Haga, Yuki; Kanda, Tatsuo; Sasaki, Reina; Nakamura, Masato; Nakamoto, Shingo; Yokosuka, Osamu (2015-12-14).

12087: 11606: 11214: 9377:

Michelotti, Gregory A.; Machado, Mariana V.; Diehl, Anna Mae (2013-11-01). "NAFLD, NASH and liver cancer".

7880: 7586:"Phase IV Clinical Trial of Recombinant Hepatitis E Vaccine（Hecolin） - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov" 4753:

Wisplinghoff, H; Appleton, DL (2008). "Bacterial Infections of the Liver". In Weber, O; Protzer, U (eds.).

3898: 3224:(CFR) of 20.8% and fetal CFR of 34.2%; among women who developed fulminant hepatic failure, CFR was 61.2%. 1703: 1011: 1000: 413:

Hepatitis has a broad spectrum of presentations that range from a complete lack of symptoms to severe

334: 10686: 2803:

in whom co-infection with hepatitis A can lead to fulminant hepatitis, and intravenous drug users (rare).

11301: 9879: 5700: 3188:

within 12 hours of birth. For infants who have received HBIG and the HBV vaccine, breastfeeding is safe.

3181: 2141: 1121: 930: 5742:

Nakamoto, Yasunari; Kaneko, Shuichi (2003-09-01). "Mechanisms of viral hepatitis induced liver injury".

2557:

These drugs are used in various combinations, sometimes combined with ribavirin, based on the patient's

2190:

South America in association with severe hepatitis. Genotypes 5, 6, 7, 8 have been found only in Africa.

12438: 11667: 11596: 11197: 8652: 7394: 3143: 3077:

whom died as a direct result. The outbreak was brought to the attention of health officials when local

2140:. As of March 2016, the United States government was in the process of recruiting participants for the 1773:

People with poor sanitary habits such as not washing hands after using the restroom or changing diapers

1641: 1315: 1066:, and hypertriglyceridemia. Over time, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can progress to non-alcoholic 6798: 1758:

People in close contact (either living with or having sexual contact) with someone who has hepatitis A

11940: 11896: 11849: 11655: 11273: 9000:

Edlin, Brian R.; Eckhardt, Benjamin J.; Shu, Marla A.; Holmberg, Scott D.; Swan, Tracy (2015-11-01).

6516:

Ito, Katsuyoshi; Mitchell, Donald G. (2004). "Imaging Diagnosis of Cirrhosis and Chronic Hepatitis".

3180:

and CDC recommend that neonates born to mothers with HBV should receive hepatitis B immune globulin (

3177: 3111: 2262: 2002: 1923: 1860: 1802: 1323: 1187: 541: 9789:"The road not taken or how I learned to love the liver: A personal perspective on hepatitis history" 7728:

Franco, Elisabetta; Meleleo, Cristina; Serino, Laura; Sorbara, Debora; Zaratti, Laura (2012-03-27).

2289:, but it is difficult to evaluate their success in decreasing the incidence of alcoholic hepatitis. 1709:

Liver biopsies show identical findings in patients with ASH and NASH, specifically, the presence of

425:

and symptoms specific to liver dysfunction with long-standing inflammation and damage to the organ.

49:

as seen with a microscope, showing fatty changes (white circles), remnants of dead liver cells, and

12286: 11966: 11601: 11559: 11372: 11247: 11234: 11204: 11175: 11044: 7102: 6924: 3093:

because they had either eaten at the restaurant or had been in close contact with someone who had.

2985: 2932: 2083:

only, two doses are given 6–18 months apart depending on the manufacturer. If the vaccine is

1452: 1397: 1319: 1079: 1063: 603: 536:). Mortality due to fulminant hepatitis is typically the result of various complications including 4863:

Malaguarnera, Giulia; Cataudella, E; Giordano, M; Nunnari, G; Chisari, G; Malaguarnera, M (2012).

4470: 2389:. As there is a dearth of clinical trial data and the drugs used to treat are prone to developing 578:(lack of menstrual period) in women. Extensive damage and scarring of the liver over time defines 302:(NASH). Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water. Hepatitis B is mainly 12433: 12211: 11988: 11729: 11521: 11180: 7095:"Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection" 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 2137: 1722: 1476: 1113: 962: 874: 742: 616: 509: 418: 222: 95: 9319:"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: epidemiology, clinical course, investigation, and treatment" 8920:"Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC" 5129: 1085:

In the early stages (as with NAFLD and early NASH), most patients are asymptomatic or have mild

12423: 12291: 12015: 11998: 11382: 11258: 11209: 11170: 11140: 5217: 4762: 4722: 4502: 3010: 1855: 1818: 1622: 1376: 1265: 1261: 1215: 1144: 1075: 977:. Of these, amoxicillin-clavulanate is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury, and 794: 769: 591: 505: 492: 421: that are typically self-limiting. Chronic hepatitis presents similarly, but can manifest 283: 11084: 9972:"Reducing the neglected burden of viral hepatitis in Africa: Strategies for a global approach" 6998: 5513: 5123: 5121: 5001: 4819: 4342: 12223: 12142: 12131: 12092: 12020: 11323: 8002: 4124:

Khalili, M; Burman, B (2013). "Chapter 14: Liver Disease". In Hammer, GD; McPhee, SJ (eds.).

2923: 2800: 2715: 2435: 2316: 1614: 1124: 878: 800: 788: 732: 417:. The acute form of hepatitis, generally caused by viral infection, is characterized by 7426:"Update: recommendations to prevent hepatitis B virus transmission—United States. MMWR 1999" 7361:"Final Recommendation Statement: Hepatitis C: Screening – US Preventive Services Task Force" 4754: 4714: 1400:. People with impaired immune response are at greater risk of developing chronic infection. 12262: 12206: 12027: 11923: 11506: 11501: 11335: 11253: 11219: 5168: 5118: 3151: 2492: 2468: 2454: 2442: 2386: 2282: 1837: 1626: 1618: 1602: 1587: 1372: 1269: 1107: 1090: 1071: 1026: 978: 812: 658: 624: 599: 566: 496: 483: 380: 350: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 5661: 3367: 3165:

states that the evidence available does not suggest any particular mode of delivery (i.e.

2227:

To prevent MAFLD it is recommended to maintain a normal weight, eat a healthy diet, avoid

1367:

is best understood in the case of hepatitis B and C. The viruses do not directly activate

792:

and are composed of multiple bacteria up to 50% of the time. Acute hepatitis is caused by

8: 12356: 12166: 12059: 12042: 12003: 11976: 11928: 11771: 11748: 11741: 11690: 11662: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11491: 11108: 11033: 7676: 7425: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7227: 6082: 5211: 5127: 5064: 3238: 3185: 2911: 2424: 2125: 2110: 2096: 2084: 2076: 2062: 1884: 1748: 1699: 1467:

such as TNF that cause liver cell injury and death. These events mark the transition to

1436: 1401: 1249: 1219: 1211: 996: 882: 868: 834: 806: 757: 704: 549: 366: 295: 226: 46: 10638:"Hepatic, Biliary, and Pancreatic Disorders." Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition 9495: 9478: 9093:

Singal, Ashwani K.; Kamath, Patrick S.; Gores, Gregory J.; Shah, Vijay H. (2014-04-01).

9064: 6827:

Harrison, Tindsley Randolph (2013). "Chapter 164: Chronic Hepatitis". In Longo, Dan L.;

5355:"Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis: Current Status and Future Directions" 5301:"Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis: Current Status and Future Directions" 5172: 5157:"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging threat to obese and diabetic individuals" 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 2109:

The CDC recommends the routine vaccination of all children under the age of 19 with the

12418: 12368: 12233: 12216: 12201: 12188: 12171: 12037: 11672: 11564: 11536: 11470: 11296: 11192: 11157: 10972: 10941: 10917: 10884: 10883:

Benova, Lenka; Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Calvert, Clara; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (2014-09-15).

10860: 10754: 10721: 10538: 10505: 10474: 10397: 10362: 10343: 10281: 10225: 10192: 10170: 10113: 9944: 9911: 9696: 9679: 9612: 9587: 9508: 9459: 9410: 9351: 9318: 9296: 9245: 9189: 9154: 9127: 9094: 9034: 9002:"Toward a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of hepatitis C in the United States" 9001: 8919: 8890: 8872: 8762: 8705: 8543: 8510: 8461: 8428: 8404: 8371: 8255: 8230: 8203: 8170: 8169:

Gogela, Neliswa A.; Lin, Ming V.; Wisocky, Jessica L.; Chung, Raymond T. (2015-03-01).

8132: 8068: 7979: 7944: 7787: 7764: 7729: 7483: 7302: 6855: 6750: 6725: 6698: 6671: 6595: 6560: 6541: 6428:

had either cirrhosis or malignant disease, both of which are risk factors for bleeding.

6413: 6388: 6364: 6329: 6305: 6270: 6233: 6198: 6155: 6120: 5979: 5946: 5919: 5886: 5862: 5837: 5813: 5786: 5715: 5494: 5438: 5411: 5387: 5354: 5325: 5300: 5267: 5240: 5189: 5156: 5095: 5093: 4975: 4950: 4891: 4864: 4541: 4440: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3845: 3820: 3795: 3768: 3744: 3719: 3511: 3221: 3078: 2528: 2507: 2405: 2273: 2199:

with the hepatitis D virus, the preventive strategies are the same as for hepatitis B.

1680: 1633: 1460: 1281: 1241: 1236: 1183: 1176: 1168: 1086: 1059: 1055: 1030: 988: 840: 595: 475:

and right upper abdominal pain or discomfort. 10–20% of people will also experience an

354: 198: 190: 82: 11038: 10588: 8669: 7648:"Drinking Levels Defined | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)" 7262: 5630: 4412:"Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for the Public | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC" 3836: 3735: 2393:, experts recommend reserving treatment for severe acute cases, not mild to moderate. 12346: 12327: 11700: 11055: 10977: 10959: 10922: 10904: 10852: 10844: 10808: 10800: 10759: 10741: 10668: 10664: 10600: 10592: 10543: 10525: 10450: 10442: 10402: 10384: 10335: 10327: 10273: 10265: 10261: 10230: 10212: 10162: 10154: 10149: 10132: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10031: 9993: 9949: 9931: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9818: 9810: 9739: 9735: 9701: 9667: 9617: 9568: 9564: 9531: 9500: 9451: 9402: 9394: 9356: 9338: 9288: 9280: 9237: 9229: 9194: 9176: 9132: 9114: 9039: 9021: 8982: 8974: 8864: 8797: 8793: 8754: 8746: 8674: 8633: 8629: 8598: 8594: 8548: 8530: 8466: 8448: 8409: 8391: 8349: 8341: 8260: 8208: 8190: 8124: 8116: 8060: 8052: 7984: 7966: 7860: 7769: 7751: 7567: 7239: 7053: 6901: 6755: 6703: 6649: 6641: 6600: 6582: 6533: 6498: 6463: 6418: 6369: 6351: 6310: 6292: 6238: 6220: 6160: 6142: 6094: 6086: 6065:

Hardy, Timothy; Oakley, Fiona; Anstee, Quentin M.; Day, Christopher P. (2016-03-03).

6036: 6028: 5984: 5966: 5924: 5906: 5867: 5818: 5767: 5759: 5719: 5669: 5642: 5634: 5551: 5486: 5478: 5443: 5392: 5374: 5330: 5272: 5194: 5105: 5009: 4980: 4931: 4896: 4840: 4806: 4766: 4755: 4726: 4715: 4684: 4348: 4323: 4279: 4231: 4129: 4093: 4055: 3868: 3850: 3800: 3749: 3669: 3661: 3515: 3503: 3216: 3197: 3170: 3131: 2792: 2174: 1610: 1417: 1307: 1287: 846: 753: 745:, also known as the dog tapeworm, infects the liver and forms characteristic hepatic 739: 716: 450: 270: 264: 258: 252: 217: 62: 10864: 10779:"Safety of tenofovir during pregnancy for the mother and fetus: a systematic review" 10347: 10174: 10117: 9463: 9414: 9249: 8876: 8766: 8709: 8229:

Abbas, Zaigham; Khan, Muhammad Arsalan; Salih, Mohammad; Jafri, Wasim (2011-12-07).

8136: 8072: 6831:; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Jameson, L. Jerry; Loscalzo, Jerry (eds.). 6545: 5590:

Samyn, M; Mieli-Vergani, G (November 2015). "Liver and Biliary Disease in Infancy".

5498: 5090: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4090:

CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Endoscopy, 3e

3916: 2338:

Rarely, people with the hepatitis A virus can rapidly develop liver failure, termed

1570: 1355: 1186:. Autoimmune hepatitis is distinct from the other autoimmune diseases of the liver, 902:, disruption of cell metabolism, and causing structural changes. Some drugs such as 12393: 12313: 12308: 12298: 12160: 12032: 11960: 11778: 11685: 11680: 11610: 11569: 11377: 11342: 10967: 10949: 10912: 10896: 10836: 10790: 10749: 10733: 10660: 10584: 10533: 10517: 10392: 10374: 10317: 10257: 10220: 10204: 10144: 10089: 10023: 9983: 9939: 9923: 9845: 9800: 9731: 9691: 9659: 9607: 9599: 9560: 9512: 9490: 9441: 9386: 9346: 9330: 9300: 9272: 9221: 9184: 9166: 9122: 9106: 9029: 9013: 8966: 8856: 8789: 8736: 8697: 8664: 8625: 8590: 8538: 8522: 8456: 8444: 8440: 8399: 8383: 8333: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8198: 8182: 8108: 8044: 7974: 7956: 7759: 7741: 7627: 7557: 6745: 6737: 6693: 6683: 6631: 6590: 6572: 6525: 6490: 6453: 6408: 6400: 6359: 6341: 6300: 6282: 6228: 6210: 6150: 6132: 6078: 6018: 5974: 5958: 5914: 5898: 5857: 5849: 5808: 5798: 5751: 5711: 5626: 5599: 5470: 5433: 5423: 5382: 5366: 5320: 5312: 5262: 5252: 5184: 5176: 4970: 4962: 4923: 4886: 4876: 4313: 4269: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 3840: 3832: 3790: 3780: 3739: 3731: 3651: 3493: 3166: 2993: 2796: 2637: 2633: 2419: 2367: 2158: 1849:

In close contact with (i.e. live or have sex with) people known to have hepatitis B

1778: 1676: 1672: 1413: 966: 782: 750: 708: 590:(leg swelling). Cirrhosis can lead to other life-threatening complications such as 587: 358: 211: 182: 150: 71: 10285: 8509:

Summerskill, W. H.; Korman, M. G.; Ammon, H. V.; Baggenstoss, A. H. (1975-11-01).

7585: 6636: 6619: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 12351: 12281: 12147: 12082: 12047: 11918: 11783: 11719: 11621: 11540: 11531: 11481: 11421: 11306: 11283: 11098: 11049: 10885:"Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis" 10840: 9225: 8957:

Rosen, Hugo R. (2011-06-23). "Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection".

8860: 8337: 8112: 5474: 3458: 2861: 2711: 2542: 2390: 2308:

Drugs: People with hepatitis should avoid taking drugs metabolized by the liver.

1654: 1579: 1468: 1428: 1364: 1303: 1295: 1194:, both of which can also lead to scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis of the liver. 1067: 1015: 676: 646: 641: 322:. Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during 279: 275: 10432: 10027: 9663: 7047: 6741: 6670:

Villar LM, Cruz HM, Barbosa JR, Bezerra CS, Portilho MM, Scalioni Lde P (2015).

6494: 5962: 5603: 4258:"Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Natural History of Drug-Induced Liver Injury" 4142: 2949:

attributed the findings of jaundice to the attack of the liver by a devil named

12388: 12303: 11857: 11830: 11695: 11630: 11626: 11516: 11486: 11060: 9988: 9971: 9603: 8281: 6121:"Pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease" 6023: 6006: 5836:

Cao, Lei; Quan, Xi-Bing; Zeng, Wen-Jiao; Yang, Xiao-Ou; Wang, Ming-Jie (2016).

