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machine and allow it to complete the tasks required. The milling machine can produce most parts in 3D, but some require the objects to be rotated around the x, y, or z coordinate axis (depending on the need). Tolerances come in a variety of standards, depending on the locale. In countries still using
1901:
Turning is a metal cutting process for producing a cylindrical surface with a single point tool. The workpiece is rotated on a spindle and the cutting tool is fed into it radially, axially or both. Producing surfaces perpendicular to the workpiece axis is called facing. Producing surfaces using both
366:
About 2700 BCE, production of bronze was common in locales where the necessary materials could be assembled for smelting, heating, and working the metal. Iron was beginning to be smelted and began its emergence as an important metal for tools and weapons. The period that followed became known as the
2587:
Thermal spraying techniques are another popular finishing option, and often have better high temperature properties than electroplated coatings due to the thicker coating. The four main thermal spray processes include electric wire arc spray, flame (oxy acetylene combustion) spray, plasma spray and
2001:
Modern computer numerical control (CNC) lathes and (CNC) machining centres can do secondary operations like milling by using driven tools. When driven tools are used the work piece stops rotating and the driven tool executes the machining operation with a rotating cutting tool. The CNC machines use
2343:
formed by the assembly of two or more work pieces. The filler metal reacts metallurgically with the workpieces and solidifies in the capillary, forming a strong joint. Unlike welding, the work piece is not melted. Brazing is similar to soldering, but occurs at temperatures in excess of 450 °C
1874:
The use of a milling machine adds costs that are factored into the manufacturing process. Each time the machine is used coolant is also used, which must be periodically added in order to prevent breaking bits. A milling bit must also be changed as needed in order to prevent damage to the material.
311:
The oxidation potential is important because it is one indicator of how tightly bound to the ore the metal is likely to be. As can be seen, iron is significantly higher than the other six metals while gold is dramatically lower than the six above it. Gold's low oxidation is one of the main reasons
2572:
to the surface of the product by hydrolysis. It is used to reduce corrosion, create abrasion resistance and improve the product's aesthetic appearance. Plating can even change the properties of the original part including conductivity, heat dissipation or structural integrity. There are four main
655:
are hand tools designed to precisely measure the distance between two points. Most calipers have two sets of flat, parallel edges used for inner or outer diameter measurements. These calipers can be accurate to within one-thousandth of an inch (25.4 μm). Different types of calipers have different
1585:
is used where there is significant friction and heat at the cutting interface between a cutter such as a drill or an end mill and the workpiece. Coolant is generally introduced by a spray across the face of the tool and workpiece to decrease friction and temperature at the cutting tool/workpiece
1870:
to stainless steel and almost everything in between. Each material requires a different speed on the milling tool and varies in the amount of material that can be removed in one pass of the tool. Harder materials are usually milled at slower speeds with small amounts of material removed. Softer
550:
As time progressed, metal objects became more common, and ever more complex. The need to further acquire and work metals grew in importance. Skills related to extracting metal ores from the earth began to evolve, and metalsmiths became more knowledgeable. Metalsmiths became important members of
2372:
is a joining process that occurs at temperatures below 450 °C (842 °F). It is similar to brazing in the way that a filler is melted and drawn into a capillary to form a joint, although at a lower temperature. Because of this lower temperature and different alloys used as fillers, the
1318:
These types of forming process involve the application of mechanical force at room temperature. However, some recent developments involve the heating of dies and/or parts. Advancements in automated metalworking technology have made progressive die stamping possible which is a method that can
2164:
In the past grinders were used for finishing operations only because of limitations of tooling. Modern grinding wheel materials and the use of industrial diamonds or other man-made coatings (cubic boron nitride) on wheel forms have allowed grinders to achieve excellent results in production
1965:
is held at the desired height (usually the middle of the workpiece) by the toolpost. The carriage is then moved around the rotating workpiece, and the cutting tool gradually removes material from the workpiece. The tailstock can be slid along the axis of rotation and then locked in place as
1466:
is a collection of processes wherein material is brought to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling to leave a finished part that meets specifications. The net result of cutting is two products, the waste or excess material, and the finished part. In
2156:
Grinders have increased in size and complexity with advances in time and technology. From the old days of a manual toolroom grinder sharpening endmills for a production shop, to today's 30000 RPM CNC auto-loading manufacturing cell producing jet turbines, grinding processes vary greatly.
2160:
Grinders need to be very rigid machines to produce the required finish. Some grinders are even used to produce glass scales for positioning CNC machine axis. The common rule is the machines used to produce scales be 10 times more accurate than the machines the parts are produced for.
1683:
1679:
642:
and is the first step in the handcraft of metalworking. It is performed in many industries or hobbies, although in industry, the repetition eliminates the need to mark out every individual piece. In the metal trades area, marking out consists of transferring the engineer's
1961:, modern examples uses electric motors. The workpiece extends out of the spindle along the axis of rotation above the flat bed. The carriage is a platform that can be moved, precisely and independently parallel and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. A hardened
2538:
Often, mechanical and thermal treatments are combined in what is known as thermo-mechanical treatments for better properties and more efficient processing of materials. These processes are common to high alloy special steels, super alloys and titanium alloys.
1862:
In order to keep both the bit and material cool, a high temperature coolant is used. In most cases the coolant is sprayed from a hose directly onto the bit and material. This coolant can either be machine or user controlled, depending on the machine.
1826:
that can move in multiple directions (usually two dimensions relative to the workpiece). The spindle usually moves in the z axis. It is possible to raise the table (where the workpiece rests). Milling machines may be operated manually or under
2168:
Modern technology has advanced grinding operations to include CNC controls, high material removal rates with high precision, lending itself well to aerospace applications and high volume production runs of precision components.
1875:
Time is the biggest factor for costs. Complex parts can require hours to complete, while very simple parts take only minutes. This in turn varies the production time as well, as each part will require different amounts of time.
2486:. While often weaker than other methods such as welding or brazing, the metal can easily be removed and therefore reused or recycled. It can also be done in conjunction with an epoxy or glue, reverting its ecological benefits.
1263:
to make a workpiece more conductive to mechanical force. Historically, this and casting were done by blacksmiths, though today the process has been industrialized. In bulk metal forming, the workpiece is generally heated up.
2390:
is one of the most ancient metalwork joining processes. Its use declined markedly during the second half of the 20th century, but it still retains important uses in industry and construction, and in artisan crafts such as
1498:
to separate a plate of steel into smaller pieces is an example of burning. Chemical milling is an example of a specialty process that removes excess material by the use of etching chemicals and masking chemicals.
315:
Copper ore, being relatively abundant, and tin ore became the next important substances in the story of metalworking. Using heat to smelt copper from ore, a great deal of copper was produced. It was used for both
2344:(842 °F). Brazing has the advantage of producing less thermal stresses than welding, and brazed assemblies tend to be more ductile than weldments because alloying elements can not segregate and precipitate.
