499:, struck at Mamai's power base in the Crimea, forcing him to leave Sarai and rush home. Meanwhile, Ḥājjī Cherkes proclaimed a khan of his own, Ūljāy-Timur, a descendant of Jochi's son Toqai-Timur, and advanced on Sarai. Khan ʿAbdallāh was once more expelled from the capital, and Ūljāy-Timur was enthroned there by Ḥājjī Cherkes in 1368. Mamai now repaid his rival in kind, attacking Ḥājjī Cherkes' power base Astrakhan. While Ḥājjī Cherkes was distracted with defending Astrakhan, his protégé Ūljāy-Timur lost the throne of Sarai to Ḥasan Beg (1368–1369), a nephew of the earlier khan Khayr-Pūlād, and thus a descendant of Jochi's son Shiban.
818:
Mamai now headed to his old headquarters at
Solkhat. Here, too, he was refused admittance: the population and the governor, Qutluq-Buqa, did not want to provoke Tokhtamysh. Besides, the governor hoped to preserve his position under the new ruler, while the populace resented the heavy taxes Mamai had levied to fortify the city. At the end of 1380 or the beginning of 1381, the agents of Tokhtamysh caught up with Mamai outside Solkhat and killed him. Nevertheless, he was given an honorable burial by order of Tokhtamysh. The death of Mamai paved the way for Tokhtamysh to attempt the reunification of the Golden Horde.
395:, and the struggle among his kinsmen and rivals for possession of Sarai in 1361 gave Mamai the opportunity to do so. Since Mamai was not a descendant of Genghis Khan and Jochi in the male line, he assumed the role of kingmaker, promoting and supporting Jochid khans of his own choosing from a base in the Crimea and the western portion of Golden Horde. With Mamai's help, these khans sought to establish themselves at the capital Sarai, albeit with intermittent success. The precise origin of Mamai's protégés is nowhere stated clearly, and there has been a tendency to consider them descendants of
387:, Mogul-Buqa became beglerbeg again, confirming Mamai's exclusion from power at court, although his precise position and relations with the khans remains unclear. Still in control of at least part of the warriors associated with the Kiyat tribe, Mamai was apparently too powerful to eliminate. Until 1361, moreover, he may have had a formidable ally in his cousin governing the former Ulus of Orda. The elimination of Mamai's cousin, Tingiz-Buqa, by the local khan Qara-Noqai, may have threatened to undermine Mamai's safety and impelled him to act proactively. The murder of
695:, who was duly invested as grand prince of Vladimir. Dmitrij did not yield the grand princely throne, and in fact attacked Mihail as he was returning from Sarai, forcing him to flee to his brother-in-law Algirdas of Lithuania. Although the Lithuanians took up Mihail's cause and besieged Moscow in December 1370, the siege was lifted by the arrival of Dmitrij's allies. The Lithuanians returned home, while Mihail went to Sarai to seek Mamai's help. He received a second investiture with the grand princely throne of Vladimir in early 1371, but was refused entry into
579:
Venetian tribute even more, restoring the amount paid before the wars between Öz Beg and Jani Beg and the
Italians. Mamai, moreover, allowed the Venetians to build fortifications at Tana: they built a small fortress in 1370, which they expanded in 1375, to protect themselves from their Genoese rivals. Mamai's interactions with the Genoese appear to have been more frequent. In the early 1370s the relations were peaceful, and in 1374 Mamai himself was received with honor in Genoese
295:, perhaps since the early 14th century, before several Kiyats appeared as governor on the eastern periphery of the Golden Horde. The date of Mamai's birth can be estimated only generally, to somewhere in the mid-to-late 1320s. At birth, he appears to have received the Muslim name Muḥammad, sometimes paired with the nickname Kičik ("little"), perhaps due to his short stature. Whether "Mamai" is a variation of that name or an additional, "folk" name, remains unclear.