5216:. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC). Archived from 4779: 4318: 4301: 2922:

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is projected to become the top reason for

2735: 2620: 2612: 2309: 2196: 1659:

Viral hepatitis is primarily diagnosed through blood tests for levels of viral

1591: 1132: 942: 926: 911: 746: 553: 537: 529: 327: 323: 202: 50: 11023: 10954: 10208: 9927: 9390: 9334: 9276: 9171: 9110: 8701: 8186: 8171:"Enhancing our understanding of current therapies for Hepatitis C virus (HCV)" 8048: 7911: 6346: 5902: 4966: 2185: 1594:

analysis is able to reveal the precise extent and pattern of inflammation and

1116:

involved in the immune response. As in other autoimmune diseases, circulating

981:

the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Europe.

12412: 12321: 12274: 12067: 12010: 11993: 11905: 11650: 11477: 11352: 11318: 11263: 10963: 10908: 10848: 10804: 10745: 10596: 10529: 10521: 10446: 10388: 10331: 10269: 10216: 10158: 10101: 9935: 9857: 9814: 9398: 9342: 9284: 9233: 9180: 9153:

Shoreibah, Mohamed; Anand, Bhupinderjit S.; Singal, Ashwani K. (2014-09-14).

9118: 9025: 8978: 8750: 8723:

Thein, Hla-Hla; Yi, Qilong; Dore, Gregory J.; Krahn, Murray D. (2008-08-01).

8581:

Khuroo, MS (1981). "Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy".

8534: 8452: 8395: 8345: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8194: 8120: 8056: 7970: 7788:"Pinkbook | Hepatitis B | Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases | CDC" 7755: 6828: 6773: 6645: 6586: 6577: 6355: 6296: 6224: 6215: 6146: 6090: 6032: 5970: 5910: 5763: 5755: 5638: 5482: 5378: 4881: 4573: 4411: 3665: 2616: 2371: 2170: 1875:

Screening consists of a blood test that detects hepatitis B surface antigen (

1683:

from the virus via either prior infection and recovery or prior vaccination.

1456: 1409: 1389: 1380: 1257: 1245: 889:(enlarged liver) to symptoms of acute or chronic hepatitis to liver failure. 829: 825: 720: 414: 371: 246: 234: 104: 10009: 10007: 7632: 6458: 6441: 6404: 4468: 12196: 12108: 11981: 11884: 11835: 11820: 11815: 11811: 11724: 11549: 11465: 11357: 11347: 11313: 11103: 10981: 10926: 10856: 10812: 10763: 10604: 10547: 10454: 10406: 10339: 10277: 10234: 10166: 10109: 10035: 9997: 9953: 9865: 9822: 9705: 9621: 9504: 9455: 9406: 9360: 9292: 9241: 9198: 9136: 9043: 8986: 8868: 8758: 8637: 8470: 8413: 8353: 8264: 8212: 8128: 8064: 7988: 7773: 7571: 7057: 6905: 6759: 6707: 6653: 6604: 6537: 6502: 6467: 6422: 6373: 6314: 6242: 6199:"Alcoholic hepatitis: a comprehensive review of pathogenesis and treatment" 6164: 6137: 6098: 6040: 5988: 5928: 5871: 5822: 5771: 5723: 5646: 5490: 5447: 5396: 5334: 5276: 5198: 5013: 4984: 4935: 4900: 4385: 4327: 4283: 4274: 4257: 3854: 3804: 3753: 3673: 3507: 2981: 2969: 2857: 2707: 2644: 2628: 2363: 1866: 1822: 1781:

in the blood indicates past infection with the virus or prior vaccination.

1747:

failure. People in these groups who are not already immune can receive the

1726: 1687: 1583: 1484: 1443:(FFA) and their breakdown products in the liver cells in a process called 1385: 1117: 1094: 934: 886: 760:

live in the bile ducts and cause progressive hepatitis and liver fibrosis.

525: 476: 472: 442: 422: 342: 338: 287: 238: 178: 108: 54: 10672: 10379: 9743: 9671: 9572: 8970: 8801: 8678: 8602: 8552: 8526: 8303: 7961: 7562: 7545: 7243: 7089: 7087: 6688: 6287: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 3785: 3498: 3481: 696: 479:, while some people will also experience a mild unintentional weight loss. 12376: 12138: 12116: 11947: 11867: 11511: 11412: 11165: 11079: 10900: 10795: 10778: 10004: 8429:"Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases" 7746: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 4927: 3430: 3312: 3269: 3056: 3014: 2968:

During World War II, soldiers received vaccines against diseases such as

2957: 2899: 2893: 2880: 2874: 2852: 2838: 2825: 2812: 2719: 2584: 2570: 2536: 2481: 2448: 2351: 2329: 2228: 1972:

Recipients of blood products or organs prior to 1992 in the United States

1710: 1675:

antibodies are found in the blood. In late infection and after recovery,

1311: 1164: 1156: 1136: 1022: 903: 899: 672: 668: 664: 654: 650: 575: 346: 9836:

Blumberg BS; Alter HJ (1965-02-15). "A "new" antigen in leukemia sera".

5428: 5257: 828:

species. Chronic or granulomatous hepatitis is seen with infection from

330:. Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B. 12152: 11825: 11803: 11448: 11387: 10363:"Burden of disease and cost of chronic hepatitis C infection in Canada" 9065:"HEV FAQs for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC" 8282:"HEV FAQs for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC" 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6249: 5853: 5180: 3155: 3022: 2624: 2546: 2532: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2430: 1789: 1448: 1440: 1140: 922: 851: 817: 728: 711:(though chronic hepatitis is possible with chronic infections). Of the 533: 315: 291: 75: 11006: 10737: 10322: 10305: 9805: 9788: 9446: 9429: 9017: 8741: 8724: 8387: 7064: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6529: 3656: 3639: 2113:. They also recommend it for those who desire it or are at high risk. 387: 38: 12102: 12072: 11935: 11766: 11617: 11591: 11453: 11443: 11330: 11291: 11224: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 8815: 6067:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Disease Spectrum" 5803: 5370: 5316: 4862: 4574:"Hepatitis C FAQs for the Public | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC" 3085:

attributed the source of the outbreak to the use of contaminated raw

2928: 2747:

ranges from 97% in mild cases to 55% in severe cases with cirrhosis.

2550: 2503: 2496: 2411: 2382: 2375: 2286: 1718: 1444: 1368: 1344: 1327: 1172: 950: 946: 918: 907: 906:

exhibit predictable dose-dependent liver damage while others such as

773: 579: 571: 501: 311: 230: 100: 10776: 9722:

Purcell, RH (April 1993). "The discovery of the hepatitis viruses".

9551:

Purcell, RH (April 1993). "The discovery of the hepatitis viruses".

9530:. Foreword by Dame Sheila Sherlock. London, England: Science Press. 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6066: 4858: 4856: 4126:

Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, 7e

4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 2589: 1404:

are the primary drivers of the initial innate response and create a

11736: 11714: 11426: 9148: 9146: 8427:

Rambaldi, Andrea; Jacobs, Bradly P; Gluud, Christian (2007-10-17).

6962: 3173:) is better at reducing vertical transmission in mothers with HBV. 3090: 3086: 2950: 2843: 2782: 2778: 2558: 1843: 1714: 1606: 1595: 1472: 1464: 1405: 1393: 1340: 1299: 1160: 974: 821: 712: 528:(abnormal coagulation studies with easy bruising and bleeding) and 521: 468: 462: 458: 446: 438: 206: 194: 186: 87: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10715: 10713: 10711: 9050: 7730:"Hepatitis A: Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries" 6956:

Chapter 163: "Acute Hepatitis." Harrison's Manual of Medicine, 18e

5039:"NIH launches free database of drugs associated with liver injury" 3009:

The next insight regarding hepatitis B was a serendipitous one by

2817: 1260:

of a person with ischemic hepatitis will show very high levels of

11788: 11554: 11458: 11430: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10186: 10184: 9965: 9963: 9912:"Current and Future Burden of Chronic Nonmalignant Liver Disease" 9155:"Alcoholic hepatitis and concomitant hepatitis C virus infection" 8508: 7395:"Birth-18 Years and Catchup Immunization Schedules for Providers" 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6799:"Guidelines For Viral Hepatitis Surveillance And Case Management" 6442:"AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests" 6171: 5132:. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC). 4853: 4068: 2787: 2777:

Hepatitis A is found throughout the world and manifests as large

2036:

Workers in a healthcare setting who have had a needlestick injury

1981:

Workers in a healthcare setting who have had a needlestick injury

1660: 1637: 1291: 1148: 1129:

atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA)

958: 777: 724: 583: 130: 126: 9372: 9370: 9143: 8489:

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

5538: 2169:

As hepatitis B and C are transmitted through blood and multiple

2067: 1895: 776:(or chronic) liver disease. Pyogenic abscesses commonly involve 12254: 11872: 11758: 11018: 10882: 10871: 10708: 10133:"Chronic hepatitis B in Asia—new insights from the past decade" 9095:"Alcoholic hepatitis: current challenges and future directions" 8568:

Hepatitis C Virus: From Molecular Virology to Antiviral Therapy

8164: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8146: 7945:"Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis" 6559:

Allan, Richard; Thoirs, Kerry; Phillips, Maureen (2010-07-28).

6271:"Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis" 5887:"Prediction of fibrosis progression in chronic viral hepatitis" 5212:

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC).

5128:

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC).

4914:

Lee, William M. (31 July 2003). "Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity".

3869:"Statistics & Surveillance Division of Viral Hepatitis CDC" 3769:"Definition, epidemiology and magnitude of alcoholic hepatitis" 3026: 1302:

can cause neonatal hepatitis. Structural abnormalities such as

1253: 1143:), after liver transplant, or by viruses (such as hepatitis A, 1008: 954: 545: 454: 405: 20: 10940:

Jin, H.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, X.; Wang, B.; Liu, P. (2016-03-01).

10306:"The impact of hepatitis C burden: an evidence-based approach" 10292: 10181: 9960: 7389: 7387: 7385: 6839: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 5065:"Chapter 83. Hepatic Disorders, Jaundice, and Hepatic Failure" 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 449:

symptoms common to many acute viral infections. These include

11704: 11434: 10567: 9367: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8816:"Hepatitis A Information | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC" 6197:

Chayanupatkul, Maneerat; Liangpunsakul, Suthat (2014-05-28).

5617:

Roberts, Eve A. (2003-10-01). "Neonatal hepatitis syndrome".

5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 3637: 3136: 3106:

Persons infected with HIV have a particularly high burden of

3031: 2464: 2010: 1931: 1880: 1876: 1668: 1664: 1480: 1371:(cell death). Rather, infection of liver cells activates the 731:

species all can cause liver inflammation. Another protozoan,

392: 378: 319: 141:

Vaccination (for viral hepatitis), avoiding excessive alcohol

19:"Hepatite" redirects here. For the mineral of that name, see 10563: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10191:

Dan, Yock Young; Aung, Myat Oo; Lim, Seng Gee (2008-09-01).

9910:

Udompap, Prowpanga; Kim, Donghee; Kim, W. Ray (2015-11-01).

8143: 7186: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 6389:"Guidelines on the use of liver biopsy in clinical practice" 5548:

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease

5072:

Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide

4300:

Manns, Michael P.; Lohse, Ansgar W.; Vergani, Diego (2015).

504:(inflammation of membranes lining certain organs), elevated 10013: 9637:

Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Medical Ethics

8029: 8027: 7452:"Hepatitis A And Hepatitis B Vaccine (Intramuscular Route)" 7423: 7382: 6105: 4996: 4994: 4752: 4739: 2362:

edema, and hepatic encephalopathy, and laboratory signs of

2223:

Women – ≤ 3 drinks on any given day and ≤ 7 drinks per week

984: 229:. Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver ( 53:(twisted-rope shaped inclusions within some liver cells). ( 11138: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9317:

Weiß, Johannes; Rau, Monika; Geier, Andreas (2014-06-27).

9262: 8941: 8653:"Infection with the delta agent in chronic HBsAg carriers" 8322: 7727: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7139: 6561:"Accuracy of ultrasound to identify chronic liver disease" 6196: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 5576: 5412:"Clinical features and management of autoimmune hepatitis" 4469:

Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (June 2010).

2220:

Men – ≤ 4 drinks on any given day and ≤ 14 drinks per week

1455:. Over time, this abnormal lipid deposition triggers the 1089:

pain, and diagnosis is suspected on the basis of abnormal

917:

Many types of drugs can cause liver injury, including the

877:. This ranges in order of severity and reversibility from 361:

may be an option in both acute and chronic liver failure.

10554: 10360: 9086: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7020: 5940: 5938: 4568: 4566: 2427:(pegylated interferon) and the oral nucleoside analogues. 2157:

Because hepatitis A is transmitted primarily through the

10719: 10503: 10078: 8999: 8369: 8024: 7855:

Carroll, Karen (2015). "Chapter 35: Hepatitis Viruses".

7222: 7220: 7218: 7045: 6719: 6717: 6669: 6007:"Innate and adaptive immune responses in HCV infections" 5737: 5735: 5733: 5589: 4991: 4800: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4251: 4249: 4247: 1078:

level, higher AST/ALT ratio, low platelet count, and an

992: 221:

if it lasts longer than six months. Acute hepatitis can

10722:"AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B" 10303: 10193:"The economics of treating chronic hepatitis B in Asia" 9896: 9650:

Beecher, Henry (1966). "Ethics and Clinical Research".

7850: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7198: 6723: 6327: 6047: 4344:

API Textbook of Medicine, Ninth Edition, Two Volume Set

4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 2975: 1966:

On long-term hemodialysis, or who have been in the past

225:, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in 9970:

Lemoine, Maud; Eholié, Serge; Lacombe, Karine (2015).

9376: 8033: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7187:

Esherick JS; Clark DS; Slater ED; et al. (2015).

7116: 6925:"Adult Immunization Schedule by Vaccine and Age Group" 6618:

Sahani, Dushyant V.; Kalva, Sanjeeva P. (2004-07-01).

6269:

Basra, Sarpreet; Anand, Bhupinderjit S. (2011-05-27).

5951:

Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology

5935: 5660:

Sokol, Ronald J.; Narkewicz, Michael R. (2012-06-21).

5463:

COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

5154: 5099: 4865:"Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents" 4563: 4295: 4293: 3817: 2463:

Liver (EASL) and is based on detectable viral levels,

2124:

There is also a combination formulation that includes

1942:

Adults in the United States born between 1945 and 1965

10631: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10367:

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology

9092: 8168: 7943:

Basra, Sarpreet; Anand, Bhupinderjit S (2011-05-27).

7677:"Preventing fatty liver disease before it's too late" 6714: 5730: 5704:

European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology

4697: 4383: 4244: 2996:

was one of the foremost critics in an article in the

2961:

becomes angry, talks nonsense and barks like a dog."

1754:

Those at high risk and in need of screening include:

1550:

Ischemic hepatitis (severe elevation up to thousands)

768:

Bacterial infection of the liver commonly results in

433:

Acute viral hepatitis follows three distinct phases:

10996: 10499: 10497: 9969: 9312: 9310: 9152: 8847:

Aggarwal, Rakesh; Goel, Amit (2015). "Hepatitis A".