1878:
Safety is key with these machines. The bits are traveling at high speeds and removing pieces of usually scalding hot metal. The advantage of having a CNC milling machine is that it protects the machine operator.
2430:
through the two pieces of metal to be joined. The holes being aligned, a rivet is passed through the holes and permanent heads are formed onto the ends of the rivet utilizing hammers and forming dies (by either
111:
Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized into one of three broad areas known as forming, cutting, or joining processes. Modern metalworking workshops, typically known as
1944:
Lathes have four main components: the bed, the headstock, the carriage, and the tailstock. The bed is a precise & very strong base which all of the other components rest upon for alignment. The headstock's
60:
in order to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures. As a term, it covers a wide and diverse range of processes, skills, and tools for producing objects on every scale: from huge
2198:. Prior to the development of modern machining equipment it provided a relatively accurate means for the production of small parts, especially those with flat surfaces. The skilled use of a file allowed a
1678:
1236:
processes modify metal or workpiece by deforming the object, that is, without removing any material. Forming is done with a system of mechanical forces and, especially for bulk metal forming, with heat.
124:, are no longer economically competitive on a large scale in developed countries; some of them are still in use in less developed countries, for artisanal or hobby work, or for historical reenactment.
328:
of copper and tin. Bronze was an important advance because it had the edge-durability and stiffness that pure copper lacked. Until the advent of iron, bronze was the most advanced metal for tools and
515:
were created, enforced, and agreed upon by the respective peoples. By the above periods metalworkers were very skilled at creating objects of adornment, religious artifacts, and trade instruments of
551:
society. Fates and economies of entire civilizations were greatly affected by the availability of metals and metalsmiths. The metalworker depends on the extraction of precious metals to make
3040:
1953:, whose jaws (usually three or four) are tightened around the piece. The spindle rotates at high speed, providing the energy to cut the material. While historically lathes were powered by
2688:
194:, that require heat or some other process to liberate the metal. Another feature of gold is that it is workable as it is found, meaning that no technology beyond a stone
2202:
to work to fine tolerances and was the hallmark of the craft. Today filing is rarely used as a production technique in industry, though it remains as a common method of
2279:
the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with
2508:
Metals can be heat treated to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness or resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include
3114:
159:. Copper was hammered until it became brittle, then heated so it could be worked further. In America, this technology is dated to about 4000–5000 BCE. The oldest
2002:
x, y, and z coordinates in order to control the turning tools and produce the product. Most modern day CNC lathes are able to produce most turned objects in 3D.
3065:
320:
and simple tools. However, copper by itself was too soft for tools requiring edges and stiffness. At some point tin was added into the molten copper and
108:. It has been used as an industry, a driver of trade, individual hobbies, and in the creation of art; it can be regarded as both a science and a craft.
4802:
4216:
3693:
3428:
3206:
2534:
tempering will cause the dissolved alloying elements to precipitate, or in the case of quenched steels, improve impact strength and ductile properties.
893:
80:
The historical roots of metalworking predate recorded history; its use spans cultures, civilizations and millennia. It has evolved from shaping soft,
3118:
2573:
electroplating methods to ensure proper coating and cost effectiveness per product: mass plating, rack plating, continuous plating and line plating.
1187:
Casting achieves a specific form by pouring molten metal into a mold and allowing it to cool, with no mechanical force. Forms of casting include:
406:
A turret lathe operator machining parts for transport planes at the
Consolidated Aircraft Corporation plant, Fort Worth, Texas, USA in the 1940s.
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3168:
3105:
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technique was employed by numerous ancient cultures before the historic record shows people traveled to far regions to share this process.
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2347:
Brazing techniques include, flame brazing, resistance brazing, furnace brazing, diffusion brazing, inductive brazing and vacuum brazing.
3138:
2225:(EBM) is a machining process where high-velocity electrons are directed toward a work piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material.
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2692:
5920:
5117:
2992:
355:
almost simultaneously. In the
Americas it was different. Although the peoples of the Americas knew of metals, it was not until the
2809:
2531:
quenching can be used to harden alloy steels, or in precipitation hardenable alloys, to trap dissolved solute atoms in solution.
1319:
encompass punching, coining, bending and several other ways below that modify metal at less cost while resulting in less scrap.
4795:
4209:
3686:
3421:
3199:
2494:
While these processes are not primary metalworking processes, they are often performed before or after metalworking processes.
1074:
237:
came into demand. These ores were mined wherever they were recognized. Remnants of such ancient mines have been found all over
1850:
The pieces produced are usually complex 3D objects that are converted into x, y, and z coordinates that are then fed into the
619:. Most metal cutting is done by high speed steel tools or carbide tools. Each of these categories contains various processes.
2745:
356:
5834:
2153:
The simplest grinder is a bench grinder or a hand-held angle grinder, for deburring parts or cutting metal with a zip-disc.
1998:: Uses a tool to produce a rough surface texture on the work piece. Frequently used to allow grip by hand on a metal part.
1810:
is the complex shaping of metal or other materials by removing material to form the final shape. It is generally done on a
178:, it is found in nature as nuggets of pure gold. In other words, gold, as rare as it is, is sometimes found in nature as a
4276:
3711:
3016:
339:
Outside
Southwestern Asia, these same advances and materials were being discovered and used around the world. People in
3761:
1966:
necessary. It may hold centers to further secure the workpiece, or cutting tools driven into the end of the workpiece.
1859:), depending on the specific machine. In many other European countries, standards following the ISO are used instead.
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4202:
3679:
3414:
3192:
3161:
2839:
2798:
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2035:, thread milling, single-point thread cutting, thread rolling, cold root rolling and forming, and thread grinding. A
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Prior to most operations, the metal must be marked out and/or measured, depending on the desired finished product.
2138:
is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision forms using an
5910:
2664:
1979:: A tool is fed along and across the outside or inside surface of rotating parts to produce external or internal
656:
mechanisms for displaying the distance measured. Where larger objects need to be measured with less precision, a
229:
At some unknown time, the process of liberating metals from rock by heat became known, and rocks rich in copper,
249:
between 7000 and 3300 BCE. The end of the beginning of metalworking occurs sometime around 6000 BCE when copper
3952:
3388:
2187:
A file is an abrasive surface like this one that allows machinists to remove small, imprecise amounts of metal.
2090:
1766:
441:
5915:
5110:
3824:
2306:. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air,
2086:
1762:
437:
2470:. This is often used as it requires relatively little specialist equipment, and are therefore often used in
2314:. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns,
4940:
4334:
3731:
3442:
3154:
1547:
1495:
2005:
Nearly all types of metal can be turned, although more time & specialist cutting tools are needed for
1699:
The use of an angle grinder in cutting is not preferred as large amounts of harmful sparks and fumes (and
312:
that gold is found in nuggets. These nuggets are relatively pure gold and are workable as they are found.
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17:
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Encyclopedia of
American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations
579:. Without metals, goods and services would cease to move around the globe on the scale we know today.
