3019:
get away with murder. It was systematic", Anderson said. An example of this impunity is the case of eight colonial officials accused of having prisoners tortured to death going unpunished even after their actions were reported to London. Huw
Bennett of King's College London, who had worked with Anderson on the Chuka Massacre, said in a witness statement to the court that the new documents "considerably strengthen" the knowledge that the British Army were "intimately involved" with the colonial security forces, whom they knew were "systematically abusing and torturing detainees in screening centres and detention camps". In April 2011, lawyers for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office continued to maintain that there was no such policy. As early as November 1952, however, military reports noted that "he Army has been used for carrying out certain functions that properly belonged to the Police, eg. searching of huts and screening of Africans", and British soldiers arrested and transferred Mau Mau suspects to camps where they were beaten and tortured until they confessed. Bennett said that "the British Army retained ultimate operational control over all security forces throughout the Emergency", and that its military intelligence operation worked "hand in glove" with the Kenyan Special Branch "including in screening and interrogations in centres and detention camps".
2006:
6558:, pp. 75–76, 89, 91: "Some detainees, worried that the substance of their lives was draining away, thought their primary duty lay with their families. They therefore confessed to British officers, and sought an early release from detention. Other detainees refused to accept the British demand that they sully other people's reputations by naming those whom they knew to be involved in Mau Mau. This 'hard core' kept their mouths closed, and languished for years in detention. The battle behind the wire was not fought over detainees' loyalty to a Mau Mau movement. Detainees' intellectual and moral concerns were always close to home. ... British officials thought that those who confessed had broken their allegiance to Mau Mau. But what moved detainees to confess was not their broken loyalty to Mau Mau, but their devotion to their families. British officials played on this devotion to hasten a confession. ... The battle behind the wire was not fought between patriotic hard-core Mau Mau and weak-kneed, wavering, broken men who confessed. ... Both hard core and soft core had their families in mind."
2749:—a loyalist militia recruited by the British to fight the guerrillas. All of the soldiers involved in the Chuka patrols were placed under open arrest at Nairobi's Buller Camp, but were not prosecuted. Instead, only their commanding officer, Major Gerald Selby Lee Griffiths, stood trial. Furthermore, rather than risk bringing publicity to the incident, Griffiths was charged with the murder of two other suspects in a separate incident that had taken place several weeks earlier. He was acquitted, but following public outcry, Griffiths was then tried under six separate charges of torture and disgraceful conduct for torturing two unarmed detainees, including a man named Njeru Ndwega. At his court-martial, it was stated that Griffiths had made Ndwega take off his pants, before telling a teenage African private to castrate him. When the private, a 16-year-old Somali named Ali Segat, refused to do this, Griffiths instead ordered him to cut off Ndwega's ear, to which Segat complied. On 11 March 1954, Griffiths was found guilty on five counts. He was sentenced to five years in prison and was
2995:
including an incident where a native Kenyan baby was "burnt to death", the "defilement of a young girl", and a soldier in Royal Irish
Fusiliers who killed "in cold blood two people who had been his captives for over 12 hours". Baring himself was aware of the "extreme brutality" of the sometimes lethal torture meted out—which included "most drastic" beatings, solitary confinement, starvation, castration, whipping, burning, rape, sodomy, and forceful insertion of objects into orifices—but took no action. Baring's inaction was despite the urging of people like Arthur Young, Commissioner of Police for Kenya for less than eight months of 1954 before he resigned in protest, that "the horror of some of the should be investigated without delay". In February 1956, a provincial commissioner in Kenya, "Monkey" Johnson, wrote to Attorney General
1722:
colonial information staff and
African intellectuals, newspaper editors. The Mau Mau had learned much from - and built upon - the experience and advice of newspaper editors since 1945. In some cases, the editors of various publications in the colony were directly involved in producing Mau Mau propaganda. British Officials struggled to compete with the 'hybrid, porous, and responsive character' during the rebellion, and faced the same challenges in responding to Mau Mau propaganda, particularly in instances where the Mau Mau would use creative ways such as hymns to win and maintain followers. This was far more effective than government newspapers; however, once colonial officials brought the insurgency under control by late 1954, information officials gained an uncontested arena through which they won the propaganda war.
3962:, p. 342, which notes they were "always hopeless failures. Naked spearmen fall in swathes before machine-guns, without inflicting a single casualty in return. Meanwhile, the troops burn all the huts and collect all the live stock within reach. Resistance once at an end, the leaders of the rebellion are surrendered for imprisonment ... Risings that followed such a course could hardly be repeated. A period of calm followed. And when unrest again appeared it was with other leaders ... and other motives." A particularly interesting example, albeit outside Kenya and featuring guns instead of spears, of successful armed resistance to maintain crucial aspects of autonomy is the
1781:, was also controversial in that she was accused of presenting an equally binary portrayal of the conflict and of drawing questionable conclusions from limited census data, in particular her assertion that the victims of British punitive measures against the Kikuyu amounted to as many as 300,000 dead. While Elstein regards the "requirement" for the "great majority of Kikuyu" to live inside 800 "fortified villages" as "serv the purpose of protection", Professor David Anderson (amongst others) regards the "compulsory resettlement" of "1,007,500 Kikuyu" inside what, for the "most" part, were "little more than concentration camps" as "punitive ... to punish Mau Mau sympathisers".
2724:, three out of every four Kikuyu men were in detention in 1954. Maathai states that detainees were made to do forced labor and that their land was taken from them and given to collaborators. Maathai further states that the Home Guard in particular, raped women and had a reputation for cruelty in the form of terror and intimidation, whereas the Mau Mau soldiers were initially respectful of women. Only a small handful of rape cases went to trial. Fifty-six British soldiers and colonial police officers were tried for rape, of which 17 were convicted. The harshest sentences imposed were six-year sentences imposed on three British soldiers convicted of gang-raping a woman.
2881:
entail a greater use of force than that which the
British public would tolerate. Nissimi argues, though, that such a view fails to "acknowledge the time that elapsed until the rebellion's influence actually took effect explain why the same liberal tendencies failed to stop the dirty war the British conducted against the Mau Mau in Kenya while it was raging on". Others contend that, as the 1950s progressed, nationalist intransigence increasingly rendered official plans for political development irrelevant, meaning that after the mid-1950s British policy increasingly accepted Kenyan nationalism and moved to co-opt its leaders and organisations into collaboration.
9738:, pp. 360–363: "During the run-up to independence and the years that followed, former loyalists also wielded political clout to consolidate their own interests and power. Under Kenyatta many became influential members of the new government. ... This system of loyalist patronage percolated all the way down to the local level of government, with former Home Guards dominating bureaucracies that had once been the preserve of the young British colonial officers in the African districts. Of the numerous vacancies created by decolonization—powerful posts like provincial commissioner and district commissioner—the vast majority were filled by one time loyalists."
8246:, pp. 109–110. "Mau Mau, despite its problematic claims to be called 'nationalist' . . . forced the issue of power in a way that KAU had never done. It was not that Mau Mau won its war against the British; guerrilla movements rarely win in military terms; and militarily Mau Mau was defeated. But in order to crown peace with sustainable civil governance—and thus reopen a prospect of controlled decolonization—the British had to abandon 'multiracialism' and adopt African rule as their vision of Kenya's future. . . . The blood of Mau Mau, no matter how peculiarly ethnic in source and aim, was the seed of Kenya's all-African sovereignty."
162:
2785:, eastern Kenya, was reserved for the most uncooperative of the detainees. They often refused, even when threats of force were made, to join in the colonial "rehabilitation process" or perform manual labour or obey colonial orders. The camp commandant outlined a plan that would force 88 of the detainees to bend to work. On 3 March 1959, the camp commandant put this plan into action—as a result, 11 detainees were clubbed to death by guards. 77 surviving detainees sustained serious permanent injuries. The British government accepts that the colonial administration tortured detainees, but denies liability.
8222:, p. 11: "The co-option of sympathetic African elites during the colonial twilight into the bureaucracy, the legislature and the private property-based economy meant that the allies of colonialism and representatives of transnational capital were able to reap the benefits of independence. . . . The post-colonial state must therefore be seen as a representation of the interests protected and promoted during the latter years of colonial rule. Under Jomo Kenyatta, the post-colonial state represented a 'pact-of-domination' between transnational capital, the elite and the executive."
4234:. "The recruitment of African labor at poor rates of pay and under primitive conditions of work was characteristic of the operation of colonial capitalism in Africa during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. ... olonial states readily colluded with capital in providing the legal framework necessary for the recruitment and maintenance of labor in adequate numbers and at low cost to the employer. ... The colonial state shared the desire of the European settler to encourage Africans into the labour market, whilst also sharing a concern to moderate the wages paid to workers".
279:
268:
138:
12274:
3772:, p. 179: "The administration's refusal to develop mechanisms whereby African grievances against non-Africans might be resolved on terms of equity, moreover, served to accelerate a growing disaffection with colonial rule. The investigations of the Kenya Land Commission of 1932–1934 are a case study in such lack of foresight, for the findings and recommendations of this commission, particularly those regarding the claims of the Kikuyu of Kiambu, would serve to exacerbate other grievances and nurture the seeds of a growing African nationalism in Kenya".
3252:"Squatter or resident labourers are those who reside with their families on European farms usually for the purpose of work for the owners. ... Contract labourers are those who sign a contract of service before a magistrate, for periods varying from three to twelve months. Casual labourers leave their reserves to engage themselves to European employers for any period from one day upwards." In return for his services, a squatter was entitled to use some of the settler's land for cultivation and grazing. Contract and casual workers are together referred to as
2420:, often neighbours and relatives. In short, rewards or collective punishments such as curfews could be served much more readily after villagisation, and this quickly broke Mau Mau's passive wing. Though there were degrees of difference between the villages, the overall conditions engendered by villagisation meant that, by early 1955, districts began reporting starvation and malnutrition. One provincial commissioner blamed child hunger on parents deliberately withholding food, saying the latter were aware of the "propaganda value of apparent malnutrition".
2214:
This failure was partly due to the lack of manpower and resources, as well as the vast numbers of detainees. Officials could scarcely process them all, let alone get them to confess their oaths. Assessing the situation in the summer of 1955, Alan Lennox-Boyd wrote of his "fear that the net figure of detainees may still be rising. If so the outlook is grim." Black markets flourished during this period, with the native Kenyan guards helping to facilitate trading. It was possible for detainees to bribe guards in order to obtain items or stay punishment.
2304:, due to the poor rations provided. Official medical reports detailing the shortcomings of the camps and their recommendations were ignored, and the conditions being endured by detainees were lied about and denied. A British rehabilitation officer found in 1954 that detainees from Manyani were in "shocking health", many of them suffering from malnutrition, while Langata and GilGil were eventually closed in April 1955 because, as the colonial government put it, "they were unfit to hold Kikuyu ... for medical epidemiological reasons".
150:
1646:
colonial labour-legislation and a prejudiced legal-system. The vast majority of Kenyan employees' violations of labour legislation were settled with "rough justice" meted out by their employers. Most colonial magistrates appear to have been unconcerned by the illegal practice of settler-administered flogging; indeed, during the 1920s, flogging was the magisterial punishment-of-choice for native Kenyan convicts. The principle of punitive sanctions against workers was not removed from the Kenyan labour statutes until the 1950s.
7137:
2681:
used, and so was fire. Women were choked and held under water; gun barrels, beer bottles, and even knives were thrust into their vaginas. Men had beer bottles thrust up their rectums, were dragged behind Land Rovers, whipped, burned and bayoneted... Some police officers did not bother with more time-consuming forms of torture; they simply shot any suspect who refused to answer, then told the next suspect, to dig his own grave. When the grave was finished, the man was asked if he would now be willing to talk."
2242:
Mau fashion: the preferred method of execution was strangulation then mutilation: "It was just like in the days before our detention", explained one Mau Mau member later. "We did not have our own jails to hold an informant in, so we would strangle him and then cut his tongue out." The end of 1955 also saw screeners being given a freer hand in interrogation, and harsher conditions than straightforward confession were imposed on detainees before they were deemed 'cooperative' and eligible for final release.
257:
246:
235:
222:
209:
196:
1693:, and extended oathing to women and children. By the mid-1950s, 90% of Kikuyu, Embu and Meru were oathed. On 3 October 1952, Mau Mau claimed their first European victim when they stabbed a woman to death near her home in Thika. Six days later, on 9 October, Senior Chief Waruhiu was shot dead in broad daylight in his car, which was an important blow against the colonial government. Waruhiu had been one of the strongest supporters of the British presence in Kenya. His assassination gave
124:
3030:, insisting that the UK government was legally liable for the atrocities. The Foreign Office, however, reaffirmed its position that it was not, in fact, liable for colonial atrocities, and argued that the documents had not "disappeared" as part of a cover-up. Nearly ten years before, in late 2002, as the BBC aired a documentary detailing British human rights abuses committed during the rebellion and 6,000 depositions had been taken for the legal case, former district colonial officer
2413:
resources made available to the
Rehabilitation and Community Development Department. Refusal to move could be punished with the destruction of property and livestock, and the roofs were usually ripped off of homes whose occupants demonstrated reluctance. Villagisation also solved the practical and financial problems associated with a further, massive expansion of the Pipeline programme, and the removal of people from their land hugely assisted the enaction of Swynnerton Plan.
323:
294:
2039:
treatment" to an area. Once gangs had been driven out and eliminated, loyalist forces and police were then to take over the area, with military support brought in thereafter only to conduct any required pacification operations. After their successful dispersion and containment, Erskine went after the forest fighters' source of supplies, money and recruits, i.e. the native Kenyan population of
Nairobi. This took the form of Operation Anvil, which commenced on 24 April 1954.
2914:
human rights abuses by late 2002. 42 potential claimants were interviewed, from whom five were chosen to prosecute a test case; one of the five, Susan Ciong'ombe Ngondi, has since died. The remaining four test claimants are: Ndiku Mutua, who was castrated; Paulo Muoka Nzili, who was castrated; Jane
Muthoni Mara, who was subjected to sexual assault that included having bottles filled with boiling water pushed up her vagina; and Wambugu Wa Nyingi, who survived the
2087:
1955, and it was the only service capable of both psychologically influencing and inflicting considerable casualties on the Mau Mau fighters operating in the dense forests. Lack of timely and accurate intelligence meant bombing was rather haphazard, but almost 900 insurgents had been killed or wounded by air attacks by June 1954, and it did cause forest gangs to disband, lower their morale, and induce their pronounced relocation from the forests to the reserves.
531:
1747:. Not for the first time, the British instead relied on the purported insights of the ethnopsychiatrist; with Mau Mau, it fell to John Colin Carothers to perform the desired analysis. This ethnopsychiatric analysis guided British psychological warfare, which painted Mau Mau as "an irrational force of evil, dominated by bestial impulses and influenced by world communism", and the later official study of the uprising, the Corfield Report.
2185:
were the 'hard core' of Mau Mau. These were moved up the
Pipeline to special detention camps. Thus a detainee's position in Pipeline was a straightforward reflection of how cooperative the Pipeline personnel deemed her or him to be. Cooperation was itself defined in terms of a detainee's readiness to confess their Mau Mau oath. Detainees were screened and re-screened for confessions and intelligence, then re-classified accordingly.
6246:, p. 124: "There was an unusual consensus in the ranks of both the military and Baring's civilian government that the colony's capital was the nerve center for Mau Mau operations. Nearly three-quarters of the city's African male population of sixty thousand were Kikuyu, and most of these men, along with some twenty thousand Kikuyu women and children accompanying them, were allegedly 'active or passive supporters of Mau Mau'."
1196:
2717:". Despite this, he said that in order for abuse to remain legal, Mau Mau suspects must be beaten mainly on their upper body, "vulnerable parts of the body should not be struck, particularly the spleen, liver or kidneys", and it was important that "those who administer violence ... should remain collected, balanced and dispassionate"; he also reminded the governor that "If we are going to sin", he wrote, "we must sin quietly."
8262:: "Although the rise of nationalist movements in Africa was certainly a contributing factor in the dismantling of the colonial empires, one cannot wholly attribute the 'demise of colonialism' to the rise of nationalism. ... he decolonization process was shaped by an adaptive reaction of colonial political and economic interests to the political ascendency of a nationalist elite and to the threat of disruption by the masses."
1759:
the colonial government as joined them in rebellion, the conflict is now often regarded in academic circles as an intra-Kikuyu civil war, a characterisation that remains extremely unpopular in Kenya. In August 1952, Kenyatta told a Kikuyu audience "Mau Mau has spoiled the country...Let Mau Mau perish forever. All people should search for Mau Mau and kill it". Kenyatta described the conflict in his memoirs as a
2054:
2238:
fraternising with the enemy. The grinding nature of the improved detention and interrogation regimen began to produce results. Most detainees confessed, and the system produced ever greater numbers of spies and informers within the camps, while others switched sides in a more open, official fashion, leaving detention behind to take an active role in interrogations, even sometimes administering beatings.
3062:
all the failings of the Kenya
African Union (KAU)—was bound to win power in the end? Did Mau Mau aim at freedom for all Kenyans? or did moderate, constitutional politicians rescue that pluralist prize from the jaws of its ethnic chauvinism? Has the self-sacrificial victory of the poor been unjustly forgotten, and appropriated by the rich? or are Mau Mau's defeats and divisions best buried in oblivion?
59:
1630:—which progressively curtailed squatter rights and subordinated native Kenyan farming to that of the settlers. The Ordinance of 1939 finally eliminated squatters' remaining tenancy rights, and permitted settlers to demand 270 days' labour from any squatters on their land. and, after World War II, the situation for squatters deteriorated rapidly, a situation the squatters resisted fiercely.
1685:(KAU) in 1946. Author Wangari Maathai writes that many of the organizers were ex-soldiers who fought for the British in Ceylon, Somalia, and Burma during the Second World War. When they returned to Kenya, they were never paid and did not receive recognition for their service, whereas their British counterparts were awarded medals and received land, sometimes from the Kenyan veterans.
9902:, pp. 335–336: " often spoke of the need to 'forgive and forget', and to 'bury the past'. He acknowledged the part the freedom fighters had played in the struggle, but he never once made any public statement that conceded to them any rights or any genuine compensation. Mau Mau was a thing best forgotten. ... In Kenyatta's Kenya there would be a deafening silence about Mau Mau".
1558:
number one grievance concerning colonial rule, the situation so acute by 1948 that 1,250,000 Kikuyu had ownership of 2,000 square miles (5,200 km), while 30,000 British settlers owned 12,000 square miles (31,000 km), albeit most of it not on traditional Kikuyu land. "In particular", the
British government's 1925 East Africa Commission noted, "the treatment of the
1704:...the insurgents' lack of heavy weaponry and the heavily entrenched police and Home Guard positions meant that Mau Mau attacks were restricted to nighttime and where loyalist positions were weak. When attacks did commence they were fast and brutal, as insurgents were easily able to identify loyalists because they were often local to those communities themselves. The
1415:
primary British interest in Kenya, which had "some of the richest agricultural soils in the world, mostly in districts where the elevation and climate make it possible for Europeans to reside permanently". Though declared a colony in 1920, the formal British colonial presence in Kenya began with a proclamation on 1 July 1895, in which Kenya was claimed as a British
2259:
with their blankets or, using blades fashioned from the corrugated-iron roofs of some of the barracks, would slit their throats", writes Elkins. The camp authorities' preferred method of capital punishment was public hanging. Commandants were told to clamp down hard on intra-camp oathing, with several commandants hanging anyone suspected of administering oaths.
2450:
officially end until around 1962, when Kenya gained its independence from British colonial rule. During the course of the Mau Mau Uprising, it is conservatively estimated that 1.5 million Kenyans were forcibly relocated into these fortified villages. The government of an independent Kenya implementated a similar policy of forced villagization during the
2074:
one fell swoop. 25,000 members of British security forces under the control of General George Erskine were deployed as Nairobi was sealed off and underwent a sector-by-sector purge. All native Kenyans were taken to temporary barbed-wire enclosures. Those who were not Kikuyu, Embu or Meru were released; those who were remained in detention for screening.
2383:
230,000 huts. The government termed them "protected villages", purportedly to be built along "the same lines as the villages in the North of England", though the term was actually a "euphemism for the fact that hundreds of thousands of civilians were corralled, often against their will, into settlements behind barbed-wire fences and watch towers."
2210:, designed to encourage fellow detainees not to give up hope and so to minimise the number of those who confessed their oath and cooperated with camp authorities. Forced labour was performed by detainees on projects like the thirty-seven-mile-long South Yatta irrigation furrow. Family outside and other considerations led many detainees to confess.
2177:. The British did not initially conceive of rehabilitating Mau Mau suspects through brute force and other ill-treatment—Askwith's final plan, submitted to Baring in October 1953, was intended as "a complete blueprint for winning the war against Mau Mau using socioeconomic and civic reform". What developed, however, has been described as a British
2078:
were readied for 'repatriation' to the reserves (many of those slated for deportation had never set foot in the reserves before). Anvil lasted for two weeks, after which the capital had been cleared of all but certifiably loyal Kikuyu; 20,000 Mau Mau suspects had been taken to Langata, and 30,000 more had been deported to the reserves.
5071:
6381:: "The Swynnerton Plan was among the most comprehensive of all the post-war colonial development programmes implemented in British Africa. Largely framed prior to the declaration of the State of Emergency in 1952, but not implemented until two years later, this development is central to the story of Kenya's decolonization".
3085:
time for Kenyans to remember and honour Mau Mau and other Kenyans who participated in the independence struggle. Mashujaa Day will replace Kenyatta Day; the latter has until now also been held on 20 October. In 2001, the Kenyan Government announced that important Mau Mau sites were to be turned into national monuments.
3812:, p. 1: The colonial presence in Kenya, in contrast to, say, India, where it lasted almost 200 years, was brief but equally violent. It formally started when Her Majesty's agent and Counsel General at Zanzibar, A.H. Hardinge, in a proclamation on 1 July 1895, announced that he was taking over the
5008:, p. 241: "This article opens with a retelling of colonial accounts of the 'mania of 1911', which took place in the Kamba region of Kenya Colony. The story of this 'psychic epidemic' and others like it were recounted over the years as evidence depicting the predisposition of Africans to episodic mass hysteria."
4202:, p. 29: "This judgment is now widely known to Africans in Kenya, and it has become clear to them that, without their being previously informed or consulted, their rights in their tribal land, whether communal or individual, have 'disappeared' in law and have been superseded by the rights of the Crown."
3051:
will also support the construction of a memorial in Nairobi to the victims of torture and ill-treatment during the colonial era." However he added, "We continue to deny liability on behalf of the Government and British taxpayers today for the actions of the colonial administration in respect of the claims".
2477:, offered an amnesty to Mau Mau activists. The offer was that they would not face prosecution for previous offences, but might still be detained. European settlers were appalled at the leniency of the offer. On 10 June 1955 with no response forthcoming, the offer of amnesty to the Mau Mau was revoked.
3084:
as freedom-independence heroes and heroines who sacrificed their lives in order to free Kenyans from colonial rule. Since 2010, Mashujaa Day (Heroes Day) has been marked annually on 20 October (the same day Baring signed the Emergency order). According to the Kenyan Government, Mashujaa Day will be a
2913:
Once the ban was removed, former Mau Mau members who had been castrated or otherwise tortured were supported by the Kenya Human Rights Commission, in particular by the commission's George Morara, in their attempt to take on the British government; their lawyers had amassed 6,000 depositions regarding
2909:
In 1999, a collection of former fighters calling themselves the Mau Mau Original Group announced that they would attempt a £5 billion claim against the UK on behalf of hundreds of thousands of Kenyans for ill-treatment that they said they had suffered during the rebellion, though nothing came of
2795:
Mau Mau fighters, ... contrary to African customs and values, assaulted old people, women and children. The horrors they practiced included the following: decapitation and general mutilation of civilians, torture before murder, bodies bound up in sacks and dropped in wells, burning the victims alive,
2496:
Caroline Elkins says "tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands" died. Elkins' numbers have been challenged by Blacker, who demonstrated in detail that her numbers were overestimated, explaining that Elkins' figure of 300,000 deaths "implies that perhaps half of the adult male population would
2355:
At the end of 1953, the Administration were faced with the serious problem of the concealment of terrorists and supply of food to them. This was widespread and, owing to the scattered nature of the homesteads, fear of detection was negligible; so, in the first instance, the inhabitants of those areas
2237:
By late 1955, however, the Pipeline had become a fully operational, well-organised system. Guards were regularly shifted around the Pipeline too in order to prevent relationships developing with detainees and so undercut the black markets, and inducements and punishments became better at discouraging
2205:
A detainee's journey between two locations along the Pipeline could sometimes last days. During transit, there was frequently little or no food and water provided, and seldom any sanitation. Once in camp, talking was forbidden outside the detainees' accommodation huts, though improvised communication
2184:
The Pipeline operated a white-grey-black classification system: 'whites' were co-operative detainees, and were repatriated back to the reserves; 'greys' had been oathed but were reasonably compliant, and were moved down the Pipeline to works camps in their local districts before release; and 'blacks'
2169:
When the mass deportations of Kikuyu to the reserves began in 1953, Baring and Erskine ordered all Mau Mau suspects to be screened. Of the scores of screening camps which sprang up, only fifteen were officially sanctioned by the colonial government. Larger detention camps were divided into compounds.
