1061:
511:
754:
20:
1093:
352:
203:
1117:
163:
1012:. Also, the aperture isn't partially obstructed by the feed and its supports, as with ordinary front-fed parabolic dishes, allowing it to achieve aperture efficiencies of 70% as opposed to 55–60% for front-fed dishes. The disadvantage is that it is far larger and heavier for a given aperture area than a parabolic dish, and must be mounted on a cumbersome turntable to be fully steerable. This design was used for a few
503:
360:
174:(a metal pipe used to carry radio waves) out into space, or collect radio waves into a waveguide for reception. It typically consists of a short length of rectangular or cylindrical metal tube (the waveguide), closed at one end, flaring into an open-ended conical or pyramidal shaped horn on the other end. The radio waves are usually introduced into the waveguide by a
33:
429:, they can have pyramidal or conical cross sections. Exponential horns have minimum internal reflections, and almost constant impedance and other characteristics over a wide frequency range. They are used in applications requiring high performance, such as feed horns for communication satellite antennas and radio telescopes.
526:
For a given frequency and horn length, there is some flare angle that gives minimum reflection and maximum gain. The internal reflections in straight-sided horns come from the two locations along the wave path where the impedance changes abruptly; the mouth or aperture of the horn, and the throat
338:
As the size of a horn (expressed in wavelengths) is increased, the phase error increases, giving the horn a wider radiation pattern. Keeping the beamwidth narrow requires a longer horn (smaller flare angle) to keep the phase error constant. The increasing phase error limits the aperture size of
455:– This simple dual-mode horn superficially looks like a pyramidal horn with a square output aperture. On closer inspection, however, the square output aperture is seen to be rotated 45° relative to the waveguide. These horns are typically machined into split blocks and used at sub-mm wavelengths.
535:
of the antenna is low because the small mouth approximates an open-ended waveguide, with a large impedance step. As the angle is increased, the reflection at the mouth decreases rapidly and the antenna's gain increases. In contrast, in wide horns with flare angles approaching 90° most of the
1790:
1002:
in 1961. It is also referred to as the "sugar scoop" due to its characteristic shape. It consists of a horn antenna with a reflector mounted in the mouth of the horn at a 45 degree angle so the radiated beam is at right angles to the horn axis. The reflector is a segment of a parabolic
385:– A pyramidal horn with only one pair of sides flared and the other pair parallel. It produces a fan-shaped beam, which is narrow in the plane of the flared sides, but wide in the plane of the narrow sides. These types are often used as feed horns for wide search radar antennas.
249:). When radio waves travelling through the waveguide hit the opening, this impedance-step reflects a significant fraction of the wave energy back down the guide toward the source, so that not all of the power is radiated. This is similar to the reflection at an open-ended
435:– A horn with parallel slots or grooves, small compared with a wavelength, covering the inside surface of the horn, transverse to the axis. Corrugated horns have wider bandwidth and smaller sidelobes and cross-polarization, and are widely used as feed horns for
1791:
L. Chang, L. -L. Chen, J. -Q. Zhang and D. Li, "An Open
Boundary Quad-Ridged Horn Antenna Operating at 1-18 GHz," 2020 9th Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP), Xiamen, China, 2020, pp. 1-2, doi: 10.1109/APCAP50217.2020.9246141. (2020).
146:. The usable bandwidth of horn antennas is typically of the order of 10:1, and can be up to 20:1 (for example allowing it to operate from 1 GHz to 20 GHz). The input impedance is slowly varying over this wide frequency range, allowing low
23:
Pyramidal microwave horn antenna, with a bandwidth of 0.8 to 18 GHz. A coaxial cable feedline attaches to the connector visible at top. This type is called a ridged horn; the curving fins visible inside the mouth of the horn increase the antenna's
371:
Below are the main types of horn antennas. Horns can have different flare angles as well as different expansion curves (elliptic, hyperbolic, etc.) in the E-field and H-field directions, making possible a wide variety of different beam profiles.
327:
increases smoothly from the edges of the aperture plane to the center, because of the difference in length of the center point and the edge points from the apex point. The difference in phase between the center point and the edges is called the
1290:
628:
536:
reflection is at the throat. The horn's gain is again low because the throat approximates an open-ended waveguide. As the angle is decreased, the amount of reflection at this site drops, and the horn's gain again increases.