8842: 8840: 8224: 8222: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7195: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6064: 6000: 5998: 5148: 4712: 4106: 3560:"Fatty Liver Disease (Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis)" 3148:

American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

2706:

Other rare complications of acute hepatitis include

2211: 1761:

People traveling to an area with endemic hepatitis A

1036: 10058:

World Health Organization Global Alert and Response

9835: 9526:Lee, Christine A.; Thomas, Howard C., eds. (1988). 9256: 8426: 8228: 7809: 6558: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 4834: 4290: 3716: 3530:"Esto es la hepatitis: Conócela, enfréntate a ella" 3142:Given the high risk of perinatal transmission, the 2668:

Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease § Management

1463:(TLR4) resulting in the production of inflammatory 1447:. This initially reversible process overwhelms the 892: 657:behave similarly: they are both transmitted by the 11099:Viral Hepatitis at the Centers for Disease Control 10618: 7510: 7508: 5238: 5155:Masuoka, Howard C.; Chalasani, Naga (April 2013). 5062: 4681:Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2016 55e 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4087: 3479: 3459:"Hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B, and C) | ACG Patients" 2173:, prevention is aimed at screening blood prior to 914:from exposure to development of clinical illness. 735:, causes hepatitis with distinct liver abscesses. 10494: 10048: 9379:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 9307: 9265:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 8837: 8276: 8274: 8219: 7469: 6912: 5995: 5539:Feldman, Friedman; Feldman, Brandt, eds. (2010). 4948: 4299: 1975:Recipients of tattoos in an "unregulated setting" 1693: 1182:Many people with autoimmune hepatitis have other 294:, certain medications, toxins, other infections, 12410: 10939: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10131:Chan, Henry Lik-Yuen; Jia, Jidong (2011-01-01). 9880:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976" 8722: 8098: 7189:CURRENT Practice Guidelines in Primary Care 2015 6386: 5787:"Interference of Apoptosis by Hepatitis B Virus" 5668:(21st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 5505: 5283: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 2917: 2285:have been successful in decreasing death due to 1698:The most apparent distinguishing factor between 10049:Previsani, Nicoletta; Lavanchy, Daniel (2000). 9759:The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics 7505: 7417: 6665: 6663: 6480: 5835: 5239:Teufel, Andreas; Galle, PR; Kanzler, S (2009). 4951:"Drug-induced liver injury: present and future" 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4519: 4228:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e 4052:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e 3423: 1408:environment that results in the recruitment of 1326:are also implicated. Neonatal hepatitis can be 244:Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the virus 10470:"Community Is Reeling From Hepatitis Outbreak" 9717: 9715: 8565: 8271: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8082: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7347: 6005:Heim, Markus H.; Thimme, Robert (2014-11-01). 5741: 5659: 5102:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19e 4837:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19e 4803:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19e 4255: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 2305:oral intake subsequent to nausea and vomiting. 11124: 10413: 9909: 8691: 8003:"The Epidemiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease" 7546:"Long-Term Efficacy of a Hepatitis E Vaccine" 7345: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7327: 6953: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6726:"Alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis" 6672:"Update on hepatitis B and C virus diagnosis" 6439: 5666:Current diagnosis & treatment: pediatrics 4256:Fontana, Robert; Hayashi, Paul (2014-05-01). 4123: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 2042:detect HDV RNA DNA indicates chronic disease. 1969:Pregnant, and engaging in high-risk behaviors 11230:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction 9592:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 9483:Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 9316: 8846: 6660: 5511: 4595: 3638:AASLD/IDSA HCV Guidance Panel (2015-09-01). 2931:, about 2% per year will likely progress to 1764:People who do not have access to clean water 469:Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes 10825: 10650: 10435:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 10080:attractiveness of vaccination strategies". 9712: 9211: 8079: 6617: 6515: 6119:Yoon, Hye-Jin; Cha, Bong Soo (2014-11-27). 5785:Lin, Shaoli; Zhang, Yan-Jin (August 2017). 5541:"Chapter 83 Vascular Diseases of the Liver" 4340: 3395: 3393: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 1363:The pathway by which hepatic viruses cause 290:. Other common causes of hepatitis include 11269:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis 11131: 11117: 10635: 10310:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 10190: 10137:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9761:. Oxford University Press. pp. 80–85. 9677: 8365: 8363: 8231:"Interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis D" 7942: 7703:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)" 7324: 6878: 6268: 6004: 5664:. In Hay, William W.; et al. (eds.). 5161:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 4341:Munjal, Y. P.; Sharm, Surendra K. (2012). 3582: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3251: 2024:Incarcerated, or who have been in the past 1954:Incarcerated, or who have been in the past 37: 10971: 10953: 10916: 10794: 10753: 10636:Cunningham, F. Gary; et al. (2013). 10537: 10396: 10378: 10321: 10224: 10148: 9987: 9943: 9804: 9695: 9611: 9525: 9494: 9445: 9430:"A brief history of hepatitis milestones" 9350: 9188: 9170: 9126: 9033: 8779: 8740: 8668: 8542: 8460: 8403: 8254: 8202: 7978: 7960: 7763: 7745: 7631: 7561: 6835:(18 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 6749: 6697: 6687: 6635: 6594: 6576: 6457: 6412: 6363: 6345: 6304: 6286: 6232: 6214: 6154: 6136: 6022: 5978: 5947:"Natural Killer Cells in Viral Hepatitis" 5944: 5918: 5861: 5812: 5802: 5437: 5427: 5386: 5324: 5266: 5256: 5188: 4974: 4890: 4880: 4471:"When Someone Close to You Has Hepatitis" 4317: 4273: 3844: 3794: 3784: 3743: 3655: 3534:Infoterio Noticias | Ciencia y Tecnología 3497: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 1986:(unless they have other exposure risks). 1729:, and fibrosis around veins and sinuses. 355:medications to suppress the immune system 276:viruses can also cause liver inflammation 10467: 10247: 9916:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9771: 9099:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 8616:Gill, RQ (2001). "Acute Liver Failure". 8485:"Treatment for NAFLD & NASH - NIDDK" 7613: 6826: 5784: 4678: 4225: 4049: 3390: 3292: 2906: 2842: 2816: 2725: 2656:modified Maddrey's discriminant function 2601: 2588: 2272: 2268: 2184: 2100: 2066: 2030:Intravenous drug users (past or current) 1960:Intravenous drug users (past or current) 1902: 1894: 1788: 1569: 1354: 695: 520:Fulminant hepatitis, or massive hepatic 404: 10510:International Journal of STD & AIDS 10130: 9756: 9721: 9649: 9585: 9550: 8694:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8650: 8360: 8235:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7854: 7616:"Epidemiology of the Hepatitis D virus" 6118: 5616: 5460: 5409: 5074:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 3547: 3071: 2980:A New York University researcher named 2675: 1214:. In alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, a 12411: 9634: 8849:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 8580: 8101:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 6866:from the original on February 21, 2014 3335: 3096: 3044: 2741: 2661: 1471:and in the setting of chronic injury, 862: 763: 691: 515: 215:if it resolves within six months, and 12253: 11497:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth 11112: 10468:Polgreen, Lydia (November 16, 2003). 9786: 9427: 8956: 7543: 7365:www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org 6891: 5682:from the original on 10 December 2013 5352: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5298: 3879:from the original on 11 November 2016 3766: 3280:from the original on 11 November 2016 2943: 2147: 1230: 971:highly active anti-retroviral therapy 465:(dark urine) and clay-colored stools. 400: 9680:"Ethics and clinical research. 1966" 9214:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 8615: 7544:Zhang; et al. (March 5, 2015). 7424:Centers for Disease Control (1999). 6730:Experimental and Molecular Pathology 6440:Green, RM; Flamm, S (October 2002). 6083:10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044224 5884: 5520:from the original on 8 December 2013 5136:from the original on 2 December 2013 5078:from the original on 2 December 2013 5070:. In Cydulka RK, Meckler GD (eds.). 4949:Suk, Ki Tae; Kim, Dong Joon (2012). 4392:from the original on 2 December 2013 4302:"Autoimmune hepatitis – Update 2015" 3378:from the original on 4 November 2016 3323:from the original on 7 November 2016 3130:is a significant contributor of new 3004: 2976:Willowbrook State School experiments 2767: 2693: 2277:Depiction of a liver failure patient 2164: 2085:combined hepatitis A and hepatitis B 1648: 1613:(i.e. for hepatitis virus DNA/RNA), 1350: 1202:Genetic causes of hepatitis include 1127:, smooth muscle antibody (SMA), and 559: 10482:from the original on March 22, 2016 9652:The New England Journal of Medicine 9496:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V41N7p279 9479:"Viral hepatitis—the silent killer" 9476: 8959:The New England Journal of Medicine 7250:from the original on March 24, 2016 6954:Longo, Dan L.; et al. (2013). 6483:The New England Journal of Medicine 5885:Wong, Grace Lai-Hung (2014-09-01). 5838:"Mechanism of Hepatocyte Apoptosis" 5043:National Institutes of Health (NIH) 4913: 3101: 1483:, variable degrees of fibrosis and 1392:that over time lead to scarring or 510:suppression of bone marrow activity 13: 9428:Trepo, Christian (February 2014). 9323:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 7405:from the original on March 6, 2016 6935:from the original on March 5, 2016 5716:10.1097/01.meg.0000050026.34359.7c 5662:"Chapter 22: Liver & Pancreas" 5341: 4483:from the original on March 6, 2016 3234:Idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis 3049: 1732: 1423: 635: 586:(abdominal fluid collection), and 508:(a type of white blood cell), and 428: 14: 12450: 12382:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 12229:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 10992: 9528:Classic papers in viral hepatitis 9159:World Journal of Gastroenterology 7432:from the original on May 14, 2016 7238:(RR-19): 1–39. October 16, 1998. 6565:World Journal of Gastroenterology 6334:World Journal of Gastroenterology 6203:World Journal of Gastroenterology 5945:Rehermann, Barbara (2015-11-01). 5891:Clinical and Molecular Hepatology 5564:from the original on 4 March 2016 5416:World Journal of Gastroenterology 5245:World Journal of Gastroenterology 5002:"Herbals_and_Dietary_Supplements" 4955:Clinical and Molecular Hepatology 4869:World Journal of Gastroenterology 2212:Alcoholic and metabolic hepatitis 2087:, up to 4 doses may be required. 1777:The presence of anti-hepatitis A 1049:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 1043:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 1037:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 993:Drug Induced Liver Injury Network 881:(least severe, most reversible), 621:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 12429:Healthcare-associated infections 12127:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis 10933: 10819: 10770: 10679: 10644: 10614:from the original on 2018-07-19. 10461: 10354: 10262:10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00487.x 10241: 10150:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06544.x 10124: 10094:10.2165/00019053-200826010-00003 10072: 10042: 10016:Journal of Pediatric Health Care 9872: 9850:10.1001/jama.1965.03080070025007 9829: 9780: 9765: 9750: 9643: 9628: 9579: 9544: 9519: 9470: 9421: 9205: 8993: 8912: 8883: 8808: 8794:10.1053/gast.1997.v112.pm9024300 8773: 8716: 8685: 8651:Smedile, A; et al. (1981). 8644: 8630:10.1097/00004836-200109000-00005 8609: 8574: 8559: 8502: 8477: 8420: 7995: 7936: 7902: 7873: 7780: 7721: 7695: 7669: 7640: 5516:. National Library of Medicine. 5241:"Update on autoimmune hepatitis" 4361:from the original on 2017-09-10. 3469:from the original on 2017-02-23. 3210: 3191: 3122: 2887: 2868: 2832: 2806: 2772: 2578: 2564: 2475: 2345: 2323: 2256: 2247: 2239: 2180: 2152: 2090: 2056: 1590:for establishing the diagnosis: 898:of mechanisms, including direct 893:Toxic and drug-induced hepatitis 532:(confusion, disorientation, and 11368:Gastric antral vascular ectasia 11363:Portal hypertensive gastropathy 11240:Gastroesophageal reflux disease 10697:from the original on 2016-03-24 10577:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 9787:Alter, Harvey J. (2014-01-01). 9075:from the original on 2016-03-08 8930:from the original on 2016-03-06 8901:from the original on 2014-02-21 8826:from the original on 2016-03-04 8292:from the original on 2016-03-08 8013:from the original on 2016-03-03 7924:from the original on 2010-05-01 7891:from the original on 2016-03-05 7798:from the original on 2016-03-07 7658:from the original on 2016-03-23 7607: 7596:from the original on 2016-03-09 7578: 7537: 7526:from the original on 2016-03-08 7494:from the original on 2016-03-06 7444: 7371:from the original on 2016-03-21 7313:from the original on 2016-01-31 7180: 7009:from the original on 2016-03-06 6947: 6820: 6809:from the original on 2016-03-10 6791: 6766: 6611: 6552: 6509: 6474: 6433: 6380: 6321: 5878: 5829: 5778: 5694: 5653: 5610: 5532: 5454: 5403: 5353:Czaja, Albert J. (2016-03-15). 5232: 5205: 5056: 5031: 5020:from the original on 2016-05-08 4942: 4916:New England Journal of Medicine 4907: 4584:from the original on 2016-03-15 4552:from the original on 2014-11-09 4495: 4462: 4451:from the original on 2016-03-12 4433: 4422:from the original on 2016-03-12 4404: 4377: 4365: 4347:. JP Medical Ltd. p. 870. 4334: 3905:from the original on 2012-10-20 3891: 3861: 3811: 3760: 3710: 3680: 3486:New England Journal of Medicine 3025:first isolated the hepatitis B 2998:New England Journal of Medicine 2762: 2126:both hepatitis A and B vaccines 1539:Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency 1498:Most elevated aminotransferase 1314:leading to neonatal hepatitis. 