774:
also assured of the cooperation of Oleg
Ivanovič of Rjazan'. While Mamai was still gathering his forces (including mercenaries from Transcaucasia and Genoese Crimea), an alliance of Russian forces under Dmitrij of Moscow, excluding the princes of Tver' and Rjazan', crossed southward into Mongol territory in an anticipatory advance. Abandoning their usual defence strategy, the Russian forces suddenly attacked Mamai's army on 8 September 1380 at
722:
Qāghān Beg and his cousin ʿArab Shāh, serving them in a punitive expedition in Volga
Bulgaria. When the Russian princes helped themselves to local wealth without authorization, they risked the khan's wrath, and in 1377 the Moscow and Nižnij Novgorod joined forces to defend themselves against their new overlord. But while ʿArab Shāh prepared to engage them, and in the absence of the Muscovite forces, Mamai intervened (assisted by the
801:(Tamerlane), and then proceeded to replace Urus' sons as ruler of the former Ulus of Orda by 1379. In early 1380, Tokhtamysh was able to advance on Sarai and to obtain the submission and abdication of Khan ʿArab Shāh. The advance of Tokhtamysh, and his continued success (he conquered Astrakhan later in 1380), sabotaged Mamai's hopes of avenging his defeat at Kulikovo. Mamai was now forced to oppose Tokhtamysh on the
522:, another descendant of Jochi's son Tuqa-Timur, who had become ruler of the former Ulus of Orda in the eastern portion of the Golden Horde. Urus appears to have ejected Mamai's protégé Muḥammad-Sulṭān from Sarai, only to lose the city immediately (if he ever held it at this point) after failing to dislodge Ḥājjī Cherkes from Astrakhan. This rivalry allowed another descendant of Shiban, Khayr-Pūlād's brother
685:, as grand prince of Vladimir. Similarly, Mamai and Khan ʿAzīz Shaykh supported rival claimants for the throne of Nižnij Novgorod in 1365; in this instance, Mamai supported Dmitrij Konstantinovič, who subsequently helped Mamai subdue opposition in Volga Bulgaria in 1370. The struggle for supreme authority in the Golden Horde thus presented the Russian princes with both challenges and opportunities.
546:
north, west, and south of the city, and in 1375 Mamai was able to have his khan recognized at
Astrakhan, following the death of his old rival Ḥājjī Cherkes. Mamai's attempt to retain suzerainty over the Russian princes, however, was successfully challenged and undermined by the new Khan ʿArab Shāh, who in 1378 defeated and killed Mamai's subordinate ally Tagai, the governor of
627:(1377–1434) were dominated by diplomatic and military concerns. On at least two occasions, in 1362 and 1374, Mamai lost control over Sarai, because he and the bulk of his forces had to rush to the western frontier to oppose Lithuanian advances from the northwest. Although for the most part he managed to stem these advances, Mamai lost territory to Lithuania, most notably the
766:. The friendly gesture did not yield the desired results, and Mihail perished during the sea voyage from Caffa to Constantinople. Mamai also made one more attempt to turn the Russian princes against each other, sending a renegade Muscovite boyar to incite Mihail of Tver' against Dmitrij of Moscow; the plan failed when he was recognized and arrested at
483:(or Mürid, 1362–1363), a brother of the former ruler Khiḍr Khan. He was expelled by Khayr-Pūlād (or Mīr-Pūlād, 1363–1364), and he by ʿAzīz Shaykh (1364–1367). All three were descendants of Jochi's son Shiban. Mamai's inability to hold Sarai in 1362 is possibly to be attributed with his preoccupation with his western front, where the
399:. Nevertheless, the purge of the ruling family perpetrated by Mamai's father-in-law Berdi Beg in 1357 makes such identifications unlikely. A more plausible hypothesis identifies Mamai's puppet khans with a cluster of suitably-named princes listed among a "Crimean" branch of the descendants of Jochi's son
591:, one of his vassals. After his loss of Sarai in 1374, Mamai became more concerned about these Genoese gains in the Crimea, confiscated Soldaia and other settlements that had been taken over by the Genoese, and proceeded to fortify his administrative center at Solkhat. Mamai may have shown favor to the
311:
had been held by a member of a different family in 1349–1356, it seems to have been conferred on Ali Beg, perhaps Mamai's father. He died soon after, and the governorship was given to his brother, Qutluq-Timur. He appears to have died by 1359, and the governorship was entrusted to a member of another
502:
Mamai was determined to recover control of Sarai. He captured and executed the exiled Ūljāy-Timur and in 1369 managed to expel Ḥasan Beg from the city, once more enthroning Khan ʿAbdallāh. When the latter died in 1370, Mamai seems to have hesitated before making ʿAbdallāh's young son Muḥammad-Sulṭān
545:
After the ejection of Mamai's protégé Muḥammad-Sulṭān from Sarai in 1374, apart from a possible brief occupation of the city in either 1375 or 1376, Mamai and his puppet khans no longer controlled the traditional capital of the Golden Horde. Nevertheless, they still exercised authority in the lands
817:
Mamai and his retinue made their way to the Crimea. Mistrusting the loyalty and ability of his governors there, Mamai decided to seek refuge in
Genoese Caffa. However, fearing the wrath of Tokhtamysh, the city's commune refused to admit Mamai within the walls. Still pursued by Tokhtamysh's agents,
773:
His other plans having failed, Mamai sent an ultimatum to