1007:
fed off-axis. The advantage of this design over a standard parabolic antenna is that the horn shields the antenna from radiation coming from angles outside the main beam axis, so its radiation pattern has very small
473:– a long narrow horn, long enough so the phase error is a negligible fraction of a wavelength, so it essentially radiates a plane wave. It has an aperture efficiency of 1.0 so it gives the maximum gain and minimum
379:(fig. a) – a horn antenna with the horn in the shape of a four-sided pyramid, with a rectangular cross section. They are a common type, used with rectangular waveguides, and radiate linearly polarized radio waves.
921:
332:. This phase error, which increases with the flare angle, reduces the gain and increases the beamwidth, giving horns wider beamwidths than similar-sized plane-wave antennas such as parabolic dishes.
852:
123:
in World War II stimulated horn research to design feed horns for radar antennas. The corrugated horn invented by Kay in 1962 has become widely used as a feed horn for microwave antennas such as
276:
To improve these poor characteristics, the ends of the waveguide are flared out to form a horn. The taper of the horn changes the impedance gradually along the horn's length. This acts like an
339:
practical horns to about 15 wavelengths; larger apertures would require impractically long horns. This limits the gain of practical horns to about 1000 (30 dBi) and the corresponding minimum
461:– A pyramidal horn with ridges or fins attached to the inside of the horn, extending down the center of the sides. The fins lower the cutoff frequency, increasing the antenna's bandwidth.
506:
Corrugated horn antenna with a bandwidth of 3.7 to 6 GHz designed to attach to SMA waveguide feedline. This was used as a feedhorn for a parabolic antenna on a
British military base.
1028:, which can achieve equally good sidelobe performance with a lighter more compact construction. Probably the most photographed and well-known example is the 15-meter-long (50-foot)
670:
982:= 0.522. So an approximate figure of 0.5 is often used. The aperture efficiency increases with the length of the horn, and for aperture-limited horns is approximately unity.
237:
If a simple open-ended waveguide is used as an antenna, without the horn, the sudden end of the conductive walls causes an abrupt impedance change at the aperture, from the
449:– (The Potter horn ) This horn can be used to replace the corrugated horn for use at sub-mm wavelengths where the corrugated horn is lossy and difficult to fabricate.
487:– A special type of horn antenna designed as a four-pronged structure with open boundaries. It covers width the frequency range and polarization is dual linear.
1122:
AT&T Long-Lines KS-15676 C-band (4–6 GHz) microwave relay horn-reflector antennas on roof of AT&T telephone switching center, Seattle, Washington, USA
531:
of the horn (the angle the sides make with the axis). In narrow horns with small flare angles most of the reflection occurs at the mouth of the horn. The
265:, wasting energy and possibly overheating the transmitter. In addition, the small aperture of the waveguide (less than one wavelength) causes significant
549:
280:, allowing most of the wave energy to radiate out the end of the horn into space, with minimal reflection. The taper functions similarly to a tapered
1850:
1600:
2188:
1681:
284:, or an optical medium with a smoothly varying refractive index. In addition, the wide aperture of the horn projects the waves in a narrow beam.
1854:
539:
This discussion shows that there is some flare angle between 0° and 90° which gives maximum gain and minimum reflection. This is called the
477:
for a given aperture size. The gain is not affected by the length but only limited by diffraction at the aperture. Used as feed horns in
519:
423:(fig. e) – A horn with curved sides, in which the separation of the sides increases as an exponential function of length. Also called a
493:– Similar to the open boundary quad-ridged horn above. It was designed to operate over a wide frequency range, low VSWR, and high gain.
863:
295:. However conical and pyramidal horns are most widely used, because they have straight sides and are easier to design and fabricate.
2296:
194:
of satellite dishes, the open mouth of the horn is often covered by a plastic sheet transparent to radio waves, to exclude moisture.