90:, poor appetite, abdominal pain 12122:Primary sclerosing cholangitis 11972:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease 11794:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome 8445:10.1002/14651858.cd003620.pub3 8247:10.1002/14651858.cd006002.pub2 6856:"Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328" 6387:Grant, A; Neuberger J (1999). 5130:"Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis" 5063:O'Mara SR, Gebreyes K (2011). 3522: 3473: 3451: 2615:(PTX), which is a nonspecific 2202: 1992: 1890: 1827:Blood, organ, or tissue donors 1784: 1741: 1694:Alcoholic versus non-alcoholic 1509:Chronic hepatitis B, C, and D 1204:alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency 1192:primary sclerosing cholangitis 1033:are other known hepatotoxins. 675:are transmitted when blood or 441:(preceding symptoms) involves 1: 12179:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction 10948:. FirstView (10): 2098–2106. 10589:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00485-5 8670:10.1016/S0016-5085(81)80003-0 6833:Harrison's Manual of Medicine 6637:10.1634/theoncologist.9-4-385 5631:10.1016/S1084-2756(03)00093-9 4388:. World Health Organization. 4230:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 4092:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 4054:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 3899:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 3837:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 3736:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 3480:Bernal W.; Wendon J. (2013). 3244: 2918:Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis 2467:positive or negative status, 2046: 2027:Intranasal illicit drug users 1957:Intranasal illicit drug users 1887:to prevent future infection. 1433:non-alcoholic steatohepatitis 1101: 1005:National Institutes of Health 939:trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 630: 300:non-alcoholic steatohepatitis 12088:Postcholecystectomy syndrome 11607:Intestinal pseudoobstruction 11215:Esophageal motility disorder 10946:Epidemiology & Infection 10889:Clinical Infectious Diseases 10841:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181e45951 10783:Clinical Infectious Diseases 10665:10.1016/0016-5085(87)90614-7 10640:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 9736:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90261-a 9565:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90261-a 9226:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3180381584 8861:10.1097/qco.0000000000000188 8595:10.1016/0002-9343(81)90796-8 8566:Bartenschlager, ed. (2013). 8376:Health Technology Assessment 8338:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.06.006 8324:and Network Meta-analysis". 8113:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000205 7191:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 6958:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 5475:10.3109/15412555.2013.765839 3694:. March 2014. Archived from 3407:. April 2012. Archived from 3215:Pregnant women who contract 3117: 3110:. In a recent study by the 2688: 2292: 2234: 2144:of the hepatitis E vaccine. 1948:Born to HCV-positive mothers 1767:People who use illicit drugs 1704:nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 1490: 1333: 1001:Food and Drug Administration 857: 574:(abnormal hair growth), and 318:and spread through infected 7: 11104:WHO fact sheet of hepatitis 10060:. World Health Organization 10028:10.1016/j.pedhc.2006.12.011 9664:10.1056/nejm196606162742405 9588:"Homologous Serum Jaundice" 9105:(4): 555–564, quiz e31–32. 8037:Clinical Drug Investigation 7949:World Journal of Hepatology 7734:World Journal of Hepatology 6742:10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.09.005 6495:10.1056/NEJM200004273421707 6275:World Journal of Hepatology 6125:World Journal of Hepatology 5963:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.09.004 5604:10.1016/j.mpmed.2015.08.008 5512:Medline Plus (2012-08-10). 4384:World Health Organization. 3773:World Journal of Hepatology 3536:(in Spanish). 8 August 2022 3227: 2631:(CS), corticosteroids with 2051: 1609:(i.e. for autoantibodies), 1514:Nonalcoholic liver disease 1324:lysosomal storage disorders 1125:anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) 1122:sensitive but less specific 397:), meaning "inflammation". 10: 12455: 12073:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis 11597:Functional colonic disease 11393:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 10250:Journal of Viral Hepatitis 9989:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.008 9772:Odelberg, Wilhelm (1976). 9604:10.1177/003591574603901012 6071:Annual Review of Pathology 6024:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.035 5744:Current Molecular Medicine 5410:Krawitt, Edward-L (2008). 4319:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.005 3566:. May 2014. Archived from 2938: 2891: 2872: 2836: 2810: 2665: 2582: 2568: 2479: 2396: 2349: 2327: 2263:needle exchange programmes 2231:, and exercise regularly. 2131: 2094: 2060: 1652: 1320:glycogen storage disorders 1279: 1248:but can also be caused by 1234: 1197: 1105: 1080:ultrasound steatosis score 1040: 866: 639: 393: 379: 333:Hepatitis A, B, and D are 308:passed from mother to baby 18: 12367: 12246: 12187: 12101: 12058: 11904: 11895: 11848: 11802: 11757: 11643: 11530: 11420: 11407: 11282: 11274:Acute esophageal necrosis 11156: 11147: 11070: 11000: 10955:10.1017/S0950268816000418 10829:Obstetrics and Gynecology 10209:10.1007/s12072-008-9049-2 9928:10.1016/j.cgh.2015.08.015 9757:Emanuel, Ezekiel (2008). 9391:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.183 9335:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0447 9277:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.149 9172:10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.11929 9111:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.06.013 8702:10.1002/14651858.cd011727 8187:10.1007/s11904-014-0243-7 8049:10.1007/s40261-015-0338-y 7859:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 7488:World Health Organization 7307:World Health Organization 7099:World Health Organization 6676:World Journal of Virology 6347:10.3748/wjg.v21.i46.12989 5903:10.3350/cmh.2014.20.3.228 4967:10.3350/cmh.2012.18.3.249 4546:World Health Organization 4445:World Health Organization 4262:Seminars in Liver Disease 3196:Estimates of the rate of 3057:direct and indirect costs 2860:contamination related to 2799:, people with history of 2340:fulminant hepatic failure 1963:Men who have sex with men 1861:Men who have sex with men 1770:People with liver disease 1713:infiltration, hepatocyte 1700:alcoholic steatohepatitis 1555: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1453:oxidative stress response 1188:primary biliary cirrhosis 999:– are unregulated by the 973:used in the treatment of 609: 542:gastrointestinal bleeding 164: 156: 145: 137: 122: 114: 94: 81: 61: 45: 36: 31: 16:Inflammation of the liver 11373:Gastric dumping syndrome 11248:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 11235:Diffuse esophageal spasm 10522:10.1177/0956462416630910 10197:Hepatology International 9440:(Supplement s1): 29–37. 8175:Current HIV/AIDS Reports 7912:"WHO/Europe | Home" 6578:10.3748/wjg.v16.i28.3510 6216:10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6279 5756:10.2174/1566524033479591 5299:Czaja, Albert J (2016). 4882:10.3748/wjg.v18.i22.2756 3767:Basra, Sarpreet (2011). 3055:has been estimated that 2986:Willowbrook State School 2933:hepatocellular carcinoma 2898:Similar to Hepatitis A, 2356: 1559:Alcoholic liver disease 1398:hepatocellular carcinoma 1312:cholestatic liver injury 1275: 1114:human leukocyte antigens 770:pyogenic liver abscesses 385:), meaning "liver", and 11989:Alcoholic liver disease 11522:Bile acid malabsorption 11466:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer 9684:Bull World Health Organ 9635:Munson, Ronald (1996). 7933:, accessed 9 Mar 2016). 7620:WikiJournal of Medicine 6459:10.1053/gast.2002.36061 6405:10.1136/gut.45.2008.iv1 5619:Seminars in Neonatology 4761:. Birkhauser. pp. 4721:. Birkhauser. pp. 3039:Nobel Prize in Medicine 2643:Weak evidence suggests 2138:vaccine for hepatitis E 2075:The CDC recommends the 1836:Found to have elevated 1723:ballooning degeneration 1601:Blood testing includes 1359:Stages of liver disease 953:; cholesterol-lowering 931:amoxicillin-clavulanate 875:alcoholic liver disease 743:Echinococcus granulosus 700:Echinococcus granulosus 419:constitutional symptoms 168:> One million a year 118:Short term or long term 11999:Hepatic encephalopathy 11383:Buried bumper syndrome 11314:Peptic (gastric) ulcer 11198:Mallory–Weiss syndrome 11141:human digestive system 6138:10.4254/wjh.v6.i11.800 5214:"Autoimmune Hepatitis" 4275:10.1055/s-0034-1375955 3688:"Autoimmune Hepatitis" 2848: 2822: 2594: 2531:inhibitors, including 2374:, and very high serum 2278: 2191: 2106: 2072: 2044: 2021:Blood or organ donors. 1945:Blood or organ donors. 1915: 1900: 1856:Intravenous drug users 1794: 1575: 1519:Acute viral hepatitis 1360: 1029:and the wild mushroom 795:Neisseria meningitidis 772:, acute hepatitis, or 701: 592:hepatic encephalopathy 493:drug-induced hepatitis 410: 328:intravenous drug users 160:> 500 million cases 12224:Pancreatic pseudocyst 12093:Porcelain gallbladder 11205:Zenker's diverticulum 9976:Journal of Hepatology 9477:Oon, GC (July 2012). 8971:10.1056/NEJMcp1006613 8527:10.1136/gut.16.11.876 7962:10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108 7681:wexnermedical.osu.edu 7654:. 14 September 2011. 7633:10.15347/wjm/2020.001 7563:10.1056/NEJMoa1406011 6900:(10 Suppl 6): S13–6. 6689:10.5501/wjv.v4.i4.323 6288:10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108 6011:Journal of Hepatology 5842:Journal of Cell Death 4757:Comparative Hepatitis 4717:Comparative Hepatitis 4306:Journal of Hepatology 3786:10.4254/wjh.v3.i5.108 3499:10.1056/nejmra1208937 3482:"Acute Liver Failure" 3128:Vertical transmission 2924:liver transplantation 2846: 2820: 2801:chronic liver disease 2716:peripheral neuropathy 2592: 2436:consolidation therapy 2317:Universal precautions 2276: 2188: 2104: 2070: 2039: 1913: 1898: 1840:without a known cause 1792: 1573: 1529:Autoimmune hepatitis 1414:CD8 cytotoxic T-cells 1358: 801:Neisseria gonorrhoeae 789:Klebsiella pneumoniae 733:Entamoeba histolytica 699: 408: 101:Scarring of the liver 12028:Hepatorenal syndrome 11967:Budd–Chiari syndrome 11924:Autoimmune hepatitis 11749:Intestinal adhesions 11507:Short bowel syndrome 11336:Functional dyspepsia 11254:Esophageal stricture 11220:Nutcracker esophagus 9586:Bradley, WH (1946). 8618:J Clin Gastroenterol 7857:Medical Microbiology 7747:10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.68 6894:J Am Osteopath Assoc 5220:on 15 September 2010 4928:10.1056/NEJMra021844 3831:(10053): 1459–1544. 3730:(10053): 1545–1602. 3313:"What is hepatitis?" 3108:HIV-HCV co-infection 3072:2003 Monaca outbreak 2676:Autoimmune hepatitis 2493:pegylated interferon 2443:Pegylated interferon 2283:Alcoholics Anonymous 2121:first year of life. 1793:Hepatitis B virus v2 1619:complete blood count 1611:nucleic acid testing 1461:toll-like receptor 4 1402:Natural killer cells 1262:transaminase enzymes 1108:Autoimmune hepatitis 1091:liver function tests 1087:right upper quadrant 1027:carbon tetrachloride 997:pharmaceutical drugs 979:paracetamol toxicity 813:Borrelia burgdorferi 600:hepatorenal syndrome 497:autoimmune hepatitis 353:may be treated with 351:Autoimmune hepatitis 304:sexually transmitted 133:, toxins, autoimmune 12167:Choledocholithiasis 12038:Metabolic disorders 12004:Acute liver failure 11977:Portal hypertension 11929:Alcoholic hepatitis 11772:Radiation proctitis 11691:Mesenteric ischemia 11663:Gastroenterocolitis 11492:Blind loop syndrome 11302:Ménétrier's disease 11210:Barrett's esophagus 10380:10.1155/2014/317623 9678:Beecher HK (2001). 9639:. pp. 273–281. 9434:Liver International 9165:(34): 11929–11934. 8891:"WHO | Hepatitis A" 7707:liverfoundation.org 7614:Rizzetto M (2020). 7516:"WHO | Hepatitis D" 6774:"Hepatitis Testing" 6620:"Imaging the Liver" 6340:(46): 12989–12995. 6017:(1 Suppl): S14–25. 5429:10.3748/wjg.14.3301 5258:10.3748/wjg.15.1035 5173:2013NYASA1281..106M 3698:on 11 November 2016 3570:on 11 November 2016 3411:on 11 November 2016 3239:World Hepatitis Day 3222:case-fatality rates 3097:Special populations 3045:Society and culture 3011:Dr. Baruch Blumberg 2912:Alcoholic hepatitis 2907:Alcoholic hepatitis 2755:chronic hepatitis. 2726:Fulminant hepatitis 2662:Metabolic hepatitis 2602:Alcoholic hepatitis 2511:protease inhibitors 2425:polyethylene glycol 2269:Alcoholic hepatitis 2111:hepatitis B vaccine 2097:Hepatitis B vaccine 2077:hepatitis A vaccine 2063:Hepatitis A vaccine 1885:hepatitis B vaccine 1749:hepatitis A vaccine 1665:hepatitis B surface 1524:Medications/toxins 1481:zone 3 of the liver 1437:alcoholic hepatitis 1220:autosomal recessive 1184:autoimmune diseases 1159:, acne, arthritis, 989:dietary supplements 963:oral contraceptives 925:such as isoniazid, 883:alcoholic hepatitis 879:alcoholic steatosis 869:Alcoholic hepatitis 863:Alcoholic hepatitis 835:Tropheryma whipplei 807:Bartonella henselae 764:Bacterial hepatitis 758:Clonorchis sinensis 692:Parasitic hepatitis 550:respiratory failure 516:Fulminant hepatitis 367:alcoholic hepatitis 296:autoimmune diseases 227:acute liver failure 47:Alcoholic hepatitis 12342:Undefined location 12333:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft 12234:Pancreatic fistula 12217:Pancreatic abscess 12172:Biliary dyskinesia 12143:Mirizzi's syndrome 11644:Large and/or small 11324:Dieulafoy's lesion 11193:Boerhaave syndrome 11071:External resources 10901:10.1093/cid/ciu447 10796:10.1093/cid/cit601 10475:The New York Times 8332:(4): 958–970.e12. 8007:pubs.niaaa.nih.gov 7590:clinicaltrials.gov 5854:10.4137/JCD.S39824 5514:"Hepatic ischemia" 5181:10.1111/nyas.12016 3901:. Etymonline.com. 3401:"Liver Transplant" 3079:emergency medicine 2944:Early observations 2849: 2823: 2795:who have received 2793:clotting disorders 2595: 2406:Adefovir dipivoxil 2279: 2192: 2148:Behavioral changes 2107: 2073: 1916: 1901: 1795: 1576: 1418:Type I interferons 1361: 1316:Metabolic diseases 1282:Neonatal hepatitis 1242:Ischemic hepatitis 1237:Ischemic hepatitis 1231:Ischemic hepatitis 1177:maculopapular rash 1169:ulcerative colitis 1145:Epstein-Barr virus 1060:insulin resistance 1056:metabolic syndrome 1031:Amanita phalloides 1021:Exposure to other 1014:2019-07-24 at the 841:Treponema pallidum 738:Of the worms, the 702: 596:esophageal varices 411: 401:Signs and symptoms 306:, but may also be 288:yellow fever virus 284:Epstein–Barr virus 223:resolve on its own 68:Infectious disease 12439:Diseases of liver 12406: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12242: 12241: 11844: 11843: 11701:Bowel obstruction 11403: 11402: 11094: 11093: 10789:(12): 1773–1781. 