2038:
on 15 January the following year provided a massive intelligence boost on the forest fighters. Erskine's arrival did not immediately herald a fundamental change in strategy, thus the continual pressure on the gangs remained, but he created more mobile formations that delivered what he termed "special
1758:
There continues to be vigorous debate within Kenyan society and among the academic community within and outside Kenya regarding the nature of Mau Mau and its aims, as well as the response to and effects of the uprising. Nevertheless, partly because as many Kikuyu fought against Mau Mau on the side of
1332:
community: "Much of the struggle tore through the African communities themselves, an internecine war waged between rebels and 'loyalists' – Africans who took the side of the government and opposed Mau Mau." Suppressing the Mau Mau Uprising in the Kenyan colony cost Britain £55 million and caused
3216:
is sometimes heard in connection with Mau Mau. KLFA was the name that Dedan Kimathi used for a coordinating body which he tried to set up for Mau Mau. It was also the name of another militant group that sprang up briefly in the spring of 1960; the group was broken up during a brief operation from 26
2892:
issued an amnesty to Mau Mau fighters to surrender to the government. Some Mau Mau members insisted that they should get land and be absorbed into the civil service and Kenya army. On 28 January 1965, the Kenyatta government sent the Kenya army to Meru district, where Mau Mau fighters gathered under
2744:
B Company in June 1953 with 20 unarmed people killed during the Mau Mau uprising. Members of the 5th KAR B Company entered the Chuka area on 13 June 1953, to flush out rebels suspected of hiding in the nearby forests. Over the next few days, the regiment had captured and executed 20 people suspected
2509:
The British possibly killed more than 20,000 Mau Mau militants, but in some ways more notable is the smaller number of Mau Mau suspects dealt with by capital punishment: by the end of the Emergency, the total was 1,090. At no other time or place in the British Empire was capital punishment dispensed
2441:
One of the colony's ministers blamed the "bad spots" in Central Province on the mothers of the children for "not realis the great importance of proteins", and one former missionary reported that it "was terribly pitiful how many of the children and the older Kikuyu were dying. They were so emaciated
2412:
The government's public relations officer, Granville Roberts, presented villagisation as a good opportunity for rehabilitation, particularly of women and children, but it was, in fact, first and foremost designed to break Mau Mau and protect loyalist Kikuyu, a fact reflected in the extremely limited
2382:
So it was that in June 1954, the War Council took the decision to undertake a full-scale forced-resettlement programme of Kiambu, Nyeri, Murang'a and Embu Districts to cut off Mau Mau's supply lines. Within eighteen months, 1,050,899 Kikuyu in the reserves were inside 804 villages consisting of some
2332:
There were originally two types of works camps envisioned by Baring: the first type were based in Kikuyu districts with the stated purpose of achieving the Swynnerton Plan; the second were punitive camps, designed for the 30,000 Mau Mau suspects who were deemed unfit to return to the reserves. These
2219:
he horror of some of the so-called Screening Camps now present a state of affairs so deplorable that they should be investigated without delay, so that the ever increasing allegations of inhumanity and disregard of the rights of the African citizen are dealt with and so that the Government will have
1786:
It is often assumed that in a conflict there are two sides in opposition to one another, and that a person who is not actively committed to one side must be supporting the other. During the course of a conflict, leaders on both sides will use this argument to gain active support from the "crowd". In
1750:
The psychological war became of critical importance to military and civilian leaders who tried to "emphasise that there was in effect a civil war, and that the struggle was not black versus white", attempting to isolate Mau Mau from the Kikuyu, and the Kikuyu from the rest of the colony's population
1414:
The armed rebellion of the Mau Mau was the culminating response to colonial rule. Although there had been previous instances of violent resistance to colonialism, the Mau Mau revolt was the most prolonged and violent anti-colonial warfare in the British Kenya colony. From the start, the land was the
9447:
yesterday, Martin Tucker, head of corporate records at the Foreign Office, reported that the 13 missing boxes could not be found. 'There were at one time a further 13 boxes of material retrieved from Kenya at independence which are additional to the documents discovered in Hanslope Park in January
9014:
Sir Evelyn Baring, the Governor of Kenya, in a telegram to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, reported allegations of extreme brutality made against eight European district officers. They included 'assault by beating up and burning of two Africans during screening ' and one officer accused of
3061:
Partisan questions about the Mau Mau war have ... echoed round Kenya's political arena during 40 years of independence. How historically necessary was Mau Mau? Did its secretive violence alone have the power to destroy white supremacy? Or did it merely sow discord within a mass nationalism that—for
3050:
On 6 June 2013, the foreign secretary, William Hague, told parliament that the UK government had reached a settlement with the claimants. He said it included "payment of a settlement sum in respect of 5,228 claimants, as well as a gross costs sum, to the total value of £19.9 million. The Government
2968:
editorial noted with satisfaction that "Mr Justice McCombe told the FCO, in effect, to get lost. ... Though the arguments against reopening very old wounds are seductive, they fail morally. There are living claimants and it most certainly was not their fault that the documentary evidence that seems
2880:
There is continuing debate about Mau Mau's and the rebellion's effects on decolonisation and on Kenya after independence. Regarding decolonisation, the most common view is that Kenya's independence came about as a result of the British government's deciding that a continuance of colonial rule would
2483:
In the cities the colonial authorities decided to dispel tensions by raising urban wages, thereby strengthening the hand of moderate union organisations like the KFRTU. By 1956, the British had granted direct election of native Kenyan members of the Legislative Assembly, followed shortly thereafter
2307:
While the Pipeline was primarily designed for adult males, a few thousand women and young girls were detained at an all-women camp at Kamiti, as well as a number of unaccompanied young children. Dozens of babies were born to women in captivity: "We really do need these cloths for the children as it
2241:
The most famous example of side-switching was Peter Muigai Kenyatta—Jomo Kenyatta's son—who, after confessing, joined screeners at Athi River Camp, later travelling throughout the Pipeline to assist in interrogations. Suspected informers and spies within a camp were treated in the time-honoured Mau
2141:
were too high for the cash-strapped colonial government, so Baring tweaked repatriation and augmented the Swynnerton Plan with plans for a massive expansion of the Pipeline coupled with a system of work camps to make use of detainee labour. All Kikuyu employed for public works projects would now be
2086:
For an extended period of time, the chief British weapon against the forest fighters was air power. Between June 1953 and October 1955, the RAF provided a significant contribution to the conflict—and, indeed, had to, for the army was preoccupied with providing security in the reserves until January
1894:
The harshness of the British response was inflated by two factors. First, the settler government in Kenya was, even before the insurgency, probably the most openly racist one in the British empire, with the settlers' violent prejudice attended by an uncompromising determination to retain their grip
1851:
in London received a steady flow of reports from Acting Governor Henry Potter about the escalating seriousness of Mau Mau violence, but it was not until the later part of 1953 that British politicians began to accept that the rebellion was going to take some time to deal with. At first, the British
1823:
Bruce Berman argues that, "While Mau Mau was clearly not a tribal atavism seeking a return to the past, the answer to the question of 'was it nationalism?' must be yes and no." As the Mau Mau rebellion wore on, the violence forced the spectrum of opinion within the Kikuyu, Embu and Meru to polarise
1742:
The British and international view was that Mau Mau was a savage, violent, and depraved tribal cult, an expression of unrestrained emotion rather than reason. Mau Mau was "perverted tribalism" that sought to take the Kikuyu people back to "the bad old days" before British rule. The official British
1721:
In addition to physical warfare, the Mau Mau rebellion also generated a propaganda war, where both the British and Mau Mau fighters battled for the hearts and minds of Kenya's population. Mau Mau propaganda represented the apex of an 'information war' that had been fought since 1945, between
1680:
was the first chairman, but he soon resigned. There is dispute over Thuku's reason for leaving KASU: Bethwell Ogot says Thuku "found the responsibility too heavy"; David Anderson states that "he walked out in disgust" as the militant section of KASU took the initiative. KASU changed its name to the
1637:
The colonial government used the measures brought in as part of its land expropriation and labour 'encouragement' efforts to craft the third plank of its growth strategy for its settler economy: subordinating African farming to that of the Europeans. Nairobi also assisted the settlers with rail and
6767:
Baring informed Lennox-Boyd that eight European officers were facing accusations of a series of murders, beatings and shootings. They included: "One District Officer, murder by beating up and roasting alive of one African." Despite receiving such clear briefings, Lennox-Boyd repeatedly denied that
3041:
In October 2012, Mr Justice McCombe granted the surviving elderly test claimants the right to sue the UK for damages. The UK government then opted for what the claimants' lawyers called the "morally repugnant" decision to appeal McCombe's ruling. In May 2013, it was reported that the appeal was on
3034:
had expressed concern that compensation be paid soon, since most victims were in their 80s and would soon die. He told the BBC: "What went on in the Kenya camps and villages was brutal, savage torture. It is time that the mockery of justice that was perpetrated in this country at that time, should
3018:
Commenting on the papers, David Anderson stated that the "documents were hidden away to protect the guilty", and "that the extent of abuse now being revealed is truly disturbing". "Everything that could happen did happen. Allegations about beatings and violence were widespread. Basically you could
2928:
said of the legal case: "Opponents of these proceedings have pointed out, rightly, that the Mau Mau was a brutal terrorist force, guilty of the most dreadful atrocities. Yet only one of the claimants is of that stamp—Mr Nzili. He has admitted taking the Mau Mau oath and said that all he did was to
2840:
A retaliatory massacre was immediately perpetrated by Kenyan security forces who were partially overseen by British commanders. Official estimates place the death toll from the first Lari massacre at 74, and the retaliatory attack at 150, though neither of these figures account for persons who may
2686:
lectric shock was widely used, as well as cigarettes and fire. Bottles (often broken), gun barrels, knives, snakes, vermin, and hot eggs were thrust up men's rectums and women's vaginas. The screening teams whipped, shot, burned and mutilated Mau Mau suspects, ostensibly to gather intelligence for
2680:
The historian Robert Edgerton describes the methods used during the emergency: "If a question was not answered to the interrogator's satisfaction, the subject was beaten and kicked. If that did not lead to the desired confession, and it rarely did, more force was applied. Electric shock was widely
2659:
to extract information about the Mau Mau threat. Later, prisoners suffered even worse mistreatment in an attempt to force them to renounce their allegiance to the insurgency and to obey commands. Prisoners were questioned with the help of "slicing off ears, boring holes in eardrums, flogging until
2396:
He noted, however, that the British should have "no illusions about the future. Mau Mau has not been cured: it has been suppressed. The thousands who have spent a long time in detention must have been embittered by it. Nationalism is still a very potent force and the African will pursue his aim by
2258:
While oathing, for practical reasons, within the Pipeline was reduced to an absolute minimum, as many new initiates as possible were oathed. A newcomer who refused to take the oath often faced the same fate as a recalcitrant outside the camps: they were murdered. "The detainees would strangle them
2077:
Whilst the operation itself was conducted by Europeans, most suspected members of Mau Mau were picked out of groups of the Kikuyu-Embu-Meru detainees by a native Kenyan informer. Male suspects were then taken off for further screening, primarily at Langata Screening Camp, whilst women and children
2073:
By 1954, Nairobi was regarded as the nerve centre of Mau Mau operations. The insurgents in the highlands of the Aberdares and Mt Kenya were being supplied provisions and weapons by supporters in Nairobi via couriers. Anvil was the ambitious attempt to eliminate Mau Mau's presence within Nairobi in
1589:
The colonial government and white farmers also wanted cheap labour which, for a period, the government acquired from native Kenyans through force. Confiscating the land itself helped to create a pool of wage labourers, but the colony introduced measures that forced more native Kenyans to submit to
7578:
Among the detainees who suffered severe mistreatment was Hussein Onyango Obama, the grandfather of Barack Obama. According to his widow, British soldiers forced pins into his fingernails and buttocks and squeezed his testicles between metal rods. Two of the original five claimants who brought the
2999:
urging him to block any enquiry into the methods used against Mau Mau: "It would now appear that each and every one of us, from the Governor downwards, may be in danger of removal from public service by a commission of enquiry as a result of enquiries made by the CID." The April 2012 release also
2994:
Regarding the Mau Mau Uprising, the records included confirmation of "the extent of the violence inflicted on suspected Mau Mau rebels" in British detention camps documented in Caroline Elkins' study. Numerous allegations of murder and rape by British military personnel are recorded in the files,
2950:
In July 2011, "George Morara strode down the corridor and into a crowded little room where 30 elderly Kenyans sat hunched together around a table clutching cups of hot tea and sharing plates of biscuits. 'I have good news from London', he announced. 'We have won the first part of the battle!' At
2900:
On 12 September 2015, the British government unveiled a Mau Mau memorial statue in Nairobi's Uhuru Park that it had funded "as a symbol of reconciliation between the British government, the Mau Mau, and all those who suffered". This followed a June 2013 decision by Britain to compensate more than
2492:
The number of deaths attributable to the Emergency is disputed. David Anderson estimates 25,000 people died; British demographer John Blacker's estimate is 50,000 deaths—half of them children aged ten or below. He attributes this death toll mostly to increased malnutrition, starvation and disease
2213:
During the first year after Operation Anvil, colonial authorities had little success in forcing detainees to co-operate. Camps and compounds were overcrowded, forced-labour systems were not yet perfected, screening teams were not fully coordinated, and the use of torture was not yet systematised.
2190:
here is something peculiarly chilling about the way colonial officials behaved, most notoriously but not only in Kenya, within a decade of the liberation of the concentration camps and the return of thousands of emaciated British prisoners of war from the Pacific. One courageous judge in Nairobi
2118:
for example, British planes dropped leaflets showing graphic pictures of the Kikuyu women and children who had been hacked to death. Unlike the rather indiscriminate activities of British ground forces, the use of air power was more restrained (though there is disagreement on this point), and air
1911:
A variety of coercive techniques were initiated by the colonial authorities to punish and break Mau Mau's support: Baring ordered punitive communal-labour, collective fines and other collective punishments, and further confiscation of land and property. By early 1954, tens of thousands of head of
1725:
Women formed a core part of the Mau Mau, especially in maintaining supply lines. Initially able to avoid the suspicion, they moved through colonial spaces and between Mau Mau hideouts and strongholds, to deliver vital supplies and services to guerrilla fighters including food, ammunition, medical
1688:
The failure of KAU to attain any significant reforms or redress of grievances from the colonial authorities shifted the political initiative to younger and more militant figures within the native Kenyan trade union movement, among the squatters on the settler estates in the Rift Valley and in KAU
1645:
Kenyan employees were often poorly treated by their European employers, with some settlers arguing that native Kenyans "were as children and should be treated as such". Some settlers flogged their servants for petty offences. To make matters even worse, native Kenyan workers were poorly served by
2437:
The Red Cross helped mitigate the food shortages, but even they were told to prioritise loyalist areas. The Baring government's medical department issued reports about "the alarming number of deaths occurring amongst children in the 'punitive' villages", and the "political" prioritisation of Red
2133:
Baring knew the massive deportations to the already-overcrowded reserves could only make things worse. Refusing to give more land to the Kikuyu in the reserves, which could have been seen as a concession to Mau Mau, Baring turned instead in 1953 to Roger Swynnerton, Kenya's assistant director of
1713:
The Mau Mau command, contrary to the Home Guard who were stigmatised as "the running dogs of British Imperialism", were relatively well educated. General Gatunga had previously been a respected and well-read Christian teacher in his local Kikuyu community. He was known to meticulously record his
1641:
The resentment of colonial rule would not have been decreased by the wanting provision of medical services for native Kenyans, nor by the fact that in 1923, for example, "the maximum amount that could be considered to have been spent on services provided exclusively for the benefit of the native
9238:
A letter was sent to William Hague on March 31 stating: 'The Republic of Kenya fully supports the claimants' case and has publicly denied any notion that responsibility for any acts and atrocities committed by the British colonial administration during the Kenya 'Emergency' was inherited by the
2844:
Aside from the Lari massacres, Kikuyu were also tortured, mutilated and murdered by Mau Mau on many other occasions. Mau Mau were estimated to have killed 1,819 of their fellow native Kenyans, though again, this number may exclude those whose bodies were never found. Anderson estimates the true
2505:
has noted that leading authorities on Africa have taken issue with parts of Elkins' study, in particular her mortality figures: "The senior British historian of Kenya, John Lonsdale, whom Elkins thanks profusely in her book as 'the most gifted scholar I know', warned her to place no reliance on
2449:
Disease prevention was not helped by the colony's policy of returning sick detainees to receive treatment in the reserves, though the reserves' medical services were virtually non-existent, as Baring himself noted after a tour of some villages in June 1956. The policy of "villagization" did not
1633:
In the early 1920s, though, despite the presence of 100,000 squatters and tens of thousands more wage labourers, there was still not enough native Kenyan labour available to satisfy the settlers' needs. The colonial government duly tightened the measures to force more Kenyans to become low-paid
1577:
areas of what became Central Province, were one of the ethnic groups most affected by the colonial government's land expropriation and European settlement; by 1933, they had had over 109.5 square miles (284 km) of their potentially highly valuable land alienated. The Kikuyu mounted a legal
1557:
due to the exclusively European-owned farmland there. In Nyanza the Commission restricted 1,029,422 native Kenyans to 7,114 square miles (18,430 km), while granting 16,700 square miles (43,000 km) to 17,000 Europeans. By the 1930s, and for the Kikuyu in particular, land had become the
2951:
once, the room erupted in cheers." The good news was that a British judge had ruled that the Kenyans could sue the British government for their torture. Morara said that, if the first test cases succeeded, perhaps 30,000 others would file similar complaints of torture. Explaining his decision,
2910:
it. In November 2002, the Mau Mau Trust—a welfare group for former members of the movement—announced that it would attempt to sue the British government for widespread human rights violations it said had been committed against its members. Until September 2003, the Mau Mau movement was banned.
2366:
If military operations in the forests and Operation Anvil were the first two phases of Mau Mau's defeat, Erskine expressed the need and his desire for a third and final phase: cut off all the militants' support in the reserves. The means to this terminal end was originally suggested by the man
2340:
Colonial officers also saw the second sort of works camps as a way of ensuring that any confession was legitimate and as a final opportunity to extract intelligence. Probably the worst works camp to have been sent to was the one run out of Embakasi Prison, for Embakasi was responsible for the
1940:
The day after the round up, another prominent loyalist chief, Nderi, was hacked to pieces, and a series of gruesome murders against settlers were committed throughout the months that followed. The violent and random nature of British tactics during the months after Jock Scott served merely to
1862:
Aside from military operations against Mau Mau fighters in the forests, the British attempt to defeat the movement broadly came in two stages: the first, relatively limited in scope, came during the period in which they had still failed to accept the seriousness of the revolt; the second came
1766:
Wunyabari O. Maloba regards the rise of the Mau Mau movement as "without doubt, one of the most important events in recent African history". David Anderson, however, considers Maloba's and similar work to be the product of "swallowing too readily the propaganda of the Mau Mau war", noting the
2959:
It may well be thought strange, or perhaps even dishonourable, that a legal system which will not in any circumstances admit into its proceedings evidence obtained by torture should yet refuse to entertain a claim against the Government in its own jurisdiction for that Government's allegedly
2617:
We knew the slow method of torture was worse than anything we could do. Special Branch there had a way of slowly electrocuting a Kuke—they'd rough up one for days. Once I went personally to drop off one gang member who needed special treatment. I stayed for a few hours to help the boys out,
1362:(which means "Get out! Get out!") and was a military codeword based on a secret language game Kikuyu boys used to play at the time of their circumcision. Majdalany also says the British simply used the name as a label for the Kikuyu ethnic community without assigning any specific definition.
1754:
By the mid-1960s, the view of Mau Mau as simply irrational activists was being challenged by memoirs of former members and leaders that portrayed Mau Mau as an essential, if radical, component of African nationalism in Kenya and by academic studies that analysed the movement as a modern and
1494:
You may travel through the length and breadth of Kitui Reserve and you will fail to find in it any enterprise, building, or structure of any sort which Government has provided at the cost of more than a few sovereigns for the direct benefit of the natives. The place was little better than a
5800:, p. 75: "According to Emergency regulations, the governor could issue Native Land Rights Confiscation Orders, whereby 'ach of the persons named in the schedule ... participated or aided in violent resistance against the forces of law and order' and therefore had his land confiscated".
2849:
along with his parents, Roger and Esme, and one of the Rucks' farm workers, Muthura Nagahu, who had tried to help the family. Newspapers in Kenya and abroad published graphic murder details, including images of young Michael with bloodied teddy bears and trains strewn on his bedroom floor.
2308:
is impossible to keep them clean and tidy while dressed in dirty pieces of sacking and blanket", wrote one colonial officer. Wamumu Camp was set up solely for all the unaccompanied boys in the Pipeline, though hundreds, maybe thousands, of boys moved around the adult parts of the Pipeline.
1376:
Aende Ulaya, Mwafrika Apate Uhuru", meaning "Let the foreigner go back abroad, let the African regain independence". J. M. Kariuki, a member of Mau Mau who was detained during the conflict, suggests the British preferred to use the term Mau Mau instead of KLFA to deny the Mau Mau rebellion
5035:
2270:
European missionaries and native Kenyan Christians played their part by visiting camps to evangelise and encourage compliance with the colonial authorities, providing intelligence, and sometimes even assisting in interrogation. Detainees regarded such preachers with nothing but contempt.
2026:
and the forests around Mount Kenya, whilst a passive support-wing was fostered outside these areas. Militarily, the British defeated Mau Mau in four years (1952–1956) using a more expansive version of "coercion through exemplary force". In May 1953, the decision was made to send General
2877:, in January 1960, that native Kenyan majority rule was established and the period of colonial transition to independence initiated. Before the conference, it was anticipated by both native Kenyan and European leaders that Kenya was set for a European-dominated multi-racial government.
1808:. Despite the differences between them, there has been a continuous debate and dialogue between these traditions, leading to a great political awareness among the Kikuyu. By 1950, these differences, and the impact of colonial rule, had given rise to three native Kenyan political blocs:
1907:
who famously asked that the British colonial forces not destroy the food used by her villagers, since its destruction could potentially starve the entire region. Instead, she urged the colonial forces guard the yams and bananas and stop the Mau Mau from killing any more residents.
2828:
anyone who attempted escape, before throwing them back into the burning huts. The attack at Lari was so extreme that "African policemen who saw the bodies of the victims ... were physically sick and said 'These people are animals. If I see one now I shall shoot with the greatest
2884:
It has been argued that the conflict helped set the stage for Kenyan independence in December 1963, or at least secured the prospect of Black-majority rule once the British left. However, this is disputed and other sources downplay the contribution of Mau Mau to decolonisation.
1961:. For the next year, the Service's A.M. MacDonald would reorganise the Special Branch of the Kenya Police, promote collaboration with Special Branches in adjacent territories, and oversee coordination of all intelligence activity "to secure the intelligence Government requires".
1717:
The Mau Mau military strategy was mainly guerrilla attacks launched under the cover of darkness. They used improvised and stolen weapons such as guns, as well as weapons such as machetes and bows and arrows in their attacks. They maimed cattle and, in one case, poisoned a herd.
1932:
and 180 other alleged Mau Mau leaders within Nairobi. Jock Scott did not decapitate the movement's leadership as hoped, since news of the impending operation was leaked. Thus, while the moderates on the wanted list awaited capture, the real militants, such as Dedan Kimathi and
5648:
3270:
was the term used by colonial authorities to mean the interrogation of a Mau Mau suspect. The alleged member or sympathiser of Mau Mau would be interrogated in order to obtain an admission of guilt—specifically, a confession that they had taken the Mau Mau oath—as well as for
1824:
and harden into the two distinct camps of loyalist and Mau Mau. This neat division between loyalists and Mau Mau was a product of the conflict, rather than a cause or catalyst of it, with the violence becoming less ambiguous over time, in a similar manner to other situations.
1751:
and the world outside. In driving a wedge between Mau Mau and the Kikuyu generally, these propaganda efforts essentially played no role, though they could apparently claim an important contribution to the isolation of Mau Mau from the non-Kikuyu sections of the population.
3088:
This official celebration of Mau Mau is in marked contrast to post-colonial Kenyan governments' rejection of the Mau Mau as an engine of national liberation. Such a turnabout has attracted criticism of government manipulation of the Mau Mau uprising for political ends.
2796:
gouging out of eyes, splitting open the stomachs of pregnant women. No war can justify such gruesome actions. In man's inhumanity to man, there is no race distinction. The Africans were practicing it on themselves. There was no reason and no restraint on both sides.
2392:
for Mau Mau. By the end of the following summer, Lieutenant General Lathbury no longer needed Lincoln bombers for raids because of a lack of targets, and, by late 1955, Lathbury felt so sure of final victory that he reduced army forces to almost pre-Mau Mau levels.
1520:. The success of this settler economy would depend heavily on the availability of land, labour and capital, and so, over the next three decades, the colonial government and settlers consolidated their control over Kenyan land, and forced native Kenyans to become
1642:
population was slightly over one-quarter of the taxes paid by them". The tax burden on Europeans in the early 1920s, meanwhile, was very light relative to their income. Interwar infrastructure-development was also largely paid for by the indigenous population.
2660:
death, pouring paraffin over suspects who were then set alight, and burning eardrums with lit cigarettes." The use of castration and denying access to medical aid to the detainees by the British were also widespread and common. As described by Ian Cobain of
4503:, p. 180: "The population of the district to which one medical officer is allotted amounts more often than not to over a quarter of a million natives distributed over a large area. ... here are large areas in which no medical work is being undertaken."
7122:, p. 263: "It is accepted policy that cases of pulmonary tuberculosis ... be returned to their reserve to avail themselves of the routine medical control and treatment within their areas". (The quote is of the colony's director of medical services).
2262:
Even as the Pipeline became more sophisticated, detainees still organised themselves within it, setting up committees and selecting leaders for their camps, as well as deciding on their own "rules to live by". Perhaps the most famous compound leader was
1708:
was by comparison rather outstanding and in contrast to regular Mau Mau strikes which more often than not targeted only loyalists without such massive civilian casualties. "Even the attack upon Lari, in the view of the rebel commanders was strategic and
1675:
Mau Mau were the militant wing of a growing clamour for political representation and freedom in Kenya. The first attempt to form a countrywide political party began on 1 October 1944. This fledgling organisation was called the Kenya African Study Union.
3076:
because of the key positions and influential presence of some loyalists in government, business and other elite sectors of Kenyan society post-1963. Unsurprisingly, during this same period opposition groups tactically embraced the Mau Mau rebellion.
1590:
wage labour: the introduction of the Hut and Poll Taxes (1901 and 1910 respectively); the establishment of reserves for each ethnic group, which isolated ethnic groups and often exacerbated overcrowding; the discouragement of native Kenyans' growing
3256:
labourers, in distinction to the permanent presence of the squatters on farms. The phenomenon of squatters arose in response to the complementary difficulties of Europeans in finding labourers and of Africans in gaining access to arable and grazing
1638:
road networks, subsidies on freight charges, agricultural and veterinary services, and credit and loan facilities. The near-total neglect of native farming during the first two decades of European settlement was noted by the East Africa Commission.
2345:, the construction of which was demanded to be finished before the Emergency came to an end. The airport was a massive project with an unquenchable thirst for labour, and the time pressures ensured the detainees' forced labour was especially hard.
1899:
referred to them as "the White Mau Mau". Second, the brutality of Mau Mau attacks on civilians made it easy for the movement's opponents—including native Kenyan and loyalist security forces—to adopt a totally dehumanised view of Mau Mau adherents.
1667:'s population between 1938 and 1952. At the same time, there was a small, but growing, class of Kikuyu landowners who consolidated Kikuyu landholdings and forged ties with the colonial administration, leading to an economic rift within the Kikuyu.
1401:
The principal item in the natural resources of Kenya is the land, and in this term we include the colony's mineral resources. It seems to us that our major objective must clearly be the preservation and the wise use of this most important asset.
1353:
The origin of the term Mau Mau is uncertain. According to some members of Mau Mau, they never referred to themselves as such, instead preferring the military title Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA). Some publications, such as Fred Majdalany's
1966:
Our sources have produced nothing to indicate that Kenyatta, or his associates in the UK, are directly involved in Mau Mau activities, or that Kenyatta is essential to Mau Mau as a leader, or that he is in a position to direct its activities.