Dmitrij of Moscow, demanding that the grand prince submit and pay an increased tribute to Mamai's new khan, Tūlāk. Dmitrij failed to accede to the demand, and Mamai prepared for war. He sought out the support of Jogaila of Lithuania and was
721:
in 1375; he also invested Mihail of Tver' with the title of grand prince of
Vladimir once again. Dmitrij immediately besieged Tver' and secured Mihail's renunciation of the elusive claim, while signing a defense pact against the Mongols. By 1376, most Russian princes transferred their obedience to
699:
by the inhabitants. Dmitrij ignored Mamai's instructions to submit to Mihail, but soon presented himself before Mamai with gifts, and secured his own confirmation as grand prince of
Vladimir. In effect, Mamai had forced the princes of Moscow and Tver' to bid for the throne of Vladimir with gifts,
643:
and
Lithuanian influence. While the Lithuanians were exploiting the troubles within the Golden Horde to their advantage, Mamai appears to have attempted to do the same during the competition for power within Lithuania after the death of Algirdas in 1377 between his brother and son: in 1380 the
578:
supported Kildi Beg as khan, Mamai punished their leadership, including the Venetian consul Jacopo Corner. Subsequently, he sought to improve relations with them by granting them a lower tribute in a diploma issued in the name of his khan, ʿAbdallāh, in 1362. Later, in 1369, Mamai lowered the
786:. Mamai's mercenaries were perhaps poorly coordinated, although they offered determined resistance. Mamai's puppet khan failed to reach safety and was forced to fight, perishing in the engagement. Much of Mamai's force failed to engage before a Russian ambush regimen turned the tide of the
291:. Specific information about Mamai's immediate origins is very limited, but his father is named as Alash Beg (possibly Ali Beg), probably the son of Tuluq-Timur Kiyat, and therefore possibly the brother of the aforementioned Isatai. At least part of the clan may have been ensconced in the
526:, to seize Sarai briefly in 1374. Mamai returned to Sarai, defeating and expelling Īl Beg, and reinstalling Muḥammad-Sulṭān in 1374. No sooner had Mamai succeeded in this task, that he was again forced to attend to a crisis on the western frontier, where the Lithuanians and
672:
from Lithuanian captivity, and his return to Moscow in 1360. Even while ejected from Sarai in 1363, Mamai, in the name of his puppet khan ʿAbdallāh, sought to secure the service and tribute of the Russian princes, and to that end he came to an arrangement with
655:
became increasingly recalcitrant and refused to pay his heavy tribute in silver to the Mongols. Military operations and raids for plunder yielded limited results. Although some other Russian princes did continue to pay their tribute (most notably that of
644:
Lithuanian prince Aleksandras Karijotaitis fell in battle against the Mongols. Algirdas' son Jogaila eventually decided that he needed Mongol support against his uncle, and sent an envoy to Mamai to make peace and arrange for an alliance between them.
1139:
Tūlāk (usually read as "Būlāq") was long considered an additional name of the preceding khan, Muḥammad-Sulṭān (e.g., Howorth 1880: 208; Vernadsky 1953: 246); however, Sidorenko 2000: 278-280 and Gaev 2002: 25 have demonstrated those are two distinct
716:
declined, while the Golden Horde was apparently impacted by an outbreak of plague. Emboldened by the attitude of Moscow, Nižnij Novgorod arrested and beat Mamai's envoys in 1374. Mamai retaliated by raiding the lands of Nižnij Novgorod and sacking
805:. Perhaps at the head of larger and better-rested forces, Mamai could hope for victory. However, he now lacked a legitimate khan to use as his protégé, and at any rate Tokhtamysh had already begun to suborn some of Mamai's emirs. In the resulting
700:
which enriched Mamai and his followers. This opportunistic policy did not, however, solidify Mamai's control over the Russian princes, and in 1373 Dmitrij of Moscow assumed an ambivalent attitude during Mamai's raid into the lands of
707:
Mamai lost the cooperation of the Russian princes, and especially Dmitrij of Moscow, after his loss of Sarai in 1374. Dmitrij may have felt the need or opportunity to refuse Mamai's demands for tribute, as his influx of silver from
550:. Continued reverses in Volga Bulgaria and Russia (see below) threatened Mamai's position, and perhaps because of this he disposed of his puppet khan Muḥammad-Sulṭān and replaced him with a new protégé, Tūlāk, by February 1379.
491:. Despite some territorial losses, Mamai was able to curb the Lithuanian advance. This allowed him to regroup in the Crimea, suppress local opposition (by besieging Solkhat), and eventually to make another attempt on Sarai.
494:
In 1367 Mamai took advantage of (and possibly engineered) the murder of Khan ʿAzīz Shaykh to reinstall Khan ʿAbdallāh at Sarai. However, Mamai was unable to enjoy his success for long. His rival Ḥājjī Cherkes, ruler of
363:, commonly taken by men marrying women descended from Genghis Khan. According to the contemporary traveler Ibn Khaldun, Mamai was now in charge of all government, while Russian chronicles note him sending emissaries to
754:
was Dmitrij's first victory against the Mongols, and resulted in heavy losses among the Mongol warriors and even commanders. Humiliated and irritated, Mamai led another raid on Rjazan', once more sacking the city.