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3814:
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1976:
1613:
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interface to prevent excessive tool wear. In practice there are many methods of delivering coolant.
1484:
Burning, a set of processes wherein the metal is cut by oxidizing a kerf to separate pieces of metal
5765:
5103:
4852:
4284:
3947:
3658:
3499:
3281:
2831:
2556:
is a common surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as
2214:
2075:
1751:
1656:
426:
120:
capable of creating highly precise, useful products. Many simpler metalworking techniques, such as
1988:: A single-point tool is fed linearly and parallel to the axis of rotation to create a round hole.
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4022:
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3529:
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Percy Knauth et al. "The
Emergence of Man, The Metalsmiths", pp. 10–11 ff. Time-Life Books, 1974.
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woodworking, the waste would be sawdust and excess wood. In cutting metals the waste is chips or
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metallurgical reaction between filler and work piece is minimal, resulting in a weaker joint.
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in the early 21st century. The earlier use of rivets is being superseded by improvements in
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began to have value attached to them. In some cases rules for ownership, distribution, and
3132:
3017:"Democracy – Representative Democracies, Rule of Law, and Culture of Beliefs | Britannica"
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8:
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published by
Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film. Available in the AV-Portal of the
2824:
2767:
Asimov, Isaac: "The Solar System and Back", pp. 151 ff. Doubleday and
Company, Inc. 1969.
2408:
2264:
1950:
1918:
1802:
1525:
257:
46:
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a hole in a metal part is the most common example of a chip producing process. Using an
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as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones,
1487:
Miscellaneous specialty process, not falling easily into either of the above categories
1412:
1191:
929:
823:
592:
568:
395:
380:
2855:
2482:). This can be done to directly join metals, or with an intermediate material such as
2442:
When it is necessary to remove rivets, one of the rivet's heads is sheared off with a
5777:
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5631:
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Ancient civilisations knew of seven metals. Here they are arranged in order of their
238:
147:
from 8,700 BCE. The earliest substantiated and dated evidence of metalworking in the
31:
2039:
is used to cut a female thread on the inside surface of a pre-drilled hole, while a
1623:
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5797:
5720:
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4910:
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4458:
4453:
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1974:
Parting: The tool is fed radially into the workpiece to cut off the end of a part.
1855:
the imperial system, this is usually in the thousandths of an inch (unit known as
1831:(CNC), and can perform a vast number of complex operations, such as slot cutting,
5869:
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5095:
5022:
4385:
3854:
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3590:
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3106:
Schneider, George. "Cutting Tool
Applications: Chapter 2 Metal Removal Methods",
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1969:
Other operations that can be performed with a single point tool on a lathe are:
5829:
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5017:
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annealing softens the metal by allowing recovery of cold work and grain growth.
2503:
2315:
2139:
1946:
1815:
1627:
1609:
1551:
1450:
1366:
1245:
508:
363:
were the principal uses of metals in the
Americas prior to European influence.
191:
3091:
2932:
1917:
are applied to the workpiece, it can be shaped to produce an object which has
527:. These skills were well executed. The techniques were practiced by artisans,
174:
speculated that gold was the "first metal". His reasoning being, that, by its
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to the workpiece in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture.
576:
504:
344:
156:
121:
2272:
1847:, etc. Two common types of mills are the horizontal mill and vertical mill.
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1980:
1909:
is a machine tool which spins a block or cylinder of material so that when
1700:
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81:
37:
2474:. It can also be used when a metal is joined to another material (such as
1695:) are being generated when an angle grinder is used to cut a steel chain.)
539:, and other categories of metalworkers around the globe. For example, the
5844:
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1844:
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1343:
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is a joining process in which a filler metal is melted and drawn into a
1644:
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Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas
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1958:
1930:
1387:
587:
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is needed to work the metal. This is a result of gold's properties of
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2392:
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2199:
2147:
2031:
There are many threading processes including: cutting threads with a
1823:
1515:
1479:
1445:
1273:
965:
639:
599:
207:
175:
152:
101:
2856:"Alrouf Progressive Die Stamping | Precision Metalworking Solutions"
2183:
2064:
1740:
415:
402:
5792:
5787:
5770:
5730:
5704:
5520:
5515:
5490:
5457:
5386:
5281:
5234:
5194:
4752:
4689:
4599:
4354:
4309:
4246:
3967:
3834:
3794:
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3544:
2565:
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2006:
1995:
1990:
1962:
1934:
1914:
1910:
1887:
1867:
1708:
1529:
1491:
1260:
477:
368:
359:
that metalworking for tools and weapons became common. Jewelry and
250:
246:
148:
89:
2905:
Karbasian, H.; Tekkaya, A. E. (2010). "A review on hot stamping".
2361:
2134:
uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A
5824:
5679:
5659:
5578:
5558:
5381:
5371:
5339:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5169:
5084:
5044:
4566:
4478:
4438:
4329:
4241:
4120:
4052:
3982:
3899:
3653:
3648:
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3585:
3564:
3519:
3378:
3131:
2937:
2548:
2404:
2331:
2276:
2255:
2165:
environments instead of being relegated to the back of the shop.
2143:
1896:
1582:
1521:
1458:
1283:
651:
635:
572:
552:
536:
317:
140:
105:
93:
74:
2017:
1502:
There are many technologies available to cut metal, including:
100:, up to and including highly technical modern processes such as
5812:
5636:
5261:
5244:
4531:
4503:
4468:
4443:
4339:
4294:
4085:
4042:
4032:
3736:
3643:
3146:
2561:
2447:
2443:
2439:). Rivets are commonly purchased with one head already formed.
2203:
1840:
1511:
631:
524:
520:
329:
321:
298:
286:
195:
183:
136:
133:
70:
66:
1925:. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include
1871:
materials vary, but usually are milled with a high bit speed.
1814:, a power-driven machine that in its basic form consists of a
5361:
5306:
5204:
4737:
4732:
4684:
4488:
4161:
3774:
3595:
3383:
3373:
3066:"What is the difference between the thermal spray processes?"
2483:
2463:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2382:
1819:
1716:
1543:
1468:
512:
492:
485:
481:
348:
347:
began using bronze with little time being devoted to copper.
340:
325:
223:
199:
57:
42:
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5593:
5199:
5184:
4493:
3393:
2569:
2557:
2475:
2287:
2280:
1474:
Cutting processes fall into one of three major categories:
1249:
A red-hot metal workpiece is inserted into a forging press.
488:
352:
304:
280:
268:
261:
234:
219:
215:
211:
160:
144:
97:
85:
62:
2422:
which holds two other pieces of metal together. Holes are
2822:
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003).
2194:
is combination of grinding and saw tooth cutting using a
1972:
Chamfering: Cutting an angle on the corner of a cylinder.