10738:10.1002/hep.28156 10441:(47): 1155–1157. 10323:10.1111/apt.12625 10082:PharmacoEconomics 9922:(12): 2031–2041. 9806:10.1002/hep.26787 9658:(24): 1354–1360. 9537:978-1-870026-10-9 9447:10.1111/liv.12409 9018:10.1002/hep.27978 8965:(25): 2429–2438. 8742:10.1002/hep.22375 8388:10.3310/hta191020 7652:www.niaaa.nih.gov 7428:. pp. 33–4. 6829:Fauci, Anthony S. 6571:(28): 3510–3520. 6530:10.1159/000078465 6399:(Suppl 4): 1–11. 6209:(20): 6279–6286. 5675:978-0-07-177970-8 5111:978-0-07-180215-4 4846:978-0-07-180215-4 4812:978-0-07-180215-4 4372:Viêm gan tự miễn. 4237:978-0-07-180215-4 4135:978-1-25-925144-3 4099:978-0-07-183772-9 4061:978-0-07-180215-4 3657:10.1002/hep.27950 3492:(26): 2525–2534. 3184:) as well as the 3005:Australia antigen 2956:Around 400 B.C., 2742:Chronic hepatitis 2593:Hepatitis E virus 2165:Hepatitis B and C 1911: 1823:cytotoxic therapy 1819:immunosuppressive 1711:polymorphonuclear 1568: 1567: 1534:Wilson's disease 1396:and culminate in 1308:choledochal cysts 967:anabolic steroids 847:Coxiella burnetii 780:bacteria such as 754:Fasciola hepatica 723:species, and the 717:Trypanosoma cruzi 560:Chronic hepatitis 349:are recommended. 292:heavy alcohol use 172: 171: 26:Medical condition 12446: 12394:Pneumoperitoneum 12251: 12250: 12161:Common bile duct 12043:Wilson's disease 12033:Peliosis hepatis 11902: 11901: 11779:Proctalgia fugax 11686:Abdominal angina 11611:Ogilvie syndrome 11560:Pseudomembranous 11418: 11417: 11378:Gastric volvulus 11343:Pyloric stenosis 11154: 11153: 11139:Diseases of the 11133: 11126: 11119: 11110: 11109: 10998: 10997: 10986: 10985: 10975: 10957: 10937: 10931: 10930: 10920: 10880: 10869: 10868: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10798: 10774: 10768: 10767: 10757: 10717: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10702: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10653:Gastroenterology 10648: 10642: 10641: 10633: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10574: 10565: 10552: 10551: 10541: 10501: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10430: 10411: 10410: 10400: 10382: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10325: 10301: 10290: 10289: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10228: 10188: 10179: 10178: 10152: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10055: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10011: 10002: 10001: 9991: 9967: 9958: 9957: 9947: 9907: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9808: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9724:Gastroenterology 9719: 9710: 9709: 9699: 9675: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9615: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9553:Gastroenterology 9548: 9542: 9541: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9498: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9449: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9374: 9365: 9364: 9354: 9314: 9305: 9304: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9209: 9203: 9202: 9192: 9174: 9150: 9141: 9140: 9130: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9061: 9048: 9047: 9037: 9012:(5): 1353–1363. 8997: 8991: 8990: 8954: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8844: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8782:Gastroenterology 8777: 8771: 8770: 8744: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8672: 8657:Gastroenterology 8648: 8642: 8641: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8563: 8557: 8556: 8546: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8464: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8407: 8367: 8358: 8357: 8326:Gastroenterology 8320: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8278: 8269: 8268: 8258: 8241:(12): CD006002. 8226: 8217: 8216: 8206: 8166: 8141: 8140: 8096: 8077: 8076: 8031: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7982: 7964: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7923: 7916: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7852: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7767: 7749: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7565: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7512: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7480: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7391: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7357: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7299: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7224: 7193: 7192: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7165:. Archived from 7155: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7101:. Archived from 7091: 7062: 7061: 7043: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 6995: 6960: 6959: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6921: 6910: 6909: 6889: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6860:WHO Media Centre 6852: 6837: 6836: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6701: 6691: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6639: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6598: 6580: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6524:(3–5): 134–143. 6513: 6507: 6506: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6461: 6446:Gastroenterology 6437: 6431: 6430: 6416: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6367: 6349: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6308: 6290: 6266: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6218: 6194: 6169: 6168: 6158: 6140: 6116: 6103: 6102: 6062: 6045: 6044: 6026: 6002: 5993: 5992: 5982: 5942: 5933: 5932: 5922: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5816: 5806: 5804:10.3390/v9080230 5782: 5776: 5775: 5739: 5728: 5727: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5587: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5545: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5441: 5431: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5390: 5371:10.5009/gnl15352 5350: 5339: 5338: 5328: 5317:10.5009/gnl15352 5296: 5281: 5280: 5270: 5260: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5097: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5069: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5006:livertox.nih.gov 4998: 4989: 4988: 4978: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4884: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4832: 4817: 4816: 4798: 4777: 4776: 4760: 4750: 4737: 4736: 4720: 4710: 4695: 4694: 4676: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4538: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4482: 4475: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4321: 4312:(1): S100–S111. 4297: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4253: 4242: 4241: 4223: 4140: 4139: 4121: 4104: 4103: 4085: 4066: 4065: 4047: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3798: 3788: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3659: 3635: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3556: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3501: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3364: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3309: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3266: 3102:HIV co-infection 2847:HepC replication 2797:clotting factors 2420:interferon alpha 2368:prothrombin time 2159:oral-fecal route 1912: 1544:Hemochromatosis 1495: 1494: 1212:Wilson's disease 783:Escherichia coli 677:mucous membranes 659:fecal–oral route 588:peripheral edema 484:liver lab values 396: 395: 384: 383: 359:liver transplant 151:liver transplant 72:gastroenterology 41: 29: 28: 12454: 12453: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12398: 12363: 12352:Internal hernia 12238: 12183: 12148:Biliary fistula 12106: 12097: 12083:Adenomyomatosis 12078:Cholesterolosis 12054: 12048:Hemochromatosis 11919:Viral hepatitis 11891: 11840: 11798: 11784:Rectal prolapse 11753: 11720:Fecal impaction 11710:Intussusception 11673:Crohn's disease 11639: 11622:Toxic megacolon 11534: 11532:Large intestine 11526: 11471:Curling's ulcer 11424: 11422:Small intestine 11411: 11399: 11307:Gastroenteritis 11278: 11143: 11137: 11095: 11090: 11089: 11066: 11065: 11009: 10995: 10990: 10989: 10938: 10934: 10881: 10872: 10824: 10820: 10775: 10771: 10718: 10709: 10700: 10698: 10685: 10684: 10680: 10649: 10645: 10634: 10619: 10611: 10572: 10566: 10555: 10502: 10495: 10485: 10483: 10466: 10462: 10431: 10414: 10359: 10355: 10302: 10293: 10246: 10242: 10189: 10182: 10129: 10125: 10077: 10073: 10063: 10061: 10053: 10047: 10043: 10012: 10005: 9968: 9961: 9908: 9897: 9888: 9886: 9878: 9877: 9873: 9834: 9830: 9785: 9781: 9770: 9766: 9755: 9751: 9720: 9713: 9676:; Reprinted in 9648: 9644: 9633: 9629: 9598:(10): 649–654. 9584: 9580: 9549: 9545: 9538: 9524: 9520: 9475: 9471: 9426: 9422: 9385:(11): 656–665. 9375: 9368: 9329:(26): 447–452. 9315: 9308: 9271:(11): 627–636. 9261: 9257: 9210: 9206: 9151: 9144: 9091: 9087: 9078: 9076: 9063: 9062: 9051: 8998: 8994: 8955: 8942: 8933: 8931: 8918: 8917: 8913: 8904: 8902: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8845: 8838: 8829: 8827: 8814: 8813: 8809: 8778: 8774: 8721: 8717: 8690: 8686: 8649: 8645: 8614: 8610: 8579: 8575: 8564: 8560: 8521:(11): 876–883. 8507: 8503: 8493: 8491: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8439:(4): CD003620. 8425: 8421: 8368: 8361: 8321: 8304: 8295: 8293: 8280: 8279: 8272: 8227: 8220: 8167: 8144: 8097: 8080: 8043:(12): 843–850. 8032: 8025: 8016: 8014: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7941: 7937: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7894: 7892: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7853: 7810: 7801: 7799: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7726: 7722: 7712: 7710: 7701: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7661: 7659: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7612: 7608: 7599: 7597: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7542: 7538: 7529: 7527: 7514: 7513: 7506: 7497: 7495: 7482: 7481: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7406: 7393: 7392: 7383: 7374: 7372: 7359: 7358: 7325: 7316: 7314: 7301: 7300: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7226: 7225: 7196: 7185: 7181: 7172: 7170: 7157: 7156: 7117: 7108: 7106: 7093: 7092: 7065: 7044: 7021: 7012: 7010: 6997: 6996: 6963: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6923: 6922: 6913: 6890: 6879: 6869: 6867: 6854: 6853: 6840: 6825: 6821: 6812: 6810: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6722: 6715: 6668: 6661: 6616: 6612: 6557: 6553: 6514: 6510: 6489:(17): 1266–71. 6479: 6475: 6438: 6434: 6385: 6381: 6326: 6322: 6267: 6250: 6195: 6172: 6131:(11): 800–811. 6117: 6106: 6063: 6048: 6003: 5996: 5943: 5936: 5883: 5879: 5834: 5830: 5783: 5779: 5740: 5731: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5676: 5658: 5654: 5615: 5611: 5598:(11): 625–630. 5588: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5558: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5510: 5506: 5469:(sup1): 35–43. 5459: 5455: 5408: 5404: 5351: 5342: 5297: 5284: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5210: 5206: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5104:. McGraw-Hill. 5098: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5000: 4999: 4992: 4947: 4943: 4912: 4908: 4875:(22): 2756–66. 4861: 4854: 4847: 4839:. McGraw-Hill. 4833: 4820: 4813: 4805:. McGraw-Hill. 4799: 4780: 4773: 4751: 4740: 4733: 4711: 4698: 4691: 4683:. McGraw Hill. 4677: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4555: 4553: 4540: 4539: 4520: 4511: 4509: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4298: 4291: 4254: 4245: 4238: 4224: 4143: 4136: 4128:. McGraw-Hill. 4122: 4107: 4100: 4086: 4069: 4062: 4048: 3917: 3908: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3816: 3812: 3765: 3761: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3636: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3558: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3478: 3474: 3463:patients.gi.org 3457: 3456: 3452: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3311: 3310: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3252: 3247: 3230: 3213: 3194: 3125: 3120: 3104: 3099: 3091:immune globulin 3074: 3052: 3050:Economic burden 3047: 3007: 2978: 2946: 2941: 2920: 2909: 2896: 2890: 2877: 2871: 2862:schistosomiasis 2841: 2835: 2821:HBV replication 2815: 2809: 2775: 2770: 2768:Viral hepatitis 2765: 2744: 2728: 2712:aplastic anemia 2696: 2694:Acute hepatitis 2691: 2678: 2670: 2664: 2638:-acetylcysteine 2621:corticosteroids 2604: 2587: 2581: 2573: 2567: 2543:NS5B inhibitors 2484: 2478: 2399: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2332: 2326: 2310:Glucocorticoids 2295: 2271: 2259: 2250: 2242: 2237: 2214: 2205: 2183: 2167: 2155: 2150: 2134: 2099: 2093: 2065: 2059: 2054: 2049: 1995: 1903: 1893: 1787: 1744: 1735: 1733:Virus screening 1721:in the form of 1696: 1688:virion particle 1657: 1655:Viral hepatitis 1651: 1649:Viral hepatitis 1615:blood chemistry 1592:histopathologic 1493: 1469:steatohepatitis 1429:Steatohepatitis 1426: 1424:Steatohepatitis 1365:viral hepatitis 1353: 1351:Viral hepatitis 1336: 1304:biliary atresia 1296:cytomegalovirus 1284: 1278: 1239: 1233: 1208:hemochromatosis 1200: 1118:auto-antibodies 1110: 1104: 1068:steatohepatitis 1045: 1039: 1016:Wayback Machine 985:Herbal remedies 943:anticonvulsants 895: 871: 865: 860: 766: 694: 647:Viral hepatitis 644: 642:Viral hepatitis 638: 636:Viral hepatitis 633: 612: 562: 518: 477:enlarged spleen 439:prodromal phase 431: 429:Acute hepatitis 403: 280:cytomegalovirus 209:. Hepatitis is 27: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12452: 12442: 12441: 12436: 12434:Viral diseases 12431: 12426: 12421: 12404: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12389:Hemoperitoneum 12386: 12385: 12384: 12373: 12371: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12338: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12330: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12271: 12270: 12259: 12257: 12248: 12244: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12193: 12191: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12169: 12156: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12113: 12111: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12064: 12062: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12045: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12024: 12023: 12018: 12008: 12007: 12006: 12001: 11991: 11986: 11985: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11957: 11956: 11955: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11910: 11908: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11877: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11860: 11858:Blood in stool 11854: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11831:Anal dysplasia 11828: 11823: 11818: 11808: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11763: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11698: 11696:Angiodysplasia 11693: 11688: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11665: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11637: 11631:Diverticulosis 11627:Diverticulitis 11624: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11604: 11594: 11589: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11552: 11546: 11544: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11517:Milroy disease 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11487:Tropical sprue 11484: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11440: 11438: 11415: 11409:Lower GI tract 11405: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11328: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11311: 11310: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11288: 11286: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11245: 11244: 11243: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11195: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11162: 11160: 11151: 11149:Upper GI tract 11145: 11144: 11136: 11135: 11128: 11121: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11092: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11052: 11041: 11026: 11010: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11001:Classification 10994: 10993:External links 10991: 10988: 10987: 10932: 10895:(6): 765–773. 