510:
Workers within the industry were often in the news for large outbreaks within factories. By its nature meat processing requires close proximity to other workers and exposure to a slew of bacteria and viruses. Additionally, workers often have to yell over loud machinery which increases the amount of contaminated droplets in the air. More than 50,000 meat packing workers contracted the disease and over 200 died. Disease is not evenly distributed throughout factories and all workers in a given factory are not at equal risk for exposure and negative health outcomes despite working the same job. In particular, the overlap of immigration status and workplace exposures can result in a variety of negative health outcomes.
459:, 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at least 4,500 had to take more than three days off after accidents. In a 2018 study in the Italian Journal of Food Safety, slaughterhouse workers are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from the constant screams of animals being killed. A 2004 study in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that "excess risks were observed for mortality from all causes, all cancers, and lung cancer" in workers employed in the New Zealand meat processing industry.
479:
indicates, "slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with other industries". As authors from the PTSD Journal explain, "These employees are hired to kill animals, such as pigs and cows that are largely gentle creatures. Carrying out this action requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing and from the creature standing before them. This emotional dissonance can lead to consequences such as domestic violence, social withdrawal, anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse, and PTSD".
148:
177:
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357:. In the early 20th century the workers were immigrants from eastern and southern Europe and black migrants from the South. Today many are Hispanic, from Mexico, Central and South America. Many are from Peru, leading to the formation of a large Peruvian community. The more isolated areas in which the plants are located put workers at greater risk due to their limited ability to organize and seek redress for work-related injuries.
20:
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761:
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United States and
Australia. By 1900, the Argentine government encouraged investment in the industry to improve quality. The British dominated the world shipping industry and began fitting their ships for cold air containers, and built new refrigerated steamers. When the Argentine industry finally secured a large slice of the British market,
229:
Swift developed an integrated network of cattle procurement, slaughtering, meat-packing, and shipping meat to market. Up to that time, cattle were driven great distances to railroad shipping points, causing the cattle to lose considerable weight. Swift developed a large business, which grew in size with the entry of several competitors. The
217:, an ambitious entrepreneur from New York who made his fortune in Army contracts during the war, partnered with Jacob Plankinton to build a highly efficient stockyard that serviced the upper Midwest. Chicago built the famous Union Stockyards in 1865 on 345 swampy acres to the south of downtown. Armour opened the Chicago plant, as did
403:
in such locations. In addition, the number of jobs fell sharply due to technology and other changes. Wages fell during the latter part of the 20th century, and eventually, both
Chicago (in 1971) and Omaha (in 1999) closed their stockyards. The workforce increasingly relied on recent migrants from Mexico.
509:
and the resulting supply chain issues. Beyond the consumer perspective, workers were expected to drastically increase the rate at which they process animals. For instance, workers were expected to process 175 birds per minute up from 140 birds per minute. In part this was due to shortages of workers.
424:
Meat in China moved from a minor specialty commodity to a major factor in the food supply in the late 20th century thanks to the rapid emergence of a middle class with upscale tastes and plenty of money. It was a transition from a country able to provide a small ration of meat for urban citizens only
228:
A practical refrigerated (ice-cooled) rail car was introduced in 1881. This made it possible to ship cattle and hog carcasses, which weighed only 40% as much as live animals; the entire national market, served by the railroads, was opened up, as well as transatlantic markets using refrigerated ships.
478:
indicates, "Regression analyses of data from 10,605 Danish workers across 44 occupations suggest that slaughterhouse workers consistently experience lower physical and psychological well-being along with increased incidences of negative coping behavior". A 2009 study by criminologist Amy
Fitzgerald
402:
Mid-century restructuring by the industry of the stockyards, slaughterhouses and meat-packing plants led to relocating facilities closer to cattle feedlots and swine production facilities, to more rural areas, as transportation shifted from rail to truck. It has been difficult for labor to organize
411:
Argentina had the natural resources and human talent to build a world-class meat-packing industry. However, its success in reaching
European markets was limited by the poor quality control in the production of its meat and the general inferiority of frozen meat to the chilled meat exported by the
263:
Because of the
Chicago packers, ranchers in Wyoming and feedlot farmers in Iowa regularly found a reliable market for their animals, and on average received better prices for the animals they sold there. At the same time and for the same reason, Americans of all classes found a greater variety of
348:
Though the meat-packing industry has made many improvements since the early 1900s, extensive changes in the industry since the late 20th century have caused new labor issues to arise. Today, the rate of injury in the meat-packing industry is three times that of the private industry overall, and
1664:
Rubenstein, Beth L.; Campbell, Stefanie; Meyers, Alysha R.; Crum, David A.; Mitchell, Clifford S.; Hutson, Jeré; Williams, D’Ann L.; Senesie, Schabbethai S.; Gilani, Zunera; Reynolds, Steven; Alba, Bianca; Tavitian, Stephanie; Billings, Kristian; Saintus, Lina; Martin, Stephen B. (2020-12-18).
463:
The worst thing, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional toll. If you work in the stick pit for any period of time—that lets you kill things but doesn't let you care. You may look a hog in the eye that's walking around in the blood pit with you and think, 'God, that really isn't a
365:
The industry after 1945 closed its stockyards in big cities like
Chicago and moved operations to small towns close to cattle ranches, especially in Iowa, Nebraska and Colorado. Historically, besides Cincinnati, Chicago and Omaha, the other major meat-packing cities had been
337:, where they were an important minority in the industry. UPWA workers made important gains in wages, hours and benefits. In 1957, the stockyards and meat-packing plants employed half the workers of Omaha. The union supported a progressive agenda, including the
425:
to the world's largest meat producer; it was a movement from a handful of processing facilities in major cities to thousands of modern meat-packing and processing plants throughout the country, alongside the rapid growth of a middle-class with spending money.
502:, which subsequently became a scarce commodity. Medical historian Benjamin Prinz has therefore pointed to the fragility of today's healthcare systems, which themselves participate in environmentally destructive and disease-causing production chains.