809:, many of Mamai's commanders deserted to Tokhtamysh together with their troops. Mamai fled the battlefield with his remaining loyal supporters, but lost his harem and much of his possessions to the victor.
219:
for several khans, and dominated parts or all of the Golden Horde for almost two decades in the 1360s and 1370s. Although he was unable to stabilize central authority during the 14th-century Golden Horde
479:, son of Jani Beg, Mamai proclaimed his own khan, ʿAbdallāh, in the Crimea in 1361, and succeeded in installing him at Sarai in 1362. However, later the same year ʿAbdallāh was ejected from the city by
562:, on behalf of his khan. Closer to home, he was in frequent diplomatic contact or armed conflict with the Italian merchant colonies in the Crimea and, more generally, the northern shores of the
790:
definitively in Dmitrij's favor. Mamai's forces routed and he fled the battlefield, leaving it in the hands of Dmitrij, who was later called Donskoj ("of the Don") in memory of his victory.
538:, the son of Īl Beg. Qāghān Beg subsequently yielded the throne of Sarai to his cousin ʿArab Shāh, son of Khayr-Pūlād, in 1377. Finally, in 1380, ʿArab Shāh was forced to yield Sarai to
730:
river, and then sacked and burned Nižnij Novgorod in 1377. Unwilling to see his overlordship over the Russian princes pass back to Mamai, ʿArab Shāh raided through Suzdalia and sacked
660:), Mamai sought alternatives to make up for the lost influx of silver. One was to use gold obtained in long distance trade with India to mint coins for commerce with the Italians.
530:
had defeated one of his lieutenants. As in 1362, his rapid response met with some success, but in the process he lost control of Sarai: Muḥammad-Sulṭān was expelled by again by
52:
271:, Aq-Buqa Kiyat enjoyed the favor of the khan and his successor, and served as one of the chief emirs. Another Kiyat, Isatai, was entrusted with governing the former
1338:
Vernadsky 1953: 263 follows another familiar version of Mamai's death: admitted into Caffa and murdered by the Genoese; Martin 1995: 237; Počekaev 2010: 94-96.
758:
Perhaps trying to recover his position by diplomacy, Mamai next showed favor to the Muscovite candidate for the newly vacant metropolitan throne,
742:
In 1378, Mamai dispatched an army under several emirs against Rjazan', which had not yet recovered from the raid of ʿArab Shāh the previous year.
515:
with the help of Dmitrij of Suzdal', Mamai felt secure enough to proclaim Muḥammad-Sulṭān khan at Sarai the end of 1371 or the beginning of 1372.
1059:
Počekaev 2010: 21, 28-29; for a close connection with Qutluq-Timur, son of Tuluq-Timur and governor in the Crimea, see already Howorth 1880: 200.
547:
677:
and the Metropolitan Aleksej, lowering the amount of tribute owed to the khan; the prince of Moscow was also confirmed in his possession of
826:
Mamai's son Mansur Kiyat entered the service of Tokhtamysh; his son Aleksandr, who had converted to Christianity, entered the service of
746:, the prince of Rjazan' was unable to offer resistance, but Dmitrij of Moscow decided to oppose the Mongols. As they were crossing the
339:). Moreover, perhaps at this time Berdi Beg gave his daughter in marriage to Mamai. Although the explicit reference to the marriage by
1351:
Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov: K vyjasneniju rodoslovija numizmatičeski zafiksirovannyh pravitelej Ulusa Džuči,"
688:
In 1370, Mamai shifted his favor from Dmitrij of Moscow (who had failed to assist Mamai's cause in Volga Bulgaria) to the prince of
835:
228:, Mamai remained a remarkable and persistent leader for decades, while others came and went in rapid succession. His defeat in the
1522:
763:
797:
was rising to power in the east. Having already challenged his cousin Urus Khan, he sought the protection and support of
511:. Meanwhile, Mamai's Crimean headquarters already coined in the name of Muḥammad-Sulṭān. After suppressing opposition in
607:
Perhaps to offset the economic influence of the Italian merchants, Mamai also granted diplomas to merchants from Polish
668:
Early in his political career, Mamai may have assisted in the diplomatic initiative that secured the liberation of the
518:
Mamai's success once again proved ephemeral. Perhaps during Mamai's absence, in 1373, Sarai attracted a new conqueror,
1406:
762:
Mihail, granting him a diploma from the khan in February 1379, long before he could be appointed metropolitan by the
858:, was the most powerful man in Lithuania in the 16th century, but later rebelled and ran away with his brothers to
806:
854:
was the most illustrious member of the family: he studied at the German university, took part as a knight in the
750:
on 11 August 1378, the Mongols were beset on three sides by the Muscovites, defeated, and turned to flight. The
647:
Mamai could benefit from his new Lithuanian alliance to keep the Russians in line, especially as the prince of
448:
1517:
846:). This is supposed to have occurred in the early 15th century, although the first documented mention of the
669:
283:. Isatai's son Jir-Qutluq and the latter's son Tingiz-Buqa enjoyed the same position under the next khans,
187:
255:
clan, which claimed descent from Mugetu Kiyan (Mūngdū Qayān), an older brother of Genghis Khan's father
558:
During the 1370s, Mamai reestablished the traditional friendly relations between the Golden Horde and
416:
1527:
751:
831:
678:
588:
583:. To maintain his good relations with the Genoese, Mamai went as far as to ignore their seizure of
460:(= Tawakkul, son of Tughluq Khwāja, brother of ʿAbdal), khan 1379–1380, never recognized at Sarai.