543:. Most practical horn antennas are designed as optimum horns. In a pyramidal horn, the dimensions that give an optimum horn are:
2099:
182:
antenna. The waves then radiate out the horn end in a narrow beam. In some equipment the radio waves are conducted between the
2559:
190:
and the antenna by a waveguide; in this case the horn is attached to the end of the waveguide. In outdoor horns, such as the
2554:
1813:
1659:
1571:
1273:
1711:
1549:
291:
taper. Exponential horns are used in special applications that require minimum signal loss, such as satellite antennas and
799:
1521:
2528:
2346:
2066:
2007:
1890:
1721:
1691:
1649:
1625:
1531:
1354:
1020:
ground antennas during the 1960s. Its largest use, however, was as fixed antennas for microwave relay links in the
757:
Large pyramidal horn used in 1951 to detect the 21 cm/8.3 inches (1.43 GHz) radiation from hydrogen gas in the
166:
Pyramidal horn antennas for a variety of frequencies. They have flanges at the top to attach to standard waveguides.
1997:
1908:
1263:
1880:
789:
of a pyramidal horn antenna (the ratio of the radiated power intensity along its beam axis to the intensity of an
2569:
467:– A horn which is divided into several subhorns by metal partitions (septums) inside, attached to opposite walls.
1237:
1083:
1041:
115:
in his pioneering experiments with microwaves. The modern horn antenna was invented independently in 1938 by
234:
of a tube to the impedance of free space, enabling the waves from the tube to radiate efficiently into space.
210:
on a Hughes
Direcway home satellite dish. A transparent plastic sheet covers the horn mouth to keep out rain.
1756:
Johansson, Joakim F.; Whyborn, Nicholas D. (May 1992). "The
Diagonal Horn as a Sub-Millimeter Wave Antenna".
143:
105:
25:
1942:
639:
2168:
968:
The aperture efficiency ranges from 0.4 to 0.8 in practical horn antennas. For optimum pyramidal horns,
2193:
2092:
1140:
750:. Tables showing dimensions for optimum horns for various frequencies are given in microwave handbooks.
323:, is a scaled-up reproduction of the fields in the waveguide. Because the wavefronts are spherical, the
1003:
reflector, and the focus of the reflector is at the apex of the horn, so the device is equivalent to a
2574:
1552:"A Broadband Double Ridged Horn Antenna for Radiated Immunity and Emissions Test from 18 GHz to 50 GHz"
1048:. Another more recent horn-reflector design is the cass-horn, which is a combination of a horn with a
510:
2564:
2431:
1550:
Tsung-Ching Lin; Chih-Hung Lee; Ming-Kun Hsieh; Cheng-Nan Chiu; Ding-Bing Lin; Hsin-Piao Lin (2021).
1060:
1843:
1593:
1391:
335:
At the flare angle, the radiation of the beam lobe is down about 20 dB from its maximum value.
2426:
2336:
1337:
1103:
2326:
2135:
1017:
527:
where the sides begin to flare out. The amount of reflection at these two sites varies with the
242:
2508:
2446:
2183:
2085:
2026:
1332:
1160:
1045:
762:
436:
2163:
2056:
1981:
1399:
1316:
1099:
1079:
1037:
112:
93:
2471:
2371:
2243:
2218:
1765:
1737:
Potter, P. D. (1963). "A new horn antenna with suppressed sidelobes and equal beamwidths".
1324:
1209:
1153:
1067:
1029:
288:
215:
179:
97:
753:
111:
One of the first horn antennas was constructed in 1897 by
Bengali-Indian radio researcher
8:
2391:
2283:
2238:
991:
960:
262:
254:
178:
attached to the side, with the central conductor projecting into the waveguide to form a
147:
65:
2058:
Practical Conic
Sections: The Geometric Properties of Ellipses, Parabolas and Hyperbolas
1769:
1328:
2533:
2381:
2321:
2316:
2213:
2125:
1961:
1831:
1819:
1581:
1477:
1438:
1379:
1360:
1049:
1021:
790:
515:
277:
32:
2518:
2411:
2331:
2253:
2148:
2062:
2003:
1886:
1823:
1809:
1717:
1687:
1655:
1621:
1567:
1527:
1350:
1269:
1025:
1004:
320:
281:
270:
250:
81:
1805:
1563:
1481:
1442:
994:
is known as a Hogg-horn, or horn-reflector antenna, invented by Alfred C. Beck and
2492:
2306:
2268:
2233:
1957:
1801:
1773:
1559:
1469:
1457:
1430:
1418:
1364:
1342:
623:{\displaystyle a_{E}={\sqrt {2\lambda L_{E}}}\qquad a_{H}={\sqrt {3\lambda L_{H}}}}
37:
2498:
2461:
2436:
2361:
2351:
2208:
2178:
2158:
2143:
2108:
1615:
1102:
in
Andover, Maine, USA, used in 1960s to communicate with the first direct relay
1013:
995:
478:
440:
414:
304:
292:
219:
128:
61:
53:
1024:
microwave network. Since the 1970s this design has been superseded by shrouded
2523:
2456:
2441:
2416:
2291:
2248:
2223:
2173:
1793:
1551:
1473:
1434:
402:
392:
316:
312:
303:
The waves travel down a horn as spherical wavefronts, with their origin at the
238:
231:
187:
124:
1919:
1501:
1346:
1175:
2548:
2503:
2396:
2386:
2341:
2228:
1683:
Quasioptical
Systems: Gaussian beam quasioptical propagation and applications
324:
258:
175:
116:
417:, with a circular cross section. They are used with cylindrical waveguides.