3365:
Durrani, Shiraz. Mau Mau, the Revolutionary, Anti-Imperialist Force from Kenya, 1948–63: Selection from Shiraz Durrani's Kenya's War of Independence: Mau Mau and Its Legacy of Resistance to Colonialism and Imperialism, 1948–1990. Vita Books,
1878:
The second stage had three main planks: a large military-sweep of Nairobi leading to the internment of tens of thousands of the city's suspected Mau Mau members and sympathisers ( Operation Anvil); the enacting of major agrarian reform (the
1446:, the first automatic machine gun). During the period in which Kenya's interior was being forcibly opened up for British settlement, there was a great deal of conflict and British troops carried out atrocities against the native population.
2021:
The onset of the Emergency led hundreds, and eventually thousands, of Mau Mau adherents to flee to the forests, where a decentralised leadership had already begun setting up platoons. The primary zones of Mau Mau military strength were the
2984:
During the course of the Mau Mau legal battle in London, a large amount of what was stated to be formerly lost Foreign Office archival material was finally brought to light, while yet more was discovered to be missing. The files, known as
2158:
It would be difficult to argue that the colonial government envisioned its own version of a gulag when the Emergency first started. Colonial officials in Kenya and Britain all believed that Mau Mau would be over in less than three months.
8324:
2845:
number to be around 5,000. Thirty-two European and twenty-six Asian civilians were also murdered by Mau Mau militants, with similar numbers wounded. The best known European victim was Michael Ruck, aged six, who was hacked to death with
2676:. According to his widow, British soldiers forced pins into his fingernails and buttocks and squeezed his testicles between metal rods. Two of the original five claimants who brought the test case against the British were castrated.
2134:
agriculture. The primary goal of the Swynnerton Plan was the creation of family holdings large enough to keep families self-sufficient in food and to enable them to practise alternate husbandry, which would generate a cash income.
2247:
In a half-circle against the reed walls of the enclosure stand eight young, African women. There's neither hate nor apprehension in their gaze. It's like a talk in the headmistress's study; a headmistress who is firm but kindly.
2098:
heavy bombers were deployed, flying missions in Kenya from 18 November 1953 to 28 July 1955, dropping nearly 6 million bombs. They and other aircraft, such as blimps, were also deployed for reconnaissance, as well as in the
6258:, p. 14: "In the first months of the emergency the Mau Mau discipline was so strong that a terrorist in the forest who gave his money to a courier could be almost certain of getting what he wanted from any shop in Nairobi."
3094:
We are determined to have independence in peace, and we shall not allow hooligans to rule Kenya. We must have no hatred towards one another. Mau Mau was a disease which had been eradicated, and must never be remembered again.
1767:
similarity between such analysis and the "simplistic" earlier studies of Mau Mau. This earlier work cast the Mau Mau war in strictly bipolar terms, "as conflicts between anti-colonial nationalists and colonial collaborators".
8965:
9329:
These new documents were withheld because they were considered to be particularly sensitive, so we can but imagine what will be in these documents. . . . Senior members of the Commonwealth Office in London
7251:
2618:
softening him up. Things got a little out of hand. By the time I cut his balls off, he had no ears, and his eyeball, the right one, I think, was hanging out of its socket. Too bad, he died before we got much out of him.
5259:, p. 196: "The impact of colonial capitalism and the colonial state hit the Kikuyu with greater force and effect than any other of Kenya's peoples, setting off new processes of differentiation and class formation."
1540:
The Commission reported in 1934, but its conclusions, recommendations and concessions to Kenyans were so conservative that any chance of a peaceful resolution to native Kenyan land-hunger was ended. Through a series of
5158:, p. 4: "Much of the struggle tore through the African communities themselves, an internecine war waged between rebels and so-called 'loyalists' – Africans who took the side of the government and opposed Mau Mau."
2445:
The lack of food did not just affect the children, of course. The Overseas Branch of the British Red Cross commented on the "women who, from progressive undernourishment, had been unable to carry on with their work".
9768:
7134:, pp. 263–4: "The financial situation has now worsened. ... Schemes of medical help, however desirable and however high their medical priority, could not in circumstances be approved". (The quote is of Baring).
2500:
His study dealt directly with Elkins' claim that "somewhere between 130,000 and 300,000 Kikuyu are unaccounted for" at the 1962 census, and was read by both David Anderson and John Lonsdale prior to publication.
2650:
also known as concentration camps. Most of the rest—more than a million Kikuyu—were held in "enclosed villages" as part of the villagisation program. Although some were Mau Mau guerrillas, most were victims of
1990:, primarily to justify the declaration of the Emergency to critics in London. The trial itself was claimed to have featured a suborned lead defence-witness, a bribed judge, and other serious violations of the
1296:
on 21 October 1956 signalled the defeat of the Mau Mau, and essentially ended the British military campaign. However, the rebellion survived until after Kenya's independence from Britain, driven mainly by the
1324:(1948–60). The Mau Mau movement remained internally divided, despite attempts to unify the factions. On the colonial side, the uprising created a rift between the European colonial community in Kenya and the
2893:
the leadership of Field Marshal Mwariama and Field Marshal Baimungi. These leaders and several Mau Mau fighters were killed. On 14 January 1965, the Minister for Defence Dr Njoroge Mungai was quoted in the
1743:
explanation of the revolt did not include the insights of agrarian and agricultural experts, of economists and historians, or even of Europeans who had spent a long period living amongst the Kikuyu such as
2938:
in 2005, Kenya called for an apology from the UK for atrocities committed during the 1950s. The British government claimed that the issue was the responsibility of the Kenyan government, on the ground of
1912:
livestock had been taken, and were allegedly never returned. Detailed accounts of the policy of seizing livestock from Kenyans suspected of supporting Mau Mau rebels were finally released in April 2012.
2841:
have been 'disappeared'. Whatever the actual number of victims, "he grim truth was that, for every person who died in Lari's first massacre, at least two more were killed in retaliation in the second."
1763:
rather than a rebellion. One reason that the revolt was largely limited to the Kikuyu people was, in part, that they had suffered the most as a result of the negative aspects of British colonialism.
6329:
dropped the amazing total of 50,000 tons of bombs on the forests and fired over 2 million rounds from machine guns during strafing runs. It is not known how many humans or animals were killed."
3288:, p. 7: "Virtually every one of the acquitted men ... would spend the next several years in the notorious detention camps of the Kenyan gulag"; for Elkins, see the UK edition of her 2005 book,
2356:
were made to build and live in concentrated villages. This first step had to be taken speedily, somewhat to the detriment of usual health measures and was definitely a punitive short-term measure.
8316:
2991:, provided details of British human rights abuses (torture, rape, execution) in its former colonies during the final stages of empire, including during Mau Mau, and even after decolonisation.
2709:, detailing the way the regime of abuse at the colony's detention camps was being subtly altered. He said that the mistreatment of the detainees is "distressingly reminiscent of conditions in
11301:
10168:
8106:
2119:
attacks were initially permitted only in the forests. Operation Mushroom extended bombing beyond the forest limits in May 1954, and Churchill consented to its continuation in January 1955.
4445:, p. 166: "In many parts of the territory we were informed that the majority of farmers were having the utmost difficulty in obtaining labour to cultivate and to harvest their crops".
2402:
Whilst they could not be expected to take kindly at first to a departure from their traditional way of life, such as living in villages, they need and desire to be told just what to do.
1622:. By the end of World War I, squatters had become well established on European farms and plantations in Kenya, with Kikuyu squatters constituting the majority of agricultural workers on
13882:
10580:
3005:
Main criticism we shall have to meet is that 'Cowan plan' which was approved by Government contained instructions which in effect authorised unlawful use of violence against detainees.
2599:
David Anderson says the rebellion was "a story of atrocity and excess on both sides, a dirty war from which no one emerged with much pride, and certainly no glory". Political scientist
2480:
In June 1956, a programme of land reform increased the land holdings of the Kikuyu. This was coupled with a relaxation of the ban on native Kenyans growing coffee, a primary cash crop.
8496:
1663:
As a result of the situation in the highlands and growing job opportunities in the cities, thousands of Kikuyu migrated into cities in search of work, contributing to the doubling of
9448:
of this year', he wrote. He found evidence that the files had once been stored in the basement of the Old Admiralty Building in Whitehall, but traces of them had vanished after 1995.
7946:
3878:
was named, asserted: "There is only one way to improve the Wakikuyu that is wipe them out; I should be only too delighted to do so, but we have to depend on them for food supplies."
9114:
8954:
8532:
5735:
1787:
reality, conflicts involving more than two persons usually have more than two sides, and if a resistance movement is to be successful, propaganda and politicization are essential.
1533:. From the early 1930s, however, two others began to come to prominence: effective and elected African-political-representation, and land. The British response to this clamour for
6517:
2386:
While some of these villages were to protect loyalist Kikuyu, "most were little more than concentration camps to punish Mau Mau sympathizers." The villagisation programme was the
7480:
2960:
negligent failure to prevent torture which it had the means to prevent. Furthermore, resort to technicality ... to rule such a claim out of court appears particularly misplaced.
2484:
by an increase in the number of local seats to fourteen. A Parliamentary conference in January 1960 indicated that the British would accept "one person—one vote" majority rule.
1945:
were recalled from Uganda, Tanganyika and Mauritius, giving the regiment five battalions in all in Kenya, a total of 3,000 native Kenyan troops. To placate settler opinion, one
9338:, to some extent, sanction the use of coercive force; and also, at Cabinet level, the Secretary of State for the Colonies certainly knew of the excesses that were taking place.
1859:
arrived in Kenya to permanently take over from Potter; Baring was given no warning by Mitchell or the Colonial Office about the gathering maelstrom into which he was stepping.
1346:
14079:
3846:
2442:
and so very susceptible to any kind of disease that came along". Of the 50,000 deaths which John Blacker attributed to the Emergency, half were children under the age of ten.
1895:
on power and half-submerged fears that, as a tiny minority, they could be overwhelmed by the indigenous population. Its representatives were so keen on aggressive action that
1473:
in 1947; and the Kolloa Affray of 1950. None of the armed uprisings during the beginning of British colonialism in Kenya were successful. The nature of fighting in Kenya led
13810:
9772:
1602:(1918) to control the movement of labour and to curb desertion; and the exemption of wage labourers from forced labour and other detested obligations such as conscription.
2005:
1626:. An unintended consequence of colonial rule, the squatters were targeted from 1918 onwards by a series of Resident Native Labourers Ordinances—criticised by at least some
1384:
indicates that, to her, the most interesting story of the origin of the name is the Kikuyu phrase for the beginning of a list. When beginning a list in Kikuyu, one says, "
10267:
9166:
8463:
5247:: "Since they were the most affected by the colonial system and the most educated about its ways, the Kikuyu emerged as the most politicized African community in Kenya."
2647:
2151:
9672:
9639:
2523:
Officially 1,819 Native Kenyans were killed by the Mau Mau. David Anderson believes this to be an undercount and cites a higher figure of 5,000 killed by the Mau Mau.
11243:
8735:
1714:
attacks in a series of five notebooks, which when executed were often swift and strategic, targeting loyalist community leaders he had previously known as a teacher.
10071:
7407:
6754:
5449:
3389:
6222:
2173:
Thomas Askwith, the official tasked with designing the British 'detention and rehabilitation' programme during the summer and autumn of 1953, termed his system the
10883:— (2003). "Authority, Gender & Violence: The war within Mau Mau's fight for land & freedom". In Elisha Stephen Atieno-Odhiambo & John Lonsdale (eds.).
9471:
1863:
afterwards. During the first stage, the British tried to decapitate the movement by declaring a State of Emergency before arresting 180 alleged Mau Mau leaders in
10409:
7636:
7565:
3023:
1391:, "the main issues are...", and holds up three fingers to introduce them. Maathai says the three issues for the Mau Mau were land, freedom, and self-governance.
9794:
4834:
1847:
retired as Kenya's governor in summer 1952, having turned a blind eye to Mau Mau's increasing activity. Through the summer of 1952, however, Colonial Secretary
9262:
8797:
7788:
1855:
The British army accepted the gravity of the uprising months before the politicians, but its appeals to London and Nairobi were ignored. On 30 September 1952,
1377:
international legitimacy. Kariuki also wrote that the term Mau Mau was adopted by the rebellion in order to counter what they regarded as colonial propaganda.
389:
9573:
9540:
9038:
8919:
2497:
have been wiped out—yet the censuses of 1962 and 1969 show no evidence of this—the age-sex pyramids for the Kikuyu districts do not even show indentations."
9606:
9504:
8766:
12817:
8172:
5201:
There was lots of suffering on the other side too. This was a dirty war. It became a civil war—though that idea remains extremely unpopular in Kenya today.
1689:
branches in Nairobi and the Kikuyu districts of central province. Around 1943, residents of Olenguruone Settlement radicalised the traditional practice of
5394:
4357:
11971:
Ogot, Bethwell Allan (2012). "Essence of ethnicity: an African perspective". In Hiroyuki Hino; John Lonsdale; Gustav Ranis & Frances Stewart (eds.).
7827:
11402:
Shilaro, Priscilla M. (2002). "Colonial Land Policies: The Kenya Land Commission and the Kakamega Gold Rush, 1932–4". In William Robert Ochieng (ed.).
1834:
Between 1952 and 1956, when the fighting was at its worst, the Kikuyu districts of Kenya became a police state in the very fullest sense of that term.
2897:
saying: "They are now outlaws, who will be pursued and brought to punishment. They must be outlawed as well in the minds of all the people of Kenya."
10426:
7758:
5036:"A Study of Mental Derangement in Africans, and an Attempt to Explain its Peculiarities, More Especially in Relation to the African Attitude to Life"
2996:
2987:
9837:
12296:
10138:
4253:, p. 173: "Casual labourers leave their reserves ... to earn the wherewithal to pay their 'Hut Tax' and to get money to purchase trade goods."
1651:
The greater part of the wealth of the country is at present in our hands. ... This land we have made is our land by right—by right of achievement.
8099:
6640:, p. 148. It is debatable whether Peter Kenyatta was sympathetic to Mau Mau in the first place and therefore whether he truly switched sides.
1578:
challenge against the expropriation of their land, but a Kenya High Court decision of 1921 reaffirmed its legality. In terms of lost acreage, the
3534:
13467:
9366:
2416:
The villages were surrounded by deep, spike-bottomed trenches and barbed wire, and the villagers themselves were watched over by members of the
14064:
9766:
7885:
4215:
3140:
1495:
wilderness when I first knew it 25 years ago, and it remains a wilderness to-day as far as our efforts are concerned. If we left that district
8886:
8487:
6595:
3072:
It is often argued that the Mau Mau Uprising was suppressed as a subject for public discussion in Kenya during the periods under Kenyatta and
9397:
9316:
8559:
6659:
3011:
2781:. By January 1959, the camp had a population of 506 detainees, of whom 127 were held in a secluded "closed camp". This more remote camp near
9078:
9105:
7938:
1545:, the government seized about 7,000,000 acres (28,000 km; 11,000 sq mi) of land, most of it in the fertile hilly regions of
12050:(2010) . "Detained: A Writer's Prison Diary". In Roy R. Grinker; Stephen C. Lubkemann & Christopher B. Steiner (eds.).
11363:
Ranger, T. O. (1968). "Connexions between 'Primary Resistance' Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa. Part I".
11125:
4854:
4811:
2837:". A total of 309 rebels would be prosecuted for the massacre, of which 136 were convicted. Seventy-one of those convicted were executed.
10305:
Branch, Daniel; Cheeseman, Nicholas (2006). "The Politics of Control in Kenya: Understanding the Bureaucratic-Executive State, 1952–78".
8522:
6507:
5727:
2706:
2474:
1856:
1694:
272:
10844:
Lonsdale, John (2000). "KAU's Cultures: Imaginations of Community and Constructions of Leadership in Kenya after the Second World War".
2520:
suggests that more than one hundred thousand Africans, mostly Kikuyus, may have died in the concentration camps and emergency villages.
14039:
7472:
2425:
From the health point of view, I regard villagisation as being exceedingly dangerous and we are already starting to reap the benefits.
1224:
382:
9430:
9225:
9001:
8855:
8647:
1852:
discounted the Mau Mau rebellion because of their own technical and military superiority, which encouraged hopes for a quick victory.
11130:
10133:
Bennett, Huw. Fighting the Mau Mau: The British army and counter-insurgency in the Kenya emergency. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
2623:
One settler's description of British interrogation. The extent to which such accounts can be taken at face value has been questioned.
1690:
1477:
to express concern about the scale of the fighting: "No doubt the clans should have been punished. 160 have now been killed outright
1166:
11059:
Mungeam, G. H. (1970). "Masai and Kikuyu Responses to the Establishment of British Administration in the East Africa Protectorate".
9767:
Jacob Ole Miaron, Permanent Secretary of the Vice President Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture (26 February 2009).
3836:
2276:
The number of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis which is being disclosed in Prison and Detention Camps is causing some embarrassment.
1562:
was very bad. This tribe was moved backwards and forwards so as to secure for the Crown areas which could be granted to Europeans."
1527:
Until the mid-1930s, the two primary complaints were low native Kenyan wages and the requirement to carry an identity document, the
13918:
13437:
13040:
12810:
5282:
2824:, on the night of 25–26 March 1953, in which they herded men, women and children into huts and set fire to them, hacking down with
2506:
anecdotal sources, and regards her statistical analysis—for which she cites him as one of three advisors—as 'frankly incredible'."
8678:
14084:
9878:
8704:
8430:
8403:
6147:
6096:
4052:, p. 2, notes that the (British taxpayer) loans were never repaid on the Uganda Railway; they were written off in the 1930s.
8376:
13900:
12152:
11233:
10216:
8454:
8023:
5337:, p. 502: "There was no reason and no restraint on both sides, although Elkins sees no atrocities on the part of Mau Mau."
1848:
1778:
1482:
1435:
997:
9163:
4459:
1499:
the only permanent evidence of our occupation would be the buildings we have erected for the use of our tax-collecting staff.
13233:
12351:
12258:
12078:
12059:
12037:
12018:
11999:
11980:
11944:
11925:
11906:
11878:
11810:
11788:
11769:
11750:
11711:
11692:
11671:
11649:
11591:
11572:
11553:
11534:
11515:
11496:
11468:
11449:
11430:
11411:
11353:
11290:
11268:
11182:
11163:
11049:
11030:
10999:
10980:
10961:
10892:
10834:
10799:
10771:
10738:
10719:
10700:
10678:
10659:
10640:
10590:
10569:
10547:
10524:
10479:
10363:
10295:
10184:
Blacker, John (2007). "The Demography of Mau Mau: Fertility and Mortality in Kenya in the 1950s: A Demographer's Viewpoint".
10124:
10101:
10046:
10027:
9963:
9664:
9629:
7916:
7401:
6216:
4981:
4566:
3443:
2319:
2318:
Short rations, overwork, brutality, humiliating and disgusting treatment and flogging—all in violation of the United Nations
1875:; the second stage began in earnest in 1954, when they undertook a series of major economic, military and penal initiatives.
1126:
1111:
375:
12907:
12238:
8727:
6746:
1044:
13990:
13263:
13076:
12646:
11237:
10057:
7967:
Lewis, Joanna (April 2007). "Nasty, Brutish and in shorts? British colonial rule, violence and the historians of Mau Mau".
7215:
3871:
1489:
will be under a cloud. Surely it cannot be necessary to go on killing these defenceless people on such an enormous scale."
940:
835:
12125:
5446:
3393:
13906:
13840:
12803:
10846:
10307:
10143:
9461:
2874:
2702:
2342:
1337:
among the Mau Mau and other forces, with some estimates considerably higher. This included 1,090 executions by hanging.
1069:
955:
880:
13118:
12464:
10761:
10405:
9915:
9751:
7276:
Pinckney, Thomas C.; Kimuyu, Peter K. (1 April 1994). "Land Tenure Reform in East Africa: Good, Bad or Unimportant?1".
5531:
4764:
3616:
2833:", and it "even shocked many Mau Mau supporters, some of whom would subsequently try to excuse the attack as 'a mistake
2048:
2034:
By September 1953, the British knew the leading personalities in Mau Mau, and the capture and 68 hour interrogation of
1007:
465:
11173:— (2003). "Mau Mau & Nationhood: The Untold Story". In Elisha Stephen Atieno-Odhiambo & John Lonsdale (eds.).
7628:
7557:
14029:
13719:
13064:
12913:
12361:
11223:
10394:
10018:
Anderson, David (2004). "Kenya, 1895–1939: Registration and Rough Justice". In Douglas Hay & Paul Craven (eds.).
10000:
9807:
9252:
8789:
7600:
4840:
1512:
during the colonial period could own a disproportionate share of land. The first settlers arrived in 1902 as part of
1161:
9563:
9530:
9028:
7780:
5665:
1438:, "The only person who has up to the present time benefited from our enterprise in the heart of Africa has been Mr.
1093:
13936:
12943:
11918:
Party Politics and Decolonization: The Conservative Party and British Colonial Policy in Tropical Africa, 1951–1964
10902:
Mahone, Sloan (2006). "The Psychology of Rebellion: Colonial Medical Responses to Dissent in British East Africa".
9291:
9187:
9141:
8909:
8824:
8611:
8053:
7720:
5815:
5422:
5366:
5188:
3000:
included detailed accounts of the policy of seizing livestock from Kenyans suspected of supporting Mau Mau rebels.
2532:
2111:, but were used for only ten days of operations. Some light aircraft of the Police Air Wing also provided support.
2094:
training aircraft were used, for direct ground support and also some camp interdiction. As the campaign developed,
895:
775:
17:
9698:
9494:
8758:
3654:
14059:
14034:
13984:
13569:
12901:
12770:
12474:
12331:
12165:
11601:
Branch, Daniel (2006). "Loyalists, Mau Mau, and Elections in Kenya: The First Triumph of the System, 1957–1958".
11280:
9858:
Changing Kenyatta Day to Mashujaa Day is not just an innocuous and harmless exercise in constitutional semantics.
9596:
3112:
1887:
programme for more than a million rural Kikuyu. In 2012, the UK government accepted that prisoners had suffered "
1449:
Opposition to British imperialism had existed from the start of British occupation. The most notable include the
8585:
4889:"'The Rooting Out of Mau Mau from the Minds of the Kikuyu is a Formidable Task': Propaganda and the Mau Mau War"
14054:
13924:
13281:
13196:
12865:
11992:
African Rank-and-File: Social Implications of Colonial Military Service in the King's African Rifles, 1902–1964
11822:
11365:
11306:
11202:
11061:
10904:
10491:
10224:
10087:
8259:
8195:
7667:
7359:
7165:
6120:
5575:
5559:
5143:
4622:
4347:
4020:
3736:
3226:
In English, the Kikuyu people also are known as the "Kikuyu" and as the "Wakikuyu" people, but their preferred
2459:
1431:
1217:
721:
239:
5382:
1941:
alienate ordinary Kikuyu and drive many of the wavering majority into Mau Mau's arms. Three battalions of the
14049:
14044:
13377:
13365:
13353:
13323:
13299:
13293:
13287:
13269:
13245:
12311:
12109:
7814:
2170:
The screening centres were staffed by settlers who had been appointed temporary district-officers by Baring.
1136:
713:
13317:
9933:
Adekson, J. 'Bayo (1981). "The Algerian and Mau Mau Revolts: a Comparative Study in Revolutionary Warfare".
1997:
Native Kenyan political activity was permitted to resume at the end of the military phase of the Emergency.
1957:
to Nairobi on the first day of Operation Jock Scott. In November 1952, Baring requested assistance from the
1820:. It has also been argued that Mau Mau was not explicitly national, either intellectually or operationally.
822:
13635:
12847:
12827:
12457:
12263:
12248:
12233:
11340:(1977). "Armed Resistance and Counter-Insurgency: Reflections on the Anya Nya and Mau Mau Experiences". In
10512:
8177:
This episode is not mentioned in histories of the Mau Mau revolt, suggesting that such incidents were rare.
2820:
Mau Mau militants perpetrated numerous war crimes. One such incident was their attack on the settlement of
1181:
1101:
1064:
1054:
950:
13305:
12795:
10459:
7742:
1031:
13822:
13774:
13359:
13160:
12550:
12326:
12306:
12253:
9845:
3212:
1258:
1017:
585:
179:
6768:
the abuses were happening, and publicly denounced those colonial officials who came forward to complain.
5503:, p. 197: "eveloping conflicts ... in Kikuyu society were expressed in a vigorous internal debate."
1730:, exemplified this key role. An unknown number also fought in the war, with the most high-ranking being
1305:. General Baimungi, one of the last Mau Mau leaders, was killed shortly after Kenya attained self-rule.
13383:
13311:
13251:
13100:
12616:
12452:
12410:
12341:
12145:
9355:
8346:
6091:
6063:
1176:
632:
617:
12122:
Podcast about the Mau Mau Uprising and British repression from Radiolab (WNYC – New York Public Radio)
5308:
4269:: "African reserves in Kenya were legally constituted in the Crown Lands Amendment Ordinance of 1926".
3518:
14024:
13641:
13028:
12955:
12871:
12574:
12481:
12102:. Includes footage of: military operations against Mau Mau; the capture of Dedan Kimathi; capture of
12047:
10378:
7187:
Whittaker, Hannah (2012). "Forced Villagization during the Shifta Conflict in Kenya, ca. 1963–1968".
6142:
2929:
ferry food to the fighters in the forest. None has been accused, let alone convicted, of any crime."
2754:
2368:
2206:
was rife. Such communication included propaganda and disinformation, which went by such names as the
1210:
1146:
513:
13894:
13707:
13653:
13539:
13527:
13497:
13239:
13130:
12931:
12925:
12724:
12714:
12527:
12442:
12425:
12196:
12191:
11404:
Historical Studies and Social Change in Western Kenya: Essays in Memory of Professor Gideon S. Were
10091:
8878:
7873:
6587:
4804:"Mau Mau reed shafted arrows with some barbed 'wire' iron arrow heads and bound nocks, Kenya, 1953"
3186:
2741:
2573:
1986:
In January 1953, six of the most prominent detainees from Jock Scott, including Kenyatta, were put
1942:
1546:
1513:
1486:
1079:
798:
416:
64:
50:
31:
10811:"Mau Mau" Detainee: The Account by a Kenya African of his Experiences in Detention Camps 1953–1960
9389:
9308:
9015:'murder by beating up and roasting alive of one African'. No action was taken against the accused.
8555:
8272:
Anaïs Angelo (2017). "Jomo Kenyatta and the repression of the 'last' Mau Mau leaders, 1961–1965".
7852:
6651:
3459:
Osborne, Myles (2010). "The Kamba and Mau Mau: Ethnicity, Development, and Chiefship, 1952–1960".