1851:
1537:
1507:
1158:= Performed with difficulty, caution, or some sacrifice,
607:
Metalworking generally is divided into three categories:
360:
274:
230:
187:
3097:
Schneider, George. "Chapter 1: Cutting Tool
Materials",
1731:
A milling machine in operation, including coolant hoses.
630:(also known as layout) is the process of transferring a
547:
today still use this and many other ancient techniques.
3436:
2233:
vibrations to machine very hard or brittle materials.
603:
A caliper is used to precisely measure a short length.
519:(non-ferrous), as well as weaponry usually of ferrous
1307:
170:
Not all metal required fire to obtain it or work it.
2478:) or a particular metal does not weld well (such as
116:, hold a wide variety of specialized or general-use
2043:cuts a male thread on a preformed cylindrical rod.
5125:
2821:
664:Compatibility chart of materials versus processes
3142:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 205–215.
3119:German National Library of Science and Technology
5892:
2904:
2734:Emory Dean Keoke; Kay Marie Porterfield (2002).
2267:process that joins materials, usually metals or
1478:Chip producing processes most commonly known as
2714:Jewelrymaking through History: an Encyclopedia.
1993:: Feeding the drill into the workpiece axially.
1715:when cutting ferrous metals. They also produce
163:artifacts in the world come from the Bulgarian
2793:, Brian Fagan (Ed.). Oxford University Press.
5111:
4796:
4210:
3687:
3422:
3200:
3162:
2993:"Metal Joining Processes | nuclear-power.com"
2950:
2948:
1902:radial and axial feeds is called profiling.
1818:that rotates about the spindle axis (like a
241:. Metalworking was being carried out by the
3701:
3125:Evidences of Metalworking History Reference
2812:, mechanicalsite.com, retrieved 2019-14-05.
2418:is essentially a two-headed and unthreaded
2093:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1769:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
444:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5118:
5104:
4803:
4789:
4217:
4203:
3694:
3680:
3429:
3415:
3207:
3193:
3169:
3155:
2945:
2907:Journal of Materials Processing Technology
1891:A lathe cutting material from a workpiece.
139:and working was the discovery of a copper
2933:"What's the Best Way to Cut Thick Steel?"
2113:Learn how and when to remove this message
1789:Learn how and when to remove this message
1703:) are generated when compared with using
1542:Welding/burning technologies: burning by
1240:
464:Learn how and when to remove this message
2826:Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
2360:
2240:
2182:
2050:
2021:Three different types and sizes of taps.
2016:
1886:
1866:Materials that can be milled range from
1726:
1674:
1444:
1377:
1244:
1172:
598:
586:
401:
384:
56:is the process of shaping and reshaping
36:
3092:What's the Best Way to Cut Thick Steel?
2956:Chapter 4: Turning Tools and Operations
2489:
2318:, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to
186:. Almost all other metals are found in
14:
5893:
4224:
3129:
2779:
2446:. The rivet is then driven out with a
1606:Angle grinder § Safety and health
226:, all of which sufficed to work gold.
132:The oldest archaeological evidence of
41:A fireman turning a bar of metal on a
5099:
4784:
4198:
3675:
3410:
3188:
3150:
2740:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 14–.
2588:high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) spray.
2457:
2283:, or by itself, to produce the weld.
2217:is a machining operation used to cut
2878:
2236:
2091:adding citations to reliable sources
2058:
1767:adding citations to reliable sources
1734:
1639:
1440:
1227:
582:
563:and technological applications from
442:adding citations to reliable sources
409:
324:was developed thereby. Bronze is an
253:became common in Southwestern Asia.
88:with simple hand tools, through the
2898:
2716:Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 56.
2576:
507:, among other ancient populations,
182:. Some metals can also be found in
24:
2958:, American Machinist, January 2010
2365:Soldering a printed circuit board.
1596:Particulates § Health effects
1308:Sheet (and tube) forming processes
27:Process of making items from metal
25:
5932:
3085:
2497:
1589:
476:By the historical periods of the
5921:9th-millennium BC establishments
5700:Bronze and brass ornamental work
3176:
2919:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.07.019
2670:Timeline of materials technology
2618:List of metalworking occupations
2598:Bronze and brass ornamental work
2063:
1739:
1689:potentially harmful particulates
1643:
414:
151:was the processing of copper in
47:the USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75)
4863:Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW)
4853:Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW)
3130:Horner, Joseph Gregory (1911).
3058:
3033:
3009:
2985:
2961:
2925:
2872:
2830:(9th ed.). Wiley. p.
2791:Oxford Companion to Archaeology
2665:List of manufacturing processes
1602:Power tool § Health impact
4848:Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW)
3953:Electrical discharge machining
3742:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
3389:Semi-finished casting products
2881:"The Evolution of Foldforming"
2848:
2815:
2803:
2770:
2761:
2727:
2706:
2681:
595:used for transferring designs.
13:
1:
2879:Lacy, Sue (15 October 2015).
2675:
1949:secures the workpiece with a
127:
4828:Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW)
2785:Possehl, Gregory L. (1996).
2689:"Steampunk Metal Sculptures"
2350:
2012:
1624:Heavy_metals § Toxicity
1610:Welding § Safety issues
351:began the use of bronze and
7:
4810:
3800:List of drill and tap sizes
3214:
2810:Mechanics of metal cutting.
2591:
2376:
2127:Grinding (abrasive cutting)
2046:
10:
5937:
4562:Magnetic switchable device
4116:Magnetic switchable device
2712:Hesse, Rayner, W. (2007).
2638:Occupational dust exposure
2580:
2546:
2542:
2501:
2380:
2354:
2329:
2325:
2253:
2249:
2176:
2124:
2024:
1894:
1882:
1829:computer numerical control
1800:
1722:
1621:
1618:Brain health and pollution
1599:
1593:
1456:
1428:Superplastic forming (SPF)
1311:
1180:
1168:
1149:
670:
378:
374:
29:
5713:
5650:
5602:
5549:
5481:
5305:
5150:
5137:
5040:
5005:
4964:
4886:Electric resistance (ERW)
4876:
4818:
4780:
4723:
4585:
4512:
4414:
4363:
4275:
4232:
4194:
4139:
4066:
3958:Electrochemical machining
3933:
3823:
3755:
3710:
3671:
3614:
3578:
3477:
3451:
3406:
3356:
3305:
3222:
3184:
3115:Videos about metalworking
2172:
2027:Threading (manufacturing)
1719:cutting other materials.
1711:. Angle grinders produce
1614:Health impacts of sawdust
1556:Erosion technologies: by
3500:Electrohydraulic forming
2275:. This is often done by
2209:
1362:Incremental forming (IF)
167:and date from 4450 BCE.