2451:
2421:
2406:
2401:
2376:
2273:
2258:
2203:
2198:
1075:
1033:
783:
779:
704:
532:
308:
85:
73:
19:
2301:
2153:
775:
266:
183:
101:
946:
223:
150:(VSWR) over the bandwidth. The gain of horn antennas ranges up to 25
64:
to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at
1967:
1777:
1556:
2021 7th
International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI)
1092:
401:(fig. c) – A sectoral horn flared in the direction of the magnetic or
391:(fig. b) – A sectoral horn flared in the direction of the electric or
202:
2356:
2263:
1116:
1071:
1009:
999:
758:
474:
364:
351:
340:
319:
at the aperture plane at the mouth of the horn, which determines the
207:
191:
171:
139:
89:
77:
69:
57:
1798:
2020 9th Asia-Pacific
Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP)
162:
2513:
2311:
2117:
135:
1713:
Astrophysics, Volume 12 of Methods of experimental physics, Part 2
633:
For a conical horn, the dimensions that give an optimum horn are:
1794:"An Open Boundary Quad-Ridged Horn Antenna Operating at 1-18 GHz"
1400:"The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of MM-wave research"
1317:"The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of MM-wave research"
1107:
916:{\displaystyle G=\left({\frac {\pi d}{\lambda }}\right)^{2}e_{A}}
227:
151:
88:
of other antennas, and as directive antennas for such devices as
2077:
1943:"Project Echo: A Horn-Reflector Antenna for Space Communication"
359:
2487:
746:
horn). The optimum horn yields maximum gain for a given horn
2466:
502:
120:
1406:. Vol. 2, no. 3. Belgorod, Russia. pp. 87–96.
230:. It provides a gradual transition structure to match the
1924:, filed November 26, 1941, Alfred C. Beck, Harold T. Friis
1180:, filed November 26, 1941, Alfred C. Beck, Harold T. Friis
253:
or a boundary between optical mediums with a low and high
1419:"Metal Horns as Directive Receivers of Ultra-Short Waves"
246:
134:
An advantage of horn antennas is that since they have no
1321:
1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest
958:
is a dimensionless parameter between 0 and 1 called the
738:
An optimum horn does not yield maximum gain for a given
716:
is the slant height of the side in the H-field direction
287:
The horn shape that gives minimum reflected power is an
1904:
1902:
1098:
Large 54-meter (177 ft) horn reflector antenna at
257:, like at a glass surface. The reflected waves cause
1941:
Crawford, A.B.; Hogg, D. C.; Hunt, L. E. (July 1961).
1878:
1613:
170:
A horn antenna is used to transmit radio waves from a
108:, low losses, and simple construction and adjustment.
866:
847:{\displaystyle G={\frac {4\pi A}{\lambda ^{2}}}e_{A}}
802:
694:
is the width of the aperture in the H-field direction
685:
is the width of the aperture in the E-field direction
642:
552:
1977:
1975:
1899:
1758:
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
1648:
Bakshi, K. A.; Bakshi, A. V.; Bakshi, U. A. (2009).