1697:
the final impetus to request permission from the Colonial Office to declare a State of Emergency.
13858:
13792:
13629:
13593:
13395:
13371:
13329:
13202:
13190:
13112:
13106:
12889:
12586:
12487:
12369:
12336:
10748:
9068:
1904:
1116:
992:
13479:
13172:
6923:, p. 294, gives a slightly lower figure (1,007,500) for the number of individuals affected.
969:
13834:
13443:
13425:
13419:
13208:
13142:
13010:
12895:
12877:
12321:
12301:
11151:
11139:
11023:
The Settler Economies: Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia 1900–1963
10112:
4862:
4791:
4788:
These guns were more powerful psychologically than they were physically, with Jonathan Ferguson
2091:
1595:
1416:
567:
553:
530:
7391:
7001:
6876:
6836:
6732:
6188:
6033:
5591:
5473:
5214:
Newsinger, John (1981). "Revolt and Repression in Kenya: The "Mau Mau" Rebellion, 1952–1960".
5096:
4706:
4532:
4426:
4410:
4394:
4314:
4282:
4231:
3829:
3632:
3243:
Though finalised in 1926, reserves were first instituted by the Crown Lands Ordinance of 1915.
13491:
13094:
13034:
12961:
12744:
12699:
12679:
12631:
12601:
12522:
12420:
12400:
12273:
12211:
12138:
11009:
10600:— (2011). "Alchemy of Evidence: Mau Mau, the British Empire, and the High Court of Justice".
9802:
9723:
8306:
Kenya National Assembly Official Record. 12 July 2000. Parliamentary debates. pages 1552-1553
6892:
6406:
6202:
6172:
6014:
5714:
5695:
5021:
4588:
4516:
4330:
4298:
3983:
3947:
3931:
3891:
3571:
3433:
3035:
be, must be righted. I feel ashamed to have come from a Britain that did what it did here ."
2669:
2652:
2337:
provided a much needed source of labour to continue the colony's infrastructure development.
2264:
1991:
1012:
905:
609:
5759:"'Constituencies of Control' – Collective Punishments in Kenya's Mau Mau Emergency, 1952–55"
5244:
5124:
4266:
4180:
4125:
4076:
2142:
employed on Swynnerton's poor-relief programmes, as would many detainees in the work camps.
656:
13888:
13677:
13623:
13551:
13473:
13461:
13257:
13016:
12937:
12537:
12517:
12447:
12430:
11103:
9420:
9215:
8991:
8847:
8639:
4807:
2944:
2940:
2894:
2541:
2104:
1950:
1925:
1864:
1844:
1627:
1550:
1454:
1171:
1131:
850:
453:
433:
421:
10695:. London: James Currey; Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya; Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
4803:
2655:
that colonial authorities imposed on large areas of the country. Thousands were beaten or
8:
14074:
13762:
13575:
13533:
12986:
12853:
12669:
12591:
12415:
12223:
11147:
9992:
9526:
8992:"Brutal beatings and the 'roasting alive' of a suspect: what secret Mau Mau files reveal"
8960:
4343:
3081:
2802:
2698:
2014:
1682:
1462:
945:
910:
875:
865:
830:
622:
261:
154:
7685:"The Prosecution of Rape in Wartime: Evidence from the Mau Mau Rebellion, Kenya 1952–60"
5270:
2638:
in Kenya. Many Kikuyu were forced to move. According to British authorities 80,000 were
2220:
no reason to be ashamed of the acts which are done in its own name by its own servants.
13930:
13798:
13780:
13731:
13695:
13683:
13671:
13617:
13389:
13347:
13178:
13154:
13124:
13052:
12641:
12621:
12606:
12560:
12469:
12437:
12405:
12284:
12243:
12011:
Britain, Kenya and the Cold War: Imperial Defence, Colonial Security and Decolonisation
11857:
11849:
11743:
British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–1963: Scrutinising the Official Mind
11682:
11628:
11620:
11390:
11382:
11325:
11112:
11086:
11078:
10929:
10921:
10871:
10863:
10630:
10617:
10500:
10451:
10342:
10334:
10259:
10251:
10203:
10160:
10006:
8670:
8289:
7992:
7857:
7712:
7289:
7243:
7196:
5780:
5223:
4918:
4455:
3476:
3227:
2934:
2862:
2629:
2593:
2334:
1921:
1773:
1470:
1074:
860:
699:
482:
448:
9874:
8700:
8426:
8399:
7158:"The prosecution of rape in wartime: Evidence from Kenya's Mau Mau rebellion, 1952-60"
3816:
as well as the interior that included the Kikuyu land, now known as Central Province."
13942:
13852:
13713:
13659:
13515:
13166:
13088:
13058:
12949:
12704:
12636:
12626:
12388:
12374:
12346:
12316:
12181:
12074:
12055:
12033:
12014:
11995:
11976:
11959:
11940:
11921:
11902:
11874:
11861:
11806:
11784:
11765:
11746:
11707:
11688:
11667:
11645:
11632:
11587:
11568:
11549:
11530:
11511:
11492:
11464:
11445:
11426:
11407:
11394:
11349:
11286:
11264:
11219:
11178:
11159:
11090:
11045:
11026:
10995:
10976:
10957:
10951:
10933:
10888:
10875:
10830:
10795:
10767:
10734:
10715:
10696:
10674:
10655:
10636:
10621:
10586:
10565:
10543:
10536:
10520:
10475:
10455:
10390:
10359:
10346:
10329:
10291:
10263:
10120:
10097:
10042:
10023:
9996:
9959:
9164:'Whether the Government will make available to this House the text of the Cowan plan'
8372:
8293:
7996:
7984:
7750:
7704:
7663:
7596:
7397:
7355:
7293:
7247:
7235:
6212:
6208:
5784:
5063:
5055:
4922:
4910:
4770:
4760:
4618:
4562:
3732:
3526:
3468:
3439:
2858:
2846:
2821:
2746:
2417:
1474:
1321:
1141:
1059:
920:
788:
548:
540:
340:
310:
200:
167:
11527:
Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency
9975:
Smallholder Agriculture in Colonial Kenya: the Official Mind and the Swynnerton Plan
8027:
2288:
The lack of decent sanitation in the camps meant that epidemics of diseases such as
13972:
13960:
13954:
13912:
13816:
13786:
13701:
13521:
13503:
13485:
13455:
13070:
12919:
12859:
12763:
12739:
12661:
12555:
12505:
12173:
12095:
11839:
11831:
11612:
11374:
11315:
11211:
11070:
10913:
10855:
10609:
10443:
10382:
10324:
10316:
10288:
Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization
10241:
10233:
10195:
10152:
9988:
9942:
8281:
7976:
7696:
7285:
7227:
5770:
5047:
4945:
4900:
3231:
3191:
3128:
2969:
to support their claims was for so long 'lost' in the governmental filing system."
2745:
of being Mau Mau fighters for unknown reasons. The people executed belonged to the
2600:
2300:
swept through them. Detainees would also develop vitamin deficiencies, for example
1934:
1450:
1366:
1049:
855:
694:
637:
590:
522:
306:
283:
226:
11820:
Lonsdale, John (1990). "Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya".
8285:
7908:
5775:
5758:
2873:
Although Mau Mau was effectively crushed by the end of 1956, it was not until the
2388:
14069:
13864:
13804:
13743:
13737:
13665:
13545:
13449:
13431:
13082:
13004:
12674:
12611:
12542:
12532:
11729:
11684:
Africa's "Agitators": Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918–1939
10973:
Conflict and Accommodation in Western Kenya: The Gusii and the British, 1907–1963
10613:
10557:
10447:
10186:
9979:
9361:
9170:
8527:
7347:
6124:
5453:
3160:
3073:
3031:
2952:
2757:
in London. None of the other ranks involved in the massacre has been prosecuted.
2721:
2643:
2635:
2577:
2517:
2138:
2128:
1880:
1768:
1554:
1534:
1509:
1381:
1317:
1039:
1002:
808:
761:
736:
731:
684:
674:
669:
664:
470:
12106:; the survivors of the Lari massacre and the defendants' trial; Operation Anvil.
11584:
Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa; Book Two: Violence & Ethnicity
11442:
Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire
10489:
Coray, Michael S. (1978). "The Kenya Land Commission and the Kikuyu of Kiambu".
9253:"It's not just Kenya. Squaring up to the seamier side of empire is long overdue"
6588:"Taking on the Boss: The quiet whistleblowers on events in Kenya deserve praise"
3966:
of 1880–1881, whose ultimate legacy remains tangible even today, in the form of
3042:
hold while the UK government held compensation negotiations with the claimants.
2371:'diagnosis' of the uprising, JC Carothers: he advocated a Kenyan version of the
1937:(both later principal leaders of Mau Mau's forest armies), fled to the forests.
1309:
13996:
13725:
13647:
13605:
13599:
13587:
13275:
12831:
12779:
12729:
12719:
12709:
12684:
12651:
12596:
12218:
12201:
11337:
11098:
6354:
3963:
3813:
3133:
2774:
2733:
2656:
2604:
2066:
2028:
2023:
2010:
1987:
1973:
1896:
1868:
1793:
1731:
1623:
1574:
1559:
1517:
1458:
1286:
1151:
982:
870:
726:
443:
256:
250:
245:
234:
221:
208:
195:
129:
11835:
11378:
11320:
11278:
Percox, David A. (2005). "Kenya: Mau Mau Revolt". In Kevin Shillington (ed.).
11215:
11101:(1981). "Revolt and Repression in Kenya: The 'Mau Mau' Rebellion, 1952–1960".
11074:
10917:
10320:
10237:
9946:
8582:"'He came with pliers'—Kenyan alleges torture by British colonial authorities"
7980:
7700:
7231:
4905:
4888:
4787:
1755:
nationalist response to the unfairness and oppression of colonial domination.
14018:
14002:
13978:
13876:
13870:
13768:
13136:
13022:
12992:
12694:
12186:
12103:
11798:
10062:
7988:
7822:
7754:
7708:
7297:
7239:
6137:
6086:
6058:
5347:
5059:
4914:
4774:
3530:
3472:
3385:
3027:
2921:
2915:
2889:
2815:
2766:
2502:
2372:
2115:
2035:
1929:
1884:
1800:
Broadly speaking, throughout Kikuyu history, there have been two traditions:
1727:
1705:
1566:
1542:
1466:
1423:
1329:
1302:
1293:
1278:
1262:
1261:(KLFA), also known as the Mau Mau, and the British authorities. Dominated by
987:
935:
925:
915:
845:
840:
783:
756:
494:
438:
322:
302:
298:
293:
288:
142:
88:
12119:
12115:"Lost" Mau Mau-era government-documents posted by the BBC's Dominic Casciani
12099:
11963:
11733:
2701:, the attorney general of the British administration in Kenya, wrote to the
13846:
13689:
13563:
13214:
13184:
12967:
12825:
12784:
12206:
11721:
11603:
11194:
Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire
10688:
10434:
10199:
9806:. National Council for Law Reporting. Article 9, p. 15. Archived from
9634:
9601:
9568:
9535:
9499:
9466:
9257:
9033:
8169:
Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900
6512:
5067:
5051:
3146:
3119:
2737:
2714:
2710:
2673:
2511:
2297:
2095:
1903:
Resistance to both the Mau Mau and the British response was illustrated by
1744:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1282:
1274:
1254:
1200:
1156:
1121:
885:
803:
580:
213:
13509:
11196:. By David Anderson. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005. Pp. viii+406.
9597:"Kenyan Mau Mau victims in talks with UK government over legal settlement"
4949:
3284:
is used by David Anderson and Caroline Elkins. For Anderson, see his 2005
13966:
13611:
13407:
13341:
13148:
12998:
12734:
11616:
11565:
Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa; Book One: State & Class
10818:
10731:
Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World
9287:
9183:
9137:
8820:
8607:
8049:
5811:
5661:
5184:
3875:
2778:
2545:
2376:
1677:
1521:
1439:
1298:
1270:
1266:
1106:
900:
746:
741:
627:
11726:
From the Cape to Cairo: The First Traverse of Africa from South to North
11461:
Politics of Decolonization: Kenya Europeans and the Land Issue 1960–1965
11329:
11116:
11042:
The Counter-Insurgency Myth: The British Experience of Irregular Warfare
9823:
The national days . . . Mashujaa Day, to be observed on 20 October
7716:
7684:
7200:
5227:
3480:
2901:
5,000 Kenyans it had tortured and abused during the Mau Mau insurgency.
2470:
Kenyans were granted nearly all of the demands made by the KAU in 1951.
13413:
13335:
13046:
12883:
12052:
Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History and Representation
11624:
11425:. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
11341:
10925:
10867:
10826:
10504:
10386:
10338:
10255:
10246:
10207:
10020:
Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562–1955
9694:
8100:"Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire"
5410:
5354:
3650:
2943:
for former colonies, relying on an obscure legal precedent relating to
2639:
2565:
2451:
2100:
1872:
977:
793:
642:
575:
11853:
11844:
11386:
11082:
10859:
10164:
10010:
9462:"The colonial papers: FCO transparency is a carefully cultivated myth"
9216:"Tales of brutality and violence that could open the claims floodgate"
8581:
8317:"British-backed Mau Mau memorial set to open in rare colonial apology"
1289:(British colonists, local auxiliary militia, and pro-British Kikuyu).
13828:
13581:
13401:
10358:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
10039:
Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire
9630:"Kenyan Mau Mau: official policy was to cover up brutal mistreatment"
9425:
9220:
9073:
8996:
8914:
8013:. (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana: 1993) pp. 142–143.
7540:
Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire
2750:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2510:
so aggressively—the total is more than double the number executed by
2293:
1946:
1760:
1591:
1537:
came in the early 1930s when they set up the Carter Land Commission.
1443:
1422:
Even before 1895, however, Britain's presence in Kenya was marked by
1369:
1325:
930:
689:
317:
10956:(revised ed.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
7157:
2267:. Punishments for violating the "rules to live by" could be severe.
367:
13557:
12114:
11546:
Control & Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of Domination
11463:(digital reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10156:
9029:"My critics ignored evidence of torture in Mau Mau detention camps"
8790:"Mau Mau torture claim Kenyans win right to sue British government"
6127:
Herbert A. Friedman (Ret.) 4 January 2006, accessed 9 November 2013
6117:
5947:, p. 454. See also the relevant footnote, n.96 of p. 454.
2589:
2557:
1427:
890:
751:
11406:. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. pp. 110–128.
11200:. By Caroline Elkins (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005). Pp. xiv+475".
10427:"Air Power in the Mau Mau Conflict: The Government's Chief Weapon"
10375:
The African Mind in Health and Disease: A Study in Ethnopsychiatry
10217:"The Enemy Within: Loyalists and the War Against Mau Mau in Kenya"
8955:"Kenyans were tortured during Mau Mau rebellion, High Court hears"
7629:"Sins of colonialists lay concealed for decades in secret archive"
7558:"Kenya: UK Expresses Regret Over Abuse as Mau Mau Promised Payout"
2465:
2191:
explicitly drew the parallel: Kenya's Belsen, he called one camp.
12130:
11762:
Kenya Cowboy: A Police Officer's Account of the Mau Mau Emergency
11508:
Mau Mau from Within: The Story of the Kenya Land and Freedom Army
9977:. By Anne Thurston. Cambridge: University Press, 1987. Pp. 141".
9769:"Speech to the 52nd Commemoration of the Memory of Dedan Kimathi"
4352:
3967:
3894:
wrote of how, on occasion, they massacred Kikuyu by the hundreds.
3841:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3173:
2825:
2782:
2569:
2455:
2289:
1888:
1664:
1529:
595:
30:
This article is about the conflict in Kenya. For other uses, see
12054:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 462–470.
10582:
Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya
9531:"The Kenyans tortured by the British must now be justly treated"
8846:
Macintyre, Ben; Ralph, Alex; McConnell, Tristan (21 July 2011).
7393:
The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
4556:
2861:
was used by members of Mau Mau to kill cattle in an incident of
1920:
On 20 October 1952, Governor Baring signed an order declaring a
1891:
and ill-treatment at the hands of the colonial administration".
11154:. In Bethwell Allan Ogot & William Robert Ochieng' (eds.).
10139:"Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Modernity: The Paradox of Mau Mau"
10115:. In Bethwell Allan Ogot & William Robert Ochieng' (eds.).
8759:"Mau Mau victims seek compensation from UK for alleged torture"
8640:"Kenyan veterans celebrate first victory in compensation claim"
8171:(Reprint of 1st ed.). Amsterdam: Fredonia Books. pp.
4348:"Native Labour; House of Commons Debate, 10 November 1937"
2301:
2058:
2053:
1373:
9421:"Hundreds more top secret files missing in Mau Mau abuse case"
9283:
For more on Anderson's reaction to the 'missing' papers, see:
4965:
Kikuyu Women, the Mau Mau Rebellion and Social Change in Kenya
3845:. Series 4, Vol. 25, cc. 181–270. 1 June 1894.
3638:
3038:
Thirteen boxes of "top secret" Kenya files are still missing.
2397:
other means. Kenya is in for a very tricky political future."
58:
12689:
12161:
7872:
Anderson, David; Bennett, Huw; Branch, Daniel (August 2006).
2854:
2770:
2585:
2581:
2178:
1954:
1915:
1345:
679:
12126:
Surrender Pass issued under Baring's 18 January 1955 Amnesty
12030:
Mau Mau's Children: The Making of Kenya's Postcolonial Elite
11642:
Fighting Two Sides: Kenyan Chiefs and Politicians, 1918–1940
10022:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
8068:
2646:
estimated that between 160,000 and 320,000 were interned in
2603:
describes the campaign against the Mau Mau as an example of
1700:
The Mau Mau attacks were mostly well organised and planned.
11025:(reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10994:(revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9138:"British colonial files released following legal challenge"
9069:"New documents show how Britain sanctioned Mau Mau torture"
6945:
6943:
6941:
5812:"British colonial files released following legal challenge"
5304:
4936:
Leakey, L.S.B. (1954). "The religious element in Mau Mau".
4836:
Mau Mau Blasters: The Homemade Guns of the Mau Mau Uprising
2553:
2152:
List of British Detention Camps during the Mau Mau Uprising
2108:
2062:
11975:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–126.
10975:. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
10585:(US ed.). New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company.
9334:
know what was happening; senior legal officials in London
7519:
7507:
7373:
7371:
6747:"Secret memo gave guidelines on abuse of Mau Mau in 1950s"
6549:
5908:
5862:
5860:
5835:
5833:
5506:
3775:
2327:—One colonial officer's description of British works camps
11423:
The Development of Corporate Capitalism in Kenya, 1918–77
11285:. New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 751–752.
10712:
Colonial Wars and the Politics of Third World Nationalism
9665:"Statement to Parliament on settlement of Mau Mau claims"
8989:
8728:"Kenyans sue UK for alleged colonial human rights abuses"
6621:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6326:
4538:
4474:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
3837:"Class V; House of Commons Debate, 1 June 1894"
3435:
State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South
2668:
Among the detainees who suffered severe mistreatment was
1977:
1958:
11661:
The Origins and Growth of Mau Mau: an Historical Survey
9893:
9564:"Fury as Britain fights ruling on Kenya torture victims"
8124:
8080:
7019:
6938:
6539:
6537:
6535:
4242:
4240:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3921:
3881:
3750:
3748:
2281:—Memorandum to Commissioner of Prisons John 'Taxi' Lewis
1281:
who fought against the European colonists in Kenya, the
10654:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
10635:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
10356:
The Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya, 1800–1920
10093:
The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5
9741:
9443:
In a statement to the court dated March 8, released to
8845:
7939:"MoD 'refusing to release file on massacre of Kenyans'"
7368:
7189:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
6316:
5896:
5872:
5857:
5830:
4736:
4724:
4594:
4522:
4191:
4189:
3461:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
3415:
3413:
3411:
3349:
3347:
3024:
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
2947:
and the declaration of martial law in Jamaica in 1860.
1928:
was launched: the British carried out a mass-arrest of
11956:
The Last Mau Mau (Kenya's Freedom Heroes or Villains?)
10056:
Anderson, David; Bennett, Huw; Branch, Daniel (2006).
9905:
9729:
9244:
7495:
7422:
7328:
7125:
7101:
7043:
6979:
6898:
6854:
6802:
6744:
6722:
6686:
6610:
6424:
6273:
5662:"Mau Mau case: UK government accepts abuse took place"
5102:
4082:
2955:
said the claimants had an "arguable case", and added:
2283:
from Kenya's Director of Medical Services, 18 May 1954
1320:
strategy, which they had developed in suppressing the
1308:
The KLFA failed to capture widespread public support.
14080:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
11175:
Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority and Narration
10885:
Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority and Narration
9495:"Mau Mau torture case: Kenyans win ruling against UK"
8187:
8185:
7871:
6866:
6532:
6501:
6499:
6249:
6178:
5086:
5011:
4987:
4490:
4432:
4237:
4131:
4026:
3989:
3787:
3745:
2533:
List of war crimes § 1952–1960: Mau Mau uprising
9588:
9098:
9096:
8750:
8719:
8213:
7473:"Mau Mau uprising: Bloody history of Kenya conflict"
7062:
7060:
7058:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6674:
6566:
6564:
6448:
6006:
6004:
5989:
5845:
5609:
5185:"Mau Mau uprising: Bloody history of Kenya conflict"
4186:
3487:
3408:
3344:
2607:, though this verdict has been fiercely criticised.
2103:, conducting large-scale leaflet-drops. A flight of
12032:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
11704:
Legacy of violence: a history of the British empire
11232:
9209:
9207:
9205:
9020:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8608:"Mau Mau case: UK government cannot be held liable"
8488:"Mau Mau veterans to sue over British 'atrocities'"
6955:
6581:
6579:
6025:
6023:
5967:
5965:
5523:
5521:
4938:
African Music: Journal of the African Music Society
4839:(MA). University of Central Florida. Archived from
4712:
4496:
4480:
4438:
4246:
4195:
4137:
4000:
3793:
3698:
3696:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3080:Members of Mau Mau are currently recognised by the
2473:On 18 January 1955, the Governor-General of Kenya,
2031:to oversee the restoration of order in the colony.
1827:
11510:. Daraja Press, republishing original 1966 title.
11198:Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya
10953:Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt
10562:Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya
10535:
9354:
9104:
8985:
8983:
8953:
8781:
8486:
8453:
8249:
8182:
8136:
8011:Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt
7453:Bethwell, Ogot (2005). "Review: Britain's Gulag".
7113:
7072:
6882:
6773:
6496:
5728:"Ciokaraine: The Story of the Female Meru Diviner"
5706:
5704:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5271:"Historian, Kenya native's book on Mau Mau revolt"
5135:
5133:
4416:
4384:
4304:
4272:
4221:
3765:
3763:
3669:
3556:The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army
3506:The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army
3290:Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya
2432:four months after the institution of villagisation
2017:(centre), observing operations against the Mau Mau
1610:Native Kenyan labourers were of three categories:
11973:Ethnic Diversity and Economic Stability in Africa
11156:Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93
10766:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
10747:
10290:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
10117:Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93
9713:
9453:
9093:
7316:
7304:
7055:
7031:
7007:
6967:
6926:
6910:
6842:
6826:
6814:
6785:
6698:
6631:
6561:
6484:
6472:
6460:
6436:
6412:
6384:
6360:
6332:
6304:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6255:
6237:
6039:
6001:
5938:
5581:
5537:
5494:
5463:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5250:
5234:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4559:An Economic History of Kenya and Uganda 1800–1970
4506:
4356:. Series 5, Vol. 328, cc. 1757-9.
3681:
2232:
14016:
11644:. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado.
10794:. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
10671:The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967
10602:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
9621:
9202:
9181:
9062:
9060:
9058:
9056:
8839:
8818:
8626:
8225:
8160:
8148:
7609:
7434:
7396:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–303.
7091:
7089:
7087:
6991:
6907:, pp. 234–235. See also n.3 of p. 235.
6576:
6372:
6261:
6020:
5977:
5962:
5950:
5884:
5763:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
5518:
5179:
5177:
4684:
4631:
4400:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4115:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
3693:
3622:
3601:
3561:
3369:
3301:Other estimates are as high as 450,000 interned.
2225:—Letter from Police Commissioner Arthur Young to
1726:care, and of course, information. Women such as
358:12,000–20,000+ killed (including 1,090 executed)
12071:Economic and Social Origins of Mau Mau, 1945–53
11896:
10813:. New York and London: Oxford University Press.
10785:. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
10517:Web of Deceit: Britain's Real Role in the World
10304:
10110:
9419:Macintyre, Ben; Kenber, Billy (15 April 2011).
9418:
9412:
9162:Question, House of Lords, London 12 May 1959 –
9106:"Cabinet 'hushed up' torture of Mau Mau rebels"
9026:
8980:
8901:
8219:
8201:
7657:
6719:, Chapter 5: The Birth of Britain's Gulag.
6325:, p. 86: "Before the Emergency ended, the
6162:
5791:
5701:
5680:
5638:
5621:
5565:
5549:
5484:
5482:
5447:"Daniel Goldhagen and Kenya: recycling fantasy"
5130:
5114:
4696:
4643:
4612:
4580:
4578:
4372:
4147:
3927:
3861:
3819:
3760:
3726:
3708:
3390:"Daniel Goldhagen and Kenya: recycling fantasy"
3141:Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers
2466:Political and social concessions by the British
2430:—Meru's District Commissioner, 6 November 1954,
2407:—Council of Kenya-Colony's Ministers, July 1954
2367:brought in by the colonial government to do an
2057:British Army patrol crossing a stream carrying
1598:(1906) and an identification pass known as the
11581:
11562:
10474:. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
9762:
9760:
9356:"Mau Mau case casts light on colonial records"
9250:
9129:
8870:
8821:"Mau Mau Kenyans allowed to sue UK government"
7537:
7275:
6285:
5803:
5323:
4667:
4655:
4320:
4288:
4205:
3320:
1516:'s plan to have a settler economy pay for the
355:3,000 native Kenyan police and soldiers killed
12811:
12146:
11008:
10943:State of Emergency: The Full Story of Mau Mau
10649:
10472:Mau Mau Memoirs: History, Memory and Politics
9868:
9866:
9835:
9594:
9306:
9213:
9175:
9053:
8990:Ben Macintyre; Billy Kenber (13 April 2011).
8910:"Torture device No 1: the legal rubber stamp"
8907:
8812:
7861:(Supplement). 3 September 1954. p. 5124.
7579:test case against the British were castrated.
7389:
7084:
6649:
6396:
5654:
5597:
5305:"Pulitzer Prize Winners: General Non-Fiction"
5174:
4971:
4211:
4159:
4055:
4010:
3973:
3909:
3887:
3870:, p. 4. Francis Hall, an officer in the
3577:
3384:
3332:
3176:, contemporary Kikuyu insurgency within Kenya
2974:If we are going to sin, we must sin quietly.