793:
While Mamai was concentrating on Russian affairs, a descendant of Jochi's son Togai-Buqa named
27:
20:
327:
Troubled by this desertion and possibly already threatened by a rival claimant to the throne (
1502:
859:
727:
632:
503:
khan, at least at Sarai. Accordingly, in 1370–1371 he had Sarai recognize as reigning queen,
488:
1512:
1507:
968:
871:
480:
456:
57:
8:
1435:
Raspad Ulusa Džuči v 60-70-e gody XIV veka (po dannym pis'mennyh istočnikov i numizmatiki
981:
272:
320:) Mogul-Buqa. Mamai appears to have resented this apparent slight, and left the capital
987:
787:
692:
452:(= Muḥammad, son of ʿAbdal), khan 1370–1379, recognized at Sarai 1371–1373 and in 1374.
229:
420:(= ʿAbdal, son of Mīnkāsar, son of Abāy, son of Kay-Timur, son of Togai-Timur, son of
351:, whom Mamai would later briefly elevate to the throne, and who would later yet marry
1402:
975:
879:
743:
232:
marked the beginning of the decline of the Horde, as well as his own rapid downfall.
221:
144:
324:
with his dependents and clansmen, to assert himself locally in and near the Crimea.
709:
696:
682:
652:
559:
504:
432:
348:
137:
1392:
964:
943:
931:
867:
851:
411:. If this identification is accepted, Mamai's protégés as khans were as follows:
383:
undermined Mamai's position of supremacy at court. Under Qulpa and his successor
61:
574:
exacerbated the difficulties involved in these relations. When the Venetians of
1422:
Sidorenko, V. A., "Hronologija pravlenii zolotoordynskih hanov 1357–1380 gg.,"
993:
775:
674:
639:
also ended about this time, the principality becoming autonomous, albeit under
512:
470:
388:
225:
191:
116:
1394:Мамай: история "антигероя" в истории (Mamaj: Istorija “anti-geroja” v istorii)
1113:
For example, Počekaev 2010: 48, 51 (for ʿAbdallāh as son of Khiḍr Beg, son of
1086:
Varvarovskij 1994: 139; idem. 2008: 89; Mirgaleev 2003: 37; Počekaev 2010: 35.
280:
240:
Unlike the khans of the so-called Golden Horde, Mamai was not a descendant of
1496:
759:
355:
Khan. Perhaps in keeping with tradition within the Golden Horde, Mamai (like
335:(1357–1359) apparently recalled Mamai to the court and named him chief emir (
855:
425:
321:
263:, the Kiyats may have risen in importance after the fall of the rival khan
241:
212:
208:
802:
783:
596:
487:
had inflicted a defeat on the representatives of the Golden Horde at the
400:
340:
308:
259:
Baghatur. While they served the rulers of the Golden Horde from at least
175:
1433:, Kazan', 2008; posthumously published version of author's dissertation
1472:
1464:
794:
713:
539:
535:
441:
384:
352:
264:
428:), khan 1361–1370; recognized at Sarai 1362, 1367–1368, and 1369–1370.
779:
767:
616:
563:
531:
527:
519:
508:
496:
484:
476:
437:
396:
376:
336:
332:
317:
313:
288:
276:
260:
216:
133:
42:
1385:
Političeskaja istorija Zolotoj Ordy perioda pravlenija Toktamyš-hana
1114:
681:. The rival khan Murād accordingly invested another Russian prince,
608:
1118:
863:
827:
636:
620:
580:
464:
304:
284:
207:; 1325?–1380/1381) was a powerful Mongol military commander of the
1320:
Vernadsky 1953: 258-263; Jackson 2005: 315; Počekaev 2010: 89-92.
847:
843:
839:
718:
663:
640:
628:
624:
256:
249:
154:
875:
770:, to be publicly executed in Moscow at the end of August 1379.