36:
The first modern horn antenna in 1938 with inventor
2034:
Bell System Practices, Issue 3, Section 402-421-100
1506:, filed: December 10, 1946, granted: April 19, 1949
1168:
Bell System Practices, Issue 3, Section 402-421-100
998:in 1941 and further developed by David C. Hogg at
72:frequencies, above 300 MHz. They are used as
1647:
915:
846:
664:
622:
269:of the waves issuing from it, resulting in a wide
84:, as standard calibration antennas to measure the
1972:
2546:
1940:
1755:
1032:at Bell Labs in Holmdel, New Jersey, with which
722:is the diameter of the cylindrical horn aperture
514:Exponential feed horn for 26-meter (85 ft)
138:elements, they can operate over a wide range of
1999:Satellite systems: principles and technologies
1416:
1143:(uses 1 horn antenna for Jupiter observations)
990:A type of antenna that combines a horn with a
2093:
2027:"KS-15676 Horn-Reflector Antenna Description"
1417:Southworth, G. C.; King, A. P. (March 1939).
1410:
1161:"KS-15676 Horn-Reflector Antenna Description"
742:. That is achieved with a very long horn (an
728:is the slant height of the cone from the apex
1879:Tasuku, Teshirogi; Tsukasa Yoneyama (2001).
1675:
1673:
1671:
1654:. Technical Publications. pp. 6.1–6.3.
1614:Stutzman, Warren L.; Gary A. Thiele (1998).
1495:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
214:A horn antenna serves the same function for
1936:
1934:
1932:
1456:Barrow, W. L.; Chu, L. J. (February 1939).
520:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
518:spacecraft communication antenna at NASA's
2100:
2086:
2021:
2019:
1853:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1207:
1100:AT&T satellite communications facility
975:= 0.511., while for optimum conical horns
939:is the aperture diameter of a conical horn
206:Corrugated conical horn antenna used as a
119:and G. C. Southworth The development of
1991:
1989:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1849:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1679:
1668:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1599:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1455:
1336:
1288:
1192:
985:
1929:
1705:
1703:
1449:
1074:in Holmdel, New Jersey, USA, with which
752:
509:
501:
358:
350:
201:
161:
80:) for larger antenna structures such as
31:
18:
2016:
1515:
1513:
1314:
1268:. Technical Publications. p. 159.
1261:
1231:
1229:
2547:
1995:
1986:
1861:
1736:
1634:
1308:
665:{\displaystyle d={\sqrt {3\lambda L}}}
2081:
2054:
1709:
1700:
1686:. USA: IEEE Press. pp. 173–174.
1545:
1543:
1519:
1502:Barrow, Wilmer L, US patent 2467578
1044:in 1965, for which they won the 1978
1913:
1510:
1458:"Theory of the Electromagnetic Horn"
1397:
1323:. Vol. 45. pp. 2267–2273.
1226:
774:Horns have very little loss, so the
761:galaxy. Currently on display at the
707:of the side in the E-field direction
413:(fig. d) – A horn in the shape of a
298:
16:Funnel-shaped waveguide radio device
1882:Modern millimeter-wave technologies
1716:. USA: Academic Press. p. 11.
481:and other high-resolution antennas.
13:
1962:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1961.tb01639.x
1885:. USA: IOS Press. pp. 87–89.
1540:
778:of a horn is roughly equal to its
765:in Green Bank, West Virginia, U.S.
261:in the waveguide, increasing the
226:in a musical instrument such as a
100:. Their advantages are moderate
14:
2586:
2529:Circularly disposed antenna array
2347:Folded inverted conformal antenna
2107:
1235:
1208:Bevelacqua, Peter Joseph (2009).
1147:
56:that consists of a flaring metal
1710:Meeks, Marion Littleton (1976).
1315:Emerson, D. T. (December 1997).
1115:
1091:
1059:
857:For conical horns, the gain is:
491:Open boundary double-ridged horn
307:of the horn, a point called the
154:, with 10–20 dBi being typical.
2048:
1806:10.1109/APCAP50217.2020.9246141
1784:
1749:
1730:
1607:
1564:10.1109/ICASI52993.2021.9568460
793:with the same input power) is:
586:
497:
197:
2002:. USA: Springer. p. 275.
1620:. USA: J. Wiley. p. 299.
1282:
1255:
1170:. AT&T Co. September 1975.
1084:microwave background radiation
1042:microwave background radiation
485:Open boundary quad-ridged horn
278:impedance matching transformer
157:
1:
2560:Radio frequency antenna types
2036:. AT&T Co. September 1975
1950:Bell System Technical Journal
1651:Antennas And Wave Propagation
1242:Radio-Electronics.com website
1186:
2555:Telecommunications equipment
2169:Dielectric resonator antenna
1289:Rodriguez, Vincente (2010).