10870: 10835:(1): 147–159. 10818: 10769: 10732:(1): 261–283. 10707: 10678: 10659:(6): 1844–50. 10643: 10617: 10583:(7): 797–808. 10553: 10516:(2): 145–159. 10493: 10460: 10412: 10373:(5): 243–250. 10353: 10316:(5): 518–531. 10291: 10240: 10203:(3): 284–295. 10180: 10123: 10071: 10041: 10003: 9982:(2): 469–476. 9959: 9895: 9884:NobelPrize.org 9871: 9844:(7): 541–546. 9828: 9779: 9774:Les Prix Nobel 9764: 9749: 9711: 9642: 9627: 9578: 9543: 9536: 9518: 9469: 9420: 9366: 9306: 9255: 9220:(8): 761–772. 9204: 9142: 9085: 9049: 8992: 8940: 8911: 8882: 8855:(5): 488–496. 8836: 8807: 8772: 8735:(2): 418–431. 8715: 8684: 8643: 8608: 8573: 8558: 8501: 8476: 8419: 8382:(102): 1–104. 8359: 8302: 8270: 8218: 8142: 8107:(6): 563–571. 8078: 8023: 7994: 7955:(5): 108–113. 7935: 7901: 7872: 7866:978-0071824989 7865: 7808: 7779: 7720: 7694: 7683:. 17 June 2020 7668: 7639: 7606: 7577: 7556:(10): 914–22. 7536: 7504: 7468: 7443: 7416: 7381: 7323: 7261: 7194: 7179: 7115: 7063: 7019: 6961: 6946: 6911: 6877: 6838: 6819: 6790: 6765: 6736:(3): 492–510. 6713: 6659: 6630:(4): 385–397. 6624:The Oncologist 6610: 6551: 6508: 6473: 6452:(4): 1367–84. 6432: 6379: 6320: 6281:(5): 108–113. 6248: 6170: 6104: 6046: 5994: 5957:(6): 578–588. 5934: 5897:(3): 228–236. 5877: 5828: 5777: 5750:(6): 537–544. 5729: 5710:(5): 551–555. 5693: 5674: 5652: 5625:(5): 357–374. 5609: 5575: 5557:978-1416061892 5556: 5531: 5504: 5453: 5422:(21): 3301–5. 5402: 5365:(2): 177–203. 5340: 5311:(2): 177–203. 5282: 5251:(9): 1035–41. 5231: 5204: 5167:(1): 106–122. 5147: 5117: 5110: 5089: 5055: 5030: 4990: 4941: 4922:(5): 474–485. 4906: 4852: 4845: 4818: 4811: 4778: 4772:978-3764385576 4771: 4738: 4732:978-3764385576 4731: 4696: 4690:978-0071845090 4689: 4594: 4562: 4518: 4494: 4461: 4432: 4403: 4376: 4364: 4353: 4333: 4289: 4268:(2): 134–144. 4243: 4236: 4141: 4134: 4105: 4098: 4067: 4060: 3915: 3890: 3860: 3810: 3759: 3709: 3679: 3650:(3): 932–954. 3581: 3546: 3521: 3472: 3450: 3422: 3389: 3334: 3291: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3212: 3209: 3193: 3190: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3073: 3070: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3006: 3003: 2977: 2974: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2919: 2916: 2908: 2905: 2892:Main article: 2889: 2886: 2873:Main article: 2870: 2867: 2837:Main article: 2834: 2831: 2811:Main article: 2808: 2805: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2743: 2740: 2736:superinfection 2727: 2724: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2677: 2674: 2666:Main article: 2663: 2660: 2613:pentoxifylline 2603: 2600: 2583:Main article: 2580: 2577: 2569:Main article: 2566: 2563: 2555: 2554: 2540: 2526: 2495:(PEG IFN) and 2480:Main article: 2477: 2474: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2409: 2398: 2395: 2358: 2355: 2350:Main article: 2347: 2344: 2328:Main article: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2291: 2270: 2267: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2197:superinfection 2182: 2179: 2166: 2163: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2142:phase IV trial 2133: 2130: 2095:Main article: 2092: 2089: 2071:Havrix vaccine 2061:Main article: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 1994: 1991: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1892: 1889: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1786: 1783: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1727:Mallory bodies 1695: 1692: 1653:Main article: 1650: 1647: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1492: 1489: 1485:Mallory bodies 1425: 1422: 1352: 1349: 1335: 1332: 1280:Main article: 1277: 1274: 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1199: 1196: 1133:nitrofurantoin 1106:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1041:Main article: 1038: 1035: 1007:maintains the 927:nitrofurantoin 912:latency period 894: 891: 867:Main article: 864: 861: 859: 856: 765: 762: 693: 690: 640:Main article: 637: 634: 632: 629: 611: 608: 561: 558: 554:kidney failure 538:cerebral edema 530:encephalopathy 517: 514: 489: 488: 480: 473:enlarged liver 466: 430: 427: 409:Jaundiced eyes 402: 399: 324:needle sharing 203:abdominal pain 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 98: 92: 91: 88:Yellowish skin 85: 79: 78: 65: 59: 58: 51:Mallory bodies 43: 42: 34: 33: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12451: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12424:Inflammations 12422: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12323: 12319: 12318: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12283: 12280: 12279: 12276: 12273: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12263:Diaphragmatic 12261: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12252: 12249: 12245: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12177: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12158: 12157: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12104: 12100: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12068:Cholecystitis 12066: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12057: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12011:Liver abscess 12009: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11994:Liver failure 11992: 11990: 11987: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11946: 11942: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11934: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11894: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11847: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11756: 11750: 11747: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11657: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11651:Enterocolitis 11649: 11648: 11646: 11642: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11538: 11533: 11529: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11479: 11478:Malabsorption 11476: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11423: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11353:Gastroparesis 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11329: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11319:Cushing ulcer 11317: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11285: 11281: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11264:Megaesophagus 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11246: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11134: 11129: 11127: 11122: 11120: 11115: 11114: 11111: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11086: 11082: 11081: 11077: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11062: 11058: 11057: 11053: 11051: 11047: 11046: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11025: 11021: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11003: 10999: 10983: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10936: 10928: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10773: 10765: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10647: 10639: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10571: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10549: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10500: 10498: 10481: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10464: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10408: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10256:(2): 97–107. 10255: 10251: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10187: 10185: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10127: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10075: 10059: 10052: 10051:"Hepatitis A" 10045: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10010: 10008: 9999: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9966: 9964: 9955: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9885: 9881: 9875: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9832: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9783: 9775: 9768: 9760: 9753: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9730:(4): 955–63. 9729: 9725: 9718: 9716: 9707: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9690:(4): 367–72. 9689: 9685: 9681: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9646: 9638: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9559:(4): 955–63. 9558: 9554: 9547: 9539: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9489:(7): 279–80. 9488: 9484: 9480: 9473: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9371: 9362: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9313: 9311: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9259: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9208: 9200: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9149: 9147: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9045: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8843: 8841: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8788:(2): 463–72. 8787: 8783: 8776: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8569: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8505: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8472: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8364: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8275: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8223: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8030: 8028: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7868: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7724: 7709:. 23 May 2022 7708: 7704: 7698: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7634: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7484:"Hepatitis E" 7479: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7303:"Hepatitis C" 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7190: 7183: 7169:on 2020-08-07 7168: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7105:on 2016-02-20 7104: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6957: 6950: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6718: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6682:(4): 323–42. 6681: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6664: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6518:Intervirology 6512: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5999: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5939: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5697: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5359:Gut and Liver 5356: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5305:Gut and Liver 5302: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5122: 5113: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5094: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4961:(3): 249–57. 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4542:"Hepatitis B" 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4508: 4504: 4503:"Hepatitis A" 4498: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4441:"Hepatitis E" 4436: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4354:9789350250747 4350: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3779:(5): 108–13. 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3394: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3322: 3319:. July 2016. 3318: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3218: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3042: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2994:Henry Beecher 2990: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2845: 2840: 2830: 2827: 2819: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751:accelerated. 2748: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2617:TNF inhibitor 2614: 2608: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2483: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2318: 2315:Precautions: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2254: 2245: 2232: 2230: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2200: 2198: 2187: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2171:bodily fluids 2162: 2160: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2103: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2069: 2064: 2043: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1899:HCV structure 1897: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1838:liver enzymes 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1739: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663:(such as the 1662: 1656: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603:liver enzymes 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:gold standard 1585: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1496: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1457:immune system 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390:wound healing 1388:, injury and 1387: 1382: 1381:immune system 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:Blood testing 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246:heart failure 1243: 1238: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1044: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 921:paracetamol; 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 870: 855: 853: 849: 848: 843: 842: 837: 836: 831: 827: 826:campylobacter 823: 819: 815: 814: 809: 808: 803: 802: 797: 796: 791: 790: 785: 784: 779: 775: 774:granulomatous 771: 761: 759: 755: 752: 748: 747:hydatid cysts 744: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 698: 689: 685: 681: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 628: 626: 622: 618: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 513: 511: 507: 503: 498: 494: 485: 481: 478: 474: 470: 467: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435: 434: 426: 424: 420: 416: 415:liver failure 407: 398: 390: 389: 382: 376: 373: 368: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 272: 267: 266: 261: 260: 255: 254: 249: 248: 247:hepatovirus A 242: 240: 236: 235:liver failure 232: 228: 224: 220: 219: 214: 213: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191:poor appetite 188: 184: 180: 176: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 106: 105:liver failure 102: 99: 97: 96:Complications 93: 89: 86: 84: 80: 77: 73: 69: 66: 64: 60: 56: 55:H&E stain 52: 48: 44: 40: 35: 30: 22: 12341: 12320: 12197:Pancreatitis 12159: 12109:biliary tree 11982:Nutmeg liver 11959: 11913: 11885:Hematochezia 11836:Pruritus ani 11821:Anal abscess 11816:Anal fistula 11812:Anal fissure 11725:Constipation 11679: 11550:Appendicitis 11358:Gastroptosis 11348:Achlorhydria 11187: 11176:Eosinophilic 11078: 11054: 11043: 11028: 11013: 10945: 10935: 10892: 10888: 10832: 10828: 10821: 10786: 10782: 10772: 10729: 10725: 10699:. Retrieved 10690: 10681: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10637: 10580: 10576: 10513: 10509: 10484:. Retrieved 10473: 10463: 10438: 10434: 10370: 10366: 10356: 10313: 10309: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10200: 10196: 10140: 10136: 10126: 10088:(1): 17–32. 