731:
723:
701:
648:
575:
567:
523:
392:
364:
292:
120:
100:
1130:
Gaev 2002: 23-25; Vohidov 2006: 46; Tizengauzen 2006: 437-438.
737:
635:
in 1362. The influence or overlordship of the Golden Horde in
1484:
1221:
Sidorenko 2000: 278-279; Gaev 2002: 24-25; Sagdeeva 2005: 41.
798:
747:
595:
colony at Porto Pisano on the Don, on the north coast of the
584:
571:
421:
380:
356:
328:
268:
252:
245:
80:
1185:
Gaev 2002: 24-25; Mirgaleev 2003: 37; Počekaev 2010: 58-61.
689:
657:
612:
592:
553:
267:
in 1299. Abandoning Nogai in favor of the legitimate khan,
821:
475:
After briefly supporting the impostor who pretended to be
370:
954:
Ivan Mihajlovič (d. 1602) m. Anna Grigor'evna Skuratova
51:
1364:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century
898:
Ivan Aleksandrovič m. Anastasija Danilovna Ostrožskaja
359:
after him) does not appear to have taken the title of
1424:
Materialov po arheologii, istorii i ètnografii Tavrii
1293:
Vernadsky 1953: 254-256; Počekaev 2010: 63-65, 83-85.
1275:
Vernadsky 1953: 251-253; Počekaev 2010: 52-53, 79-80.
542:, the eventual nemesis of both Urus Khan and Mamai.
1248:
Vernadsky 1953: 246, 252-253; Počekaev 2010: 68-76.
444:), queen, recognized at Sarai 1370–1371, died 1386.
202:
1117:), 59 (for Muḥammad-Sulṭān as son of Beg, son of
934:(d. 1534) m. Elena Ivanovna Telepneva-Obolenskaja
534:in 1374. He lost the city in his turn in 1375, to
211:. Contrary to popular misconception, he was not a
307:(1342–1357). After the governorship of Crimea at
1494:
948:Jurij Vasil'evič (d. 1547) m. Ksenija Vasil'evna
838:with multiple estates around the modern city of
507:, apparently Mamai's wife, the daughter of Khan
465:Mamai and the Great Troubles in the Golden Horde
1401:]. Saint Petersburg: Eurasia. p. 287.
379:in August 1359, and the resulting accession of
1302:Vernadsky 1953: 256-258; Počekaev 2010: 86-87.
1284:Vernadsky 1953: 253-254; Počekaev 2010: 80-83.
862:and helped the Russians to retake the city of
664:Attempts to control the Russian principalities
1399:Mamai: the story of an 'anti-hero' in history
279:in the eastern part of the Golden Horde, by
26:"Mamay" redirects here. For other uses, see
1449:Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah
1257:Vernadsky 1953: 252-253; Počekaev 2010: 85.
738:Three final defeats: Vozha, Kulikovo, Kalka
375:The sudden (and probably violent) death of
1329:Vernadsky 1953: 263; Počekaev 2010: 92-94.
1311:Vernadsky 1953: 257; Počekaev 2010: 87-89.
1194:Vernadsky 1953: 249; Počekaev 2010: 61-63.
1158:Vernadsky 1953: 246; Počekaev 2010: 51-52.
1149:Vernadsky 1953: 246; Počekaev 2010: 45-51.
50:
1390:
303:Mamai became an emir during the reign of
1239:Jackson 2005: 312; Počekaev 2010: 68-72.
631:following the Lithuanian victory at the
554:Mamai and overseas: Mamluks and Italians
347:), she has been plausibly identified as
1041:Vernadsky 1953: 246; Jackson 2005: 216.
822:Purported descendants: Princes Glinskie
1495:
1417:Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy
764:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
602:
371:Kingmaker after the death of Berdi Beg
343:only refers to the princess by title (
1391:Počekaev, Roman Julianovich (2010b).
1353:Drevnosti Povolž'ja i drugih regionov
726:), defeated the Nižegorodians at the
611:in 1372 and from its rival, Galician
1371:The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410
13:
1431:Ulus Džuči v 60-70-e gody XIV veka
14:
1539:
683:Dmitrij Konstantinovič of Suzdal'
409:Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah
403:in the genealogical compendiums
298:
1345:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1133:
1124:
917:Boris Ivanovič (d. after 1451)
910:Bogdan Fëdorovič (d. 1506/1512)
316:, a brother of the chief emir (
248:, but belonged to the powerful
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
923:Ivan L'vovič (d. before 1522)
391:, a descendant of Jochi's son
195:
1:
1523:Generals of the Mongol Empire
1028:
998:Feodosija Fëdorovna (d. 1594)
942:Vasilij L'vovič (d. 1515) m.