1050:cassegrain parabolic antenna
933:is the area of the aperture,
367:for air search radar antenna
7:
2061:. Courier. pp. 49–50.
2045:on Albert LaFrance website
1680:Goldsmith, Paul F. (1998).
1172:on Albert LaFrance website
1141:Microwave Radiometer (Juno)
1134:
148:voltage standing wave ratio
10:
2591:
1526:. USA: IET. pp. 2–4.
1474:10.1109/JRPROC.1939.228693
1435:10.1109/JRPROC.1939.229011
1291:"A brief history of horns"
1244:. Adrio Communications Ltd
1214:Antenna-theory.com website
273:without much directivity.
2480:
2432:Regenerative loop antenna
2282:
2134:
2116:
1920:U. S. patent no. 2416675
1617:Antenna theory and design
1523:Microwave horns and feeds
1347:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853
1176:U. S. patent no. 2416675
2427:Reflective array antenna
2337:Corner reflector antenna
1520:Olver, A. David (1994).
1265:Antennas And Propagation
1104:communications satellite
346:
241:in the waveguide to the
2327:Collinear antenna array
1262:Narayan, C. P. (2007).
1128:Horn-reflector antennas
1026:parabolic dish antennas
1018:communication satellite
769:
243:impedance of free space
2570:Bangladeshi inventions
2509:Reconfigurable antenna
2472:Yagi–Uda antenna
2447:Short backfire antenna
2184:Folded unipole antenna
1996:Pattan, Bruno (1993).
1968:Alcatel-Lucent website
1462:Proceedings of the IRE
1423:Proceedings of the IRE
1398:Grigorov, Igor (ed.).
1297:. Same Page Publishing
1295:In Compliance Magazine
1210:"Horn antenna - Intro"
1066:15-meter (50 ft)
1052:using two reflectors.
1046:Nobel Prize in Physics
986:Horn-reflector antenna
917:
848:
766:
763:Green Bank Observatory
666:
624:
523:
507:
447:Dual-mode conical horn
368:
356:
211:
167:
94:automatic door openers
41:
29:
2164:Crossed field antenna
2055:Downs, J. W. (1993).
918:
849:
756:
667:
625:
513:
505:
471:Aperture-limited horn
362:
354:
216:electromagnetic waves
205:
180:quarter-wave monopole
165:
113:Jagadish Chandra Bose
98:microwave radiometers
35:
22:
2481:Application-specific
2372:Log-periodic antenna
2244:Rubber ducky antenna
2219:Inverted vee antenna
2194:Ground-plane antenna
1909:Narayan 2007, p. 168
1504:Electromagnetic horn
1068:Holmdel horn antenna
1030:Holmdel Horn Antenna
864:
800:
640:
550:
2392:Offset dish antenna
2239:Random wire antenna
1922:Horn antenna system
1770:1992ITMTT..40..795J
1329:1997imsd.conf..553E
1178:Horn antenna system
1022:AT&T Long Lines
992:parabolic reflector
961:aperture efficiency
255:index of refraction
2534:Television antenna
2382:Microstrip antenna
2322:Choke ring antenna
2317:Cassegrain antenna
2214:Inverted-F antenna
2126:Isotropic radiator
1558:. pp. 63–66.
1156:Antenna-Theory.com
1082:discovered cosmic
1040:discovered cosmic
913:
844:
767:
662:
620:
524:
508:
369:
363:Stack of sectoral
357:
355:Horn antenna types
311:. The pattern of
212:
168:
82:parabolic antennas
42:
30:
2575:Indian inventions
2542:
2541:
2519:Reference antenna
2412:Parabolic antenna
2332:Conformal antenna
2254:Turnstile antenna
2149:Biconical antenna
1982:Meeks, 1976, p.13
1926:on Google Patents
1815:978-1-7281-9805-7
1778:10.1109/22.137380
1661:978-81-8431-278-2
1573:978-1-6654-4143-8
1275:978-81-8431-176-1
1182:on Google Patents
1005:parabolic antenna
891:
832:
791:isotropic antenna
734:is the wavelength
660:
618:
584:
405:in the waveguide.
395:in the waveguide.