30:For metal assembly, see
5835:Painting in Hälsingland
4620:Engineer's spirit level
4038:Rotary transfer machine
4023:Photochemical machining
3963:Electron-beam machining
3925:Tool and cutter grinder
3505:Electromagnetic forming
3139:Encyclopædia Britannica
3021:Encyclopædia Britannica
2514:precipitation hardening
2223:Electron beam machining
1573:Photochemical machining
1571:Chemical technologies:
1566:abrasive flow machining
1382:A metal spun brass vase
1259:involves using heat or
1154:= Routinely performed,
555:, build more efficient
5911:Mechanical engineering
4335:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
3490:Casting (metalworking)
2633:Metalworking hand tool
2366:
2246:
2188:
2056:
2022:
1892:
1837:drilling and threading
1732:
1696:
1520:Machine technologies:
1496:oxy-fuel cutting torch
1454:
1383:
1250:
1241:Bulk forming processes
1178:
753:Permanent mold casting
604:
596:
407:
399:
96:of harder metals like
50:
5080:Tools and terminology
4587:Measuring instruments
3262:Investment (Lost wax)
2364:
2244:
2186:
2179:Filing (metalworking)
2054:
2020:
1890:
1730:
1686:
1622:Further information:
1506:Manual technologies:
1448:
1381:
1354:Hot metal gas forming
1248:
1176:
602:
590:
405:
388:
357:European colonisation
40:
5916:Chemical engineering
5855:Pressed flower craft
4152:Machining vibrations
4058:Ultrasonic machining
3540:Progressive stamping
3045:Chemistry LibreTexts
2490:Associated processes
2227:Ultrasonic machining
2087:improve this section
1763:improve this section
1408:Repoussé and chasing
438:improve this section
190:, a mineral-bearing
5272:Spinning (textiles)
5190:Friendship bracelet
4916:Friction stir (FSW)
4891:Electron-beam (EBW)
4172:Tool and die making
3860:Cylindrical grinder
3616:Finishing processes
3245:Evaporative-pattern
2954:Schneider, George.
2472:flat-pack furniture
1919:rotational symmetry
1803:Milling (machining)
1358:Hot press hardening
1202:Centrifugal casting
1177:A sand casting mold
665:
569:shipping containers
332:in common use (see
258:oxidation potential
73:parts and delicate
5013:Heat-affected zone
4941:Oxyacetylene (OAW)
4710:Thread pitch gauge
4675:Optical comparator
4429:Combination square
4226:Metalworking tools
3840:Abrasive machining
3133:"Metal-Work"
3108:American Machinist
3099:American Machinist
2969:"What is welding?"
2458:Mechanical fixings
2397:medieval armouring
2367:
2247:
2189:
2057:
2023:
1893:
1733:
1697:
1655:. You can help by
1562:electric discharge
1471:and excess metal.
1455:
1436:(wheeling machine)
1432:Wheeling using an
1413:Rubber pad forming
1384:
1251:
1192:Investment casting
1179:
1162:= Not recommended
930:Closed-die forging
824:Investment casting
663:
605:
597:
593:combination square
408:
400:
396:Constantin Meunier
381:Ferrous metallurgy
336:for more detail).
69:, down to precise
51:
5888:
5887:
5778:Hardstone carving
5726:Balloon modelling
5240:Ribbon embroidery
5093:
5092:
5036:
5035:
4896:Electroslag (ESW)
4843:Flux-cored (FCAW)
4776:
4775:
4190:
4189:
3667:
3666:
3579:Joining processes
3510:Explosive forming
3478:Forming processes
3402:
3401:
2860:Alrouf Electrical
2747:978-1-4381-0990-9
2320:ultraviolet light
2237:Joining processes
2123:
2122:
2115:
2055:A surface grinder
1915:deformation tools
1799:
1798:
1791:
1705:reciprocating saw
1687:Large amounts of
1684:
1673:
1672:
1632:Toxic heavy metal
1441:Cutting processes
1349:Hydroforming (HF)
1339:Deep drawing (DD)
1294:Friction drilling
1289:Powder metallurgy
1228:Forming processes
1166:
1165:
1115:Powder metallurgy
697:Refractory metals
583:General processes
501:Maya civilization
474:
473:
466:
239:Southwestern Asia
65:, buildings, and
32:metal fabrication
16:(Redirected from
5928:
5860:Qing handicrafts
5665:Chemical milling
5120:
5113:
5106:
5097:
5096:
4926:Laser beam (LBW)
4833:Electrogas (EGW)
4805:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4650:Machinist square
4459:Needlegun scaler
4454:Machinist square
4267:Water jet cutter
4234:Cutting machines
4219:
4212:
4205:
4196:
4195:
4157:Speeds and feeds
3910:Sharpening stone
3885:Grinding machine
3880:Grinding dresser
3747:Stewart platform
3696:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3446:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3282:Semi-solid metal
3209:
3202:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3110:, November, 2009
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3041:"Electroplating"
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2941:. 7 August 2021.
2929:
2923:
2922:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2731:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2691:. Archived from
2685:
2583:Thermal spraying
2577:Thermal spraying
2136:grinding machine
2118:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2067:
2059:
1923:axis of rotation
1794:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1743:
1735:
1685:
1668:
1665:
1647:
1640:
1636:Metal fume fever
1548:oxy-fuel burning
1196:lost wax casting
894:Open-die forging
860:Ablation casting
666:
662:
497:Tribes of Israel
469:
462:
458:
455:
449:
418:
410:
165:Varna Necropolis
92:of ores and hot
21:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5870:Straw marquetry
5709:
5646:
5622:Enamelled glass
5598:
5545:
5477:
5301:
5146:
5133:
5127:Decorative arts
5124:
5094:
5089:
5032:
5023:Residual stress
5001:
4960:
4878:Other processes
4872:
4868:Submerged (SAW)
4814:
4809:
4772:
4719:
4615:Engineer's blue
4581:
4514:Machine tooling
4508:
4410:
4386:Hydraulic press
4359:
4271:
4228:
4223:
4186:
4135:
4062:
3929:
3920:Surface grinder
3855:Coated abrasive
3826:
3819:
3790:Drill bit sizes
3785:Drill bit shank
3760:
3751:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3663:
3610:
3574:
3535:Press hardening
3473:
3447:
3445:, and finishing
3437:
3435:
3398:
3364:Casting defects
3352:
3301:
3218:
3213:
3180:
3175:
3101:, October, 2009
3088:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2946:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2885:Foldforming Hub
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2732:
2728:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2551:
2545:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2460:
2385:
2379:
2359:
2353:
2334:
2328:
2258:
2252:
2239:
2212:
2181:
2175:
2129:
2119:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2084:
2068:
2049:
2029:
2015:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1899:
1885:
1812:milling machine
1805:
1795:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1760:
1744:
1725:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1653:needs expansion
1638:
1620:
1598:
1592:
1461:
1443:
1316:
1310:
1243:
1230:
1185:
1171:
660:is often used.