951:Mihail Vasil'evič (d. 1559)
937:Vasilij Mihajlovič (d. 1565)
895:Aleksandr (died after 1399)
98:1380 (aged 54–55)
16:Mongol general and kingmaker
7:
203:
10:
1544:
1366:, Part II.1, London, 1880.
615:, in 1379. Relations with
468:
440:, wife of Mamai, later of
235:
25:
18:
1481:
1469:
1461:
1447:Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.),
1378:Medieval Russia, 980–1584
312:clan, Qutluq-Buqa of the
171:
163:
153:
143:
129:
106:
94:
86:
76:
68:
49:
40:
35:
994:Irina Fëdorovna Godunova
812:
1357:Numizmatičeskij sbornik
992:(d. 1598) of Russia m.
852:Mihail L'vovič Glinskij
850:princes dates to 1437.
834:and was made prince of
651:, also grand prince of
1442:The Mongols and Russia
566:. The rivalry between
136:'s daughter, probably
28:Mamay (disambiguation)
21:Mamai (disambiguation)
1429:Varvarovskij, J. E.,
1266:Počekaev 2010: 78-79.
1230:Počekaev 2010: 66-68.
1176:Počekaev 2010: 55-58.
1167:Počekaev 2010: 55-56.
1077:Počekaev 2010: 31-34.
1050:Počekaev 2010: 16-29.
633:Battle of Blue Waters
489:Battle of Blue Waters
1518:14th-century Mongols
1104:Počekaev 2010: 35-36
982:Anastasija Romanovna
971:of Russia (d. 1533)
969:Vasilij III Ivanovič
778:on the banks of the
693:Mihail Aleksandrovič
670:Metropolitan Aleksej
58:Millennium of Russia
19:For other uses, see
1471:Military Leader of
603:Mamai and Lithuania
587:from the Prince of
115:(today Aivazovske,
1444:, New Haven, 1953.
1383:Mirgaleev, I. M.,
1380:, Cambridge, 1995.
1212:Počekaev 2010: 65.
1203:Počekaev 2010: 62.
1095:Počekaev 2010: 35.
1068:Počekaev 2010: 30.
1011:Grigorij Borisovič
976:Ivan IV Vasil'evič
926:Aleksandr Ivanovič
230:Battle of Kulikovo
215:(king), but was a
188:Mongolian Cyrillic
1491:
1490:
1482:Succeeded by
1478:1361 – 1380
1426:7 (2000) 267-288.
1415:Sagdeeva, R. Z.,
1121:, son of Öz Beg).
880:Ivan the Terrible
675:Dmitrij of Moscow
222:war of succession
201:
181:
180:
124:
1535:
1528:Warriors of Asia
1462:Preceded by
1459:
1458:
1412:
1362:Howorth, H. H.,
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
988:Fëdor I Ivanovič
965:Elena Vasil'evna
907:Fëdor Semënovič
623:(1345–1377) and
505:Tulun Beg Khanum
433:Tūlūn-Bīk Khānum
349:Tulun Beg Khanum
206:
200:romanized:
199:
197:
138:Tulun Beg Khanum
114:
54:
33:
32:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1476:
1467:
1455:. Almaty, 2006.
1453:Muʿizz al-ansāb
1440:Vernadsky, G.,
1437:, Kazan', 1994.
1419:, Moscow, 2005.
1409:
1387:, Kazan', 2003.
1373:, London, 2005.
1348:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
904:Semën Ivanovič
889:(d. 1380/1381)
882:was their son.
870:was married to
868:Elena Glinskaya
824:
815:
780:Neprjadva river
740:
666:
605:
556:
473:
467:
449:Muḥammad-Sulṭān
405:Muʿizz al-ansāb
373:
301:
238:
125:
99:
64:
62:Veliky Novgorod
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1445:
1438:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1359:3 (2002) 9-55.
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1132:
1123:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:Ivan Borisovič
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
962:
961:
960:
959:
958:
949:
940:
939:
938:
932:Mihail L'vovič
929:
928:
927:
920:Lev Borisovič
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
902:
901:Fëdor Ivanovič
823:
820:
814:
811:
776:Kulikovo Field
739:
736:
665:
662:
604:
601:
555:
552:
513:Volga Bulgaria
471:Great Troubles
469:Main article:
466:
463:
462:
461:
453:
445:
429:
372:
369:
300:
297:
237:
234:
226:Great Troubles
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
157:
151:
150:
147:
141:
140:
131:
127:
126:
117:Kirovske Raion
110:
108:
104:
103:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
55:
47:
46:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1540:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1486:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1408:9785918520208
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:Jackson, P.,
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1136:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1013:
1010:
997:
996:
995:
991:
989:
985:
984:
983:
980:(d. 1584) m.
979:
977:
973:
972:
970:
967:(d. 1538) m.