192:
and hogs for local butchers to serve the local market. Large Army contracts during the war attracted entrepreneurs with a vision for building much larger markets. The 1865–1873 era provided five factors that nationalized the industry:
6009:
279:
In the early part of the 20th century, they used the most recent immigrants and migrants as strikebreakers in labor actions taken by other workers, also usually immigrants or early descendants. The publication of the
297:
Meat-packing plants, like many industries in the early 20th century, were known to overwork their employees, failed to maintain adequate safety measures, and actively fought unionization. Public pressure to
493:
Another problem in this context is that the pharmaceutical industry obtains basic materials for its products from the meat-packing industry; for example, tissue extracts from slaughterhouse waste. In the
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464:
bad-looking animal.' You may want to pet it. Pigs down on the kill floor have come up to nuzzle me like a puppy. Two minutes later I had to kill them—beat them to death with a pipe. I can't care.
498:
in 2020, this led to the paradoxical situation that mass slaughterhouses were infection drivers due to the bad labor conditions and at the same time suppliers of important therapeutics such as
264:
more and better meats on their tables, purchased on average at lower prices than ever before. Seen in this light, the
Packers' "rigid system of economy" seemed a very good thing indeed.
455:, the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates a finger or limb per month. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reported that over a period of six years in the
290:
in the U.S. in 1906, shocked the public with the poor working conditions and unsanitary practices in meat-packing plants in the United States fictionally displayed, specifically
1456:
Baran, B. E.; Rogelberg, S. G.; Clausen, T (2016). "Routinized killing of animals: Going beyond dirty work and prestige to understand the well-being of slaughterhouse workers".
825:
5617:
474:
The act of slaughtering animals or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter may engender psychological stress or trauma in the people involved. A 2016 study in
2206:
Lopes, Maria-Aparecida. "Struggles over an 'Old, Nasty, and
Inconvenient Monopoly': Municipal Slaughterhouses and the Meat Industry in Rio de Janeiro, 1880–1920s."
6019:
4604:
221:, another wartime contractor. Cincinnati and Buffalo, both with good water and rail service, also opened stockyards. Perhaps the most energetic entrepreneur was
1530:
2071:
Gordon, Steve C. "From
Slaughterhouse to Soap-Boiler: Cincinnati's Meat Packing Industry, Changing Technologies, and the Rise of Mass Production, 1825-1870."
2199:
Barnes, Felicity, and David M. Higgins. "Brand image, cultural association, and marketing: 'New
Zealand' butter and lamb exports to Britain, c. 1920–1938."
1135:
1803:
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as being "the most dangerous factory job in America". The meatpacking industry continues to employ many immigrant laborers, including some who are
225:, the Yankee who operated out of Boston and moved to Chicago in 1875, specializing in long distance refrigerated meat shipments to eastern cities.
1431:
1379:
6014:
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434:
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971:
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1613:
1406:"A Slaughterhouse Nightmare: Psychological Harm Suffered by Slaughterhouse Employees and the Possibility of Redress through Legal Reform"
443:
reports that pig and cattle slaughterhouse workers are nearly seven times more likely to suffer repetitive strain injuries than average.
490:, slaughterhouse workers were observed not being allowed breaks, were often required to wear diapers, and were paid below minimum wage.
1493:"Slaughterhouses and Increased Crime Rates: An Empirical Analysis of the Spillover From "The Jungle" Into the Surrounding Community"
833:
721:
2468:
2033:"Communications, innovation, and territory: the production network of Swift Meat Packing and the creation of a national US market"
1667:"Factors That Might Affect SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Foreign-Born and U.S.-Born Poultry Facility Workers — Maryland, May 2020"
1095:
Guanghong Zhou, Wangang Zhang, and Xinglian Xu. "China's meat industry revolution: Challenges and opportunities for the future."
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3566:
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27:
facilities in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, circa 1920. This facility was then the third largest hog-packing plant in North America.
3621:
1724:"How blood met plastics, plant and animal extracts: Material encounters between medicine and industry in the twentieth century"
506:
326:
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1966:
1939:
482:
Slaughterhouses in the United States commonly illegally employ and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants. In 2010,
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2351:
322:
2858:
2263:
Woods, Rebecca JH. "From Colonial Animal to Imperial Edible Building an Empire of Sheep in New Zealand, ca. 1880-1900."
209:
Abilene, Kansas, became the chief railhead, shipping 35,000 cattle a year, mostly to Kansas City, Milwaukee and Chicago.
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American slaughterhouse workers are three times more likely to suffer serious injury than the average American worker.
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252:. The new laws helped the large packers, and hurt small operations that lacked economy of scale or quality controls.
206:
Overland cattle drives moved large herds to the railheads in Kansas, where cattle cars brought live animals eastward.
2995:
2235:
Silver, Jim (2008-07-24). "The Origins of Winnipeg's Packinghouse Industry: Transitions from Trade to Manufacture".
1538:
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163:. Railroads made possible the transport of stock to central points for processing, and the transport of products.
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241:
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310:, both passed in 1906 on the same day to ensure better regulations of the meat-packing industry. Before the
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The emergence of large-scale ranching, the role of the railroads, refrigeration, and entrepreneurial skills.
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Slaughterhouse:: The Shocking Story of Greed, Neglect, And Inhumane Treatment Inside the U.S. Meat Industry
245:
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Contemporary concerns about the meat industry within the American context have often been colored by the
249:
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investigated the country's meatpackers for anti-competitive practices in the first decade of the 1900s.
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3589:
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2302:
2220:
NĂĽtzenadel, Alexander. "A Green International? Food Markets and Transnational Politics, c. 1850-1914."
118:
In the United States and some other countries, the facility where the meat packing is done is called a
1983:
1723:
1380:"Psychological Distress Among Slaughterhouse Workers Warrants Further Study - SPH - Boston University"
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2109:
Kujovich, M. Yeager. "The Refrigerator Car and the Growth of the American Dressed Beef Industry,"
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Negro and White, Unite and Fight!: A Social History of Industrial Unionism in Meatpacking, 1930-90
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reports that on average there are two amputations a week involving slaughterhouse workers in the
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described slaughterhouse line work in the United States as a human rights crime. In a report by
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5813:
5231:
4847:
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4274:
4019:
3549:
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2833:
2828:
1881:"Im/migration, Work, and Health: Anthropology and the Occupational Health of Labor Im/migrants"
715:
605:
543:
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315:
307:
230:
104:
24:
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2965:
2085:
Hill, Howard Copeland. "The development of Chicago as a center of the meat packing industry."