585:
535:practitioners,
517:precious metals
509:precious metals
470:
459:
453:
450:
435:
419:
383:
377:
245:inhabitants of
210:. The earliest
130:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5934:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5906:Metal industry
5903:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5798:Leatherworking
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5751:Egg decorating
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5123:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5018:Photokeratitis
5015:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4936:Magnetic pulse
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4725:Smithing tools
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4640:Go/no go gauge
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:Dial indicator
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4406:Stamping press
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4325:Milling cutter
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4013:Milling cutter
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Grinding wheel
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3712:Computer-aided
3708:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3639:Mass finishing
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:Permanent mold
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3087:
3086:External links
3084:
3082:
3081:
3070:twi-global.com
3057:
3032:
3008:
2984:
2960:
2944:
2924:
2897:
2871:
2847:
2840:
2814:
2802:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2746:
2726:
2705:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Lead poisoning
2610:
2605:
2603:Chip formation
2600:
2593:
2590:
2581:Main article:
2578:
2575:
2554:Electroplating
2547:Main article:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2504:Heat treatment
2502:Main article:
2499:
2498:Heat treatment
2496:
2491:
2488:
2462:This includes
2459:
2456:
2407:and component
2381:Main article:
2378:
2375:
2355:Main article:
2352:
2349:
2330:Main article:
2327:
2324:
2316:electric shock
2294:, a laser, an
2269:thermoplastics
2254:Main article:
2251:
2248:
2238:
2235:
2211:
2208:
2177:Main article:
2174:
2171:
2140:abrasive wheel
2125:Main article:
2121:
2120:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2048:
2045:
2025:Main article:
2014:
2011:
1913:, cutting, or
1895:Main article:
1884:
1881:
1816:milling cutter
1801:Main article:
1797:
1796:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1721:
1671:
1670:
1650:
1648:
1628:Metal toxicity
1594:Main article:
1591:
1590:Health effects
1588:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1554:
1540:
1518:
1516:shear or snips
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1457:Main article:
1451:plasma cutting
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1242:
1239:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1181:Main article:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
896:
890:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
862:
856:
855:
852:
849:
847:
845:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
812:
810:
808:
806:
803:
800:
797:
795:
793:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
775:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
737:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
711:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
584:
581:
472:
471:
422:
420:
413:
376:
373:
309:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
129:
126:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5933:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:Private press
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:Faux painting
5759:
5757:
5756:Engraved gems
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5642:Stained glass
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5627:Glass etching
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:Banner-making
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:Related terms
5004:
4998:
4997:Shielding gas
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:Friction stud
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4715:Vernier scale
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:Surface plate
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Marking gauge
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Machine taper
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:Indexing head
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4391:Machine press
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4381:English wheel
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:Forming tools
4362:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4277:Cutting tools
4274:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Cutting fluid
4145:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Machine taper
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Indexing head
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4068:Machine tools
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Spark testing
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Flick grinder
3868:
3866:
3865:Diamond plate
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:Bench grinder
3848:
3846:
3845:Angle grinder
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3705:and computing
3704:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Heat treating
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Cope and drag
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Shell molding
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3022:
3018:
3012:
2998:
2997:Nuclear Power
2994:
2988:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2843:
2841:0-471-65653-4
2837:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2799:0-19-507618-4
2796:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2723:
2722:0-313-33507-9
2719:
2715:
2709:
2695:on 2015-07-07
2694:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Metal testing
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2466:, as well as
2465:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:metal couture
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2374:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:, by causing
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:into shafts.
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2117:
2114:
2106:
2103:November 2019
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2072:This section
2070:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1793:
1790:
1782:
1779:November 2019
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1748:This section
1746:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1651:This section
1649:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:Cutting fluid
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1435:
1434:English wheel
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:Shear forming
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Shell casting
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:Metal casting
1175:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:Screw machine
1073:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
994:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
969:
967:
964:
963:
960:
958:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
922:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
897:
895:
892:
891:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
848:
846:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
825:
822:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
809:
807:
804:
801:
798:
796:
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
776:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
740:
738:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
668:
667:
661:
659:
654:
653:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:
623:
620:
618:
614:
610:
601:
594:
589:
580:
578:
577:air transport
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:North America
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
468:
465:
457:
454:November 2019
447:
443:
439:
433:
432:
428:
423:This section
421:
417:
412:
411:
404:
397:
393:
392:
387:
382:
372:
370:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Great Britain
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
313:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:
265:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
157:Lake Michigan
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
125:
123:
122:blacksmithing
119:
118:machine tools
115:
114:machine shops
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:native metals
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
5901:Metalworking
5818:Glass mosaic
5736:Bone carving
5651:
5536:Wood carving
5531:Wood burning
5506:Chip carving
5463:Scrapbooking
5448:Papier-mâché
5414:Papercutting
5367:Iris folding
5355:Photomontage
5350:Papier collé
5315:Altered book
5175:Cross-stitch
4987:Power supply
4977:Filler metal
4931:Laser-hybrid
4858:Plasma (PAW)
4758:Steam hammer
4705:Tape measure
4695:Straightedge
4680:Radius gauge
4655:Marking blue
4645:Height gauge
4625:Feeler gauge
4605:Center gauge
4572:Rotary table
4552:Lathe center
4464:Piercing saw
4449:Hand scraper
4320:Hand scraper
4126:Rotary table
4106:Lathe center
3993:Machine tool
3825:Grinding and
3570:Tube bending
3525:Hydroforming
3333:Molding sand
3287:Shaw process
3272:Plaster mold
3178:Metalworking
3177:
3137:
3107:
3098:
3073:. Retrieved
3069:
3060:
3049:. Retrieved
3047:. 2013-10-02
3044:
3035:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:
3011:
3000:. Retrieved
2996:
2987:
2976:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2936:
2927:
2913:(15): 2103.
2910:
2906:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2884:
2874:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:
2850:
2825:
2817:
2805:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2736:
2729:
2713:
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2693:the original
2683:
2658:
2657:
2643:Particulates
2608:Heavy metals
2586:
2552:
2537:
2507:
2493:
2461:
2441:
2433:cold working
2413:
2411:techniques.
2387:
2386:
2369:
2368:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2292:electric arc
2285:
2260:
2259:
2213:
2191:
2190:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2109:
2100:
2085:Please help
2073:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2009:workpieces.