1605:
1356:State of Emergency: The Full Story of Mau Mau
1218:
383:
12046:
11868:
11505:
9595:Cobain, Ian; Hatcher, Jessica (5 May 2013).
9102:
8934:
8787:
8756:
8725:
8662:
8271:
7682:
5479:
4754:
4575:
4342:
3937:
3897:
3803:
2979:—Kenyan Attorney-General Eric Griffith-Jones
2253:—A contemporary BBC-description of screening
11720:
10792:Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905–63
9757:
9352:
8516:
8514:
8451:
7683:Anderson, David M.; Weis, Julianne (2018).
7555:
6352:Mau Mau! A Case study in Colonial Air Power
5262:
4999:
4855:"When the Mau Mau Used a Biological Weapon"
4557:R. M. A. Van Zwanenberg; Anne King (1975).
4103:
3589:
3022:The Kenyan government sent a letter to the
2687:military operations and as court evidence.
1273:fighters, the KLFA also comprised units of
12818:
12804:
12153:
12139:
12110:Colonial Film's archive footage of Mau Mau
10992:Colonial Psychiatry and "the African Mind"
9863:
9346:
9288:"Colonial secret papers to be made public"
6745:Ian Cobain; Peter Walker (11 April 2011).
6710:
6158:– via National Library of Australia.
6107:– via National Library of Australia.
6075:– via National Library of Australia.
5204:(The quote is of Professor David Anderson)
3834:You can read Dilke's speech in full here:
3054:
2348:
1916:State of emergency declared (October 1952)
1479:without any further casualties on our side
1328:, as well as violent divisions within the
1225:
1211:
390:
376:
11901:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11887:
11843:
11781:The Politics of the Independence of Kenya
11529:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11458:
11319:
11131:Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
11126:"Mau Mau and the Decolonisation of Kenya"
10989:
10940:
10733:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10372:
10328:
10245:
9958:. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
9844:. Nairobi: Standard Group. Archived from
9525:
8876:
8848:"Kenyans can sue over 'colonial torture'"
8671:"In court to face the ghosts of the past"
8668:
8637:
8255:
8237:
8191:
7595:. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 144–159.
7186:
6888:
6585:
6505:
5774:
5297:
5213:
5033:
5017:
4904:
3687:
2753:from the Army. He served his sentence at
2061:rifle (1st and 2nd soldiers from right);
1504:—Chief Native Commissioner of Kenya, 1925
1465:of 1913–1914; the women's revolt against
1167:October 2017 Kenyan presidential election
311:
12027:
11958:. Nairobi: Property Magazine and Guide.
11819:
11740:
11658:
11489:Winston Churchill: his times, his crimes
11420:
11299:
11158:. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 48–82.
10887:. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 46–75.
10882:
10843:
10533:
10424:
10353:
10119:. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 25–47.
10111:Atieno-Odhiambo, Elisha Stephen (1995).
10036:
10017:
9972:
9956:Rethinking the Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya
9899:
9719:
9561:
8511:
8484:
8418:
8397:
8243:
8142:
8130:
8086:
8074:
7906:
7851:
7812:
7808:
7806:
7590:
7452:
7428:
7377:
7334:
7155:
7025:
6949:
6920:
6779:
6555:
6418:
6378:
6366:
6338:
6322:
6310:
6298:
6045:
5914:
5902:
5878:
5866:
5839:
5615:
5512:
5457:
5340:
5155:
4832:
4742:
4730:
4718:
4690:
4600:
4528:
4512:
4422:
4390:
4310:
4278:
4227:
4153:
4097:
4044:
4032:
3915:
3867:
3781:
3493:
3431:
3419:
3353:
2227:Governor Evelyn Baring, 22 November 1954
2052:
2004:
1344:
11989:
11797:
11687:. New York: Columbia University Press.
11680:
11524:
11506:Barnett, Donald; Njama, Karari (2021).
11401:
11336:
11177:. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 8–36.
11123:
11039:
10808:
10759:
10728:
10578:
10183:
9872:
9627:
9309:"Mau Mau blame 'goes right to the top'"
9184:"British Mau Mau abuse papers revealed"
8520:
8207:
7551:
7549:
7346:
7216:"The African Press in Kenya, 1945–1952"
7213:
7143:
7095:
6961:
6652:"Mau Mau blame 'goes right to the top'"
6508:"Mau Mau abuse case: Time to say sorry"
6200:
5632:
5603:
5587:
5469:
4962:
4886:
4262:
4121:
3714:
3702:
3628:
3567:
3458:
3326:
2769:was an incident during the conflict in
1981:Letter to Evelyn Baring, 9 January 1953
695:Mijikenda Kayas (Fortified settlements)
581:Olorgesailie Aechulean hand axe culture
14:
14017:
12068:
12008:
11934:
11915:
11897:Marsh, Zoe; Kingsnorth, G. W. (1972).
11764:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
11759:
11701:
11639:
11600:
11582:Berman, Bruce; Lonsdale, John (1992).
11563:Berman, Bruce; Lonsdale, John (1992).
11543:
11439:
11346:The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa
11277:
11020:
10949:
10901:
10789:
10780:
10709:
10687:
10668:
10599:
10564:(UK ed.). London: Jonathan Cape.
10556:
10511:
10469:
10403:
10285:
10214:
10136:
10086:
9911:
9747:
9735:
9695:"Mau Mau abuse victims to get payouts"
9659:
9657:
9492:
9459:
9387:
9265:from the original on 30 September 2013
9135:
9066:
9041:from the original on 30 September 2013
8940:
8800:from the original on 30 September 2013
8769:from the original on 30 September 2013
8738:from the original on 30 September 2013
8553:
8485:Mitchell, Andrew (26 September 2006).
8455:"Mau Mau veterans issue writ deadline"
8400:"Mau Mau rebels threaten court action"
8231:
8154:
8016:
7615:
7525:
7513:
7501:
7465:
7440:
7322:
7310:
7271:
7269:
7131:
7119:
7107:
7078:
7066:
7049:
7037:
7013:
6997:
6985:
6973:
6932:
6916:
6904:
6872:
6860:
6848:
6832:
6820:
6808:
6796:
6728:
6716:
6704:
6692:
6680:
6637:
6625:
6570:
6543:
6520:from the original on 30 September 2013
6490:
6478:
6466:
6454:
6442:
6430:
6390:
6279:
6267:
6243:
6184:
6168:
6029:
6010:
5995:
5983:
5971:
5956:
5944:
5932:
5926:
5890:
5851:
5809:
5797:
5756:
5710:
5691:
5644:
5571:
5555:
5543:
5527:
5500:
5488:
5397:from the original on 27 September 2015
5268:
5256:
5240:
5139:
5120:
5108:
5092:
5005:
4993:
4977:
4935:
4702:
4678:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4544:
4406:
4378:
4326:
4294:
4176:
4109:
4072:
4049:
4016:
3754:
3675:
3612:
3595:
3583:
2904:
2145:
2000:
1779:Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction
1407:—Deputy Governor to Secretary of State
14065:Rebellions against the British Empire
12799:
12134:
11953:
11805:(revised ed.). London: Paladin.
11302:"The Intellectual Lives of Detainees"
10970:
10632:The Social History of the Machine Gun
10628:
10542:. New York, NY: The Free Press.
10488:
10041:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
9576:from the original on 5 September 2013
9474:from the original on 1 September 2014
9369:from the original on 10 December 2022
8521:Ireland, Corydon (1 September 2011).
8424:
8166:
8050:"Mau Mau massacre documents revealed"
7966:
7919:from the original on 15 November 2023
7909:"Kenya: Unveiling Secrets of Kenya's"
7803:
7168:from the original on 7 September 2023
6095:. Sydney. 30 August 1953. p. 8.
6067:. Brisbane. 19 April 1953. p. 15
5311:from the original on 24 February 2008
5285:from the original on 25 February 2021
4882:
4880:
4360:from the original on 15 December 2018
3979:
3849:from the original on 15 December 2018
3825:
3769:
2932:Upon publication of Caroline Elkins'
2788:
2610:
2320:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1316:, suggests this was due to a British
1127:2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum
1112:2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum
397:
371:
27:Insurgency in Kenya from 1952 to 1960
13077:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
11970:
11778:
11258:
11239:Report of the East Africa Commission
11191:
11172:
11146:
10945:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
10817:
10404:Carter, Morris; et al. (1934).
9993:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098069
9953:
9642:from the original on 10 October 2013
9507:from the original on 31 October 2013
9400:from the original on 6 February 2008
8968:from the original on 11 January 2022
8562:from the original on 6 February 2008
8466:from the original on 11 January 2022
7949:from the original on 2 December 2023
7865:
7833:from the original on 1 November 2019
7723:from the original on 8 February 2024
7662:. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 65, 67.
7546:
6402:
5334:
5169:Africa: A Biography of the Continent
5074:from the original on 27 October 2023
4584:
3959:
3943:
3903:
3872:Imperial British East Africa Company
3809:
3338:
3100:—Speech by Jomo Kenyatta, April 1963
2740:, was perpetrated by members of the
1481:.… It looks like a butchery. If the
836:Imperial British East Africa Company
11920:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11783:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
11486:
11348:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 197–214.
10847:Journal of African Cultural Studies
10673:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10308:Review of African Political Economy
10144:Canadian Journal of African Studies
9654:
9562:Townsend, Mark (23 December 2012).
9228:from the original on 4 October 2012
9004:from the original on 4 October 2012
8922:from the original on 4 October 2012
8638:McConnell, Tristan (21 July 2011).
8327:from the original on 4 January 2017
7888:from the original on 5 January 2019
7266:
7156:Weis, Julianne; Anderson, David M.
6598:from the original on 4 October 2012
5738:from the original on 13 August 2020
5720:
5668:from the original on 11 August 2018
5369:from the original on 3 October 2019
4617:. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 61–63.
3657:from the original on 2 January 2020
3392:. openDemocracy.org. Archived from
2580:. Additional common crimes include
2377:already using in places like Malaya
1737:
1656:—Speech by Deputy Colonial Governor
1070:1998 United States embassy bombings
956:Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya)
881:East African campaign (World War I)
24:
12272:
12160:
11479:
10763:The Logic of Violence in Civil War
10755:. New York: Doubleday and Company.
10406:"The Kenya Land Commission Report"
10273:from the original on 23 April 2020
9701:from the original on 23 March 2019
9675:from the original on 22 March 2019
9460:Elkins, Caroline (18 April 2012).
9319:from the original on 10 April 2011
9182:Dominic Casciani (12 April 2011).
9081:from the original on 17 March 2015
8889:from the original on 18 March 2015
8858:from the original on 18 March 2015
8681:from the original on 17 March 2015
8650:from the original on 18 March 2015
8614:from the original on 27 April 2012
8433:from the original on 14 March 2007
8406:from the original on 23 April 2006
8398:Thompson, Mike (9 November 2002).
8379:from the original on 15 April 2004
8274:Journal of Eastern African Studies
7813:Anderson, David (September 2008).
7791:from the original on 21 March 2024
7761:from the original on 21 March 2024
7538:David Anderson (23 January 2013).
7290:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a036794
6757:from the original on 12 April 2011
6662:from the original on 10 April 2011
6118:"PSYOP of the Mau-Mau UprisingSGM"
5411:"Letters: Tell me where I'm wrong"
5355:"Letters: Tell me where I'm wrong"
5191:from the original on 10 April 2011
4887:Osborne, Myles (30 January 2015).
4877:
3537:from the original on 23 April 2020
2634:The British authorities suspended
2122:
2049:Operation Anvil (Mau Mau Uprising)
2042:
1670:
1485:gets hold of it, all our plans in
1008:Gikuyu, Embu, and Meru Association
618:Lothagam North Monumental Cemetery
25:
14096:
14040:African resistance to colonialism
12826:Colonial conflicts involving the
12089:
11491:. London ; New York: Verso.
11263:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books.
11246:from the original on 5 March 2016
10412:from the original on 9 March 2019
10171:from the original on 19 July 2013
10074:from the original on 20 July 2013
9609:from the original on 25 June 2023
9543:from the original on 4 March 2016
9144:from the original on 14 June 2012
9027:Caroline Elkins (14 April 2011).
8827:from the original on 21 July 2011
8819:Dominic Casciani (21 July 2011).
8707:from the original on 16 June 2006
8588:from the original on 16 July 2012
8535:from the original on 7 April 2012
8112:from the original on 24 June 2023
8056:from the original on 5 March 2022
7639:from the original on 2 March 2017
7568:from the original on 2 March 2017
7542:. W. W. Norton. pp. 150–154.
7410:from the original on 9 April 2024
7254:from the original on 9 April 2024
6225:from the original on 9 April 2024
6150:from the original on 9 April 2024
6099:from the original on 9 April 2024
6087:"End May Be Near For The Mau Mau"
6059:"They Follow the Dug-Out General"
5818:from the original on 14 June 2012
5757:Wright, Thomas J. (4 July 2022).
4861:. 30 October 2014. Archived from
4814:from the original on 16 July 2023
2809:
2727:
2540:have been broadly defined by the
2375:programmes that the British were
1883:); and the institution of a vast
1634:wage-labourers on settler farms.
1586:were the biggest losers of land.
1162:Garissa University College attack
941:Nairobi People's Convention Party
685:Thimlich Ohinga stone-built ruins
11666:. Nairobi: Government of Kenya.
11261:King's African Rifles: A History
9881:from the original on 14 May 2006
9873:Jenkins, Cathy (22 March 2001).
9829:
9787:
9687:
9555:
9529:; Leader, Dan (5 October 2012).
9519:
9486:
9433:from the original on 17 May 2015
9388:McGhie, John (9 November 2002).
9381:
9277:
9156:
9117:from the original on 12 May 2022
8946:
8693:
8600:
8574:
8554:McGhie, John (9 November 2002).
8547:
8499:from the original on 12 May 2022
8478:
8445:
8425:Plaut, Martin (31 August 2003).
8391:
8365:
8347:"Former guerrillas seek damages"
8339:
8309:
8300:
8265:
8092:
8042:
8003:
7960:
7931:
7907:Anderson, David (17 July 2006).
7900:
7845:
7773:
7735:
7676:
7651:
7621:
7584:
7531:
7483:from the original on 1 June 2019
7446:
7383:
7340:
7207:
7180:
7149:
6738:
6643:
6344:
6194:
6130:
6111:
6079:
6051:
5920:
5750:
5439:
5425:from the original on 5 July 2017
5207:
5161:
5149:
4462:from the original on 22 May 2019
3651:"Bloody uprising of the Mau Mau"
3295:
3274:
3260:
2875:First Lancaster House Conference
2777:at a colonial detention camp in
2760:
1867:and subjecting six of them (the
1828:British reaction to the uprising
1194:
896:Luo Union (Welfare Organisation)
529:
321:
292:
277:
266:
255:
244:
233:
220:
207:
194:
160:
148:
136:
122:
57:
12902:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
11994:. Hanover, NH: Heinemann.
11281:Encyclopedia of African History
10809:Kariuki, Josiah Mwangi (1975).
9925:
9294:from the original on 9 May 2011
9251:David Anderson (25 July 2011).
9190:from the original on 3 May 2011
9136:Wallis, Holly (18 April 2012).
9067:Kenber, Billy (19 April 2011).
8908:Ben Macintyre (12 April 2011).
8669:Macintyre, Ben (8 April 2011).
8452:Mike Pflanz (11 October 2006).
7354:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 68.
5810:Wallis, Holly (18 April 2012).
5027:
4956:
4929:
4847:
4826:
4796:
4781:
4755:Van der Bijl, Nicholas (2017).
4748:
4606:
4550:
4448:
4353:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
4336:
4256:
4038:
3953:
3842:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
3731:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 63.
3720:
3549:
3511:
3499:
3246:
3237:
3220:
2361:—District Commissioner of Nyeri
1409:for the Colonies, 19 March 1945
1241:(1952–1960), also known as the
14085:Civil wars of the 20th century
13005:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
11823:The Journal of African History
11728:. London: Hurst and Blackett.
11366:The Journal of African History
11307:The Journal of African History
11242:. London: Government Printer.
11203:The Journal of African History
11062:The Journal of African History
10950:Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1998) .
10905:The Journal of African History
10693:The Mau Mau War in Perspective
10650:Emerson Welch, Claude (1980).
10408:. London: Government Printer.
10373:Carothers, John Colin (1953).
10225:The Journal of African History
10113:"The Formative Years: 1945–55"
9838:"Who are Kenya's real heroes?"
9493:Cobain, Ian (5 October 2012).
9307:Mark Thompson (7 April 2011).
9214:Ben Macintyre (5 April 2011).
8052:. BBC News. 30 November 2012.
7455:The Journal of African History
7220:The Journal of African History
6650:Mike Thompson (7 April 2011).
5034:Carothers, J. C. (July 1947).
4893:The Journal of African History
4759:. Pen and Sword. p. 151.
3519:"Kenya: A Love for the Forest"
3452:
3425:
3359:
3230:is "Gĩkũyũ", derived from the
3204:
2311:
2233:Interrogations and confessions
1596:Masters and Servants Ordinance
1365:As the movement progressed, a
1314:The Mau Mau War in Perspective
722:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
13:
1:
13402:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
13246:Castle Hill convict rebellion
12104:General China (Waruhiu Itote)
11937:Alan Lennox-Boyd: A Biography
11871:Kenya, the Kikuyu and Mau Mau
11706:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
11192:— (2005). "Britain's Gulag –
11152:"The Decisive Years: 1956–63"
9836:Dominic Odipo (10 May 2010).
9103:Andy McSmith (8 April 2011).
8788:Owen Bowcott (21 July 2011).
8757:Owen Bowcott (7 April 2011).
8726:Owen Bowcott (5 April 2011).
8523:"Justice for Kenya's Mau Mau"
8373:"Mau Mau compensation demand"
8286:10.1080/17531055.2017.1354521
7214:Gadsden, Fay (October 1980).
6357:64 July–August 1996 pp. 65–71
6256:Henderson & Goodhart 1958
5776:10.1080/03086534.2022.2093475
3308:
3167:
3045:
2526:
1565:The Kikuyu, who lived in the
1394:
1358:, claim it was an anagram of
1292:The capture of Field Marshal
1137:Westgate shopping mall attack
11869:Lovatt Smith, David (2005).
11640:Clough, Marshall S. (1990).
10760:Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2006).
10614:10.1080/03086534.2011.629084
10538:Mau Mau: An African Crucible
10534:Edgerton, Robert B. (1989).
10470:Clough, Marshall S. (1998).
10448:10.1080/03071847.2011.559986
9795:"Chapter Two – The Republic"
9353:James Blitz (5 April 2011).
8427:"Kenya lifts ban on Mau Mau"
8375:. BBC News. 20 August 1999.
7787:. 12 March 1954. p. 1.
7593:Mau Mau: An African Crucible
7278:Journal of African Economies
6138:"Mau Mau General Surrenders"
5387:The New York Review of Books
3113:The Black Man's Land Trilogy
2081:
1949:of British troops, from the
1340:
1182:Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta
1102:2002 Kenyan general election
1065:1997 Kenyan general election
1055:1992 Kenyan general election
951:Kenya African National Union
7:
12647:Water supply and sanitation
11890:The Memoirs of Lord Chandos
11724:; Sharp, Arthur H. (1900).
11300:Peterson, Derek R. (2008).
10751:; Goodhart, Philip (1958).
10729:Gerlach, Christian (2010).
9954:Alam, S.M. Shamsul (2007).
9875:"Monuments for the Mau Mau"
9803:Constitution of Kenya, 2010
9628:Bennett, Huw (5 May 2013).
8220:Branch & Cheeseman 2006
8026:. ogiek.org. Archived from
7556:Cobain, Ian (5 June 2013).
6586:Editorial (13 April 2011).
6506:Editorial (11 April 2011).
6146:. 9 March 1954. p. 3.
3213:Kenya Land and Freedom Army
3105:
2137:The projected costs of the
2065:Mk5 (3rd soldier); and the
1334:
1301:units led by Field Marshal
1259:Kenya Land and Freedom Army
1253:, was a war in the British
1018:Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta
776:Portuguese and Omani period
586:Kariandusi prehistoric site
180:Kenya Land and Freedom Army
67:on watch for Mau Mau rebels
10:
14101:
13919:Jewish revolt in Palestine
13564:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
13209:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
13101:American Revolutionary War
11888:Lyttelton, Oliver (1962).
11681:Derrick, Jonathan (2008).
11016:. London: Oliver and Boyd.
10783:Dedan Kimathi: A Biography
10425:Chappell, Stephen (2011).
10354:Brantley, Cynthia (1981).
9341:(The quote is of Anderson)
8877:Editorial (22 July 2011).
8703:. BBC News. 4 March 2005.
8610:. BBC News. 7 April 2011.
8584:. BBC News. 7 April 2011.
8323:. AFP. 11 September 2015.
8024:"indepth/special-report-3"
5664:. BBC News. 17 July 2012.
5187:. BBC News. 7 April 2011.
4967:. Boulder: Westview Press.
4963:Presley, Cora Ann (1992).
3653:. BBC News. 7 April 2011.
3313:
3180:
3116:, series of films on Kenya
2997:Reginald Manningham-Buller
2813:
2627:
2530:
2149:
2126:
2046:
1924:. Early the next morning,
1606:Native labourer categories
1177:COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya
29:
13753:
13690:Jameson Raid South Africa
13224:
12977:
12838:
12757:
12660:
12582:
12573:
12513:
12504:
12396:
12387:
12360:
12292:
12283:
12270:
12172:
11990:Parsons, Timothy (1999).
11836:10.1017/s0021853700031157
11702:Elkins, Caroline (2022).
11421:Swainson, Nicola (1980).
11379:10.1017/s0021853700008665
11321:10.1017/s0021853708003411
11216:10.1017/S0021853705000939
11075:10.1017/s0021853700037476
10990:McCulloch, Jock (2006) .
10971:Maxon, Robert M. (1989).
10918:10.1017/s0021853706001769
10379:World Health Organization
10330:10.1080/03056240600671183
10321:10.1080/03056240600671183
10238:10.1017/s0021853707002812
10058:"A Very British Massacre"
9973:Anderson, David (1988). "
9947:10.1080/01495938108402629
7981:10.1080/00358530701303392
7874:"A Very British Massacre"
7815:"A Very British Massacre"
7785:The Sydney Morning Herald
7701:10.1017/S0738248017000670
7635:. London. 18 April 2012.
7232:10.1017/S0021853700018727
6143:The Sydney Morning Herald
5732:Google Arts & Culture
5040:Journal of Mental Science
4906:10.1017/s002185371400067x
2868:
2588:, and the destruction of
2493:from wartime conditions.
2487:
1953:, was also flown in from
1147:Presidency of Mwai Kibaki
998:'Little general election'
409:
349:
329:
187:
114:
71:
56:
48:
43:
14030:20th-century revolutions
13901:Arab revolt in Palestine
13498:Second Anglo-Burmese War
13240:Second Anglo-Maratha War
13131:Australian frontier wars
12239:1982 coup d'état attempt
12197:East Africa Protectorate
12192:Indian Ocean slave trade
12073:. Oxford: James Currey.
12028:Sandgren, David (2012).
11916:Murphy, Philip (1999) .
11899:A History of East Africa
11741:Heinlein, Frank (2002).
11659:Corfield, Frank (1960).
11586:. Oxford: James Currey.
11567:. Oxford: James Currey.
11548:. Oxford: James Currey.
11459:Wasserman, Gary (1976).
11040:Mumford, Andrew (2012).
10941:Majdalany, Fred (1963).
10825:(4th ed.). London:
10781:Kanogo, Tabitha (1992).
10037:Anderson, David (2005).
9290:. BBC News. 6 May 2011.
8964:. London. 18 July 2012.
7658:Wangari Maathai (2006).
5452:15 December 2018 at the
5383:"The End of the Mau Mau"
4833:Stoddard, James (2020).
4613:Wangari Maathai (2006).
3727:Wangari Maathai (2006).
3197:
3187:British military history
2200:Editorial, 11 April 2011
1257:(1920–1963) between the
1080:Presidency of Daniel Moi
1045:1982 coup d'état attempt
799:East African slave trade
700:Indian Ocean trade route
417:Assassination of Waruhiu
51:decolonisation of Africa
32:Mau Mau (disambiguation)
13895:Second Mohmand campaign
13630:Third Anglo-Burmese War
13594:Second Anglo-Afghan War
13396:First Anglo-Burmese War
13372:Third Anglo-Maratha War
13203:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
13113:Second Anglo-Mysore War
13107:First Anglo-Maratha War
12013:. London: I.B. Tauris.
12009:Percox, David (2011) .
11939:. London: I.B. Tauris.
11935:Murphy, Philip (1999).
11760:Hewitt, Peter (2008) .
11663:('The Corfield Report')
11444:. London: HarperPress.
11440:Walton, Calder (2013).
11259:Page, Malcolm (2011) .
11124:Nissimi, Hilda (2006).
11044:. Abingdon: Routledge.
10714:. London: I.B. Tauris.
10215:Branch, Daniel (2007).
8879:"Good News from London"
8701:"UK 'atrocity' apology"
8167:Carus, W. Seth (2002).
6204:The FN FAL Battle Rifle
3432:Blakeley, Ruth (2009).
3286:Histories of the Hanged
3124:Gangs and Counter-gangs
3055:Mau Mau status in Kenya
2853:In 1952, the poisonous
2349:Villagisation programme
2009:Lieutenant General Sir
1117:2007-2008 Kenyan crisis
970:Early post-independence
823:British colonial period
14060:Insurgencies in Africa
14035:20th-century conflicts
13835:Third Anglo-Afghan War
13720:First Mohmand campaign
13444:First Anglo-Afghan War
13143:Third Anglo-Mysore War
12277:
12069:Throup, David (1987).
11892:. London: Bodley Head.
11745:. London: Frank Cass.
11544:Berman, Bruce (1990).
11236:; et al. (1925).
11014:Kenya Diary, 1902–1906
11010:Meinertzhagen, Richard
10669:French, David (2011).
10137:Berman, Bruce (1991).
10096:. London: Allen Lane.
7927:– via AllAfrica.
7743:"KENYA: Court-Martial"
7689:Law and History Review
7390:Gary D. Solis (2010).
5415:London Review of Books
5359:London Review of Books
5052:10.1192/bjp.93.392.548
4792:Royal Armouries Museum
4561:. The Bowering Press.
4458:. kenyaembassydc.org.