2009:
Arnould, Richard J. "Changing patterns of concentration in American meat packing, 1880–1963."
1082:
Robert Greenhill, "Shipping and the Refrigerated Meat Trade from the River Plate, 1900–1930."
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1956:
1929:
779:
379:
338:
44:
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333:, where the majority of workers in the industry were black, and other major cities, such as
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Taste, trade, and technology: the development of the international meat industry since 1840
640:
568:
548:
3633:
2683:
1984:"Hogging the Gains from Trade: The Real Winners from U.S. Trade and Agricultural Policies"
8:
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318:, workers were exposed to dangerous chemicals, sharp machinery, and horrible injuries.
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Competition and Regulation: The Development of Oligopoly in the Meat Packing Industry
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Competition and Regulation: The Development of Oligopoly in the Meat Packing Industry
2147:
Walsh, Margaret. "The spatial evolution of the mid-western pork industry, 1835-1875"
2137:
Walsh, Margaret. "Pork packing as a leading edge of Midwestern industry, 1835-1875."
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1962:
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1804:"Nearly 90% of big US meat plants had COVID-19 cases in pandemic's first year - data"
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of the 1960s. While the work was still difficult, for a few decades workers achieved
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Chicago's Pride: The Stockyards, Packingtown, and Environs in the Nineteenth Century
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Cattle ranching on a large-scale moved to the Great Plains, from Texas northward.
155:
The meat-packing industry grew with the construction of railroads and methods of
48:
4172:
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915:"A Muckraker's Aftermath: The Jungle of Meat-packing Regulation after a Century"
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Food and globalization: consumption, markets, and politics in the modern world
1779:"Op-ed: Speeding Up Poultry Lines in a Pandemic Puts Workers' Lives in Danger"
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was the first of a series of legislation that led to the establishment of the
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Prime Cut: Livestock raising and meatpacking in the United States, 1607-1983
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Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise
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African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
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2018:
Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packinghouse Workers, 1894-1922
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The rapid growth of cities provided a lucrative new market for fresh meat.
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1896:
1832:"The Impact of COVID-19 on the Meat Supply Chain in the USA: A Review"
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Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-to-Table History of How Beef Changed America
321:
In the 1920s and early 1930s, workers achieved unionization under the
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Putting meat on the American table: Taste, technology, transformation
72:
52:
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2411:
1136:"Working 'The Chain,' Slaughterhouse Workers Face Lifelong Injuries"
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1188:"America's Largest Meat Producer Averages One Amputation Per Month"
709:
697:
141:
2324:
1240:"Noise assessment in slaughterhouses by means of a smartphone app"
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and trade restrictions limited its penetration of the Continent.
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76:
1161:"Two amputations a week: the cost of working in a US meat plant"
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Tied to the great packing machine: The Midwest and meatpacking
1988:
Tufts University: Global Development And Environment Institute
1931:
Tied to the Great Packing Machine: The Midwest and Meatpacking
826:"Following the call of New Zealand's abandoned freezing works"
5728:
5701:
5255:
5021:
4884:
4748:
4656:
4262:
3879:
2508:
2498:
2463:
2265:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
68:
1663:
1289:"Mortality and cancer incidence in New Zealand meat workers"
760:
5407:
5219:
4907:
4810:
4763:
4182:
3893:
3260:
3250:
2925:
2448:
2215:
Kill and Chill: Restructuring Canada's Beef Commodity Chain
189:
79:
is generally not included. This greater part of the entire
64:
56:
972:"Meat Packing Industry Criticized on Human Rights Grounds"
136:, where most of the products are exported, it is called a
16:
Industrial production of food and by-products from animals
4564:
3883:
3805:
2653:
1432:"The harrowing psychological toll of slaughterhouse work"
440:
108:
2073:
IA. The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology
1562:"America's Worst Graveyard Shift Is Grinding Up Workers"
1238:
Francesca Iulietto, Maria; Sechi, Paola (3 July 2018).
1237:
456:
329:(UPWA). An interracial committee led the organizing in
2298:
Meatpacking: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)
1455:
248:(FDA). Another such act passed the same year was the
2320:"Meat Packing Industry Has Responsibility to Reform"
1213:"Revealed: Shocking safety record of UK meat plants"
756:
144:is a place where animals are slaughtered for food.
2314:Meatpacking in the U.S.: Still a Jungle Out There?
2163:
1293:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1531:"The Psychological Damage of Slaughterhouse Work"
5996:
2132:The Rise of the Midwestern Meat Packing Industry
6020:History of labor relations in the United States
2025:Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
1958:America's Historic Stockyards: Livestock Hotels
1490:
947:Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
943:
2345:
1588:"Exploitation and Abuse at the Chicken Plant"
1114:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1060:"Who are America's meat and poultry workers?"
882:
795:Labor rights in American meatpacking industry
435:Labor rights in American meatpacking industry
188:was localized, with nearby farmers providing
1728:Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
428:
1286:
526:By 1900, the dominating meat packers were:
180:Postcard of pork dressing in Texas, undated
83:is primarily focused on producing meat for
2352:
2338:
858:The emergence of modern America, 1865-1878
1904:
1855:
1829:
1698:
1312:
1263:
1084:International Journal of Maritime History
892:. Princeton University Press. p. 9.
1934:. University of Iowa Press. p. 15.
1776:
1028:"Opinion | The Shame of Postville, Iowa"
722:Imperial Cold Storage and Supply Company
589:Current significant meat packers in the
175:
146:
18:
1830:Whitehead, Dalton (September 1, 2022).
1801:
1637:
1585:
1559:
1403:
1335:
785:Environmental impact of meat production
5997:
5378:
2234:
2161:
2078:Gras, N.S.B. and Henrietta M. Larson.