321:radiation pattern
299:Radiation pattern
282:transmission line
271:radiation pattern
251:transmission line
2582:
2565:Antennas (radio)
2493:Corner reflector
2307:Beverage antenna
2269:Umbrella antenna
2234:Monopole antenna
2189:Franklin antenna
2102:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2023:
2014:
2013:
1993:
1984:
1979:
1970:
1965:
1956:(4): 1095–1099.
1947:
1938:
1927:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1876:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1800:. pp. 1–2.
1788:
1782:
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1753:
1747:
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1734:
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1707:
1698:
1697:
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1499:
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1453:
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1395:
1389:
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1375:
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1371:
1340:
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1302:
1286:
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1279:
1259:
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1249:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1205:
1171:
1165:
1119:
1095:
1063:
1014:radio telescopes
922:
920:
919:
914:
912:
911:
902:
901:
896:
892:
887:
879:
853:
851:
850:
845:
843:
842:
833:
831:
830:
821:
810:
744:aperture limited
671:
669:
668:
663:
661:
650:
629:
627:
626:
621:
619:
617:
616:
601:
596:
595:
585:
583:
582:
567:
562:
561:
479:radio telescopes
441:radio telescopes
437:satellite dishes
421:Exponential horn
343:to about 5–10°.
293:radio telescopes
129:radio telescopes
125:satellite dishes
38:Wilmer L. Barrow
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2499:Evolved antenna
2476:
2462:Vivaldi antenna
2437:Rhombic antenna
2362:Helical antenna
2352:Fractal antenna
2297:AS-2259 Antenna
2278:
2209:Helical antenna
2179:Discone antenna
2159:Coaxial antenna
2144:Batwing antenna
2136:Omnidirectional
2130:
2112:
2106:
2076:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2010:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1945:
1939:
1930:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1862:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1789:
1785:
1754:
1750:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1678:
1669:
1662:
1646:
1635:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1518:
1511:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1454:
1450:
1415:
1411:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1193:
1189:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1064:
996:Harald T. Friis
988:
980:
973:
956:
907:
903:
897:
880:
878:
874:
873:
865:
862:
861:
838:
834:
826:
822:
811:
809:
801:
798:
797:
772:
714:
701:
692:
683:
649:
641:
638:
637:
612:
608:
600:
591:
587:
578:
574:
566:
557:
553:
551:
548:
547:
500:
433:Corrugated horn
349:
317:magnetic fields
301:
220:acoustical horn
200:
160:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Spiral antenna
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2457:Sterba antenna
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Sector antenna
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:Plasma antenna
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Adcock antenna
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Sloper antenna
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2224:J-pole antenna
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Dipole antenna
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2047:
2015:
2008:
1985:
1971:
1928:
1912:
1898:
1891:
1860:
1840:|website=
1814:
1783:
1764:(5): 795–800.
1748:
1729:
1722:
1699:
1692:
1667:
1660:
1633:
1626:
1606:
1590:|website=
1572:
1539:
1532:
1509:
1494:
1448:
1409:
1388:|journal=
1355:
1338:10.1.1.39.8748
1307:
1281:
1274:
1254:
1238:"Horn antenna"
1225:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1157:
1149:
1148:External links
1146:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1065:
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1056:
1055:
1054:
987:
984:
978:
971:
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954:
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934:
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923:
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906:
900:
895:
890:
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883:
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869:
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854:
841:
837:
829:
825:
820:
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771:
768:
736:
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729:
723:
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712:
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686:
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673:
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659:
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631:
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581:
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499:
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494:
488:
482:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
430:
418:
408:
407:
406:
396:
380:
377:Pyramidal horn
348:
345:
300:
297:
259:standing waves
239:wave impedance
199:
196:
159:
156:
60:shaped like a
50:microwave horn
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
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2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Ground dipole
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
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2460:
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2455:
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2448:
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2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Patch antenna
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Moxon antenna
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Curtain array
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
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2281:
2275:
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2270:
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2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Mast radiator
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
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2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2070:
2068:0-486-42876-1
2064:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2009:0-442-01357-4
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1892:1-58603-098-1
1888:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1723:0-12-475952-1
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1693:0-7803-3439-6
1689:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1627:0-471-02590-9
1623:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1533:0-85296-809-4
1529:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:(2): 95–102.