10085: 10081: 10074: 10062:. Retrieved 10057: 10044: 10019: 10015: 9979: 9975: 9919: 9915: 9887:. Retrieved 9883: 9874: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9796: 9792: 9782: 9773: 9767: 9758: 9752: 9727: 9723: 9687: 9683: 9655: 9651: 9645: 9636: 9630: 9595: 9591: 9581: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9527: 9521: 9486: 9482: 9472: 9437: 9433: 9423: 9382: 9378: 9326: 9322: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9162: 9158: 9102: 9098: 9088: 9077:. Retrieved 9068: 9009: 9005: 8995: 8962: 8958: 8932:. Retrieved 8923: 8914: 8903:. Retrieved 8894: 8885: 8852: 8848: 8828:. Retrieved 8819: 8810: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8732: 8728: 8718: 8693: 8687: 8663:(6): 992–7. 8660: 8656: 8646: 8624:(3): 191–8. 8621: 8617: 8611: 8589:(2): 252–5. 8586: 8582: 8576: 8567: 8561: 8518: 8514: 8504: 8492:. Retrieved 8488: 8479: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8379: 8375: 8329: 8325: 8294:. Retrieved 8285: 8238: 8234: 8181:(1): 68–78. 8178: 8174: 8104: 8100: 8040: 8036: 8015:. Retrieved 8006: 7997: 7952: 7948: 7938: 7926:. Retrieved 7904: 7893:. Retrieved 7884: 7875: 7856: 7800:. Retrieved 7791: 7782: 7740:(3): 68–73. 7737: 7733: 7723: 7711:. Retrieved 7706: 7697: 7685:. Retrieved 7680: 7671: 7660:. Retrieved 7651: 7642: 7623: 7619: 7609: 7598:. Retrieved 7589: 7580: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7528:. Retrieved 7519: 7496:. Retrieved 7487: 7459:. Retrieved 7455: 7446: 7434:. Retrieved 7419: 7407:. Retrieved 7398: 7373:. Retrieved 7364: 7315:. Retrieved 7306: 7252:. Retrieved 7235: 7231: 7188: 7182: 7171:. Retrieved 7167:the original 7163:www.acog.org 7162: 7107:. Retrieved 7103:the original 7098: 7048: 7011:. Retrieved 7002: 6955: 6949: 6937:. Retrieved 6928: 6897: 6893: 6868:. Retrieved 6859: 6832: 6822: 6811:. Retrieved 6802: 6793: 6782:. Retrieved 6780:. 2021-08-13 6777: 6768: 6733: 6729: 6679: 6675: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6449: 6445: 6435: 6426: 6396: 6392: 6382: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6278: 6274: 6206: 6202: 6128: 6124: 6074: 6070: 6014: 6010: 5954: 5950: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5794: 5790: 5780: 5747: 5743: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5684:. Retrieved 5665: 5655: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5595: 5591: 5566:. Retrieved 5550:. Saunders. 5547: 5534: 5522:. Retrieved 5507: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5362: 5358: 5308: 5304: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5222:. Retrieved 5218:the original 5207: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5138:. Retrieved 5101: 5080:. Retrieved 5071: 5058: 5047:. Retrieved 5045:. 2015-09-30 5042: 5033: 5022:. Retrieved 5005: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4872: 4868: 4836: 4802: 4756: 4716: 4680: 4586:. Retrieved 4577: 4554:. Retrieved 4545: 4510:. Retrieved 4506: 4497: 4485:. Retrieved 4464: 4453:. Retrieved 4444: 4435: 4424:. Retrieved 4415: 4406: 4394:. Retrieved 4379: 4367: 4343: 4336: 4309: 4305: 4265: 4261: 4227: 4125: 4089: 4051: 3907:. Retrieved 3893: 3881:. Retrieved 3872: 3863: 3828: 3824: 3813: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3727: 3723: 3712: 3700:. Retrieved 3696:the original 3691: 3682: 3647: 3643: 3572:. Retrieved 3568:the original 3563: 3538:. Retrieved 3533: 3524: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3462: 3453: 3445: 3439:. Retrieved 3437:. 2020-05-20 3434: 3425: 3413:. Retrieved 3409:the original 3404: 3380:. Retrieved 3371: 3325:. Retrieved 3316: 3282:. Retrieved 3273: 3214: 3206: 3203: 3195: 3175: 3160: 3141: 3126: 3105: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3053: 3036: 3020: 3008: 2997: 2991: 2982:Saul Krugman 2979: 2970:yellow fever 2967: 2963: 2955: 2947: 2921: 2910: 2897: 2878: 2850: 2824: 2776: 2763:Epidemiology 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2733: 2729: 2708:pancreatitis 2705: 2701: 2697: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2653: 2645:milk thistle 2642: 2632: 2629:prednisolone 2609: 2605: 2596: 2574: 2556: 2553:, and others 2545:, including 2539:, and others 2525:, and others 2513:, including 2489: 2485: 2461: 2400: 2380: 2370:, low serum 2366:, prolonged 2364:hypoglycemia 2360: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2296: 2280: 2260: 2251: 2243: 2226: 2215: 2206: 2193: 2168: 2156: 2135: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2081: 2074: 2040: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1951:HIV-positive 1917: 1874: 1867:hemodialysis 1852:Incarcerated 1796: 1776: 1753: 1745: 1736: 1708: 1697: 1685: 1658: 1632: 1600: 1584:liver biopsy 1577: 1549: 1427: 1410:CD4 T-helper 1386:inflammation 1379:arms of the 1362: 1337: 1310:can lead to 1285: 1240: 1225: 1201: 1181: 1153: 1111: 1095:liver biopsy 1084: 1053: 1046: 1023:hepatotoxins 1020: 983: 935:erythromycin 916: 896: 887:hepatomegaly 872: 845: 839: 833: 830:mycobacteria 824:species and 811: 805: 799: 793: 787: 781: 767: 749:. The liver 737: 703: 686: 682: 663: 645: 613: 604:liver cancer 563: 526:coagulopathy 519: 490: 443:non-specific 437:The initial 432: 412: 386: 374: 363: 343:healthy diet 339:immunization 332: 278:, including 269: 263: 257: 251: 245: 243: 239:liver cancer 216: 210: 183:liver tissue 179:inflammation 174: 173: 149:Medication, 109:liver cancer 12377:Peritonitis 12139:Cholestasis 12117:Cholangitis 12060:Gallbladder 11948:Fatty liver 11868:Hematemesis 11850:GI bleeding 11656:Necrotizing 11585:Lymphocytic 11580:Collagenous 11575:Microscopic 11512:Steatorrhea 11413:Enteropathy 11259:Inlet patch 11181:Herpetiform 11166:Esophagitis 11080:MedlinePlus 10691:www.cdc.gov 10143:: 131–137. 10022:(1): 3–11. 9799:(1): 4–12. 9069:www.cdc.gov 8924:www.cdc.gov 8895:www.who.int 8820:www.cdc.gov 8570:. Springer. 8494:4 September 8286:www.cdc.gov 7885:www.cdc.gov 7792:www.cdc.gov 7713:4 September 7687:4 September 7520:www.who.int 7456:Mayo Clinic 7399:www.CDC.gov 7003:www.cdc.gov 6929:www.CDC.gov 6803:www.cdc.gov 6778:Testing.com 5224:27 November 5140:27 November 5082:26 November 4578:www.cdc.gov 4507:www.who.int 4416:www.cdc.gov 4396:25 November 4386:"Hepatitis" 3883:10 November 3702:10 November 3574:10 November 3435:MedlinePlus 3431:"Hepatitis" 3415:10 November 3368:"Hepatitis" 3327:10 November 3284:10 November 3274:MedlinePlus 3270:"Hepatitis" 3211:Hepatitis E 3192:Hepatitis C 3186:HBV vaccine 3123:Hepatitis B 3087:green onion 2958:Hippocrates 2900:hepatitis E 2894:Hepatitis E 2888:Hepatitis E 2881:hepatitis D 2875:Hepatitis D 2869:Hepatitis D 2853:hepatitis C 2839:Hepatitis C 2833:Hepatitis C 2826:Hepatitis B 2813:Hepatitis B 2807:Hepatitis B 2773:Hepatitis A 2720:myocarditis 2585:Hepatitis E 2579:Hepatitis E 2571:Hepatitis D 2565:Hepatitis D 2537:daclatasvir 2482:Hepatitis C 2476:Hepatitis C 2458:resistance. 2449:Telbivudine 2418:Injectable 2352:Hepatitis B 2346:Hepatitis B 2330:Hepatitis A 2324:Hepatitis A 2257:Hepatitis C 2248:Hepatitis B 2240:Hepatitis A 2229:added sugar 2203:Hepatitis E 2181:Hepatitis D 2175:transfusion 2153:Hepatitis A 2091:Hepatitis B 2057:Hepatitis A 2033:Sex workers 1993:Hepatitis D 1978:Sex workers 1891:Hepatitis C 1785:Hepatitis B 1742:Hepatitis A 1738:to others. 1441:fatty acids 1216:co-dominant 1165:thyroiditis 1137:hydralazine 1058:, obesity, 923:antibiotics 904:paracetamol 900:cell damage 673:hepatitis D 669:hepatitis C 665:Hepatitis B 655:hepatitis E 651:Hepatitis A 506:eosinophils 487:completely. 347:weight loss 335:preventable 12413:Categories 12369:Peritoneal 12347:Incisional 12268:Congenital 12212:Hereditary 12189:Pancreatic 12153:Haemobilia 11826:Hemorrhoid 11804:Anal canal 11742:Infectious 11730:Functional 11565:Ulcerative 11449:Duodenitis 11388:Gastrinoma 11056:DiseasesDB 10726:Hepatology 10701:2016-03-16 9889:2019-10-07 9793:Hepatology 9079:2016-03-09 9006:Hepatology 8934:2016-03-08 8905:2016-03-08 8830:2016-03-08 8729:Hepatology 8296:2016-03-17 8017:2016-03-09 7928:2016-03-09 7895:2016-03-09 7802:2016-03-09 7662:2016-03-09 7600:2016-03-09 7530:2016-03-09 7498:2016-03-09 7461:25 January 7375:2016-03-21 7317:2016-03-08 7173:2016-03-12 7109:2016-03-11 7013:2016-03-11 6813:2016-03-12 6784:2023-05-12 6077:: 451–96. 5797:(8): 230. 5686:2 December 5568:4 December 5524:4 December 5049:2018-09-18 5024:2016-03-14 4588:2016-03-14 4556:2016-03-09 4512:2023-05-07 4455:2016-03-14 4426:2016-03-14 3909:2012-08-26 3825:The Lancet 3724:The Lancet 3644:Hepatology 3540:2023-02-12 3441:2020-07-19 3382:2 November 3245:References 3156:Lamivudine 3023:David Dane 3015:hemophilia 2858:iatrogenic 2625:prednisone 2623:, such as 2547:sofosbuvir 2533:ledipasvir 2523:simeprevir 2519:boceprevir 2515:telaprevir 2431:Lamivudine 2391:resistance 2047:Prevention 1817:Beginning 1702:(ASH) and 1634:Ultrasound 1564:Cirrhosis 1477:ballooning 1449:hepatocyte 1328:idiopathic 1288:toxoplasma 1157:amenorrhea 1141:methyldopa 1102:Autoimmune 852:rickettsia 818:salmonella 729:Plasmodium 721:Leishmania 713:protozoans 631:Infectious 625:Autoimmune 576:amenorrhea 534:sleepiness 522:cell death 316:childbirth 138:Prevention 76:hepatology 12419:Hepatitis 12357:Richter's 12314:Spigelian 12309:Obturator 12299:Umbilical 12132:Ascending 12103:Bile duct 11936:Cirrhosis 11914:Hepatitis 11897:Accessory 11767:Proctitis 11618:Megacolon 11592:Dysentery 11502:Whipple's 11454:Jejunitis 11444:Enteritis 11331:Dyspepsia 11292:Gastritis 11225:Achalasia 11158:Esophagus 10964:1469-4409 10909:1537-6591 10849:1873-233X 10805:1537-6591 10746:1527-3350 10597:1474-4457 10530:1758-1052 10486:March 10, 10447:1545-861X 10389:2291-2797 10332:1365-2036 10270:1352-0504 10217:1936-0533 10159:1440-1746 10102:1170-7690 9936:1542-7714 9858:0098-7484 9815:1527-3350 9399:1759-5053 9343:1866-0452 9285:1759-5053 9234:0192-0790 9181:2219-2840 9119:1542-7714 9026:1527-3350 8979:1533-4406 8751:1527-3350 8535:0017-5749 8453:1465-1858 8433:Protocols 8396:2046-4924 8346:1528-0012 8195:1548-3568 8121:1473-6527 8057:1179-1918 7971:1948-5182 7756:1948-5182 7254:March 16, 6646:1083-7159 6587:1007-9327 6356:2219-2840 6297:1948-5182 6225:2219-2840 6147:1948-5182 6091:1553-4014 6033:1600-0641 5971:2352-345X 5911:2287-285X 5848:: 19–29. 5764:1566-5240 5639:1084-2756 5483:1541-2555 5379:1976-2283 4487:March 14, 3666:1527-3350 3516:205116503 3152:Tenofovir 3118:Pregnancy 3041:in 1976. 3021:In 1970, 2929:cirrhosis 2783:epidemics 2779:outbreaks 2689:Prognosis 2551:dasabuvir 2497:ribavirin 2455:Tenofovir 2415:positive. 2412:Entecavir 2387:tenofovir 2383:entecavir 2376:bilirubin 2293:Treatment 2287:cirrhosis 2235:Successes 1719:apoptosis 1491:Diagnosis 1465:cytokines 1445:steatosis 1369:apoptosis 1345:cirrhosis 1334:Mechanism 1173:nephritis 951:phenytoin 947:valproate 919:analgesic 908:isoniazid 858:Metabolic 854:species. 832:species, 820:species, 727:-causing 705:Parasites 580:cirrhosis 572:hirsutism 567:screening 502:serositis 312:pregnancy 231:cirrhosis 199:tiredness 175:Hepatitis 157:Frequency 146:Treatment 63:Specialty 32:Hepatitis 12287:Indirect 12282:Inguinal 12016:Pyogenic 11961:Vascular 11737:Diarrhea 11715:Volvulus 11681:Vascular 11620: / 11609: / 11570:Ischemic 11537:Appendix 11427:Duodenum 11297:Atrophic 11171:Candidal 10982:26939626 10927:24928290 10865:41784922 10857:20567182 10813:24046310 10764:26566064 10695:Archived 10609:Archived 10605:26922272 10548:26826159 10480:Archived 10455:14647018 10407:24839620 10348:21263906 10340:24461160 10278:14996343 10235:19669256 10175:23548529 10167:21199524 10118:46965673 10110:18088156 10064:March 5, 10036:18174084 9998:25457207 9954:26291665 9866:14239025 9823:24123147 9706:11368058 9622:19993376 9505:22892603 9464:41215392 9456:24373076 9415:22315274 9407:24080776 9361:25019921 9293:23958599 9250:19482895 9242:17700425 9199:25232227 9137:23811249 9073:Archived 9044:26171595 8987:21696309 8928:Archived 8899:Archived 8877:22340290 8869:26203853 8824:Archived 8767:20771903 8759:18563841 8710:70629280 8638:11500606 8583:Am J Med 8471:17943794 8414:26691209 8354:26091937 8290:Archived 8265:22161394 8213:25761432 8137:11926260 8129:26524328 8073:41365729 8065:26446006 8011:Archived 7989:21731902 7919:Archived 7889:Archived 7796:Archived 7774:22489258 7656:Archived 7594:Archived 7572:25738667 7524:Archived 7492:Archived 7436:March 7, 7430:Archived 7409:March 7, 7403:Archived 7369:Archived 7311:Archived 7248:Archived 7058:24921112 7007:Archived 6939:March 7, 6933:Archived 6906:22086888 6870:March 7, 6864:Archived 6807:Archived 6760:25217800 6708:26568915 6654:15266092 6605:20653059 6546:36112368 6538:15383722 6503:10781624 6468:12360498 6423:10485854 6374:26675364 6315:21731902 6243:24876748 6165:25429318 6099:26980160 6041:25443342 5989:26682281 5929:25320725 5872:28058033 5823:28820498 5772:14527085 5724:12702915 5680:Archived 5647:15001124 5592:Medicine 5562:Archived 5544:(Online) 5518:Archived 5499:35451941 5491:23527737 5448:18528927 5397:26934884 5335:26934884 5277:19266594 5199:23363012 5134:Archived 5076:Archived 5068:(Online) 5018:Archived 5014:31643176 5008:. 2012. 