2030:
1981:
1927:
1429:
1217:The Bureau of Investigative Journalism
327:United Packinghouse Workers of America
5592:
5377:
4642:
3106:
3105:
2372:
2333:
2170:. Greenwich, Connecticut: Jai Press.
2080:Casebook in American business history
1878:
1825:
1823:
1721:
1671:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1611:
1491:Fitzgerald, A. J.; Kalof, L. (2009).
1185:
912:
360:
6015:Congress of Industrial Organizations
5964:
2359:
2087:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
1954:
1430:Nagesh, Ashitha (31 December 2017).
1404:Dillard, Jennifer (September 2007).
1133:
852:
850:
2082:(1939) pp 623–43 on Armour company.
1928:Warren, Wilson J. (November 2009).
1560:Waldman, Peter (29 December 2017).
13:
4643:
2373:
2003:
1820:
564:In the 1990s, the Big Three were:
275:The Jungle § Federal response
87:, but it also yields a variety of
14:
6046:
2278:
2208:Journal of Latin American Studies
1982:Wise, Timothy A.; Rakocy, Betsy.
1612:Varia, Nisha (11 December 2010).
1287:McLean, D; Cheng, S (June 2004).
847:
823:
5975:
5963:
5952:
5951:
2291:
1836:Food Science of Animal Resources
1638:Grabell, Michael (23 May 2018).
1186:Lewis, Cora (18 February 2018).
759:
397:
171:
151:Pork packing in Cincinnati, 1873
5976:
3506:Outdoors & sports equipment
2149:Journal of Historical Geography
2037:Journal of Historical Geography
1975:
1948:
1921:
1872:
1795:
1777:Thompson, Shayla (2020-07-17).
1770:
1715:
1657:
1631:
1605:
1586:Grabell, Michael (1 May 2017).
1579:
1553:
1523:
1484:
1449:
1423:
1397:
1372:
1344:
1329:
1280:
1231:
1205:
1179:
1153:
1127:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1052:
790:Golden Triangle of Meat-packing
268:
6030:Occupational safety and health
1722:Prinz, Benjamin (2022-04-01).
1497:Organization & Environment
1244:Italian Journal of Food Safety
1134:Lowe, Peggy (11 August 2016).
1020:
996:
964:
937:
906:
876:
863:
817:
516:
451:. On average, one employee of
345:, middle-class lives from it.
242:Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
103:, and, through the process of
1:
3510:Personal protective equipment
950:. W. W. Norton. p. 254.
2127:(U of Illinois Press, 1987).
2106:(U of Illinois Press, 1997).
2020:(U of Illinois Press, 1990).
1802:Douglas, Leah (2022-01-14).
1352:"PTSD in the Slaughterhouse"
811:
559:
406:
246:Food and Drug Administration
7:
5593:
2217:(U of Toronto Press, 2001).
2120:(Texas A & M UP, 1986).
2043:(4). Elsevier BV: 599–617.
1885:Anthropology of Work Review
1740:10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.01.007
919:William Mitchell Law Review
913:Roots, Roger (2001-01-01).
752:
688:Outside the United States:
521:
250:Federal Meat Inspection Act
10:
6051:
432:
349:meat-packing was noted by
302:led to the passage of the
272:
184:Before the Civil War, the
166:
5946:
5794:
5677:
5603:
5599:
5588:
5547:
5497:
5390:
5386:
5373:
5240:
5175:
5132:
5002:
4893:
4833:
4737:
4655:
4651:
4638:
4503:
4394:
4300:
3957:
3725:
3525:
3125:
3118:
3114:
3101:
2908:
2729:
2615:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2368:
2290:
2285:
2099:(Johns Hopkins UP, 2006).
1961:. TCU Press. p. 49.
1336:Eisnitz, Gail A. (1997).
1064:Economic Policy Institute
775:Animal–industrial complex
429:Health and safety hazards
388:Sioux Falls, South Dakota
368:South St. Paul, Minnesota
5824:Mergers and acquisitions
5565:Research and development
3925:Chemical & hormonal
3580:Communications equipment
2224:(Berg, 2008) pp: 153-73.
2193:
2158:(U of Iowa Press, 2007).
1955:Pate, J'Nell L. (2005).
1509:10.1177/1350508416629456
1470:10.1177/1350508416629456
1004:"Blood, Sweat, and Fear"
584:
419:
372:East St. Louis, Illinois
235:Federal Trade Commission
4610:Painting and decorating
3634:Medical imaging systems
3567:Parts & peripherals
2134:(1983), strong on pork'
2111:Business History Review
2011:Business History Review
1879:Flynn, Micheal (2018).
1384:School of Public Health
1305:10.1136/oem.2003.010587
944:William Cronon (2009).
223:Gustavus Franklin Swift
6035:Industries (economics)
5928:State-owned enterprise
5908:Nonprofit organization
5819:Horizontal integration
3627:Scientific instruments
3590:Network infrastructure
2141:51.4 (1977): 702-717.
2123:Wade, Louise Carroll.
2089:10.3 (1923): 253-273.
2049:10.1006/jhge.2002.0415
1848:10.5851/kosfa.2022.e39
1683:10.15585/mmwr.mm6950a5
1566:Bloomberg Businessweek
1256:10.4081/ijfs.2018.7053
883:Joshua Specht (2019).
716:Charoen Pokphand Group
651:Cargill Meat Solutions
606:Cargill Meat Solutions
472:
316:Pure Food and Drug Act
308:Pure Food and Drug Act
231:Bureau of Corporations
181:
152:
55:, and distribution of
28:
25:William Davies Company
6005:Meat packing industry
5271:Private investigation
2267:35.1 (2015): 117-136.
2210:47.2 (2015): 349-376.
2162:Yeager, Mary (1981).
2031:Fields, Gary (2003).
1140:National Public Radio
1099:92.3 (2012): 188-196.