3266:During the Emergency,
3097:
3064:
3007:
2976:
2962:
2798:
2755:Wormwood Scrubs Prison
2689:
2678:
2672:, the grandfather of
2620:
2546:laws or customs of war
2544:as "violations of the
2460:North Eastern Province
2427:
2404:
2358:
2324:
2278:
2250:
2222:
2193:
2161:
2070:
2069:(4th and 5th soldiers)
2018:
2013:, Commander-in-Chief,
1976:, Director General of
1969:
1836:
1789:
1711:
1653:
1514:Governor Charles Eliot
1501:
1430:. In 1894, British MP
1404:
1350:
1142:2014 Mpeketoni attacks
554:List of years in Kenya
188:Commanders and leaders
14055:20th century in Kenya
13492:Second Anglo-Sikh War
13149:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
13035:French and Indian War
12276:
11954:Njagi, David (1991).
11525:Bennett, Huw (2012).
11104:Science & Society
11021:Mosley, Paul (1983).
10629:Ellis, John (1986) .
9390:"Kenya: White Terror"
8556:"Kenya: White Terror"
8009:Maloba, Wunyabari O.
7591:Edgerton, R. (1990).
6201:Cashner, Bob (2013).
6123:26 April 2020 at the
5269:Thomas, Beth (1993).
5216:Science & Society
4950:10.21504/amj.v1i1.235
3892:Richard Meinertzhagen
3092:
3059:
3003:
2972:
2957:
2888:On 12 December 1964,
2793:
2775:British colonial rule
2742:King's African Rifles
2684:
2670:Hussein Onyango Obama
2666:
2653:collective punishment
2615:
2512:the French in Algeria
2423:
2400:
2353:
2316:
2274:
2265:Josiah Mwangi Kariuki
2245:
2217:
2188:
2156:
2150:Further information:
2056:
2008:
1992:right to a fair trial
1964:
1943:King's African Rifles
1832:
1802:moderate-conservative
1784:
1732:Field Marshal Muthoni
1702:
1649:
1553:, later known as the
1551:Rift Valley Provinces
1492:
1399:
1348:
1013:Josiah Mwangi Kariuki
906:Kenya in World War II
350:Casualties and losses
335:10,000 regular troops
65:King's African Rifles
14050:Wars of independence
14045:Wars involving Kenya
13654:Hunza–Nagar Campaign
13462:First Anglo-Sikh War
13438:Egyptian–Ottoman War
12352:World Heritage Sites
12312:Environmental issues
11779:Kyle, Keith (1999).
11617:10.1353/at.2006.0069
11234:Ormsby-Gore, William
11148:Ogot, Bethwell Allan
10652:Anatomy of Rebellion
10492:Agricultural History
10200:10.1093/afraf/adm014
9935:Comparative Strategy
9315:. BBC. 02:38–03:31.
9169:9 April 2024 at the
6658:. BBC. 00:40–00:54.
4843:on 12 November 2022.
4808:National Army Museum
4346:(10 November 1937).
4344:Creech Jones, Arthur
3928:Atieno-Odhiambo 1995
2945:Patagonian toothfish
2736:, which happened in
2720:According to Author
2542:Nuremberg principles
2105:de Havilland Vampire
1959:MI5 Security Service
1951:Lancashire Fusiliers
1926:Operation Jock Scott
1905:Ciokaraine M'Barungu
1865:Operation Jock Scott
1818:militant nationalist
1814:moderate nationalist
1455:Koitalel Arap Samoei
1434:had observed in the
1380:Author and activist
1172:2018 Kenya handshake
1132:Operation Linda Nchi
993:Kenya People's Union
871:Kenya-Uganda Railway
851:Kenya-Uganda Railway
454:Christmas Eve Battle
434:Ruck Family massacre
422:Operation Jock Scott
104:Rebellion suppressed
13907:Waziristan campaign
13841:Waziristan campaign
13534:Revolt of Rajab Ali
13011:War of Jenkins' Ear
12224:Kenya African Union
11487:Ali, Tariq (2022).
11138:(3). Archived from
10519:. London: Vintage.
10465:on 20 October 2013.
10179:– via Scribd.
10088:Andrew, Christopher
9239:Republic of Kenya.'
8961:The Daily Telegraph
8460:The Daily Telegraph
8077:, pp. 119–180.
7528:, pp. 124–145.
7516:, pp. 324–330.
7110:, pp. 260–261.
7052:, pp. 259–260.
6988:, pp. 236–237.
6863:, pp. 240–241.
6695:, pp. 171–177.
6683:, pp. 176–177.
6628:, pp. 179–191.
6546:, pp. 154–191.
6433:, pp. 128–129.
6282:, pp. 121–125.
5935:, pp. 236–286.
5929:, pp. 456–457.
5111:, pp. 183–185.
4996:, pp. 182–183.
4547:, pp. 320–321.
4487:, pp. 155–156.
3558:(1994) p. 346.
3525:. 17 January 1964.
3396:on 15 December 2018
3010:Colonial Secretary
2905:Compensation claims
2699:Eric Griffith-Jones
2335:forced-labour camps
2146:Detention programme
2015:East Africa Command
2001:Military operations
1777:, awarded the 2006
1683:Kenya African Union
1624:settler plantations
1463:Mekatilili wa Menza
1442:" (inventor of the
946:The Kennedy Airlift
911:Kenya African Union
876:Mekatilili Wa Menza
866:British East Africa
831:Johann Ludwig Krapf
714:Swahili city-states
628:Elmenteitan Culture
623:Kalokol Pillar Site
576:Koobi Fora Hominins
13781:Bambatha Rebellion
13696:Anglo-Zanzibar War
13684:Chitral Expedition
13618:Anglo-Egyptian War
13390:Anglo-Ashanti wars
13095:Lord Dunmore's War
13053:Anglo-Cherokee War
12962:King William's War
12551:Telecommunications
12297:Biosphere reserves
12278:
12244:Goldenberg scandal
12048:Thiong'o, Ngugi wa
11342:Ali A. Mazrui
11338:Pirouet, M. Louise
9848:on 21 January 2012
8321:The Economic Times
8030:on 21 October 2004
7858:The London Gazette
7479:. 18 August 2016.
5350:'s angry letters:
5346:See in particular
4212:Emerson Welch 1980
3888:Meinertzhagen 1957
3784:, pp. 15, 22.
3217:March to 30 April.
3151:Something of Value
2953:Mr Justice McCombe
2941:"state succession"
2935:Imperial Reckoning
2890:President Kenyatta
2863:biological warfare
2789:Mau Mau war crimes
2657:sexually assaulted
2630:British war crimes
2611:British war crimes
2594:military necessity
2548:", which includes
2454:in 1966 of ethnic
2107:jets flew in from
2071:
2019:
1922:state of emergency
1774:Imperial Reckoning
1483:H. of C.
1457:of 1895–1905; the
1351:
1075:Terrorism in Kenya
861:German East Africa
747:History of Malindi
742:History of Mombasa
633:Cushitic expansion
483:Capture of Kimathi
449:Operation Mushroom
345:35,000+ insurgents
14012:
14011:
13943:Malayan Emergency
13853:Malabar rebellion
13714:Siege of Malakand
13660:Anglo-Manipur War
13516:Anglo-Persian War
13065:Anglo-Spanish War
13017:King George's War
12938:King Philip's War
12914:Anglo-Spanish War
12793:
12792:
12753:
12752:
12617:Human trafficking
12569:
12568:
12500:
12499:
12465:Political parties
12411:Foreign relations
12383:
12382:
12317:Great Rift Valley
12234:1963 Constitution
12229:Mau Mau rebellion
12096:Archive newsreels
12080:978-0-85255-024-3
12061:978-1-444-33522-4
12039:978-0-299-28784-9
12020:978-1-84885-966-1
12001:978-0-325-00140-1
11982:978-1-107-02599-8
11946:978-1-86064-406-1
11927:978-0-19-820505-0
11908:978-0-521-08348-5
11880:978-0-954-47132-3
11873:. Mawenzi Books.
11812:978-0-586-08870-8
11790:978-0-333-72008-0
11771:978-1-920-14323-7
11752:978-0-7146-5220-7
11713:978-0-307-27242-3
11694:978-0-231-70056-6
11673:978-0-521-13090-5
11651:978-0-870-81207-1
11593:978-0-852-55099-1
11574:978-0-852-55021-2
11555:978-0-852-55069-4
11536:978-1-107-02970-5
11517:978-1-988832-59-3
11498:978-1-78873-577-3
11470:978-0-521-10023-6
11451:978-0-007-45796-0
11432:978-0-520-03988-9
11413:978-9966-25-152-7
11355:978-9-004-05646-6
11292:978-1-579-58245-6
11270:978-1-84884-438-4
11184:978-0-852-55478-4
11165:978-0-8214-1051-6
11142:on 22 March 2012.
11051:978-0-415-66745-6
11032:978-0-521-10245-2
11001:978-0-521-03480-7
10982:978-0-838-63350-2
10963:978-0-852-55745-7
10894:978-0-852-55478-4
10860:10.1080/713674307
10836:978-0-714-61688-9
10801:978-9966-46-326-5
10773:978-0-521-85409-2
10753:Man Hunt in Kenya
10740:978-0-521-88058-9
10721:978-1-850-43784-0
10702:978-0-821-40940-4
10680:978-0-199-58796-4
10661:978-0-873-95441-9
10642:978-0-801-83358-8
10592:978-0-805-07653-0
10571:978-0-224-07363-9
10549:978-0-029-08920-0
10526:978-0-099-44839-6
10481:978-1-555-87537-4
10365:978-0-520-04216-2
10297:978-0-521-13090-5
10126:978-0-8214-1051-6
10103:978-0-7139-9885-6
10048:978-0-297-84719-9
10029:978-0-807-82877-9
9965:978-1-4039-8374-9
9775:on 9 October 2011
7749:. 22 March 1954.
7660:Unbowed: a memoir
7403:978-1-139-48711-5
7352:Unbowed: a memoir
6811:, pp. 151–2.
6457:, pp. 62–90.
6218:978-1-78096-903-9
6209:Osprey Publishing
6092:The Sunday Herald
5998:, pp. 37–38.
5917:, pp. 62–63.
5854:, pp. 35–36.
5618:, pp. 31–32.
5515:, pp. 11–12.
4790:August 28, 2024.
4757:Mau Mau Rebellion
4721:, pp. 66–67.
4615:Unbowed: a memoir
4568:978-0-333-17671-9
3890:, pp. 51–52
3729:Unbowed: a memoir
3678:, pp. 23–25.
3445:978-1-134-04246-3
3082:Kenyan Government
2988:migrated archives
2859:African milk bush
2747:Kikuyu Home Guard
2707:Sir Evelyn Baring
2592:not warranted by
2418:Kikuyu Home Guard
2067:Lee–Enfield No. 5
1510:Settler societies
1475:Winston Churchill
1432:Sir Charles Dilke
1322:Malayan Emergency
1239:Mau Mau rebellion
1235:
1234:
1060:HIV/AIDS in Kenya
921:Mau Mau Rebellion
789:Portuguese Empire
675:Nilotic expansion
549:Timeline of Kenya
503:
502:
401:Mau Mau rebellion
366:
365:
362:2,714 surrendered
341:Kikuyu Home Guard
201:Winston Churchill
168:Southern Rhodesia
110:
109:
44:Mau Mau rebellion
16:(Redirected from
14092:
14025:Mau Mau Uprising
13961:Cyprus Emergency
13787:Maritz rebellion
13775:Tibet expedition
13708:Benin Expedition
13528:Indian Rebellion
13522:Second Opium War
13504:Eureka Rebellion
13480:British Honduras
13456:New Zealand Wars
13041:Seven Years' War
12987:Queen Anne's War
12820:
12813:
12806:
12797:
12796:
12773:
12766:
12580:
12579:
12546:
12511:
12510:
12491:
12482:Deputy President
12394:
12393:
12290:
12289:
12254:2007–2008 crisis
12155:
12148:
12141:
12132:
12131:
12084:
12065:
12043:
12024:
12005:
11986:
11967:
11950:
11931:
11912:
11893:
11884:
11865:
11847:
11816:
11794:
11775:
11756:
11737:
11722:Grogan, Ewart S.
11717:
11698:
11677:
11655:
11636:
11597:
11578:
11559:
11540:
11521:
11502:
11474:
11455:
11436:
11417:
11398:
11359:
11333:
11323:
11296:
11274:
11255:
11253:
11251:
11229:
11188:
11169:
11143:
11120:
11094:
11055:
11036:
11017:
11005:
10986:
10967:
10946:
10937:
10898:
10879:
10840:
10814:
10805:
10786:
10777:
10756:
10744:
10725:
10706:
10684:
10665:
10646:
10625:
10596:
10575:
10558:Elkins, Caroline
10553:
10541:
10530:
10508:
10485:
10466:
10464:
10458:. Archived from
10431:
10421:
10419:
10417:
10400:
10369:
10350:
10332:
10301:
10282:
10280:
10278:
10272:
10249:
10221:
10211:
10194:(423): 205–227.
10180:
10178:
10176:
10130:
10107:
10083:
10081:
10079:
10052:
10033:
10014:
9969:
9950:
9919:
9909:
9903:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9870:
9861:
9860:
9855:
9853:
9833:
9827:
9825:
9820:
9818:
9812:
9799:
9791:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9771:. Archived from
9764:
9755:
9745:
9739:
9733:
9727:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9708:
9706:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9680:
9661:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9614:
9592:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9581:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9479:
9457:
9451:
9450:
9440:
9438:
9416:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9405:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9358:
9350:
9344:
9340:
9326:
9324:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9281:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9235:
9233:
9211:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9179:
9173:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9149:
9133:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9108:
9100:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9064:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9024:
9018:
9017:
9011:
9009:
8987:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8957:
8950:
8944:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8843:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8816:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8774:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8697:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8666:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8635:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8578:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8551:
8545:
8544:
8542:
8540:
8518:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8490:
8482:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8457:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8313:
8307:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8269:
8263:
8253:
8247:
8241:
8235:
8229:
8223:
8217:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8189:
8180:
8179:
8164:
8158:
8152:
8146:
8140:
8134:
8128:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8111:
8104:
8096:
8090:
8084:
8078:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8020:
8014:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7975:(389): 201–223.
7964:
7958:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7945:, 10 July 2006,
7935:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7924:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7893:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7832:
7819:
7810:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7680:
7674:
7673:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7606:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7575:
7573:
7553:
7544:
7543:
7535:
7529:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7366:
7365:
7348:Maathai, Wangari
7344:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7273:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7153:
7147:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7082:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6995:
6989:
6983:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6964:, pp. 9–10.
6959:
6953:
6947:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6914:
6908:
6902:
6896:
6886:
6880:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6830:
6824:
6818:
6812:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6783:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6764:
6762:
6742:
6736:
6726:
6720:
6714:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6583:
6574:
6568:
6559:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6503:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6198:
6192:
6182:
6176:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6134:
6128:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6027:
6018:
6008:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5876:
5870:
5864:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5724:
5718:
5708:
5699:
5689:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5658:
5652:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5585:
5579:
5569:
5563:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5525:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5477:
5467:
5461:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5307:. pulitzer.org.
5301:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5211:
5205:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5181:
5172:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5137:
5128:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5046:(392): 548–597.
5031:
5025:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4908:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4865:on 10 April 2023
4851:
4845:
4844:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4800:
4794:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4526:
4520:
4510:
4504:
4494:
4488:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4452:
4446:
4436:
4430:
4420:
4414:
4404:
4398:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4340:
4334:
4324:
4318:
4308:
4302:
4292:
4286:
4276:
4270:
4260:
4254:
4244:
4235:
4225:
4219:
4209:
4203:
4193:
4184:
4174:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4135:
4129:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4080:
4070:
4053:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4014:
4008:
3998:
3987:
3977:
3971:
3957:
3951:
3941:
3935:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3885:
3879:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3823:
3817:
3807:
3801:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3758:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3647:
3636:
3626:
3620:
3610:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3388:(7 April 2011).
3382:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3278:
3272:
3264:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3232:Swahili language
3224:
3218:
3208:
3192:History of Kenya
3129:Kurito ole Kisio
3101:
3068:
3014:
3012:Alan Lennox-Boyd
2980:
2836:
2832:
2805:
2715:Communist Russia
2693:
2692:—Caroline Elkins
2624:
2601:Daniel Goldhagen
2578:prisoners of war
2572:, and murder of
2433:
2408:
2369:ethnopsychiatric
2362:
2343:Embakasi Airport
2328:
2284:
2254:
2228:
2201:
2165:
2164:—Caroline Elkins
1982:
1935:Stanley Mathenge
1849:Oliver Lyttelton
1840:
1796:
1738:British reaction
1659:
1658:30 November 1946
1505:
1498:
1461:Uprising led by
1451:Nandi Resistance
1436:House of Commons
1410:
1390:
1333:at least 11,000
1285:, and the local
1243:Mau Mau uprising
1227:
1220:
1213:
1201:Kenya portal
1199:
1198:
1197:
1050:Wagalla massacre
856:Nandi Resistance
657:African Iron Age
638:Eburran industry
591:Enkapune Ya Muto
533:
523:History of Kenya
508:
507:
404:
402:
392:
385:
378:
369:
368:
325:
313:
307:Stanley Mathenge
296:
284:Terence Gavaghan
282:
281:
280:
271:
270:
269:
262:Kenneth O'Connor
260:
259:
249:
248:
238:
237:
227:Harold Macmillan
225:
224:
212:
211:
199:
198:
166:
164:
163:
153:
152:
151:
141:
140:
139:
128:
126:
125:
100:British victory
73:
72:
61:
41:
40:
21:
18:Mau-Mau Uprising
14100:
14099:
14095:
14094:
14093:
14091:
14090:
14089:
14015:
14014:
14013:
14008:
13949:Kenya Emergency
13755:
13749:
13744:Second Boer War
13738:Boxer Rebellion
13666:Pahang Uprising
13546:Ambela campaign
13468:Río de la Plata
13450:First Opium War
13432:Aden Expedition
13264:Río de la Plata
13226:
13220:
13191:Irish Rebellion
13083:First Carib War
12979:
12973:
12896:Confederate War
12890:Irish Rebellion
12840:
12834:
12824:
12794:
12789:
12776:
12769:
12762:
12749:
12725:Public holidays
12656:
12565:
12544:
12496:
12489:
12488:Prime Minister
12443:Law enforcement
12379:
12356:
12332:Protected areas
12279:
12268:
12259:2010 referendum
12212:In World War II
12168:
12159:
12092:
12087:
12081:
12062:
12040:
12021:
12002:
11983:
11947:
11928:
11909:
11881:
11813:
11791:
11772:
11753:
11714:
11695:
11674:
11652:
11594:
11575:
11556:
11537:
11518:
11499:
11482:
11480:Further reading
11477:
11471:
11452:
11433:
11414:
11362:
11356:
11293:
11283:, Volume 2, H–O
11271:
11249:
11247:
11226:
11185:
11166:
11099:Newsinger, John
11097:
11058:
11052:
11033:
11002:
10983:
10964:
10895:
10837:
10802:
10774:
10741:
10722:
10703:
10681:
10662:
10643:
10593:
10572:
10550:
10527:
10482:
10462:
10429:
10415:
10413:
10397:
10366:
10298:
10276:
10274:
10270:
10219:
10187:African Affairs
10174:
10172:
10127:
10104:
10077:
10075:
10055:
10049:
10030:
10003:
9980:African Affairs
9966:
9932:
9928:
9923:
9922:
9910:
9906:
9898:
9894:
9884:
9882:
9871:
9864:
9851:
9849:
9834:
9830:
9816:
9814:
9813:on 2 April 2013
9810:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9788:
9778:
9776:
9765:
9758:
9746:
9742:
9734:
9730:
9718:
9714:
9704:
9702:
9697:. 6 June 2013.
9693:
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9508:
9491:
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9458:
9454:
9436:
9434:
9417:
9413:
9403:
9401:
9386:
9382:
9372:
9370:
9362:Financial Times
9351:
9347:
9322:
9320:
9297:
9295:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9268:
9266:
9249:
9245:
9231:
9229:
9212:
9203:
9193:
9191:
9180:
9176:
9171:Wayback Machine
9161:
9157:
9147:
9145:
9134:
9130:
9120:
9118:
9111:The Independent
9101:
9094:
9084:
9082:
9065:
9054:
9044:
9042:
9025:
9021:
9007:
9005:
8988:
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8947:
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8925:
8923:
8906:
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8875:
8871:
8861:
8859:
8844:
8840:
8830:
8828:
8817:
8813:
8803:
8801:
8786:
8782:
8772:
8770:
8755:
8751:
8741:
8739:
8724:
8720:
8710:
8708:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8684:
8682:
8667:
8663:
8653:
8651:
8636:
8627:
8617:
8615:
8606:
8605:
8601:
8591:
8589:
8580:
8579:
8575:
8565:
8563:
8552:
8548:
8538:
8536:
8528:Harvard Gazette
8519:
8512:
8502:
8500:
8493:The Independent
8483:
8479:
8469:
8467:
8450:
8446:
8436:
8434:
8423:
8419:
8409:
8407:
8396:
8392:
8382:
8380:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8356:
8354:
8353:. 8 August 1999
8351:The Irish Times
8345:
8344:
8340:
8330:
8328:
8315:
8314:
8310:
8305:
8301:
8270:
8266:
8254:
8250:
8242:
8238:
8230:
8226:
8218:
8214:
8206:
8202:
8190:
8183:
8165:
8161:
8153:
8149:
8141:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8105:. p. 175.
8102:
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8073:
8069:
8059:
8057:
8048:
8047:
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8022:
8021:
8017:
8008:
8004:
7969:The Round Table
7965:
7961:
7952:
7950:
7943:Telegraph.co.uk
7937:
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7905:
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7212:
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7185:
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7056:
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7024:
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7008:
6996:
6992:
6984:
6980:
6972:
6968:
6960:
6956:
6948:
6939:
6931:
6927:
6919:, p. 235.
6915:
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6899:
6887:
6883:
6871:
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6219:
6199:
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6136:
6135:
6131:
6125:Wayback Machine
6116:
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5542:
5538:
5526:
5519:
5511:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5487:
5480:
5468:
5464:
5454:Wayback Machine
5444:
5440:
5428:
5426:
5409:
5400:
5398:
5381:
5372:
5370:
5353:
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5255:
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5239:
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5212:
5208:
5194:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5171:(1997), p. 641.
5166:
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5138:
5131:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5091:
5087:
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5028:
5016:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4988:
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4885:
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4463:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4437:
4433:
4421:
4417:
4405:
4401:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4341:
4337:
4325:
4321:
4309:
4305:
4293:
4289:
4277:
4273:
4261:
4257:
4245:
4238:
4226:
4222:
4210:
4206:
4194:
4187:
4175:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4136:
4132:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4083:
4071:
4056:
4048:
4047:, pp. 1–5.
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4015:
4011:
3999:
3990:
3978:
3974:
3958:
3954:
3942:
3938:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3886:
3882:
3874:and after whom
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3835:
3833:
3824:
3820:
3808:
3804:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3639:
3627:
3623:
3611:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3383:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3225:
3221:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3183:
3170:
3161:Weep Not, Child
3108:
3103:
3099:
3074:Daniel arap Moi
3070:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3032:John Nottingham
3016:
3009:
2982:
2978:
2907:
2871:
2834:
2830:
2818:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2791:
2763:
2730:
2722:Wangari Maathai
2695:
2691:
2648:detention camps
2644:Caroline Elkins
2636:civil liberties
2632:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2535:
2529:
2518:Wangari Maathai
2490:
2468:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2410:
2406:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2330:
2326:
2314:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2256:
2252:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2203:
2195:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2139:Swynnerton Plan
2131:
2129:Swynnerton Plan
2125:
2123:Swynnerton Plan
2090:At first armed
2084:
2051:
2045:
2043:Operation Anvil
2003:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1918:
1881:Swynnerton Plan
1845:Philip Mitchell
1842:
1839:—David Anderson
1838:
1830:
1798:
1791:
1769:Caroline Elkins
1740:
1673:
1671:Mau Mau warfare
1661:
1657:
1655:
1608:
1555:White Highlands
1535:agrarian reform
1507:
1503:
1496:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1382:Wangari Maathai
1343:
1318:divide and rule
1251:Kenya Emergency
1231:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1040:Daniel Arap Moi
1034:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1003:Kisumu Massacre
972:
962:
961:
960:
825:
815:
814:
813:
809:Said bin Sultan
778:
768:
767:
766:
762:Jumba la Mtwana
752:History of Lamu
737:Kilwa Sultanate
732:Swahili culture
716:
706:
705:
704:
670:Bantu expansion
665:Sirikwa culture
659:
649:
648:
647:
612:
602:
601:
600:
570:
560:
559:
558:
543:
517:
506:
505:
504:
499:
471:Swynnerton Plan
466:Operation Anvil
405:
400:
398:
396:
361:
359:
338:
336:
316:
305:
301:
297:
278:
276:
275:
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264:
254:
253:
243:
242:
232:
231:
229:
219:
218:
216:
206:
205:
203:
193:
175:Mau Mau rebels
161:
159:
149:
147:
137:
135:
123:
121:
91:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14098:
14088:
14087:
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14077:
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14067:
14062:
14057:
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14042:
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14027:
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14007:
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14000:
13994:
13988:
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13976:
13970:
13964:
13958:
13952:
13946:
13940:
13934:
13928:
13922:
13916:
13910:
13904:
13898:
13892:
13889:Barzani revolt
13886:
13880:
13874:
13868:
13862:
13856:
13850:
13844:
13838:
13832:
13826:
13820:
13814:
13808:
13802:
13796:
13790:
13784:
13778:
13772:
13766:
13759:
13757:
13751:
13750:
13748:
13747:
13741:
13735:
13729:
13726:Tirah campaign
13723:
13717:
13711:
13705:
13699:
13693:
13687:
13681:
13675:
13669:
13663:
13657:
13651:
13645:
13639:
13636:Central Africa
13633:
13627:
13621:
13615:
13609:
13606:First Boer War
13603:
13597:
13591:
13588:Anglo-Zulu War
13585:
13579:
13573:
13567:
13561:
13555:
13549:
13543:
13537:
13531:
13525:
13519:
13513:
13507:
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13489:
13483:
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13375:
13369:
13363:
13357:
13351:
13345:
13339:
13333:
13327:
13321:
13315:
13309:
13303:
13297:
13291:
13285:
13279:
13276:Froberg mutiny
13273:
13267:
13261:
13255:
13249:
13243:
13237:
13230:
13228:
13222:
13221:
13219:
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13122:
13116:
13110:
13104:
13098:
13092:
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13074:
13068:
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13020:
13014:
13008:
13002:
12996:
12990:
12983:
12981:
12975:
12974:
12972:
12971:
12965:
12959:
12956:Williamite War
12953:
12947:
12941:
12935:
12929:
12923:
12917:
12911:
12905:
12899:
12893:
12887:
12881:
12875:
12869:
12863:
12857:
12851:
12844:
12842:
12836:
12835:
12832:British Empire
12823:
12822:
12815:
12808:
12800:
12791:
12790:
12788:
12787:
12782:
12775:
12774:
12767:
12759:
12758:
12755:
12754:
12751:
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12707:
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12657:
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12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12587:Child marriage
12583:
12577:
12571:
12570:
12567:
12566:
12564:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12540:
12535:
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12525:
12520:
12514:
12508:
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12501:
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12497:
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12479:
12478:
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12428:
12418:
12413:
12408:
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12380:
12378:
12377:
12372:
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12364:
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12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12293:
12287:
12281:
12280:
12271:
12269:
12267:
12266:
12264:2013 Elections
12261:
12256:
12251:
12249:1992 Elections
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12219:Ilemi Triangle
12216:
12215:
12214:
12204:
12202:Uganda Railway
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12178:
12176:
12170:
12169:
12158:
12157:
12150:
12143:
12135:
12129:
12128:
12123:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12091:
12090:External links
12088:
12086:
12085:
12079:
12066:
12060:
12044:
12038:
12025:
12019:
12006:
12000:
11987:
11981:
11968:
11951:
11945:
11932:
11926:
11913:
11907:
11894:
11885:
11879:
11866:
11830:(3): 393–421.