4985:23091804 4936:12890847 4901:22719183 4582:Archived 4550:Archived 4478:Archived 4449:Archived 4420:Archived 4390:Archived 4359:Archived 4328:25920079 4284:24879979 3903:Archived 3877:Archived 3855:27733281 3805:21731902 3754:27733282 3674:26111063 3508:24369077 3467:Archived 3376:Archived 3321:Archived 3278:Archived 3228:See also 3171:cesarean 2851:Chronic 2559:genotype 2052:Vaccines 1871:Pregnant 1846:positive 1715:necrosis 1661:antigens 1607:serology 1596:fibrosis 1473:fibrosis 1406:cytokine 1394:fibrosis 1377:adaptive 1341:fibrosis 1318:such as 1300:syphilis 1161:pleurisy 1064:diabetes 1012:Archived 1009:LiverTox 975:HIV/AIDS 961:such as 959:steroids 945:such as 822:brucella 463:choluria 459:vomiting 447:flu-like 274:. Other 207:diarrhea 195:vomiting 187:jaundice 115:Duration 83:Symptoms 12328:Petit's 12304:Femoral 12207:Chronic 12021:Amoebic 11789:Anismus 11555:Colitis 11482:Coeliac 11459:Ileitis 11431:Jejunum 11284:Stomach 11188:Rupture 11050:D006505 10973:9150575 10918:4144266 10755:5987259 10673:3569758 10539:4965334 10398:4049256 10226:2716880 9945:4618163 9744:8385046 9697:2566401 9672:5327352 9613:2181926 9573:8385046 9513:2757948 9352:4101528 9301:6899033 9190:4161778 9128:3883924 9035:4751870 8802:9024300 8679:7286594 8603:6781338 8553:1104411 8544:1413126 8462:8724782 8405:4781103 8256:6823236 8204:4373591 7980:3124876 7765:3321492 7244:9790221 6751:4696068 6699:4641225 6596:2909550 6414:1766696 6365:4674717 6306:3124876 6234:4033465 6156:4243154 5980:4678927 5920:4197170 5863:5201115 5814:5580487 5791:Viruses 5439:2716584 5388:4780448 5326:4780448 5268:2655176 5190:3646408 5169:Bibcode 4976:3467427 4892:3374978 3846:5388903 3796:3124876 3745:5055577 3167:vaginal 2939:History 2788:vaccine 2397:Chronic 2372:albumin 1580:imaging 1292:rubella 1198:Genetic 1149:measles 955:statins 778:enteric 740:cestode 725:malaria 619:), and 617:alcohol 584:ascites 451:fatigue 310:during 218:chronic 181:of the 131:alcohol 127:Viruses 12322:Lumbar 12292:Direct 12275:Hiatus 12255:Hernia 12107:Other 11873:Melena 11759:Rectum 11242:(GERD) 11085:001154 10980: 10970: 10962: 10925: 10915: 10907: 10863: 10855: 10847: 10811: 10803: 10762: 10752: 10744: 10671: 10603: 10595: 10546: 10536: 10528: 10453: 10445: 10405: 10395: 10387: 10346: 10338: 10330: 10286:163757 10284: 10276: 10268: 10233: 10223: 10215: 10173: 10165: 10157: 10116: 10108: 10100: 10034: 9996: 9952: 9942: 9934: 9864: 9856: 9821: 9813: 9742: 9704: 9694: 9670: 9620: 9610: 9571: 9534: 9511: 9503: 9462: 9454: 9413: 9405: 9397: 9359: 9349: 9341: 9299: 9291: 9283: 9248: 9240: 9232: 9197: 9187: 9179: 9135: 9125: 9117: 9042: 9032: 9024: 8985: 8977: 8875: 8867: 8800: 8765: 8757: 8749: 8708: 8677: 8636: 8601: 8551: 8541: 8533: 8469: 8459: 8451: 8412: 8402: 8394: 8352: 8344: 8263: 8253: 8211: 8201: 8193: 8135: 8127: 8119: 8071: 8063: 8055: 7987: 7977: 7969: 7863: 7772: 7762: 7754: 7570: 7242: 7056: 6904: 6758: 6748: 6706: 6696: 6652: 6644: 6603: 6593: 6585: 6544: 6536: 6501: 6466: 6421: 6411: 6372: 6362: 6354: 6313: 6303: 6295: 6241: 6231: 6223: 6163: 6153: 6145: 6097: 6089: 6039: 6031: 5987: 5977: 5969: 5927: 5917: 5909: 5870: 5860: 5821: 5811: 5770: 5762: 5722: 5672: 5645: 5637: 5554: 5497: 5489: 5481: 5446: 5436: 5395: 5385: 5377: 5333: 5323: 5275: 5265: 5197: 5187: 5108: 5012: 4983: 4973: 4934: 4899: 4889: 4843: 4809: 4769: 4765:–160. 4729: 4725:–216. 4687: 4351: 4326: 4282: 4234: 4132: 4096: 4058: 3853: 3843: 3803: 3793: 3752: 3742: 3672: 3664: 3514: 3506: 3027:virion 2951:Ahhazu 2718:, and 2013:, and 2007:USPSTF 1934:, and 1928:USPSTF 1809:, and 1807:USPSTF 1681:immune 1640:, and 1617:, and 1582:, and 1501:Cause 1373:innate 1298:, and 1254:sepsis 1210:, and 1175:, and 1139:, and 1003:. The 969:; and 937:, and 850:, and 751:flukes 671:, and 610:Causes 602:, and 546:sepsis 455:nausea 345:, and 298:, and 286:, and 268:, and 237:, and 205:, and 165:Deaths 123:Causes 21:Baryte 12247:Other 12202:Acute 11953:MASLD 11906:Liver 11880:Lower 11863:Upper 11705:Ileus 11541:Colon 11435:Ileum 11250:(LPR) 11061:20061 11039:573.3 11024:K75.9 10861:S2CID 10612:(PDF) 10573:(PDF) 10344:S2CID 10282:S2CID 10171:S2CID 10114:S2CID 10054:(PDF) 9509:S2CID 9460:S2CID 9411:S2CID 9297:S2CID 9246:S2CID 8873:S2CID 8763:S2CID 8706:S2CID 8133:S2CID 8069:S2CID 7922:(PDF) 7915:(PDF) 7626:: 7. 6542:S2CID 5495:S2CID 4481:(PDF) 4474:(PDF) 3692:NIDDK 3564:NIDDK 3512:S2CID 3405:NIDDK 3372:NIAID 3137:HBeAg 3032:HBsAg 2465:HBeAg 2357:Acute 2132:Other 2011:AASLD 1932:AASLD 1881:HBcAg 1877:HBsAg 1276:Other 1250:shock 1147:, or 552:, or 491:Both 423:signs 394:-ῖτις 388:-itis 375:hêpar 372:Greek 337:with 320:blood 212:acute 11635:SCAD 11045:MeSH 11034:9-CM 10978:PMID 10960:ISSN 10923:PMID 10905:ISSN 10853:PMID 10845:ISSN 10809:PMID 10801:ISSN 10760:PMID 10742:ISSN 10669:PMID 10601:PMID 10593:ISSN 10544:PMID 10526:ISSN 10488:2016 10451:PMID 10443:ISSN 10403:PMID 10385:ISSN 10336:PMID 10328:ISSN 10274:PMID 10266:ISSN 10231:PMID 10213:ISSN 10163:PMID 10155:ISSN 10106:PMID 10098:ISSN 10066:2016 10032:PMID 9994:PMID 9950:PMID 9932:ISSN 9862:PMID 9854:ISSN 9838:JAMA 9819:PMID 9811:ISSN 9740:PMID 9702:PMID 9668:PMID 9618:PMID 9569:PMID 9532:ISBN 9501:PMID 9452:PMID 9403:PMID 9395:ISSN 9357:PMID 9339:ISSN 9289:PMID 9281:ISSN 9238:PMID 9230:ISSN 9195:PMID 9177:ISSN 9133:PMID 9115:ISSN 9040:PMID 9022:ISSN 8983:PMID 8975:ISSN 8865:PMID 8798:PMID 8755:PMID 8747:ISSN 8675:PMID 8634:PMID 8599:PMID 8549:PMID 8531:ISSN 8496:2023 8467:PMID 8449:ISSN 8437:2009 8410:PMID 8392:ISSN 8350:PMID 8342:ISSN 8261:PMID 8239:2011 8209:PMID 8191:ISSN 8125:PMID 8117:ISSN 8061:PMID 8053:ISSN 7985:PMID 7967:ISSN 7861:ISBN 7770:PMID 7752:ISSN 7715:2023 7689:2023 7568:PMID 7550:NEJM 7463:2018 7438:2016 7411:2016 7256:2016 7240:PMID 7232:MMWR 7054:PMID 6941:2016 6902:PMID 6872:2016 6756:PMID 6704:PMID 6650:PMID 6642:ISSN 6601:PMID 6583:ISSN 6534:PMID 6499:PMID 6464:PMID 6419:PMID 6370:PMID 6352:ISSN 6311:PMID 6293:ISSN 6239:PMID 6221:ISSN 6161:PMID 6143:ISSN 6095:PMID 6087:ISSN 6037:PMID 6029:ISSN 5985:PMID 5967:ISSN 5925:PMID 5907:ISSN 5868:PMID 5819:PMID 5768:PMID 5760:ISSN 5720:PMID 5688:2013 5670:ISBN 5643:PMID 5635:ISSN 5570:2013 5552:ISBN 5526:2013 5487:PMID 5479:ISSN 5444:PMID 5393:PMID 5375:ISSN 5331:PMID 5273:PMID 5226:2013 5195:PMID 5165:1281 5142:2013 5106:ISBN 5084:2013 5010:PMID 4981:PMID 4932:PMID 4897:PMID 4841:ISBN 4807:ISBN 4767:ISBN 4727:ISBN 4685:ISBN 4489:2016 4398:2013 4349:ISBN 4324:PMID 4280:PMID 4232:ISBN 4130:ISBN 4094:ISBN 4056:ISBN 3885:2016 3851:PMID 3801:PMID 3750:PMID 3704:2016 3670:PMID 3662:ISSN 3576:2016 3504:PMID 3417:2016 3384:2016 3329:2016 3286:2016 3182:HBIG 3176:The 3169:vs. 3163:ACOG 3161:The 2879:The 2781:and 2654:The 2529:NS5A 2508:NS4A 2506:and 2015:ACOG 1997:The 1936:ACOG 1918:The 1811:ACOG 1797:The 1717:and 1669:core 1625:and 1556:AST 1506:ALT 1459:via 1412:and 1375:and 1343:and 1322:and 1306:and 1268:and 1190:and 1062:and 987:and 965:and 949:and 786:and 756:and 653:and 495:and 445:and 381:ἧπαρ 357:. A 11941:PBC 11668:IBD 11602:IBS 11030:ICD 11015:ICD 10968:PMC 10950:doi 10913:PMC 10897:doi 10837:doi 10833:116 10791:doi 10750:PMC 10734:doi 10661:doi 10585:doi 10534:PMC 10518:doi 10393:PMC 10375:doi 10318:doi 10258:doi 10221:PMC 10205:doi 10145:doi 10090:doi 10024:doi 9984:doi 9940:PMC 9924:doi 9846:doi 9842:191 9801:doi 9732:doi 9728:104 9692:PMC 9660:doi 9656:274 9608:PMC 9600:doi 9561:doi 9557:104 9491:doi 9442:doi 9387:doi 9347:PMC 9331:doi 9327:111 9273:doi 9222:doi 9185:PMC 9167:doi 9123:PMC 9107:doi 9030:PMC 9014:doi 8967:doi 8963:364 8857:doi 8790:doi 8786:112 8737:doi 8698:doi 8665:doi 8626:doi 8591:doi 8539:PMC 8523:doi 8515:Gut 8457:PMC 8441:doi 8400:PMC 8384:doi 8334:doi 8330:149 8251:PMC 8243:doi 8199:PMC 8183:doi 8109:doi 8045:doi 7975:PMC 7957:doi 7760:PMC 7742:doi 7628:doi 7558:doi 7554:372 6898:111 6746:PMC 6738:doi 6694:PMC 6684:doi 6632:doi 6591:PMC 6573:doi 6526:doi 6491:doi 6487:342 6454:doi 6450:123 6409:PMC 6401:doi 6393:Gut 6360:PMC 6342:doi 6301:PMC 6283:doi 6229:PMC 6211:doi 6151:PMC 6133:doi 6079:doi 6019:doi 5975:PMC 5959:doi 5915:PMC 5899:doi 5858:PMC 5850:doi 5809:PMC 5799:doi 5752:doi 5712:doi 5627:doi 5600:doi 5471:doi 5434:PMC 5424:doi 5383:PMC 5367:doi 5321:PMC 5313:doi 5263:PMC 5253:doi 5185:PMC 5177:doi 4971:PMC 4963:doi 4924:doi 4920:349 4887:PMC 4877:doi 4763:143 4723:161 4314:doi 4270:doi 3873:CDC 3841:PMC 3833:doi 3829:388 3791:PMC 3781:doi 3740:PMC 3732:doi 3728:388 3652:doi 3494:doi 3490:369 3317:WHO 3217:HEV 3198:HCV 3178:WHO 3144:CDC 3132:HBV 3112:WHO 3083:CDC 2649:GGT 2627:or 2504:NS3 2469:ALT 2385:or 2003:WHO 1999:CDC 1924:WHO 1920:CDC 1865:On 1844:HIV 1821:or 1803:WHO 1799:CDC 1779:IgG 1677:IgG 1673:IgM 1667:or 1642:MRI 1627:ALT 1623:AST 1416:. 1270:ALT 1266:AST 1252:or 1151:). 1076:AST 1074:or 1072:ALT 709:IgE 598:, 326:by 314:or 233:), 189:), 177:is 12415:: 12105:/ 11703:: 11684:: 11480:: 11083:: 11059:: 11048:: 11037:: 11022:: 11019:10 10976:. 10966:. 10958:. 10944:. 10921:. 10911:. 10903:. 10893:59 10891:. 10887:. 10873:^ 10859:. 10851:. 10843:. 10831:. 10807:. 10799:. 10787:57 10785:. 10781:. 10758:. 10748:. 10740:. 10730:63 10728:. 10724:. 10710:^ 10693:. 10689:. 10667:. 10657:92 10655:. 10620:^ 10607:. 10599:. 10591:. 10581:16 10579:. 10575:. 10556:^ 10542:. 10532:. 10524:. 10514:28 10512:. 10508:. 10496:^ 10478:. 10472:. 10449:. 10439:52 10437:. 10415:^ 10401:. 10391:. 10383:. 10371:28 10369:. 10365:. 10342:. 10334:. 10326:. 10314:39 10312:. 10308:. 10294:^ 10280:. 10272:. 10264:. 10254:11 10252:. 10229:. 10219:. 10211:. 10199:. 10195:. 10183:^ 10169:. 10161:. 10153:. 10141:26 10139:. 10135:. 10112:. 10104:. 10096:. 10086:26 10084:. 10056:. 10030:. 10020:22 10018:. 10006:^ 9992:. 9980:62 9978:. 9974:. 9962:^ 9948:. 9938:. 9930:. 9920:13 9918:. 9914:. 9898:^ 9882:. 9860:. 9852:. 9840:. 9817:. 9809:. 9797:59 9795:. 9791:. 9738:. 9726:. 9714:^ 9700:. 9688:79 9686:. 9682:. 9666:. 9654:. 9616:. 9606:. 9596:39 9594:. 9590:. 9567:. 9555:. 9507:. 9499:. 9487:41 9485:. 9481:. 9458:. 9450:. 9438:34 9436:. 9432:. 9409:. 9401:. 9393:. 9383:10 9381:. 9369:^ 9355:. 9345:. 9337:. 9325:. 9321:. 9309:^ 9295:. 9287:. 9279:. 9269:10 9267:. 9244:. 9236:. 9228:. 9218:41 9216:. 9193:. 9183:. 9175:. 9163:20 9161:. 9157:. 9145:^ 9131:. 9121:. 9113:. 9103:12 9101:. 9097:. 9071:. 9067:. 9052:^ 9038:. 9028:. 9020:. 9010:62 9008:. 9004:. 8981:. 8973:. 8961:. 8943:^ 8926:. 8922:. 8897:. 8893:. 8871:. 8863:. 8853:28 8851:. 8839:^ 8822:. 8818:. 8796:. 8784:. 8761:. 8753:. 8745:. 8733:48 8731:. 8727:. 8704:. 8696:. 8673:. 8661:81 8659:. 8655:. 8632:. 8622:33 8620:. 8597:. 8587:70 8585:. 8547:. 8537:. 8529:. 8519:16 8517:. 8513:. 8487:. 8465:. 8455:. 8447:. 8435:. 8431:. 8408:. 8398:. 8390:. 8380:19 8378:. 8374:. 8362:^ 8348:. 8340:. 8328:. 8305:^ 8288:. 8284:. 8273:^ 8259:. 8249:. 8237:. 8233:. 8221:^ 8207:. 8197:. 8189:. 8179:12 8177:. 8173:. 8145:^ 8131:. 8123:. 8115:. 8105:28 8103:. 8081:^ 8067:. 8059:. 8051:. 8041:35 8039:. 8026:^ 8009:. 8005:. 7983:. 7973:. 7965:. 7951:. 7947:. 7917:. 7887:. 7883:. 7811:^ 7794:. 7790:. 7768:. 7758:. 7750:. 7736:. 7732:. 7705:. 7679:. 7650:. 7622:. 7618:. 7592:. 7588:. 7566:. 7552:. 7548:. 7522:. 7518:. 7507:^ 7490:. 7486:. 7471:^ 7454:. 7401:. 7397:. 7384:^ 7367:. 7363:. 7326:^ 7309:. 7305:. 7264:^ 7246:. 7236:47 7234:. 7230:. 7197:^ 7161:. 7118:^ 7097:. 7066:^ 7022:^ 7005:. 7001:. 6964:^ 6931:. 6927:. 6914:^ 6896:. 6880:^ 6862:. 6858:. 6841:^ 6805:. 6801:. 6776:. 6754:. 6744:. 6734:97 6732:. 6728:. 6716:^ 6702:. 6692:. 6678:. 6674:. 6662:^ 6648:. 6640:. 6626:. 6622:. 6599:. 6589:. 6581:. 6569:16 6567:. 6563:. 6540:. 6532:. 6522:47 6520:. 6497:. 6485:. 6462:. 6448:. 6444:. 6425:. 6417:. 6407:. 6397:45 6395:. 6391:. 6368:. 6358:. 6350:. 6338:21 6336:. 6332:. 6309:. 6299:. 6291:. 6277:. 6273:. 6251:^ 6237:. 6227:. 6219:. 6207:20 6205:. 6201:. 6173:^ 6159:. 6149:. 6141:. 6127:. 6123:. 6107:^ 6093:. 6085:. 6075:11 6073:. 6069:. 6049:^ 6035:. 6027:. 6015:61 6013:. 6009:. 5997:^ 5983:. 5973:. 5965:. 5953:. 5949:. 5937:^ 5923:. 5913:. 5905:. 5895:20 5893:. 5889:. 5866:. 5856:. 5844:. 5840:. 5817:. 5807:. 5793:. 5789:. 5766:. 5758:. 5746:. 5732:^ 5718:. 5708:15 5706:. 5678:. 5641:. 5633:. 5621:. 5596:43 5594:. 5578:^ 5560:. 5546:. 5493:. 5485:. 5477:. 5467:10 5465:. 5442:. 5432:. 5420:14 5418:. 5414:. 5391:. 5381:. 5373:. 5363:10 5361:. 5357:. 5343:^ 5329:. 5319:. 5309:10 5307:. 5303:. 5285:^ 5271:. 5261:. 5249:15 5247:. 5243:. 5193:. 5183:. 5175:. 5163:. 5159:. 5120:^ 5092:^ 5041:. 5016:. 5004:. 4993:^ 4979:. 4969:. 4959:18 4957:. 4953:. 4930:. 4918:. 4895:. 4885:. 4873:18 4871:. 4867:. 4855:^ 4821:^ 4781:^ 4741:^ 4699:^ 4597:^ 4580:. 4576:. 4565:^ 4548:. 4544:. 4521:^ 4505:. 4476:. 4447:. 4443:. 4418:. 4414:. 4357:. 4322:. 4310:62 4308:. 4304:. 4292:^ 4278:. 4266:34 4264:. 4260:. 4246:^ 4144:^ 4108:^ 4070:^ 3918:^ 3875:. 3871:. 3849:. 3839:. 3827:. 3823:. 3799:. 3789:. 3775:. 3771:. 3748:. 3738:. 3726:. 3722:. 3690:. 3668:. 3660:. 3648:62 3646:. 3642:. 3584:^ 3562:. 3549:^ 3532:. 3510:. 3502:. 3488:. 3484:. 3465:. 3461:. 3444:. 3433:. 3403:. 3392:^ 3374:. 3370:. 3337:^ 3315:. 3294:^ 3276:. 3272:. 3253:^ 3139:. 3034:. 2953:. 2738:. 2722:. 2714:, 2710:, 2619:, 2549:, 2535:, 2521:, 2517:, 2378:. 2265:. 2128:. 2009:, 2005:, 2001:, 1930:, 1926:, 1922:, 1805:, 1801:, 1751:. 1725:, 1638:CT 1636:, 1605:, 1487:. 1347:. 1294:, 1290:, 1256:. 1206:, 1171:, 1167:, 1163:, 1135:, 1082:. 957:; 941:; 933:, 929:, 844:, 838:, 816:, 810:, 804:, 798:, 719:, 715:, 667:, 623:. 606:. 594:, 556:. 548:, 544:, 540:, 512:. 457:, 453:, 282:, 262:, 256:, 250:, 241:. 201:, 197:, 193:, 129:, 107:, 103:, 74:, 70:, 12141:/ 11814:/ 11633:/ 11629:/ 11543:) 11539:/ 11535:( 11437:) 11433:/ 11429:/ 11425:( 11132:e 11125:t 11118:v 11032:- 11017:- 11007:D 10984:. 10952:: 10929:. 10899:: 10867:. 10839:: 10815:. 10793:: 10766:. 10736:: 10704:. 10675:. 10663:: 10587:: 10550:. 10520:: 10490:. 10457:. 10409:. 10377:: 10350:. 10320:: 10288:. 10260:: 10237:. 10207:: 10201:2 10177:. 10147:: 10120:. 10092:: 10068:. 10038:. 10026:: 10000:. 9986:: 9956:. 9926:: 9892:. 9868:. 9848:: 9825:. 9803:: 9776:. 9746:. 9734:: 9708:. 9674:. 9662:: 9624:. 9602:: 9575:. 9563:: 9540:. 9515:. 9493:: 9466:. 9444:: 9417:. 9389:: 9363:. 9333:: 9303:. 9275:: 9252:. 9224:: 9201:. 9169:: 9139:. 9109:: 9082:. 9046:. 9016:: 8989:. 8969:: 8937:. 8908:. 8879:. 8859:: 8833:. 8804:. 8792:: 8769:. 8739:: 8712:. 8700:: 8681:. 8667:: 8640:. 8628:: 8605:. 8593:: 8555:. 8525:: 8498:. 8473:. 8443:: 8416:. 8386:: 8356:. 8336:: 8299:. 8267:. 8245:: 8215:. 8185:: 8139:. 8111:: 8075:. 8047:: 8020:. 7991:. 7959:: 7953:3 7931:. 7898:. 7869:. 7805:. 7776:. 7744:: 7738:4 7717:. 7691:. 7665:. 7636:. 7630:: 7624:7 7603:. 7574:. 7560:: 7533:. 7501:. 7465:. 7440:. 7413:. 7378:. 7320:. 7258:. 7176:. 7112:. 7060:. 7016:. 6943:. 6908:. 6874:. 6816:. 6787:. 6762:. 6740:: 6710:. 6686:: 6680:4 6656:. 6634:: 6628:9 6607:. 6575:: 6548:. 6528:: 6505:. 6493:: 6470:. 6456:: 6403:: 6376:. 6344:: 6317:. 6285:: 6279:3 6245:. 6213:: 6167:. 6135:: 6129:6 6101:. 6081:: 6043:. 6021:: 5991:. 5961:: 5955:1 5931:. 5901:: 5874:. 5852:: 5846:9 5825:. 5801:: 5795:9 5774:. 5754:: 5748:3 5726:. 5714:: 5690:. 5649:. 5629:: 5623:8 5606:. 5602:: 5572:. 5528:. 5501:. 5473:: 5450:. 5426:: 5399:. 5369:: 5337:. 5315:: 5279:. 5255:: 5228:. 5201:. 5179:: 5171:: 5144:. 5114:. 5086:. 5052:. 5027:. 4987:. 4965:: 4938:. 4926:: 4903:. 4879:: 4849:. 4815:. 4775:. 4735:. 4693:. 4591:. 4559:. 4515:. 4491:. 4458:. 4429:. 4400:. 4330:. 4316:: 4286:. 4272:: 4240:. 4138:. 4102:. 4064:. 3912:. 3887:. 3857:. 3835:: 3807:. 3783:: 3777:3 3756:. 3734:: 3706:. 3676:. 3654:: 3578:. 3543:. 3518:. 3496:: 3419:. 3386:. 3331:. 3288:. 2634:N 1264:( 391:( 377:( 271:E 265:D 259:C 253:B 57:) 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index