780:Continuous inspection
461:
433:Further information:
380:Kansas City, Missouri
339:Civil Rights Movement
233:, predecessor of the
179:
150:
59:from animals such as
41:meat packing industry
33:meat-packing industry
22:
5839:Vertical integration
3840:Speciality chemicals
3680:Electrical equipment
3597:Consumer electronics
2139:Agricultural History
1614:"Rights on the Line"
869:Alfred D. Chandler,
641:Seaboard Corporation
355:undocumented workers
101:meat & bone meal
37:meatpacking industry
5923:Sole proprietorship
5898:Joint-stock company
5167:Veterinary medicine
4992:Property management
4786:Passenger transport
3813:Commodity chemicals
3639:Optical instruments
3607:Video game consoles
3500:Musical instruments
3341:Media reproduction
2013:45.1 (1971): 18-34.
1640:"Lives on the Line"
1340:. Prometheus Books.
312:Meat Inspection Act
304:Meat Inspection Act
5871:Putting-out system
5380:Information sector
5301:Personal services
4903:Financial services
4375:offshore platforms
4224:advanced materials
4205:Ready-mix concrete
3658:Laser construction
3618:Clocks and watches
3452:Injection moulding
3423:Other fabrication
3376:household hardware
2325:"Beef's Raw Edges"
2154:Warren, Wilson J.
2113:44 (1970) 460-482.
2027:(1991), pp 207–59.
2016:Barrett, James R.
1618:Human Rights Watch
1357:The Texas Observer
1086:4.1 (1992): 65-82.
1032:The New York Times
1008:Human Rights Watch
976:The New York Times
538:(acquired in 1923)
484:Human Rights Watch
361:Changing geography
351:Human Rights Watch
182:
153:
130:meat-packing plant
29:
5992:
5991:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5769:Natural resources
5614:Production-based
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5522:Vocational school
5369:
5368:
5365:
5364:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4595:Electrical wiring
4581:Specialty trades
4535:Civil engineering
4390:
4389:
4064:Vulcanized rubber
3860:Cleaning products
3700:Electric lighting
3417:Surface finishing
3407:Powder metallurgy
3362:Metal fabrication
3108:Industrial sector
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
2996:Rare-earth metals
2904:
2903:
2308:
2307:
2227:Perren, Richard.
2213:MacLachlan, Ian.
2130:Walsh, Margaret.
2116:Skaggs, Jimmy M.
2102:Horowitz, Roger.
2095:Horowitz, Roger.
2023:Cronon, William.
1968:978-0-87565-304-4
1941:978-1-58729-774-8
1897:10.1111/awr.12151
1677:(50): 1906–1910.
1360:. 7 February 2012
805:Union Stock Yards
579:Excel Corporation
507:COVID-19 Pandemic
496:Covid-19 pandemic
469:Gail A. Eisnitz,
384:Austin, Minnesota
161:meat preservation
85:human consumption
6042:
5979:
5978:
5967:
5966:
5955:
5954:
5851:Enforced breakup
5846:Decentralization
5774:Physical capital
5601:
5600:
5590:
5589:
5388:
5387:
5375:
5374:
5251:Customer service
5162:Residential care
5110:Public relations
4918:Financial advice
4895:Asset management
4690:Department store
4653:
4652:
4640:
4639:
4620:Site preparation
4468:Telecom networks
4436:Waste management
4412:Gas distribution
4096:Synthetic fibers
3823:Industrial gases
3562:Computer systems
3496:Medical supplies
3123:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3103:
3102:
2533:Animal husbandry
2504:Medicinal plants
2390:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2260:
2231:(Ashgate, 2006).
2201:Business History
2189:
2169:
2151:4#1 (1978) 1-22.
2068:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1537:. Archived from
1527:
1521:
1520:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1410:ResearchGate.net
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
990:
968:
962:
961:
941:
935:
934:
910:
904:
903:
891:
880:
874:
873:(1962). pp 25-28
867:
861:
860:(1927) pp 35-39.
854:
845:
844:
842:
841:
832:. Archived from
821:
769:
764:
763:
740:Cargill Proteins
728:Maple Leaf Foods
636:Smithfield Foods
470:
392:Sioux City, Iowa
6050:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6039:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5987:
5934:
5903:Nationalization
5790:
5760:Primary inputs
5681:
5673:
5606:
5605:Classification
5595:
5576:
5543:
5493:
5477:Social networks
5394:
5382:
5361:
5345:Business travel
5247:Administrative
5236:
5215:Amusement parks
5179:
5171:
5145:Dentist offices
5128:
4998:
4965:Pension funding
4938:Risk management
4923:Holding company
4889:
4829:
4741:
4733:
4705:Specialty store
4700:Online shopping
4647:
4626:
4499:
4386:
4296:
3953:
3911:Pharmaceuticals
3855:Aroma compounds
3791:Petroleum jelly
3721:
3710:Home appliances
3705:Electric motors
3653:spotting scopes
3614:Instrumentation
3527:
3521:
3503:Office supplies
3110:
3089:
3073:Dimension stone
3007:Other minerals
2952:Mining of ores
2900:
2725:
2611:
2558:Other livestock
2444:Permanent crops
2377:
2364:
2358:
2297:
2292:
2286:External videos
2281:
2196:
2178:
2006:
2004:Further reading
2001:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1877:
1873:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1771:
1720:
1716:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1489:
1485:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1330:
1285:
1281:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
997:
988:
986:
970:
969:
965:
958:
942:
938:
911:
907:
900:
889:
881:
877:
868:
864:
855:
848:
839:
837:
822:
818:
814:
765:
758:
755:
734:Schneider Foods
683:Sanderson Farms
667:Pilgrim's Pride
587:
562:
524:
519:
513:
471:
468:
437:
431:
422:
409:
400:
363:
335:Omaha, Nebraska
277:
271:
174:
169:
95:, dried blood,
17:
12:
11:
5:
6048:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6025:Food packaging
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5973:
5961:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5881:Temporary work
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5804:Centralization
5800:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5688:
5686:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5609:
5597:
5596:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5570:Basic research
5562:
5557:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5401:
5399:
5384:
5383:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5232:Tabletop games
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5186:
5184:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5097:
5095:Legal services
5092:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5066:system testing
5055:
5050:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4928:Money transfer
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4839:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4801:Passenger rail
4798:
4793:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:Moving company
4766:
4761:
4756:
4745:
4743:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4675:Consumer goods
4672:
4670:Car dealership
4661:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4645:Service sector
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4368:
4363:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4306:
4304:
4302:Heavy industry
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4241:Metal refining
4238:
4237:
4236:
4234:Synthetic gems
4231:
4226:
4217:
4211:Other mineral
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4101:Thermoplastics
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3981:
3976:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:contraceptives
3923:
3921:Blood products
3918:
3908:
3906:Fine chemicals
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3786:Petrochemicals
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3731:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3550:Semiconductors
3547:
3545:Circuit boards
3542:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3412:Prefabrication
3409:
3404:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Cassette tapes
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:Vegetable oils
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3154:Dairy products
3152:
3147:
3142:
3131:
3129:
3127:Light industry
3120:
3112:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2709:Wild mushrooms
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2686:
2684:Natural rubber
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:Tropical fruit
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2402:Arable farming
2398:
2396:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2375:Natural sector
2366:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2306:
2305:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2279:External links
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:Yeager, Mary.