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1396:reprinted in
1393:
1381:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1356:0-7803-3814-6
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:Horn Antennas
1152:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1080:Robert Wilson
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Robert Wilson
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
983:
981:
974:
963:
962:
957:
951:
948:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
927:
908:
904:
898:
893:
888:
884:
881:
875:
870:
867:
860:
859:
858:
839:
835:
827:
823:
818:
815:
812:
806:
803:
796:
795:
794:
792:
788:
785:
781:
777:
764:
760:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
740:aperture size
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
709:
706:
702:
696:
693:
687:
684:
678:
677:
676:
657:
654:
651:
646:
643:
636:
635:
634:
613:
609:
605:
602:
597:
592:
588:
579:
575:
571:
568:
563:
558:
554:
546:
545:
544:
542:
537:
534:
530:
521:
517:
512:
504:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
476:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
453:Diagonal horn
451:
448:
445:
442:
438:
434:
431:
428:
427:
422:
419:
416:
412:
409:
404:
400:
397:
394:
390:
387:
386:
384:
383:Sectoral horn
381:
378:
375:
374:
373:
366:
361:
353:
344:
342:
336:
333:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:, (about 377
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
209:
204:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:coaxial cable
173:
164:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:Wilmer Barrow
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:feed antennas
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
27:
21:
2452:Slot antenna
2422:Quad antenna
2407:Planar array
2402:Phased array
2377:Loop antenna
2367:Horn antenna
2366:
2274:Whip antenna
2259:T2FD antenna
2204:Halo antenna
2199:G5RV antenna
2057:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2033:
1998:
1953:
1949:
1921:
1915:
1881:
1797:
1786:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1712:
1682:
1650:
1616:
1609:
1555:
1522:
1503:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1468:(1): 51–64.
1465:
1461:
1451:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1403:
1368:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1294:
1284:
1264:
1257:
1246:. Retrieved
1241:
1236:Poole, Ian.
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1177:
1167:
1076:Arno Penzias
1034:Arno Penzias
989:
976:
969:
967:
959:
952:
942:
936:
930:
925:
856:
786:
773:
747:
743:
739:
737:
731:
725:
719:
710:
705:slant height
697:
688:
679:
674:
632:
541:optimum horn
540:
538:
528:
525:
498:Optimum horn
490:
484:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
432:
425:
424:
420:
411:Conical horn
410:
399:H-plane horn
398:
389:E-plane horn
388:
382:
376:
370:
337:
334:
329:
309:phase center
302:
286:
275:
236:
213:
198:How it works
169:
133:
110:
49:
46:horn antenna
45:
43:
2302:AWX antenna
2284:Directional
2154:Cage aerial
1739:Microwave J
1487:October 28,
776:directivity
529:flare angle
465:Septum horn
459:Ridged horn
426:scalar horn
330:phase error
289:exponential
267:diffraction
224:sound waves
184:transmitter
158:Description
140:frequencies
102:directivity
2549:Categories
2040:2011-12-20
1301:2010-11-12
1248:2010-11-11
1219:2010-11-11
1187:References
947:wavelength
516:Cassegrain
365:feed horns
192:feed horns
90:radar guns
78:feed horns
2495:(passive)
2357:Gizmotchy
2264:T-antenna
2118:Isotropic
1842:ignored (
1832:cite book
1824:226852649
1592:ignored (
1582:cite book
1390:ignored (
1380:cite book
1370:March 15,
1333:CiteSeerX
1072:Bell Labs
1010:sidelobes
1000:Bell Labs
889:λ
882:π
824:λ
816:π
759:Milky Way
655:λ
606:λ
572:λ
475:beamwidth
341:beamwidth
232:impedance
222:does for
208:feed horn
172:waveguide
144:bandwidth
142:, a wide
106:bandwidth
70:microwave
58:waveguide
26:bandwidth
2514:Rectenna
2312:Cantenna
1745:: 71–78.
1482:51635676
1443:51632525
1404:Antentop
1135:See also
1086:in 1964.
782:. The
313:electric
218:that an
188:receiver
136:resonant
104:, broad
96:, and
76:(called
2109:Antenna
1766:Bibcode
1365:9039614
1325:Bibcode
1108:Telstar
945:is the
703:is the
403:H-field
393:E-field
228:trumpet
54:antenna
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