11817:
11811:
11799:Lapping, Brian
11795:
11789:
11776:
11770:
11757:
11751:
11738:
11718:
11712:
11699:
11693:
11678:
11672:
11656:
11650:
11637:
11598:
11592:
11579:
11573:
11560:
11554:
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11503:
11497:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11475:
11469:
11456:
11450:
11437:
11431:
11418:
11412:
11399:
11373:(3): 437–453.
11360:
11354:
11334:
11297:
11291:
11275:
11269:
11256:
11230:
11224:
11189:
11183:
11170:
11164:
11144:
11121:
11111:(2): 159–185.
11095:
11069:(1): 127–143.
11056:
11050:
11037:
11031:
11018:
11006:
11000:
10987:
10981:
10968:
10962:
10947:
10938:
10912:(2): 241–258.
10899:
10893:
10880:
10854:(1): 107–124.
10841:
10835:
10815:
10806:
10800:
10787:
10778:
10772:
10757:
10749:Henderson, Ian
10745:
10739:
10726:
10720:
10707:
10701:
10685:
10679:
10666:
10660:
10647:
10641:
10626:
10608:(5): 731–748.
10597:
10591:
10576:
10570:
10554:
10548:
10531:
10525:
10509:
10499:(1): 179–193.
10486:
10480:
10467:
10422:
10401:
10395:
10370:
10364:
10351:
10315:(107): 11–31.
10302:
10296:
10283:
10232:(2): 291–315.
10212:
10181:
10157:10.2307/485216
10151:(2): 181–206.
10134:
10131:
10125:
10108:
10102:
10084:
10053:
10047:
10034:
10028:
10015:
10001:
9970:
9964:
9951:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9904:
9892:
9862:
9828:
9786:
9756:
9740:
9728:
9712:
9686:
9653:
9620:
9587:
9554:
9518:
9485:
9452:
9411:
9380:
9345:
9343:
9342:
9304:
9276:
9243:
9201:
9174:
9155:
9128:
9092:
9052:
9019:
8979:
8945:
8933:
8900:
8869:
8838:
8811:
8780:
8749:
8718:
8692:
8661:
8625:
8599:
8573:
8546:
8510:
8477:
8444:
8417:
8390:
8364:
8338:
8308:
8299:
8280:(3): 442–459.
8264:
8256:Wasserman 1976
8248:
8236:
8234:, p. 752.
8224:
8212:
8200:
8192:Wasserman 1976
8181:
8159:
8147:
8135:
8133:, p. 132.
8123:
8091:
8089:, p. 127.
8079:
8067:
8041:
8015:
8002:
7959:
7930:
7899:
7864:
7844:
7802:
7772:
7734:
7695:(2): 267–294.
7675:
7668:
7650:
7620:
7608:
7601:
7583:
7545:
7530:
7518:
7506:
7504:, p. 324.
7494:
7464:
7445:
7433:
7421:
7402:
7382:
7367:
7360:
7339:
7327:
7325:, p. 366.
7315:
7313:, p. xiv.
7303:
7265:
7226:(4): 515–535.
7206:
7195:(3): 343–364.
7179:
7148:
7136:
7124:
7112:
7100:
7083:
7081:, p. 263.
7071:
7069:, p. 260.
7054:
7042:
7040:, p. 252.
7030:
7028:, p. 293.
7018:
7016:, p. 238.
7006:
6990:
6978:
6976:, p. 239.
6966:
6954:
6952:, p. 294.
6937:
6935:, p. 240.
6925:
6909:
6897:
6889:McCulloch 2006
6881:
6865:
6853:
6851:, p. 153.
6841:
6825:
6823:, p. 227.
6813:
6801:
6799:, p. 262.
6784:
6772:
6737:
6721:
6709:
6707:, p. 144.
6697:
6685:
6673:
6642:
6630:
6609:
6575:
6573:, p. 178.
6560:
6548:
6531:
6495:
6493:, p. 136.
6483:
6481:, p. 108.
6471:
6469:, p. 109.
6459:
6447:
6445:, p. 125.
6435:
6423:
6411:
6395:
6393:, p. 127.
6383:
6371:
6359:
6355:Air Enthusiast
6343:
6331:
6315:
6303:
6284:
6272:
6260:
6248:
6236:
6217:
6211:. p. 15.
6207:. Oxford, UK:
6193:
6177:
6161:
6129:
6110:
6078:
6050:
6038:
6019:
6000:
5988:
5976:
5974:, p. 189.
5961:
5949:
5937:
5919:
5907:
5895:
5883:
5871:
5856:
5844:
5829:
5802:
5790:
5769:(2): 323–350.
5749:
5719:
5700:
5679:
5653:
5637:
5620:
5608:
5596:
5580:
5564:
5548:
5546:, p. 199.
5536:
5517:
5505:
5493:
5478:
5462:
5460:, p. 294.
5445:See Elstein's
5438:
5436:
5435:
5407:
5379:
5339:
5322:
5296:
5261:
5249:
5233:
5222:(2): 159–185.
5206:
5173:
5160:
5148:
5129:
5113:
5101:
5085:
5026:
5018:McCulloch 2006
5010:
4998:
4986:
4970:
4955:
4928:
4876:
4846:
4825:
4795:
4780:
4766:978-1473864603
4765:
4747:
4745:, p. 239.
4735:
4733:, p. 252.
4723:
4711:
4695:
4683:
4666:
4654:
4642:
4640:, p. 198.
4630:
4623:
4605:
4603:, p. 282.
4593:
4574:
4567:
4549:
4537:
4521:
4505:
4489:
4473:
4447:
4431:
4415:
4399:
4383:
4371:
4335:
4319:
4303:
4287:
4271:
4255:
4236:
4220:
4204:
4185:
4158:
4146:
4144:, p. 159.
4130:
4114:
4102:
4081:
4054:
4037:
4025:
4009:
4007:, p. 187.
3988:
3972:
3964:Basuto Gun War
3952:
3936:
3920:
3908:
3896:
3880:
3860:
3818:
3802:
3800:, p. 149.
3786:
3774:
3759:
3757:, p. 320.
3744:
3737:
3719:
3707:
3705:, p. 167.
3692:
3688:Majdalany 1963
3680:
3668:
3637:
3621:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3560:
3548:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3451:
3444:
3424:
3407:
3368:
3358:
3343:
3341:, p. 206.
3331:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3273:
3259:
3245:
3236:
3219:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3126:
3117:
3107:
3104:
3091:
3067:—John Lonsdale
3058:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3002:
2971:
2906:
2903:
2870:
2867:
2814:Main article:
2811:
2810:Lari massacres
2808:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2762:
2759:
2734:Chuka massacre
2729:
2728:Chuka massacre
2726:
2697:In June 1957,
2683:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:eliminationism
2531:Main article:
2528:
2525:
2489:
2486:
2467:
2464:
2438:Cross relief.
2422:
2399:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2273:
2244:
2234:
2231:
2216:
2187:
2155:
2147:
2144:
2127:Main article:
2124:
2121:
2101:propaganda war
2083:
2080:
2047:Main article:
2044:
2041:
2029:George Erskine
2011:George Erskine
2002:
1999:
1974:Percy Sillitoe
1963:
1917:
1914:
1897:George Erskine
1869:Kapenguria Six
1831:
1829:
1826:
1794:Louise Pirouet
1783:
1771:' 2005 study,
1739:
1736:
1672:
1669:
1648:
1607:
1604:
1543:expropriations
1522:wage labourers
1518:Uganda Railway
1491:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1372:was adopted: "
1342:
1339:
1287:Kenya Regiment
1247:Mau Mau revolt
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:Uhuru Kenyatta
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:Recent history
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
983:Pio Gama Pinto
980:
974:
973:
968:
967:
964:
963:
959:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
827:
826:
821:
820:
817:
816:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
780:
779:
774:
773:
770:
769:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
727:Swahili people
724:
718:
717:
712:
711:
708:
707:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
661:
660:
655:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
614:
613:
608:
607:
604:
603:
599:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
572:
571:
566:
565:
562:
561:
557:
556:
551:
545:
544:
539:
538:
535:
534:
526:
525:
519:
518:
511:
501:
500:
498:
497:
486:
485:
474:
473:
468:
457:
456:
451:
446:
444:Chuka massacre
441:
436:
425:
424:
419:
410:
407:
406:
395:
394:
387:
380:
372:
364:
363:
360:2,633 captured
356:
352:
351:
347:
346:
343:
332:
331:
327:
326:
286:
251:George Erskine
190:
189:
185:
184:
183:
182:
172:
171:
170:
157:
145:
130:United Kingdom
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
97:
93:
92:
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
63:Troops of the
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14097:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14022:
14020:
14004:
14001:
13998:
13995:
13992:
13989:
13986:
13983:
13980:
13977:
13974:
13971:
13968:
13965:
13962:
13959:
13956:
13953:
13950:
13947:
13944:
13941:
13938:
13935:
13932:
13929:
13926:
13923:
13920:
13917:
13914:
13911:
13908:
13905:
13902:
13899:
13896:
13893:
13890:
13887:
13884:
13881:
13878:
13877:Ikhwan revolt
13875:
13872:
13869:
13866:
13863:
13860:
13857:
13854:
13851:
13848:
13845:
13842:
13839:
13836:
13833:
13830:
13827:
13824:
13821:
13818:
13815:
13812:
13809:
13806:
13803:
13800:
13797:
13794:
13791:
13788:
13785:
13782:
13779:
13776:
13773:
13770:
13767:
13764:
13761:
13760:
13758:
13752:
13745:
13742:
13739:
13736:
13733:
13730:
13727:
13724:
13721:
13718:
13715:
13712:
13709:
13706:
13703:
13700:
13697:
13694:
13691:
13688:
13685:
13682:
13679:
13676:
13673:
13670:
13667:
13664:
13661:
13658:
13655:
13652:
13649:
13646:
13643:
13640:
13637:
13634:
13631:
13628:
13625:
13622:
13619:
13616:
13613:
13610:
13607:
13604:
13601:
13598:
13595:
13592:
13589:
13586:
13583:
13580:
13577:
13574:
13571:
13568:
13565:
13562:
13559:
13556:
13553:
13550:
13547:
13544:
13541:
13538:
13535:
13532:
13529:
13526:
13523:
13520:
13517:
13514:
13511:
13508:
13505:
13502:
13499:
13496:
13493:
13490:
13487:
13484:
13481:
13478:
13475:
13472:
13469:
13466:
13463:
13460:
13457:
13454:
13451:
13448:
13445:
13442:
13439:
13436:
13433:
13430:
13427:
13424:
13421:
13418:
13415:
13412:
13409:
13406:
13403:
13400:
13397:
13394:
13391:
13388:
13385:
13382:
13379:
13376:
13373:
13370:
13367:
13364:
13361:
13358:
13355:
13352:
13349:
13346:
13343:
13340:
13337:
13334:
13331:
13328:
13325:
13324:Spice Islands
13322:
13319:
13316:
13313:
13310:
13307:
13304:
13301:
13298:
13295:
13292:
13289:
13286:
13283:
13282:Santo Domingo
13280:
13277:
13274:
13271:
13268:
13265:
13262:
13259:
13256:
13253:
13250:
13247:
13244:
13241:
13238:
13235:
13232:
13231:
13229:
13223:
13216:
13213:
13210:
13207:
13204:
13201:
13198:
13195:
13192:
13189:
13186:
13183:
13180:
13177:
13174:
13171:
13168:
13165:
13162:
13159:
13156:
13153:
13150:
13147:
13144:
13141:
13138:
13135:
13132:
13129:
13126:
13123:
13120:
13117:
13114:
13111:
13108:
13105:
13102:
13099:
13096:
13093:
13090:
13087:
13084:
13081:
13078:
13075:
13072:
13071:Pontiac's War
13069:
13066:
13063:
13060:
13057:
13054:
13051:
13048:
13045:
13042:
13039:
13036:
13033:
13030:
13027:
13024:
13023:Carnatic Wars
13021:
13018:
13015:
13012:
13009:
13006:
13003:
13000:
12997:
12994:
12993:Tuscarora War
12991:
12988:
12985:
12984:
12982:
12976:
12969:
12966:
12963:
12960:
12957:
12954:
12951:
12948:
12945:
12942:
12939:
12936:
12933:
12930:
12927:
12924:
12921:
12918:
12915:
12912:
12909:
12906:
12903:
12900:
12897:
12894:
12891:
12888:
12885:
12882:
12879:
12876:
12873:
12870:
12867:
12864:
12861:
12858:
12855:
12852:
12849:
12846:
12845:
12843:
12837:
12833:
12829:
12821:
12816:
12814:
12809:
12807:
12802:
12801:
12798:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12777:
12772:
12768:
12765:
12761:
12760:
12756:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12663:
12659:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12584:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12572:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12515:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12503:
12493:
12492:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12476:
12473:
12472:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12459:
12456:
12455:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12423:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12398:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12386:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12367:
12365:
12363:
12359:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12294:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12282:
12275:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12213:
12210:
12209:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12187:Wanga Kingdom
12185:
12183:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12175:
12171:
12167:
12163:
12156:
12151:
12149:
12144:
12142:
12137:
12136:
12133:
12127:
12124:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12105:
12101:
12097:
12094:
12093:
12082:
12076:
12072:
12067:
12063:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12035:
12031:
12026:
12022:
12016:
12012:
12007:
12003:
11997:
11993:
11988:
11984:
11978:
11974:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11952:
11948:
11942:
11938:
11933:
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11923:
11919:
11914:
11910:
11904:
11900:
11895:
11891:
11886:
11882:
11876:
11872:
11867:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11824:
11818:
11814:
11808:
11804:
11803:End of Empire
11800:
11796:
11792:
11786:
11782:
11777:
11773:
11767:
11763:
11758:
11754:
11748:
11744:
11739:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11723:
11719:
11715:
11709:
11705:
11700:
11696:
11690:
11686:
11685:
11679:
11675:
11669:
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11662:
11657:
11653:
11647:
11643:
11638:
11634:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11605:
11599:
11595:
11589:
11585:
11580:
11576:
11570:
11566:
11561:
11557:
11551:
11547:
11542:
11538:
11532:
11528:
11523:
11519:
11513:
11509:
11504:
11500:
11494:
11490:
11485:
11484:
11472:
11466:
11462:
11457:
11453:
11447:
11443:
11438:
11434:
11428:
11424:
11419:
11415:
11409:
11405:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11367:
11361:
11357:
11351:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11313:
11309:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11294:
11288:
11284:
11282:
11276:
11272:
11266:
11262:
11257:
11245:
11241:
11240:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11225:0-297-84719-8
11221:
11217:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11204:
11199:
11195:
11190:
11186:
11180:
11176:
11171:
11167:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11133:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11106:
11105:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11068:
11064:
11063:
11057:
11053:
11047:
11043:
11038:
11034:
11028:
11024:
11019:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10997:
10993:
10988:
10984:
10978:
10974:
10969:
10965:
10959:
10955:
10954:
10948:
10944:
10939:
10935:
10931:
10927:
10923:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10906:
10900:
10896:
10890:
10886:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10849:
10848:
10842:
10838:
10832:
10828:
10824:
10820:
10816:
10812:
10807:
10803:
10797:
10793:
10788:
10784:
10779:
10775:
10769:
10765:
10764:
10758:
10754:
10750:
10746:
10742:
10736:
10732:
10727:
10723:
10717:
10713:
10708:
10704:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10689:Füredi, Frank
10686:
10682:
10676:
10672:
10667:
10663:
10657:
10653:
10648:
10644:
10638:
10634:
10633:
10627:
10623:
10619:
10615:
10611:
10607:
10603:
10598:
10594:
10588:
10584:
10583:
10577:
10573:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10551:
10545:
10540:
10539:
10532:
10528:
10522:
10518:
10514:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10493:
10487:
10483:
10477:
10473:
10468:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10436:
10428:
10423:
10411:
10407:
10402:
10398:
10396:9789241400176
10392:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10371:
10367:
10361:
10357:
10352:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10309:
10303:
10299:
10293:
10289:
10284:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10226:
10218:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10189:
10188:
10182:
10170:
10166:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10132:
10128:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10109:
10105:
10099:
10095:
10094:
10089:
10085:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10064:
10063:History Today
10059:
10054:
10050:
10044:
10040:
10035:
10031:
10025:
10021:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10004:
10002:0-902-99319-4
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9967:
9961:
9957:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9936:
9931:
9930:
9917:
9913:
9908:
9901:
9900:Anderson 2005
9896:
9880:
9876:
9869:
9867:
9859:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9832:
9824:
9809:
9805:
9804:
9796:
9790:
9774:
9770:
9763:
9761:
9753:
9749:
9744:
9737:
9732:
9725:
9721:
9720:Lonsdale 2003
9716:
9700:
9696:
9690:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9660:
9658:
9641:
9637:
9636:
9631:
9624:
9608:
9604:
9603:
9598:
9591:
9575:
9571:
9570:
9565:
9558:
9542:
9538:
9537:
9532:
9528:
9522:
9506:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9489:
9473:
9469:
9468:
9463:
9456:
9449:
9446:
9432:
9428:
9427:
9422:
9415:
9399:
9395:
9394:Correspondent
9391:
9384:
9368:
9364:
9363:
9357:
9349:
9339:
9337:
9333:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9305:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9284:
9280:
9264:
9260:
9259:
9254:
9247:
9240:
9227:
9223:
9222:
9217:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9189:
9185:
9178:
9172:
9168:
9165:
9159:
9143:
9139:
9132:
9116:
9112:
9107:
9099:
9097:
9080:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9057:
9040:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9023:
9016:
9003:
8999:
8998:
8993:
8986:
8984:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8956:
8949:
8942:
8937:
8921:
8917:
8916:
8911:
8904:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8873:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8842:
8826:
8822:
8815:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8784:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8753:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8722:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8665:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8613:
8609:
8603:
8587:
8583:
8577:
8561:
8557:
8550:
8534:
8530:
8529:
8524:
8517:
8515:
8498:
8494:
8489:
8481:
8465:
8461:
8456:
8448:
8432:
8428:
8421:
8405:
8401:
8394:
8378:
8374:
8368:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8312:
8303:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8245:
8244:Lonsdale 2000
8240:
8233:
8228:
8221:
8216:
8209:
8204:
8197:
8193:
8188:
8186:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8163:
8157:, p. 42.
8156:
8151:
8145:, p. 94.
8144:
8143:Anderson 2005
8139:
8132:
8131:Anderson 2005
8127:
8108:
8101:
8095:
8088:
8087:Anderson 2005
8083:
8076:
8075:Anderson 2005
8071:
8055:
8051:
8045:
8029:
8025:
8019:
8012:
8006:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7963:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7934:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7903:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7878:History Today
7875:
7868:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7848:
7829:
7825:
7824:
7823:History Today
7816:
7809:
7807:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7776:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7738:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7679:
7671:
7665:
7661:
7654:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7624:
7618:, p. 66.
7617:
7612:
7604:
7602:1-85043-207-4
7598:
7594:
7587:
7580:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7552:
7550:
7541:
7534:
7527:
7522:
7515:
7510:
7503:
7498:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7460:
7456:
7449:
7443:, p. 87.
7442:
7437:
7430:
7429:Anderson 2005
7425:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7386:
7380:, p. 84.
7379:
7378:Anderson 2005
7374:
7372:
7363:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7343:
7336:
7335:Anderson 2005
7331:
7324:
7319:
7312:
7307:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7272:
7270:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7210:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7183:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7140:
7133:
7128:
7121:
7116:
7109:
7104:
7097:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7080:
7075:
7068:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7051:
7046:
7039:
7034:
7027:
7026:Anderson 2005
7022:
7015:
7010:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6987:
6982:
6975:
6970:
6963:
6958:
6951:
6950:Anderson 2005
6946:
6944:
6942:
6934:
6929:
6922:
6921:Anderson 2005
6918:
6913:
6906:
6901:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6838:
6834:
6829:
6822:
6817:
6810:
6805:
6798:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6782:, p. 84.
6781:
6780:Peterson 2008
6776:
6769:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6718:
6713:
6706:
6701:
6694:
6689:
6682:
6677:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6634:
6627:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6582:
6580:
6572:
6567:
6565:
6557:
6556:Peterson 2008
6552:
6545:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6519:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6502:
6500:
6492:
6487:
6480:
6475:
6468:
6463:
6456:
6451:
6444:
6439:
6432:
6427:
6420:
6419:Anderson 1988
6415:
6408:
6404:
6399:
6392:
6387:
6380:
6379:Anderson 1988
6375:
6369:, p. 86.
6368:
6367:Edgerton 1989
6363:
6356:
6353:
6350:Smith, J. T.
6347:
6341:, p. 67.
6340:
6339:Chappell 2011
6335:
6328:
6324:
6323:Edgerton 1989
6319:
6313:, p. 68.
6312:
6311:Chappell 2011
6307:
6300:
6299:Chappell 2011
6295:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6281:
6276:
6270:, p. 63.
6269:
6264:
6257:
6252:
6245:
6240:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6197:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6133:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6114:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6082:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6048:, p. 83.
6047:
6046:Edgerton 1989
6042:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6016:
6012:
6007:
6005:
5997:
5992:
5986:, p. 37.
5985:
5980:
5973:
5968:
5966:
5959:, p. 39.
5958:
5953:
5946:
5941:
5934:
5928:
5923:
5916:
5915:Anderson 2005
5911:
5905:, p. 69.
5904:
5903:Anderson 2005
5899:
5893:, p. 38.
5892:
5887:
5881:, p. 68.
5880:
5879:Anderson 2005
5875:
5869:, p. 63.
5868:
5867:Anderson 2005
5863:
5861:
5853:
5848:
5842:, p. 62.
5841:
5840:Anderson 2005
5836:
5834:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5634:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5617:
5616:Edgerton 1989
5612:
5605:
5600:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5545:
5540:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5522:
5514:
5513:Anderson 2005
5509:
5502:
5497:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5458:Anderson 2005
5455:
5451:
5448:
5442:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:David Elstein
5343:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5253:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5202:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5170:
5167:John Reader,
5164:
5157:
5156:Anderson 2005
5152:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5110:
5105:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4966:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4881:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4829:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4743:Anderson 2005
4739:
4732:
4731:Anderson 2005
4727:
4720:
4719:Edgerton 1989
4715:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4693:, p. 65.
4692:
4691:Edgerton 1989
4687:
4681:, p. 32.
4680:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4658:
4652:, p. 25.
4651:
4646:
4639:
4634:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4601:Anderson 2005
4597:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4579:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4534:
4530:
4529:Anderson 2004
4525:
4518:
4514:
4513:Swainson 1980
4509:
4502:
4500:
4497:Ormsby-Gore,
4493:
4486:
4484:
4481:Ormsby-Gore,
4477:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4444:
4442:
4439:Ormsby-Gore,
4435:
4428:
4424:
4423:Anderson 2004
4419:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4396:
4392:
4391:Anderson 2004
4387:
4381:, p. 17.
4380:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4316:
4312:
4311:Anderson 2004
4307:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4280:
4279:Anderson 2004
4275:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4252:
4250:
4247:Ormsby-Gore,
4243:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4228:Anderson 2004
4224:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4196:Ormsby-Gore,
4192:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4155:
4154:Edgerton 1989
4150:
4143:
4141:
4138:Ormsby-Gore,
4134:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4100:, p. 10.
4099:
4098:Anderson 2005
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4051:
4046:
4045:Edgerton 1989
4041:
4034:
4033:Anderson 2005
4029:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4006:
4004:
4001:Ormsby-Gore,
3997:
3995:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3916:Brantley 1981
3912:
3905:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3868:Edgerton 1989
3864:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3814:Coastal areas
3811:
3806:
3799:
3797:
3794:Ormsby-Gore,
3790:
3783:
3782:Anderson 2005
3778:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3717:, p. 24.
3716:
3711:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3690:, p. 75.
3689:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3508:(1994) p. 350
3507:
3502:
3495:
3494:Anderson 2005
3490:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3438:. Routledge.
3437:
3436:
3428:
3421:
3420:Anderson 2005
3416:
3414:
3412:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:David Elstein
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3362:
3355:
3354:Anderson 2005
3350:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3329:, p. 11.
3328:
3323:
3319:
3298:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3271:intelligence.