2268:
2261:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2176:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2083:
2076:
2075:(1990): 55-67.
2069:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1974:
1967:
1947:
1940:
1920:
1891:(2): 116–123.
1871:
1842:(5): 762–774.
1819:
1794:
1769:
1714:
1656:
1630:
1604:
1592:The New Yorker
1578:
1552:
1541:on 25 May 2019
1522:
1503:(2): 158–184.
1483:
1464:(3): 351–369.
1448:
1422:
1396:
1371:
1343:
1328:
1299:(6): 541–547.
1279:
1230:
1219:. 29 July 2018
1204:
1178:
1152:
1126:
1101:
1088:
1075:
1051:
1034:. 2008-07-13.
1019:
995:
978:. 2005-01-25.
963:
956:
936:
905:
899:978-0691182315
898:
875:
862:
856:Allan Nevins,
846:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
802:
800:Slaughterhouse
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
771:
770:
754:
751:
750:
749:
746:AFFCO Holdings
743:
737:
731:
725:
724:(South Africa)
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
693:Teys Australia
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
653:
652:
649:
646:
643:
638:
631:Pork Packers:
629:
628:
623:
613:
603:
596:Beef Packers:
586:
583:
582:
581:
576:
571:
561:
558:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
540:
539:
523:
520:
518:
515:
466:
430:
427:
421:
418:
408:
405:
399:
396:
362:
359:
282:Upton Sinclair
270:
267:
266:
265:
257:William Cronon
213:In Milwaukee,
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
173:
170:
168:
165:
138:freezing works
121:slaughterhouse
99:meals such as
43:) handles the
35:(also spelled
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6047:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5984:
5983:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:Privatization
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:Externalities
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5653:Market-based
5652:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5587:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:Audio-visual
5423:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5178:
5177:Entertainment
5174:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4933:Payment cards
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4868:Food delivery
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:Drink service
4846:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:& Storage
4740:
4736:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4685:Grocery store
4683:
4681:
4680:General store
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:Rail vehicles
4364:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4339:wind turbines
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Machine tools
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:Carbon fibers
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3971:
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3937:Illegal drugs
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3850:Agrochemicals
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3833:Pure elements
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3198:Bottled water
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3119:Manufacturing
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2879:Sea cucumbers
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2543:Dairy farming
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2449:Apples et al.
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2312:NOW on PBS –
2310:
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2237:Prairie Forum
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2203:(2017): 1-28.
2202:
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2177:9780892320585
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2019:
2015:
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1644:Oxfam America
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1193:
1192:Buzzfeed News
1189:
1182:
1167:. 5 July 2018
1166:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1115:
1111:
1110:"Meatpacking"
1105:
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957:9780393072457
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836:on 2019-05-25
835:
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748:(New Zealand)
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626:National Beef
624:
621:
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614:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
592:
591:United States
580:
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574:ConAgra Foods
572:
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488:Oxfam America
485:
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449:United States
446:
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417:
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398:Rail to truck
395:
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389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Dubuque, Iowa
373:
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300:U.S. Congress
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220:
219:Nelson Morris
216:
215:Philip Armour
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:meat industry
178:
172:United States
164:
162:
158:
157:refrigeration
149:
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139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
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116:
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110:
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102:
98:
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90:
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82:
81:meat industry
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
5981:
5969:
5957:
5876:Spinning-off
5861:Homesteading
5814:Conglomerate
5796:Organization
5749:Raw material
5744:Intermediate
5623:
5622:
5445:Broadcasting
5350:Cruise lines
5320:Maid service
5310:Dry cleaning
5281:Maintenance
5039:Architecture
5004:Professional
4823:Self storage
4727:Distribution
4505:Construction
4350:Other heavy
4275:Formed metal
4229:Mineral wool
4151:Safety glass
4122:Fused quartz
4117:Borosilicate
3781:Paraffin wax
3736:oil refining
3715:Transformers
3481:Other goods
3467:Stonemasonry
3447:Glassblowing
3432:Blow molding
3391:Locksmithing
3367:Boilermaking
2916:Fossil fuels
2714:Fungiculture
2669:Gutta-percha
2659:Frankincense
2654:Tree tapping
2625:Silviculture
2605:Fur trapping
2516:Horticulture
2464:Stone fruits
2313:
2271:
2264:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2165:
2155:
2148:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2040:
2036:
2024:
2017:
2010:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:
1977:
1957:
1950:
1930:
1923:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1839:
1835:
1811:. Retrieved
1807:
1797:
1786:. Retrieved
1782:
1772:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1674:
1670:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1565:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1534:
1525:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1461:
1458:Organization
1457:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:The Guardian
1164:
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1104:
1097:Meat science
1096:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
998:
987:. Retrieved
975:
966:
946:
939:
922:
918:
908:
885:
878:
870:
865:
857:
838:. Retrieved
834:the original
829:
819:
704:Marfrig S.A.