2004:
2000:
1971:
1968:
1963:cutting tool
1943:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1807:
1806:
1785:
1776:
1761:Please help
1749:
1701:particulates
1698:
1661:
1657:adding to it
1652:
1577:
1501:
1490:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1403:Roll bending
1398:Roll forming
1317:
1252:
1233:
1231:
1222:Spin casting
1212:Sand casting
1186:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1039:deep drawing
1002:Cold heading
715:Sand casting
658:tape measure
650:
649:
625:
624:
621:
616:
612:
608:
606:
565:construction
549:
533:atharvavedic
475:
460:
451:
436:Please help
424:
391:Le Marteleur
389:
365:
338:
314:
310:
255:
228:
214:were stone,
204:malleability
180:native metal
172:Isaac Asimov
169:
143:in northern
131:
110:
79:
54:Metalworking
53:
52:
5845:Pietra dura
5808:Micromosaic
5741:Doll making
5695:Silversmith
5612:Cameo glass
5569:Earthenware
5541:Woodturning
5453:Pop-up book
5438:Papermaking
5325:Calligraphy
5320:Bookbinding
5250:Rug hooking
5220:Needlepoint
5200:Lace-making
5165:Canvas work
5050:Fabrication
5028:Weldability
4820:Arc welding
4768:Trip hammer
4763:Swage block
4748:Hardy tools
4665:Marking out
4635:Gauge block
4522:Angle plate
4484:Tap and die
4401:Screw press
4396:Punch press
4350:Tipped tool
4305:Countersink
4300:Counterbore
4140:Terminology
4076:Angle plate
4003:Metal lathe
3895:Jig grinder
3805:Tap and die
3714:engineering
3629:Galvanizing
3469:Sheet metal
3459:Fabrication
3443:fabrication
3357:Terminology
3230:Centrifugal
2653:Stone mould
2623:Metal swarf
2444:cold chisel
2437:hot working
2409:fabrication
2273:coalescence
2265:fabrication
2245:Mig welding
2150:materials.
1931:crankshafts
1927:candlestick
1375:Flowforming
1344:Foldforming
1334:Decambering
1314:Sheet metal
1269:Cold sizing
1257:deformation
1207:Die casting
791:Die casting
627:Marking out
557:electronics
545:Metalsmiths
541:granulation
529:blacksmiths
243:South Asian
5895:Categories
5880:Wall decal
5803:Miniatures
5721:Assemblage
5589:Terracotta
5564:Bone china
5443:Paper toys
5409:Papercraft
5335:Cast paper
5330:Cardmaking
5277:String art
5267:Shoemaking
5255:Rug making
5225:Needlework
5180:Embroidery
5170:Crocheting
5131:handicraft
5070:Metallurgy
4951:Ultrasonic
4946:Spot (RSW)
4901:Exothermic
4670:Micrometer
4595:Bore gauge
4416:Hand tools
4018:Pantograph
3810:Tap wrench
3644:Patination
3464:Piece work
3306:Components
3235:Continuous
3075:2023-07-04
3051:2023-07-04
3026:2023-07-04
3002:2023-07-04
2978:2023-07-18
2865:2023-07-04
2699:2012-08-30
2676:References
2648:Power tool
2308:underwater
2304:ultrasound
2231:ultrasonic
2033:tap or die
1959:line shaft
1693:metal dust
1600:See also:
1388:Planishing
1312:See also:
1303:Burnishing
561:industrial
559:, and for
537:alchemists
499:, and the
379:See also:
334:Bronze Age
128:Prehistory
18:Metal work
5875:Taxidermy
5865:Scrimshaw
5840:Pargeting
5766:Grotesque
5746:Dollhouse
5690:Goldsmith
5685:Jewellery
5675:Engraving
5632:Glassware
5617:Chip work
5584:Stoneware
5574:Porcelain
5526:Marquetry
5501:Carpentry
5496:Cabinetry
5473:Wallpaper
5399:Embossing
5392:Moneygami
5345:Decoupage
5230:Patchwork
5215:Millinery
5065:Machining
5060:Jewellery
4972:Electrode
4965:Equipment
4499:Workbench
4434:Drift pin
4257:Miter saw
4182:Workpiece
4177:Tramp oil
4167:Tolerance
3998:Machining
3988:Jig borer
3973:Engraving
3948:Broaching
3935:Machining
3815:Threading
3780:Drill bit
3762:threading
3703:Machining
3659:Polishing
3624:Anodizing
3601:Soldering
3515:Extrusion
3255:Lost foam
3250:Full mold
3223:Processes
2973:Materials
2890:1 January
2522:tempering
2518:quenching
2510:annealing
2393:jewellery
2370:Soldering
2357:Soldering
2351:Soldering
2341:capillary
2215:Broaching
2204:deburring
2200:machinist
2148:inorganic
2074:does not
2013:Threading
1977:Threading
1935:camshafts
1929:holders,
1921:about an
1841:rabbeting
1824:worktable
1822:), and a
1750:does not
1558:water jet
1480:machining
1274:Extrusion
966:Extrusion
691:Magnesium
685:Aluminium
671:Material
640:workpiece
425:does not
208:ductility
176:chemistry
153:Wisconsin
102:machining
5830:Ornament
5793:Lapidary
5788:Lath art
5771:Gargoyle
5731:Beadwork
5705:Ironwork
5521:Intarsia
5516:Fretwork
5511:Ébéniste
5491:Bentwood
5468:Stamping
5458:Quilling
5404:Marbling
5387:Kirigami
5377:Kamikiri
5282:Tapestry
5235:Quilting
5195:Knitting
5075:Smithing
4911:Friction
4753:Pritchel
4690:Sine bar
4355:Tool bit
4310:End mill
4247:Cold saw
3968:End mill
3875:Grinding
3835:Abrasive
3795:Drilling
3770:Die head
3757:Drilling
3596:Riveting
3591:Crimping
3560:Spinning
3545:Punching
3530:Stamping
2787:Mehrgarh
2659:General:
2592:See also
2566:chromium
2480:aluminum
2388:Riveting
2377:Riveting
2300:friction
2296:electron
2144:diamonds
2132:Grinding
2047:Grinding
1996:Knurling
1991:Drilling
1941:mounts.
1911:abrasive
1868:aluminum
1709:band saw
1664:May 2024
1534:grinding
1530:drilling
1492:Drilling
1453:machine.
1423:Stamping
1418:Shearing
1367:Spinning
1261:pressure
1194:(called
1035:Stamping
700:Titanium
652:Calipers
478:Pharaohs
369:Iron Age
349:Japanese
307:−1.50 V.