3269:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3240:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3028:William Hague
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:Ben Macintyre
2919:
2917:
2916:Hola massacre
2911:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2816:Lari massacre
2806:
2804:
2803:Bethwell Ogot
2797:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:Hola massacre
2761:Hola massacre
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2503:David Elstein
2498:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Evelyn Baring
2471:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:coup de grâce
2384:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:villagisation
2370:
2363:
2357:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:Kinongo Times
2202:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2117:
2116:Lari massacre
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2037:
2036:General China
2032:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1930:Jomo Kenyatta
1927:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:villagisation
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1857:Evelyn Baring
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:Wamuyu Gakuru
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1706:Lari massacre
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Evelyn Baring
1692:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1560:Giriama tribe
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:forced labour
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:dispossession
1420:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1392:
1387:
1386:maũndũ ni mau
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1303:Musa Mwariama
1300:
1295:
1294:Dedan Kimathi
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
988:Bildad Kaggia
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
971:
966:
965:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:Oginga Odinga
934:
932:
929:
927:
926:Dedan Kimathi
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Jomo Kenyatta
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
846:Nabongo Mumia
844:
842:
841:Wanga Kingdom
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
819:
818:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:Vasco da Gama
782:
781:
777:
772:
771:
763:
760:
758:
757:Ruins of Gedi
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
710:
709:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
680:Urewe culture
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
658:
653:
652:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
606:
605:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
569:
564:
563:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
537:
536:
532:
528:
527:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
509:
496:
495:Hola massacre
493:
492:
491:
490:
484:
481:
480:
479:
478:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
461:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
439:Lari massacre
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
408:
403:
393:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
373:
370:
357:
354:
353:
348:
344:
342:
337:21,000 police
334:
333:
328:
324:
319:
314:
308:
304:
303:Waruhiu Itote
300:
299:Musa Mwariama
295:
290:
289:Dedan Kimathi
287:
285:
274:
273:Evelyn Baring
263:
258:
252:
247:
241:
240:Ian Henderson
236:
228:
223:
215:
210:
202:
197:
192:
191:
186:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
169:
158:
156:
146:
144:
134:
133:
132:
131:
119:
118:
113:
103:
102:
101:
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:British Kenya
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
13948:
13847:Iraqi Revolt
13702:Matabeleland
13678:North Borneo
13672:Matabeleland
13624:Saskatchewan
13426:Upper Canada
13420:Lower Canada
13378:Persian Gulf
13294:Persian Gulf
13234:Newfoundland
13215:Polygar Wars
13185:Kandyan Wars
13137:Nootka Sound
12745:Video gaming
12680:Coat of arms
12632:Prostitution
12602:Demographics
12523:Central bank
12486:
12421:Human rights
12401:Constitution
12362:Subdivisions
12228:
12207:Kenya Colony
12070:
12051:
12029:
12010:
11991:
11972:
11955:
11936:
11917:
11898:
11889:
11870:
11827:
11821:
11802:
11780:
11761:
11742:
11725:
11703:
11683:
11664:
11660:
11641:
11611:(2): 27–50.
11608:
11604:Africa Today
11602:
11583:
11564:
11545:
11526:
11507:
11488:
11460:
11441:
11422:
11403:
11370:
11364:
11345:
11314:(1): 73–91.
11311:
11305:
11279:
11260:
11250:10 September
11248:. Retrieved
11238:
11207:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11174:
11155:
11140:the original
11135:
11129:
11108:
11102:
11066:
11060:
11041:
11022:
11013:
10991:
10972:
10952:
10942:
10909:
10903:
10884:
10851:
10845:
10822:
10819:Leys, Norman
10810:
10791:
10782:
10762:
10752:
10730:
10711:
10692:
10670:
10651:
10631:
10605:
10601:
10581:
10561:
10537:
10516:
10513:Curtis, Mark
10496:
10490:
10471:
10460:the original
10442:(1): 64–70.
10439:
10435:RUSI Journal
10433:
10416:10 September
10414:. Retrieved
10374:
10355:
10312:
10306:
10287:
10275:. Retrieved
10229:
10223:
10191:
10185:
10175:10 September
10173:. Retrieved
10148:
10142:
10116:
10092:
10078:10 September
10076:. Retrieved
10070:(8): 20–22.
10067:
10061:
10038:
10019:
9987:(348): 472.
9984:
9978:
9974:
9955:
9941:(1): 69–92.
9938:
9934:
9926:Bibliography
9907:
9895:
9883:. Retrieved
9877:. BBC News.
9857:
9850:. Retrieved
9846:the original
9842:The Standard
9841:
9831:
9822:
9815:. Retrieved
9808:the original
9801:
9789:
9777:. Retrieved
9773:the original
9743:
9731:
9715:
9703:. Retrieved
9689:
9677:. Retrieved
9668:
9644:. Retrieved
9635:The Guardian
9633:
9623:
9611:. Retrieved
9602:The Guardian
9600:
9590:
9578:. Retrieved
9569:The Guardian
9567:
9557:
9545:. Retrieved
9536:The Guardian
9534:
9521:
9509:. Retrieved
9500:The Guardian
9498:
9488:
9476:. Retrieved
9467:The Guardian
9465:
9455:
9444:
9442:
9435:. Retrieved
9424:
9414:
9402:. Retrieved
9393:
9383:
9371:. Retrieved
9360:
9348:
9335:
9331:
9328:
9321:. Retrieved
9312:
9296:. Retrieved
9279:
9267:. Retrieved
9258:The Guardian
9256:
9246:
9237:
9230:. Retrieved
9219:
9192:. Retrieved
9186:. BBC News.
9177:
9158:
9146:. Retrieved
9140:. BBC News.
9131:
9119:. Retrieved
9110:
9083:. Retrieved
9072:
9043:. Retrieved
9034:The Guardian
9032:
9022:
9013:
9006:. Retrieved
8995:
8970:. Retrieved
8959:
8948:
8936:
8924:. Retrieved
8913:
8903:
8891:. Retrieved
8882:
8872:
8860:. Retrieved
8851:
8841:
8829:. Retrieved
8823:. BBC News.
8814:
8802:. Retrieved
8794:The Guardian
8793:
8783:
8771:. Retrieved
8763:The Guardian
8762:
8752:
8740:. Retrieved
8732:The Guardian
8731:
8721:
8709:. Retrieved
8695:
8683:. Retrieved
8674:
8664:
8652:. Retrieved
8643:
8616:. Retrieved
8602:
8590:. Retrieved
8576:
8564:. Retrieved
8549:
8537:. Retrieved
8526:
8501:. Retrieved
8492:
8480:
8468:. Retrieved
8459:
8447:
8435:. Retrieved
8429:. BBC News.
8420:
8408:. Retrieved
8402:. BBC News.
8393:
8381:. Retrieved
8367:
8355:. Retrieved
8350:
8341:
8331:26 September
8329:. Retrieved
8320:
8311:
8302:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8251:
8239:
8227:
8215:
8210:, p. 2.
8208:Nissimi 2006
8203:
8176:
8168:
8162:
8150:
8138:
8126:
8114:. Retrieved
8094:
8082:
8070:
8058:. Retrieved
8044:
8032:. Retrieved
8028:the original
8018:
8010:
8005:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7951:, retrieved
7942:
7933:
7921:. Retrieved
7912:
7902:
7890:. Retrieved
7884:(8): 20–22.
7881:
7877:
7867:
7856:
7847:
7835:. Retrieved
7821:
7793:. Retrieved
7784:
7775:
7763:. Retrieved
7746:
7737:
7725:. Retrieved
7692:
7688:
7678:
7659:
7653:
7641:. Retrieved
7633:The Guardian
7632:
7623:
7611:
7592:
7586:
7577:
7570:. Retrieved
7562:The Guardian
7561:
7539:
7533:
7521:
7509:
7497:
7485:. Retrieved
7477:The Guardian
7476:
7467:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7436:
7431:, p. 2.
7424:
7412:. Retrieved
7392:
7385:
7351:
7342:
7337:, p. 7.
7330:
7318:
7306:
7281:
7277:
7256:. Retrieved
7223:
7219:
7209:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7170:. Retrieved
7162:Academia.edu
7161:
7151:
7144:Elkins 2005a
7139:
7127:
7115:
7103:
7096:Blacker 2007
7074:
7045:
7033:
7021:
7009:
6993:
6981:
6969:
6962:Nissimi 2006
6957:
6928:
6912:
6900:
6884:
6868:
6856:
6844:
6828:
6816:
6804:
6775:
6766:
6759:. Retrieved
6751:The Guardian
6750:
6740:
6724:
6712:
6700:
6688:
6676:
6664:. Retrieved
6655:
6645:
6633:
6600:. Retrieved
6591:
6551:
6522:. Retrieved
6513:The Guardian
6511:
6486:
6474:
6462:
6450:
6438:
6426:
6414:
6398:
6386:
6374:
6362:
6351:
6346:
6334:
6318:
6306:
6275:
6263:
6251:
6239:
6227:. Retrieved
6203:
6196:
6180:
6164:
6152:. Retrieved
6141:
6132:
6113:
6101:. Retrieved
6090:
6081:
6069:. Retrieved
6062:
6053:
6041:
5991:
5979:
5952:
5940:
5922:
5910:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5847:
5820:. Retrieved
5814:. BBC News.
5805:
5793:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5740:. Retrieved
5731:
5722:
5670:. Retrieved
5656:
5640:
5635:, p. 4.
5633:Nissimi 2006
5611:
5604:Kalyvas 2006
5599:
5588:Pirouet 1977
5583:
5567:
5551:
5539:
5508:
5496:
5470:Pirouet 1977
5465:
5441:
5427:. Retrieved
5421:(14). 2005.
5418:
5414:
5399:. Retrieved
5393:(11). 2005.
5390:
5386:
5371:. Retrieved
5365:(11). 2005.
5362:
5358:
5342:
5313:. Retrieved
5299:
5287:. Retrieved
5278:
5274:
5264:
5252:
5236:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5200:
5193:. Retrieved
5168:
5163:
5151:
5116:
5104:
5088:
5076:. Retrieved
5043:
5039:
5029:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4973:
4964:
4958:
4944:(1): 78–79.
4941:
4937:
4931:
4899:(1): 77–97.
4896:
4892:
4867:. Retrieved
4863:the original
4858:
4849:
4841:the original
4835:
4828:
4816:. Retrieved
4798:
4783:
4756:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4714:
4698:
4686:
4664:, p. 1.
4657:
4645:
4633:
4614:
4608:
4596:
4558:
4552:
4540:
4524:
4508:
4498:
4492:
4482:
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4450:
4440:
4434:
4418:
4402:
4386:
4374:
4362:. Retrieved
4351:
4338:
4322:
4306:
4290:
4274:
4263:Shilaro 2002
4258:
4248:
4223:
4207:
4197:
4156:, p. 5.
4149:
4139:
4133:
4122:Shilaro 2002
4117:
4105:
4040:
4035:, p. 3.
4028:
4012:
4002:
3975:
3955:
3939:
3923:
3911:
3906:, p. 2.
3899:
3883:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3840:
3821:
3805:
3795:
3789:
3777:
3728:
3722:
3715:Kariuki 1975
3710:
3703:Kariuki 1975
3683:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3629:Gerlach 2010
3624:
3591:
3579:
3568:Mumford 2012
3563:
3555:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3522:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3489:
3467:(1): 63–87.
3464:
3460:
3454:
3434:
3427:
3422:, p. 4.
3398:. Retrieved
3394:the original
3361:
3356:, p. 5.
3334:
3327:Nissimi 2006
3322:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3267:
3262:
3253:
3248:
3239:
3222:
3211:
3206:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3149:, author of
3147:Robert Ruark
3139:
3123:
3122:, author of
3120:Frank Kitson
3111:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3040:
3037:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3004:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2949:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2895:Daily Nation
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2819:
2799:
2794:
2764:
2738:Chuka, Kenya
2731:
2719:
2711:Nazi Germany
2696:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2674:Barack Obama
2667:
2662:The Guardian
2661:
2633:
2621:
2616:
2598:
2536:
2522:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2306:
2298:tuberculosis
2287:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2157:
2136:
2132:
2113:
2096:Avro Lincoln
2089:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2033:
2020:
1996:
1985:
1970:
1965:
1939:
1919:
1910:
1902:
1893:
1877:
1861:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1810:conservative
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1785:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:Louis Leakey
1741:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1699:
1687:
1674:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1599:
1588:
1584:Nandi people
1564:
1539:
1528:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1478:
1448:
1421:
1417:protectorate
1413:
1405:
1400:
1385:
1379:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:Map of Kenya
1313:
1310:Frank Füredi
1307:
1291:
1283:British Army
1255:Kenya Colony
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1157:William Ruto
1122:Raila Odinga
886:Kenya Colony
804:Omani Empire
488:
487:
476:
475:
459:
458:
427:
426:
411:
399:
214:Anthony Eden
174:
120:
115:Belligerents
99:
49:Part of the
36:
13967:Suez Crisis
13865:Transjordan
13769:West Africa
13746:(1899–1902)
13740:(1898–1901)
13732:Six-Day War
13680:(1894–1905)
13668:(1891–1895)
13648:Mashonaland
13612:Mahdist War
13552:Shimonoseki
13482:(1847–1901)
13392:(1824–1901)
13360:Cape Colony
13258:Cape Colony
13217:(1799–1805)
13211:(1799–1803)
13199:(1798–1800)
13187:(1796–1818)
13161:Cape Colony
13151:(1793–1806)
13133:(1788–1934)
13029:Nova Scotia
12999:Yamasee War
12970:(1694–1700)
12944:Child's War
12932:2nd Tangier
12926:1st Tangier
12922:(1655–1739)
12872:Saint Kitts
12850:(1593–1603)
12538:Real Estate
12518:Agriculture
12431:LGBT rights
11210:: 493–505.
10790:— (1993) .
10579:— (2005a).
10387:10665/41138
10247:10036/30200
9914:, pp.
9912:Branch 2009
9817:11 February
9750:, pp.
9748:Branch 2009
9736:Elkins 2005
9527:Day, Martyn
9121:10 February
8941:Elkins 2011
8773:11 February
8742:11 February
8470:11 February
8232:Percox 2005
8155:Elkins 2005
7853:"No. 40270"
7781:"Griffiths"
7643:12 December
7616:Elkins 2005
7572:12 December
7526:Elkins 2005
7514:Curtis 2003
7502:Curtis 2003
7441:Elkins 2005
7414:17 November
7323:Elkins 2005
7311:Elkins 2005
7284:(1): 1–28.
7146:, p. .
7132:Elkins 2005
7120:Elkins 2005
7108:Elkins 2005
7079:Elkins 2005
7067:Elkins 2005
7050:Elkins 2005
7038:Elkins 2005
7014:Elkins 2005
6998:French 2011
6986:Elkins 2005
6974:Elkins 2005
6933:Elkins 2005
6917:Elkins 2005
6905:Elkins 2005
6875:, pp.
6873:French 2011
6861:Elkins 2005
6849:Elkins 2005
6833:Curtis 2003
6821:Elkins 2005
6809:Elkins 2005
6797:Elkins 2005
6731:, pp.
6729:Curtis 2003
6717:Elkins 2005
6705:Elkins 2005
6693:Elkins 2005
6681:Elkins 2005
6638:Elkins 2005
6626:Elkins 2005
6571:Elkins 2005
6544:Elkins 2005
6491:Elkins 2005
6479:Elkins 2005
6467:Elkins 2005
6455:Elkins 2005
6443:Elkins 2005
6431:Elkins 2005
6391:Elkins 2005
6280:Elkins 2005
6268:Elkins 2005
6244:Elkins 2005
6187:, pp.
6185:French 2011
6169:French 2011
6103:17 November
6071:17 November
6064:Sunday Mail
6030:French 2011
6011:Clough 1998
5996:Elkins 2005
5984:Elkins 2005
5972:Berman 1991
5957:Elkins 2005
5945:Andrew 2009
5933:Walton 2013
5927:Andrew 2009
5891:Elkins 2005
5852:Elkins 2005
5798:Elkins 2005
5711:French 2011
5692:French 2011
5645:French 2011
5572:Branch 2009
5556:Branch 2009
5544:Berman 1991
5528:Branch 2009
5501:Berman 1991
5489:Clough 1998
5257:Berman 1991
5243:, pp.
5241:Füredi 1989
5140:Branch 2009
5121:Clough 1998
5109:Berman 1991
5095:, pp.
5093:Füredi 1994
5020:, pp.
5006:Mahone 2006
4994:Berman 1991
4978:Füredi 1989
4869:12 February
4703:Füredi 1989
4679:Elkins 2005
4662:Branch 2007
4650:Elkins 2005
4638:Berman 1991
4545:Curtis 2003
4531:, pp.
4409:, pp.
4407:Kanogo 1993
4379:Elkins 2005
4327:Kanogo 1993
4313:, pp.
4295:Kanogo 1993
4281:, pp.
4177:Kanogo 1993
4110:Carter 1934
4073:Kanogo 1993
4050:Elkins 2005
4017:Mosley 1983
3755:Curtis 2003
3676:Kanogo 1992
3613:Branch 2009
3596:Maloba 1998
3586:, p. 5
3584:Füredi 1989
3541:12 February
2779:Hola, Kenya
2312:Works camps
1678:Harry Thuku
1440:Hiram Maxim
1107:Mwai Kibaki
901:Harry Thuku
568:Pleistocene
230:(1957–1960)
217:(1955–1957)
204:(1951–1955)
14075:Proxy wars
14019:Categories
13871:Pink's War
13763:Somaliland
13600:Basutoland
13354:Guadeloupe
13336:Xhosa Wars
13318:Seychelles
13300:Guadeloupe
13288:Martinique
13155:Rohilkhand
13119:Gold Coast
13089:Rohilkhand
13047:Bengal War
12884:Pequot War
12705:Literature
12592:Corruption
12545:(currency)
12453:Parliament
12416:Government
12307:Ecoregions
12100:Pathé News
11845:10539/9062
10827:Frank Cass
10710:— (1994).
10377:. Geneva:
10286:— (2009).
10277:10 October
9722:, p.
9113:. London.
8495:. London.
8462:. London.
8258:, p.
8194:, p.
8060:6 December
7913:The Nation
7727:8 February
7669:0307263487
7564:. London.
7361:0307263487
7000:, p.
6891:, p.
6835:, p.
6405:, p.
6171:, p.
6154:9 November
6032:, p.
6013:, p.
5931:See also:
5713:, p.
5694:, p.
5647:, p.
5590:, p.
5574:, p.
5558:, p.
5530:, p.
5472:, p.
5142:, p.
5123:, p.
5078:27 October
4980:, p.
4705:, p.
4624:0307263487
4587:, p.
4515:, p.
4425:, p.
4393:, p.
4329:, p.
4297:, p.
4265:, p.
4230:, p.
4214:, p.
4179:, p.
4124:, p.
4075:, p.
4019:, p.
3982:, p.
3980:Maxon 1989
3946:, p.
3930:, p.
3828:, p.
3826:Ellis 1986
3770:Coray 1978
3738:0307263487
3631:, p.
3615:, p.
3570:, p.
3309:References
3168:Insurgency
3046:Settlement
2628:See also:
2566:mutilation
2538:War crimes
2527:War crimes
2452:Shifta War
2114:After the
1873:show trial
1709:specific."
1592:cash crops
1395:Background
978:Shifta War
794:Fort Jesus
643:Hyrax Hill
14003:Falklands
13999:(1963–67)
13993:(1962–66)
13987:(1962–90)
13975:(1962–76)
13963:(1955–59)
13957:(1954–59)
13951:(1952–60)
13945:(1948–60)
13939:(1946–50)
13931:Indonesia
13927:(1945–46)
13925:Indochina
13921:(1944–48)
13909:(1936–39)
13903:(1936–39)
13891:(1931–32)
13885:(1930–31)
13879:(1927–30)
13861:(1922–24)
13859:Kurdistan
13843:(1919–20)
13819:(1916–17)
13799:Nyasaland
13795:(1914–15)
13789:(1914–15)
13777:(1903–04)
13771:(1901–02)
13765:(1900–20)
13728:(1897–98)
13722:(1897–98)
13704:(1896–97)
13674:(1893–94)
13638:(1886–89)
13614:(1881–99)
13608:(1880–81)
13602:(1880–81)
13596:(1879–80)
13584:(1875–76)
13570:Abyssinia
13566:(1866–71)
13560:(1864–65)
13548:(1863–64)
13540:Kagoshima
13536:(1857–58)
13530:(1857–59)
13524:(1856–60)
13518:(1856–57)
13512:(1854–56)
13510:Åland War
13494:(1848–49)
13470:(1845–50)
13464:(1845–46)
13458:(1845–72)
13452:(1839–42)
13446:(1839–42)
13440:(1839–41)
13428:(1837–38)
13422:(1837–38)
13416:(1831–33)
13410:(1831–32)
13404:(1828–32)
13398:(1824–26)
13374:(1817–18)
13350:(1814–16)
13344:(1812–15)
13338:(1811–79)
13332:(1810–11)
13312:Mauritius
13284:(1808–09)
13266:(1806–07)
13242:(1803–05)
13205:(1798–99)
13175:(1795–96)
13169:(1795–96)
13145:(1789–92)
13121:(1781–82)
13115:(1779–84)
13109:(1775–82)
13103:(1775–83)
13091:(1773–74)
13085:(1769–73)
13079:(1765–71)
13073:(1763–66)
13067:(1762–63)
13055:(1758–61)
13049:(1756–65)
13043:(1756–63)
13037:(1754–63)
13031:(1749–55)
13025:(1746–63)
13019:(1744–48)
13013:(1740–42)
13007:(1722–25)
13001:(1715–17)
12995:(1711–15)
12989:(1702–13)
12964:(1688–97)
12958:(1688–91)
12946:(1686–90)
12940:(1675–78)
12916:(1654–60)
12910:(1654–67)
12904:(1649–53)
12898:(1641–53)
12886:(1634–38)
12856:(1609–46)
12642:Squatting
12622:Languages
12607:Education
12561:Transport
12543:Shilling
12490:(defunct)
12470:President
12438:Judiciary
12406:Elections
12342:Volcanoes
12327:Mountains
12285:Geography
12120:"Mau-Mau"
11862:162867744
11734:14008812M
11633:154783897
11395:161489985
11091:153908827
10934:146722898
10876:143712816
10622:159551587
10456:153183293
10347:155009475
10264:145734278
9445:The Times
9426:The Times
9221:The Times
9074:The Times
8997:The Times
8915:The Times
8883:The Times
8852:The Times
8675:The Times
8644:The Times
8294:148635405
7997:154259805
7989:0035-8533
7837:16 August
7755:0040-781X
7709:0738-2480
7461:(3): 494.
7298:0963-8024
7248:154367771
7240:0021-8537
6592:The Times
6403:Ogot 1995
5785:250321705
5335:Ogot 2005
5281:(13): 7.
5060:0368-315X
4923:159690162
4915:0021-8537
4775:988759275
4585:Ogot 2003
4456:"History"
3960:Leys 1973
3944:Ogot 2003
3904:Alam 2007
3876:Fort Hall
3810:Alam 2007
3531:0040-781X
3473:0361-7882
3339:Page 2011
3280:The term
3268:screening
3254:migratory
3210:The name
3136:wa Kirima
2926:The Times
2829:eagerness
2751:cashiered
2574:detainees
2562:terrorism
2560:targets,
2550:massacres
2294:dysentery
2082:Air power
2024:Aberdares
1947:battalion
1761:civil war
1497:to-morrow
1444:Maxim gun
1370:backronym
1341:Etymology
1326:metropole
931:Tom Mboya
690:Shungwaya
610:Neolithic
318:Kubu Kubu
79:1952–1960
13991:Malaysia
13913:Ethiopia
13811:Peshawar
13576:Manitoba
13558:Duar War
12854:Virginia
12780:Category
12637:Religion
12627:Polygamy
12458:Building
12448:Military
12426:Intersex
12389:Politics
12375:Counties
12347:Wildlife
12182:Timeline
12166:articles
11964:28563585
11801:(1989).
11330:40206614
11244:Archived
11150:(1995).
11117:40402312
11012:(1957).
10821:(1973).
10691:(1989).
10560:(2005).
10515:(2003).
10410:Archived
10268:Archived
10169:Archived
10090:(2009).
10072:Archived
9916:xiii–xiv
9879:Archived
9779:14 April
9752:xii–xiii
9705:22 March
9699:Archived
9679:22 March
9673:Archived
9640:Archived
9607:Archived
9574:Archived
9541:Archived
9505:Archived
9472:Archived
9431:Archived
9398:Archived
9367:Archived
9317:Archived
9292:Archived
9263:Archived
9226:Archived
9188:Archived
9167:Archived
9142:Archived
9115:Archived
9079:Archived
9045:14 April
9039:Archived
9008:13 April
9002:Archived
8972:18 March
8966:Archived
8926:12 April
8920:Archived
8887:Archived
8856:Archived
8825:Archived
8798:Archived
8767:Archived
8736:Archived
8705:Archived
8679:Archived
8648:Archived
8612:Archived
8586:Archived
8560:Archived
8533:Archived
8503:12 April
8497:Archived
8464:Archived
8431:Archived
8404:Archived
8377:Archived
8325:Archived
8107:Archived
8054:Archived
7953:21 March
7947:archived
7917:Archived
7892:21 March
7886:Archived
7828:Archived
7795:21 March
7789:Archived
7765:21 March
7759:Archived
7721:Archived
7717:26564585
7637:Archived
7566:Archived
7481:Archived
7408:Archived
7350:(2006).
7252:Archived
7201:24393053
7166:Archived
6761:13 April
6755:Archived
6660:Archived
6602:13 April
6596:Archived
6524:14 April
6518:Archived
6223:Archived
6148:Archived
6121:Archived
6097:Archived
5816:Archived
5742:8 August
5736:Archived
5666:Archived
5450:Archived
5423:Archived
5395:Archived
5367:Archived
5315:16 March
5309:Archived
5283:Archived
5228:40402312
5189:Archived
5072:Archived
5068:20273401
4812:Archived
4460:Archived
4364:13 April
4358:Archived
3853:11 April
3847:Archived
3655:Archived
3535:Archived
3481:25741397
3106:See also
2826:machetes
2773:against
2703:Governor
2664:in 2013:
2640:interned
2590:property
2558:civilian
2554:bombings
2198:Guardian
2175:Pipeline
1988:on trial
1616:contract
1612:squatter
1575:Murang'a
1471:Murang'a
1428:violence
891:Mumboism
541:Overview
514:a series
512:Part of
330:Strength
84:Location
13985:Sarawak
13937:Sarawak
13829:Nigeria
13817:Mohmand
13805:Nigeria
13756:century
13414:Malacca
13408:Jamaica
13366:Algiers
13306:Reunion
13252:Surinam
13227:century
13173:Grenada
13167:Jamaica
13059:Jamaica
12980:century
12920:Jamaica
12848:Ireland
12841:century
12828:English
12764:Outline
12740:Swahili
12715:Museums
12685:English
12662:Culture
12575:Society
12556:Tourism
12506:Economy
12302:Climate
12174:History
11625:4187771
11344:(ed.).
10926:4100723
10868:1771859
10505:3742957
10339:4007109
10256:4501043
10208:4496439
9396:. BBC.
9373:9 April
9269:27 July
9232:6 April
8831:21 July
8804:21 July
8558:. BBC.
8116:24 June
8034:28 July
7923:8 April
6877:116–137
6733:316–333
6229:4 March
5672:20 June
5097:119–121
4818:16 July
4533:516–528
3968:Lesotho
3661:23 July
3400:8 March
3181:General
3174:Mungiki
3134:Muthoni
2857:of the
2783:Garissa
2570:torture
2458:in the
2456:Somalis
2290:typhoid
2092:Harvard
1889:torture
1871:) to a
1806:radical
1691:oathing
1665:Nairobi
1600:kipande
1547:Central
1530:kipande
1459:Giriama
1453:led by
1367:Swahili
1360:Uma Uma
1032:Moi era
596:Nataruk
339:25,000
309: (
14070:Kikuyu
14005:(1982)
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