687:
678:Perdue Farms
666:
654:
630:
619:
609:
595:
588:
563:
525:
512:
504:
492:
481:
476:Organization
475:
473:
462:
445:The Guardian
438:
423:
410:
401:
364:
347:
320:
296:
285:
278:
269:Labor issues
254:
239:
227:
212:
183:
154:
137:
129:
126:packinghouse
125:
119:
117:
45:slaughtering
40:
36:
32:
30:
5913:Partnership
5893:Cooperative
5866:Outsourcing
5856:Freelancing
5734:Commodities
5438:Video games
5413:Periodicals
5290:Landscaping
5220:Fairgrounds
5122:Advertising
5043:engineering
5027:Bookkeeping
4982:Real estate
4975:Reinsurance
4873:Restaurants
4843:Foodservice
4835:Hospitality
4818:Warehousing
4806:Ridesharing
4796:Car rentals
4528:Residential
4463:Remediation
4346:Automobiles
4168:Earthenware
4137:Glass fiber
4132:Float glass
3942:Supplements
3916:Antibiotics
3818:Fertilizers
3776:Mineral oil
3751:Diesel fuel
3734:Coal &
3694:fiber optic
3668:Microscopes
3622:GPS devices
3602:Televisions
3535:Electronics
3526:Electrical
3472:Woodworking
3427:3D printing
3386:Gunsmithing
3350:Phonographs
3335:Typesetting
3315:Bookbinding
3278:Dressmaking
3273:Accessories
3205:Soft drinks
3140:Animal feed
2931:Natural gas
2819:Aquaculture
2802:Sea urchins
2674:Maple syrup
2548:Fur farming
2538:Beef cattle
2474:Viticulture
2422:Fiber crops
2394:Agriculture
1535:PTSDJournal
1250:(2): 7053.
767:Food portal
673:Tyson Foods
645:Tyson Foods
601:Tyson Foods
517:Meatpackers
453:Tyson Foods
343:blue-collar
259:concludes:
134:New Zealand
89:by-products
5999:Categories
5786:Technology
5756:Innovation
5717:Well-being
5527:University
5460:Television
5397:Mass media
5392:Publishing
5225:Nightclubs
5134:Healthcare
5105:Consulting
5100:Management
5048:Inspection
5032:Tax advice
5012:Accounting
4943:Securities
4759:Intermodal
4695:Mail order
4590:Demolition
4523:Industrial
4518:Commercial
4441:Collection
4292:Cast metal
4178:Refractory
4146:fiberglass
4142:Glass wool
4105:thermosets
4081:Engineered
4010:Engineered
4005:Sawmilling
3899:Toiletries
3870:Explosives
3690:Electrical
3673:Telescopes
3540:Components
3298:Shoemaking
3016:Phosphorus
2909:Geological
2859:Microalgae
2702:Pine resin
2689:Palm sugar
2664:Gum arabic
2578:Beekeeping
2417:Vegetables
2362:industries
1993:2019-08-11
1813:2023-07-06
1788:2023-07-06
1783:Civil Eats
1415:30 January
1389:30 January
1364:30 January
1069:2024-03-15
1045:2019-08-11
1013:2019-08-11
989:2019-08-11
840:2019-06-19
718:(Thailand)
658:Chickens:
287:The Jungle
273:See also:
255:Historian
91:including
71:and other
49:processing
5888:Ownership
5834:Monopsony
5712:Pollution
5697:Community
5607:standards
5512:Secondary
5499:Education
5482:Streaming
5150:Hospitals
5141:Medicine
5117:Marketing
5053:Surveying
5017:Assurance
4987:Brokerage
4950:Insurance
4878:Teahouses
4863:Fast food
4754:Air cargo
4739:Transport
4722:Brokerage
4712:Wholesale
4600:Elevators
4585:Cabinetry
4513:Buildings
4493:Telephone
4488:Satellite
4456:Recycling
4451:Hazardous
4417:Renewable
4396:Utilities
4357:Aerospace
4325:Hydraulic
4315:Conveyors
4310:Machinery
4215:Abrasives
4173:Porcelain
4127:Soda-lime
4086:Specialty
4076:Commodity
4037:Cardboard
4020:Composite
3958:Materials
3875:Fireworks
3865:Cosmetics
3845:Adhesives
3727:Chemicals
3685:Batteries
3557:Computers
3492:Jewellery
3478:Furniture
3462:Sintering
3442:Extrusion
3396:Machining
3372:Builders'
3325:Engraving
3320:Embossing
3303:Tailoring
3288:Hatmaking
3188:Beverages
3171:Preserved
3068:Limestone
3038:Quarrying
3011:Gemstones
2981:Palladium
2946:Tar sands
2941:Petroleum
2936:Oil shale
2782:Swordfish
2742:Anchovies
2583:Cochineal
2257:0317-6282
2249:10294/262
2243:: 15–30.
2065:154757208
2057:0305-7488
1764:246575794
1748:0039-3681
1734:: 45–55.
1691:0149-2195
1517:148368906
1478:148368906
1040:0362-4331
984:0362-4331
931:0270-272X
812:Footnotes
807:, Chicago
593:include:
560:Big Three
407:Argentina
111:(such as
105:rendering
73:livestock
53:packaging
5958:Category
5829:Monopoly
5781:Services
5560:Language
5555:Creative
5539:Tutoring
5517:Tertiary
5487:Websites
5467:Internet
5418:Software
5404:Written
5325:Pet care
5285:Janitors
5275:security
5266:Staffing
5190:Gambling
5083:Interior
5064:, &
5058:Physical
4970:Property
4858:Catering
4791:Airlines
4779:Trucking
4615:Plumbing
4570:Dredging
4545:Railways
4478:Internet
4473:Cable TV
4407:Electric
4352:vehicles
4251:Aluminum
4158:Ceramics
4071:Plastics
3984:Currying
3974:deliming
3947:Vaccines
3889:Perfumes
3828:Pigments
3771:Kerosene
3766:Jet fuel
3761:Gasoline
3756:Fuel oil
3488:Bicycles
3402:smithing
3310:Printing
3268:Clothing
3236:Spinning
3216:Textiles
3166:Prepared
2986:Platinum
2956:Aluminum
2884:Scallops
2797:Lobsters
2772:Mackerel
2752:Sardines
2719:Truffles
2695:, &
2642:Firewood
2617:Forestry
2427:Oilseeds
2143:in JSTOR
2091:in JSTOR
1915:31080311
1866:36133635
1756:35131685
1709:33332291
1323:15150395
1274:30046554
753:See also
742:(Canada)
736:(Canada)
730:(Canada)
712:(Brazil)
710:BRF S.A.