271:+0.44 V,
251:smelting
247:Mehrgarh
149:Americas
90:smelting
5825:Netsuke
5680:Etching
5660:Andiron
5579:Pottery
5559:Azulejo
5551:Ceramic
5419:Chinese
5382:Origami
5372:Jianzhi
5340:Collage
5297:Weaving
5292:Tie-dye
5287:Tatting
5210:Macrame
5185:Felting
5152:Textile
5142:History
5085:Welding
5055:Forming
5045:Casting
4812:Welding
4600:Caliper
4577:Wiggler
4567:Mandrel
4537:Fixture
4479:Scriber
4439:Hacksaw
4330:Nibbler
4242:Bandsaw
4131:Wiggler
4121:Mandrel
4091:Fixture
4053:Turning
4048:Skiving
4008:Milling
3983:Hobbing
3905:Sanding
3900:Lapping
3827:lapping
3654:Plating
3649:Peening
3606:Welding
3586:Brazing
3565:Swaging
3555:Sinking
3550:Rolling
3520:Forging
3495:Drawing
3485:Coining
3452:General
3439:Forming
3379:Foundry
3338:Pattern
3216:Casting
2938:YouTube
2549:Plating
2543:Plating
2428:punched
2424:drilled
2405:welding
2337:Brazing
2332:Brazing
2326:Brazing
2310:and in
2277:melting
2261:Welding
2256:Welding
2250:Welding
2219:keyways
2095:removed
2080:sources
1981:threads
1957:from a
1947:spindle
1939:bearing
1897:Turning
1883:Turning
1845:routing
1833:planing
1808:Milling
1771:removed
1756:sources
1723:Milling
1583:coolant
1526:milling
1522:turning
1464:Cutting
1459:Cutting
1393:Raising
1329:Coining
1324:Bending
1299:Rolling
1284:Forging
1279:Drawing
1254:Plastic
1234:forming
1198:in art)
1169:Casting
709:Bronze
676:Process
636:pattern
617:joining
613:cutting
609:forming
553:jewelry
523:and/or
446:removed
431:sources
375:History
330:weapons
318:jewelry
301:−0.80 V
295:−0.79 V
293:Mercury
289:−0.34 V
283:+0.13 V
277:+0.14 V
184:meteors
155:, near
141:pendant
106:welding
94:forging
75:jewelry
67:bridges
49:in 2004
5813:Mosaic
5670:Enamel
5637:Mirror
5429:Slavic
5424:Jewish
5262:Sewing
5245:Carpet
4982:Helmet
4743:Fuller
4532:Collet
4504:Wrench
4469:Pliers
4444:Hammer
4345:Shears
4340:Reamer
4295:Chisel
4285:Broach
4262:Plasma
4086:Collet
4043:Shaper
4033:Reamer
4028:Planer
3978:Facing
3943:Boring
3737:G-code
2838:
2797:
2753:8 July
2744:
2720:
2562:silver
2520:, and
2464:screws
2448:hammer
2302:, and
2298:beam,
2192:Filing
2173:Filing
2007:harder
1986:Boring
1937:, and
1717:shards
1713:sparks
1634:, and
1616:, and
1552:plasma
1550:, and
1538:sawing
1512:chisel
1449:A CNC
1232:These
1037:&
694:Nickel
688:Copper
632:design
615:, and
575:, and
525:alloys
521:metals
495:, the
484:, the
398:(1886)
322:bronze
299:Silver
287:Copper
233:, and
222:, and
196:hammer
137:mining
134:copper
71:engine
58:metals
5714:Other
5652:Metal
5604:Glass
5362:Decal
5307:Paper
5205:Lucet
4992:Robot
4956:Upset
4906:Forge
4838:Flash
4738:Forge
4733:Anvil
4685:Ruler
4630:Gauge
4527:Chuck
4489:Tongs
4474:Punch
4424:Clamp
4371:Brake
4252:Laser
4162:Swarf
4081:Chuck
3775:Drill
3384:Ingot
3374:Dross
3369:Draft
3348:Sprue
3343:Riser
3328:Flask
3313:Chill
2484:nylon
2468:bolts
2452:punch
2416:rivet
2383:Rivet
2312:space
2290:, an
2288:flame
2263:is a
2229:uses
2210:Other
1955:belts
1951:chuck
1907:lathe
1820:drill
1564:, or
1544:laser
1469:swarf
1160:blank
1150:Key:
706:Brass
682:Steel
638:to a
513:trade
493:India
489:Kings
486:Vedic
482:Egypt
341:China
326:alloy
262:volts
224:sinew
212:tools
200:anvil
84:like
63:ships
43:lathe
5783:Inro
5594:Tile
5483:Wood
5129:and
4494:Vise
4315:File
4290:Burr
3722:2.5D
3394:Slag
3323:Core
3297:Spin
3277:Sand
2892:2024
2836:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2755:2012
2742:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2570:zinc
2558:gold
2476:wood
2450:and
2420:bolt
2399:and
2281:heat
2196:file
2078:any
2076:cite
1857:thou
1754:any
1752:cite
703:Zinc
679:Iron
645:plan
573:rail
429:any
427:cite
353:iron
343:and
305:Gold
281:Lead
269:Iron
260:(in
235:lead
220:wood
216:bone
206:and
198:and
192:rock
188:ores
161:gold
145:Iraq
104:and
98:iron
86:gold
4547:Jig
4376:Die
4101:Jig
3759:and
3732:CAM
3727:CAD
3240:Die
2915:doi
2911:210
2832:183
2789:in
2568:or
2435:or
2426:or
2146:or
2089:by
2041:die
2037:tap
1852:CNC
1765:by
1707:or
1659:.
1581:or
1508:saw
1373:or
634:or
571:to
567:to
503:in
491:in
480:in
440:by
394:by
361:art
275:Tin
264:):
231:tin
45:on
5897::
3441:,
3136:.
3068:.
3043:.
3019:.
2995:.
2971:.
2947:^
2935:.
2909:.
2883:.
2858:.
2834:.
2564:,
2560:,
2524::
2516:,
2512:,
2454:.
2414:A
2395:,
2322:.
2206:.
1933:,
1905:A
1843:,
1839:,
1835:,
1630:,
1626:,
1612:,
1608:,
1604:,
1560:,
1546:,
1536:,
1532:,
1528:,
1524:,
1514:,
1510:,
1369:,
1109:X
854:X
785:X
747:X
611:,
591:A
531:,
371:.
218:,
77:.
5119:e
5112:t
5105:v
4804:e
4797:t
4790:v
4218:e
4211:t
4204:v
3695:e
3688:t
3681:v
3430:e
3423:t
3416:v
3208:e
3201:t
3194:v
3170:e
3163:t
3156:v
3121:.
3078:.
3054:.
3029:.
3005:.
2981:.
2921:.
2917::
2894:.
2868:.
2844:.
2757:.
2724:.
2702:.
2116:)
2110:(
2105:)
2101:(
2097:.
2083:.
1983:.
1792:)
1786:(
1781:)
1777:(
1773:.
1759:.
1691:(
1666:)
1662:(
1568:.
1156:0
1152:X
1139:0
1136:X
1133:0
1128:X
1125:0
1122:X
1119:X
1106:X
1103:0
1100:0
1097:0
1094:X
1091:0
1088:X
1085:X
1082:X
1079:0
1065:0
1062:0
1057:X
1054:0
1051:X
1048:X
1045:X
1019:0
1014:X
1011:X
1008:X
990:0
987:0
984:0
981:X
978:X
975:X
972:0
954:0
951:0
948:0
945:0
942:0
939:0
936:X
918:0
915:0
912:0
909:X
906:X
903:X
900:0
878:0
875:0
872:X
869:X
866:X
851:0
842:0
839:0
836:X
833:X
830:X
814:X
805:X
802:0
799:X
782:0
779:0
772:0
769:X
766:0
763:X
760:0
757:X
744:0
741:0
734:X
731:X
728:X
725:X
722:X
719:X
467:)
461:(
456:)
452:(
448:.
434:.
34:.
20:)
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