966:
963:
957:Anna Ivanovna
956:
955:
953:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
941:
936:
935:
933:
930:
925:
924:
922:
921:
919:
918:
916:
909:
908:
906:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
896:
894:
893:
892:Mansur Kiyat
891:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
819:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
771:
769:
765:
761:
760:Archimandrite
756:
753:
749:
745:
744:Oleg Ivanovič
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
715:
712:trade in the
711:
705:
703:
698:
694:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
661:
659:
654:
650:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
500:
498:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
472:
459:
458:
454:
451:
450:
446:
443:
439:
436:(daughter of
435:
434:
430:
427:
423:
419:
418:
414:
413:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
306:
299:Rise to power
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
233:
231:
227:
224:known as the
223:
218:
214:
210:
205:
193:
189:
185:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
102:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:Mamai on the
53:
48:
45:
44:
39:
34:
29:
22:
1503:Golden Horde
1477:
1470:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1398:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1376:Martin, J.,
1370:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1346:Bibliography
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1135:
1126:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
986:
974:
886:
866:. His niece
856:Italian Wars
825:
816:
792:
772:
757:
741:
706:
687:
667:
646:
606:
560:Mamluk Egypt
557:
544:
517:
501:
493:
474:
455:
447:
431:
426:Genghis Khan
415:
408:
404:
374:
360:
344:
326:
302:
244:and his son
242:Genghis Khan
239:
209:Golden Horde
183:
182:
149:Mansur Kiyat
111:
60:monument in
41:
1513:1380 deaths
1508:1335 births
872:Vasilij III
803:Kalka River
619:, ruled by
597:Sea of Azov
528:Wallachians
485:Lithuanians
401:Togai-Timur
341:Ibn Khaldun
281:Öz Beg Khan
176:Sunni Islam
69:Predecessor
1497:Categories
1473:Blue Horde
1465:Nogai Khan
1029:References
944:Ana Jakšić
795:Tokhtamysh
748:Voža river
540:Tokhtamysh
536:Qāghān Beg
442:Tokhtamysh
389:Khiḍr Khan
385:Nawruz Beg
353:Tokhtamysh
167:Alash Beg?
112:Şeyh Mamay
990:of Russia
978:of Russia
832:Lithuania
782:near the
710:Hanseatic
641:Hungarian
617:Lithuania
568:Venetians
564:Black Sea
532:Urus Khan
520:Urus Khan
509:Berdi Beg
497:Astrakhan
477:Kildi Beg
438:Berdi Beg
424:, son of
417:ʿAbdallāh
397:Batu Khan
377:Berdi Beg
337:beglerbeg
333:Berdi Beg
318:beglerbeg
289:Berdi Beg
261:Batu Khan
217:kingmaker
190:: Мамай,
134:Berdi Beg
77:Successor
43:Beylerbey
1119:Tini Beg
864:Smolensk
828:Vytautas
768:Serpuhov
719:Novosil'
697:Vladimir
653:Vladimir
637:Moldavia
621:Algirdas
331:), Khan
305:Jani Beg
285:Jani Beg
172:Religion
1140:rulers.
860:Muscovy
848:Glinski
844:Ukraine
840:Poltava
732:Rjazan'
702:Rjazan'
629:Podolia
625:Jogaila
585:Soldaia
572:Genoese
548:Mokhshi
361:Güregen
314:Kungrat
309:Solkhat
257:Yesugei
236:Origins
155:Dynasty
1405:
1115:Öz Beg
878:, and
876:Moscow
836:Glinsk
807:battle
788:battle
752:battle
728:P'jana
724:Mordva
714:Baltic
679:Rostov
649:Moscow
609:Cracow
589:Gothia
524:Īl Beg
393:Shiban
365:Moscow
293:Crimea
250:Mongol
164:Father
130:Spouse
121:Crimea
107:Burial
101:Crimea
1485:Edigu
1451:. 3.
1397:[
887:Mamai
813:Death
799:Timur
690:Tver'
658:Tver'
613:L'vov
593:Pisan
581:Caffa
481:Murād
457:Tūlāk
422:Jochi
381:Qulpa
357:Edigu
345:Ḫānum
329:Qulpa
322:Sarai
269:Toqta
265:Nogai
253:Kiyat
246:Jochi
204:Mamay
196:Мамай
192:Tatar
184:Mamai
159:Kiyat
145:Issue
90:1325?
81:Edigu
36:Mamai
1403:ISBN
576:Tana
570:and
407:and
287:and
277:Orda
273:ulus
213:khan
95:Died
87:Born
1355:4:
874:of
830:of
784:Don
275:of
1499::
734:.
704:.
599:.
367:.
198:,
194::
119:,
1411:.
842:(
186:(
123:)
72:?
30:.
23:.
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