706:(Brazil)
700:(Brazil)
698:JBS S.A.
522:Big Four
467:—
314:and the
142:abattoir
5982:Outline
5970:Commons
5724:Funding
5707:Culture
5684:outputs
5594:Related
5534:Testing
5507:Primary
5472:Hosting
5355:Tourism
5341:Travel
5337:Poverty
5315:Funeral
5297:Repairs
5261:Renting
5256:Leasing
5210:Arcades
5206:Venues
5182:leisure
5155:Nursing
5088:Product
5078:Fashion
5062:product
4908:Banking
4717:Auction
4575:Harbors
4555:Tunnels
4540:Bridges
4446:Dumping
4382:Weapons
4200:Plaster
4091:Pellets
3979:Tanning
3965:Leather
3796:Propane
3741:Bitumen
3644:Cameras
3484:Baggage
3457:Pottery
3437:Drawing
3381:Cutlery
3246:Carpets
3241:Weaving
3221:Carding
3150:Canning
3078:Granite
3001:Uranium
2991:Lithium
2864:Seaweed
2849:Oysters
2844:Mussels
2839:Abalone
2834:Tilapia
2829:Catfish
2812:Whaling
2767:Pollock
2762:Haddock
2747:Herring
2737:Fishing
2730:Aquatic
2637:Logging
2600:Hunting
2588:Shellac
2573:Poultry
2521:Flowers
2454:Berries
2437:Tobacco
2412:Legumes
2407:Cereals
2303:YouTube
2186:7167708
1906:6503519
1857:9478983
1808:Reuters
1700:7745955
1314:1763658
1265:6036995
824:Noted.
663:JBS USA
656:Broiler
648:JBS USA
616:JBS USA
500:heparin
414:Pateros
331:Chicago
292:Chicago
167:History
97:protein
77:Poultry
5809:Cartel
5682:&
5679:Inputs
5618:ANZSIC
5395:&
5305:Beauty
5273:&
5195:Online
5180:&
5073:Design
5041:&
4955:Health
4913:Credit
4885:Hotels
4665:Retail
4560:Canals
4483:Mobile
4429:Sewage
4403:Power
4373:&
4359:&
4337:&
4285:Forged
4280:Rolled
4263:Alloys
4256:Copper
4222:&
4195:Mortar
4190:Cement
4144:&
4103:&
4054:Rubber
4047:Tissue
4032:Sizing
4015:Lumber
4000:Drying
3988:oiling
3986:&
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3970:Liming
3882:&
3880:Paints
3696:cables
3692:&
3651:&
3571:Blank
3400:Other
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3330:Secure
3293:Sewing
3256:Linens
3231:Prints
3226:Dyeing
3202:Liquor
3176:Sweets
3145:Baking
3083:Marble
3063:Gypsum
3043:Gravel
3031:Sulfur
3021:Potash
2976:Silver
2961:Copper
2894:Shrimp
2889:Salmon
2854:Pearls
2679:Mastic
2649:Rattan
2630:Bamboo
2553:Horses
2509:Spices
2499:Olives
2484:Coffee
2459:Citrus
2386:Biotic
2360:Major
2274:(1981)
2255:
2184:
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1597:23 May
1571:23 May
1545:23 May
1515:
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1441:23 May
1321:
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1197:23 May
1171:23 May
1145:23 May
1119:23 May
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549:Wilson
544:Cudahy
536:Morris
531:Armour
390:; and
284:novel
113:tallow
61:cattle
5764:Labor
5739:Final
5729:Goods
5702:Crime
5647:UKSIC
5637:NAICS
5548:Other
5455:Radio
5433:Music
5408:Books
5241:Other
5202:Sport
5022:Audit
4853:Cafés
4811:Taxis
4749:Cargo
4657:Sales
4550:Roads
4424:Water
4371:Ships
4361:space
4335:Power
4320:Heavy
4268:Steel
4163:Brick
4112:Glass
4059:Tires
4027:Paper
3157:Flour
3053:Chalk
2874:Clams
2870:Both
2807:Squid
2792:Crabs
2777:Shark
2693:syrup
2526:Seeds
2479:Cocoa
2432:Sugar
2194:World
2061:S2CID
1760:S2CID
1513:S2CID
1474:S2CID
1436:Metro
925:(4).
890:(PDF)
830:Noted
620:Swift
610:Excel
585:Today
554:Swift
420:China
140:. An
132:; in
128:or a
93:hides
69:sheep
5667:TRBC
5657:GICS
5632:NACE
5625:ISIC
5450:News
5428:Film
4960:Life
4774:Rail
4764:Mail
4605:HVAC
4565:Dams
4246:Iron
4183:Tile
4042:Pulp
3995:Wood
3894:Soap
3884:inks
3746:Coke
3515:Toys
3283:Furs
3261:Rope
3251:Lace
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3193:Beer
3161:Meat
3135:Food
3058:Clay
3048:Sand
3026:Salt
2971:Gold
2966:Iron
2926:Peat
2921:Coal
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2697:wine
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2494:Nuts
2253:ISSN
2182:OCLC
2172:ISBN
2053:ISSN
1963:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1911:PMID
1862:PMID
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1687:ISSN
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1625:2019
1599:2019
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1366:2019
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1199:2019
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1121:2019
1036:ISSN
980:ISSN
952:ISBN
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5642:SIC
5330:Sex
3806:Tar
3649:Gun
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2245:hdl
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1901:PMC
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